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Comparison of Landsat, Spot and Eros Satellite Sensors

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Comparison of Landsat, Spot and Eros Satellite Sensors Review of sensors and associated imagery available Landsat 7 etm+ Sensor Landsat is a US satellite, which has been operating since the early 80’s. Satellites typically have a limited life span (in the region of 5 years) and the newest Landsat sensor is now the 7th in the series (Landsat 7). Landsat 7 has 7 multispectral bands (colour) at 30m x 30m pixel resolution and a panchromatic band (black and white) at 15m x 15m pixel resolution. It is possible for some applications to produce a pan merge product which effectively fuses the 30m colour data with the 15m black and white data to effectively get the best of both – a 15m colour picture/pan merge. Landsat operates in a sun-synchronous orbit and passes over the same area every 16 days (effectively the revisit frequency). Landsat scene coverage A full Landsat scene covers an area of 180km x 180km (see figure 1. Scene coverages). E- LISOSAT receives Landsat data from roughly 5º South of the equator. E-LISOSAT has an archive of the preceding Landsat series of sensors dating back roughly 20 years, which is extremely useful in temporal analyses of any area of interest. In order to determine the availability of Landsat imagery for your area and application (and to view a snapshot of the image). Data can effectively be supplied at 4 levels: - Path/Map orientated: This represents the lowest level of data available. For all products, satellite ephemeris data is used on the raw data received by the satellite to correct for sun angle, sensor distortions and atmospheric corrections. A path/ map orientated product has no co-ordinate system and is only north orientated. - Georectified: Effectively, Ground Control Points (GCPs) are used to register the image to a co- ordinate system. Data is georeferenced (with latitude and longitude) to any specified projection (ie Lat/long with WGS84 datum) and is typically accurate to two pixels. - Orthorectified: GCPs are used in conjunction with a 20m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to account for variations in altitude and allowing for accuracies of 1 pixel. - Pan merge: Both 15m panchromatic and 30m multispectral data are individually orthorectified and thenfused to create a 15m colour image. For areas outside of South Africa it may be necessary to supply E-LISOSAT with 1:50 000 map sheets or Digital elevation data in order to conduct georectification and orthorectification respectively, although E-LISOSAT through its partnerships with other geo companies is often able to source these data. Any request in this regard should be forwarded to Sales and Customer Services (+27 12 334 5100). Landsat Costs Type Size Path/map orientated Georectified/Orthorectified Pan merge Full scene 180km x 180km R 6000 '+ R2 300 + R1000 See figure 2 for example of Landsat pan merge Landsat Applications This table lists examples of various applications of Landsat data that have been demonstrated in the 26 year history of the Landsat program. For a more detailed description of Landsat applications with image examples, visit http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/Landsat_Applications.html or click on the relevant hyperlinks in blue below: 1. Agriculture, Forestry and 6. Range 2. Land Use and 5. Coastal Environmental Resources Mapping 3. Geology 4. Hydrology Resources Monitoring 4.1 Determining 1.1 Discriminating 3.1 Mapping water boundaries 5.1 Determining vegetative, crop 2.1 Classifying land major geologic and surface water patterns and extent 6.1 Monitoring and timber types uses features areas of turbidity deforestation 1.2 Measuring 2.2 Cartographic 4.2 Mapping floods 6.2 Monitoring crop and timber mapping and map 3.2 Revising and flood plain 5.2 Mapping volcanic flow acreage updating geologic maps characteristics shoreline changes activity 1.3 Precision 3.3 Recognizing 4.3 Determining 5.3 Mapping shoals, 6.3 Mapping and farming land 2.3 Categorizing and classifying area extent of snow reefs and shallow monitoring water management land capabilities certain rock types and ice coverage areas pollution 1.4 Monitoring 3.4 Delineating 4.4 Measuring 5.4 Mapping and 6.4 Determining crop and forest 2.4 Monitoring unconsolidated changes and extent monitoring sea ice in effects of natural harvests urban growth rocks and soils of glacial features shipping lanes disasters 1.5 Determining range readiness, 3.5 Mapping 4.5 Measuring biomass and 2.5 Aiding regional volcanic surface turbidity and 5.5 Tracking beach 6.5 Assessing health planning deposits sediment patterns erosion and flooding drought impact 1.6 Determining 2.6 Mapping 3.6 Mapping soil conditions and transportation geologic 4.6 Delineating 5.6 Monitoring coral 6.6 Tracking oil associations networks landforms irrigated fields reef health spills 3.7 Identifying indicators of 6.7 Assessing mineral and 4.7 Monitoring lake 5.7 Determining and monitoring 1.7 Monitoring 2.7 Mapping land- petroleum inventories and coastal circulation grass and forest desert blooms water boundaries resources health patterns fires 2.8 Siting transportation and 3.8 Determining 6.8 Mapping and 1.8 Assessing power transmission regional geologic 4.8 Estimating 5.8 Measuring sea monitoring lake wildlife habitat routes structures snow melt runoff surface temperature eutrophication 2.9 Planning solid 1.9 Characterizing waste disposal 6.9 Monitoring forest range sites, power plants 3.9 Producing 4.9 Characterizing 5.9 Monitoring and mine waste vegetation and other industries geomorphic maps tropical rainfall tracking 'red' tides pollution 1.10 Monitoring 2.10 Mapping and 6.10 Monitoring and mapping managing flood 3.10 Mapping 4.10 Mapping volcanic ash insect infestations plains impact craters watersheds plumes 2.11 Tracking socio-economic 1.11 Monitoring impacts on land irrigation practices use The SPOT 2,4 Sensors The SPOT satellite Earth Observation System was designed by the CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales), in France, and developed with the participation of Sweden and Belgium. The system comprises a series of spacecraft plus ground facilities for satellite control and programming, image production and distribution. Thanks to the SPOT 1, SPOT 2 and SPOT 4 satellites, the system has been operational for over fifteen years. SPOT has several advantages over Landsat in that it offers 4 multispectral bands at 20m resolution and one panchromatic band at 10m resolution. It has the capacity to acquire stereo pairs (for DEM generation) and is able to revisit the same area every 5 days (effectively the revisit period). This is because Spot can tilt E-W as it orbits. SPOT scene Coverage A full SPOT scene covers an area of 60km x 60km and in order to service its clients needs, E- LISOSAT also offers a smaller data chunk at 30km x 30km (see figure 1. for spot coverages). E- LISOSAT also receives SPOT data from roughly 5º South of the equator. In order to determine the availability of SPOT imagery for your area and application (and to view a snapshot of the image). Spot data is also supplied at the 4 levels described for Landsat. SPOT Costs Resolutio Path/map Georectifie Orthorectifie Type Size n orientated d d Full scene colour 60kmx60km 20m R 12 000 R 14 760 R 14 760 Full scene Black & white 60kmx60km 10m R 12 000 R 14 760 R 14 760 Full scene pan merge 60kmx60km 10m R 18 000 Quarter scene colour 30kmx30km 20m R 6 000 R 8 760 R 8 760 Quarter scene Black & white 30kmx30km 10m R 6 000 R 8 760 R 8 760 Quarter scene pan merge 30kmx30km 10m R 9 000 *Note that scenes ordered between 1986 and 1998 are discounted by 50% Applications For a full list of applications for SPOT imagery, visist http://www.spot.com/home/appli/welcome.htm or click on the hyperlink application which is of interest to you below: > AGRICULTURE > PLANNING, LAND USE AND LANDCOVER > CADASTRAL MAPPING > CARTOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY > URBAN PLANNING > FORESTRY > NATURAL RESERVE MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING > NATURAL HAZARD AND POLLUTION MONITORING > GEOLOGY, MINERAL AND OIL EXPLORATION > WATER RESOURCES > COASTAL AND OCEAN STUDIES > MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE See figure 3 for an example of Spot imagery Spot 5 Sensor On 3 May 2002 Spot 5 was successfully launched on an Ariane 4 rocket from the Guiana Space Centre, Europe’s spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, and is now fully operational. SPOT 5 offers unrivalled acquisition capability with its two HRG (High Resolution Geometric) instruments, each covering a wide imaging swath of 60 km x 60 km at a resolution of 2.5 metres, and its HRS (High Resolution Stereoscopic) instrument, which supports operational production of high- accuracy digital elevation models (DEMs). Spot 5 is ultimately able to provide multispectral imagery at 10m resolution and panchromatic imagery at 5m resolution. By combining the two HRG instruments it is also possible to provide supersampled panchromatic imagery at 2.5m resolution with the normal 60km x 60km scene size. SPOT 5 Costs Archived Products 60kmx60km 40kmx40km 30kmx30km 20kmx20km 20m colour/10m B&W € 1 900 10m colour/5m B&W € 2 700 € 2 025 € 1 350 € 1 020 2.5mB&W € 5 400 € 4 050 € 2 700 € 2 040 Programmed Products 60kmx60km 40kmx40km 30kmx30km 20kmx20km 20m colour/10m B&W € 2 700 10m colour/5m B&W € 3 500 € 2 825 € 2 150 € 1 820 2.5mB&W € 6 200 € 4 850 € 3 500 € 2 840 *Note priority programming is avaliable at + € 3100 DEM Products avaliable on request Applications http://www.spotimage.fr/spot5/appli/eng/appli_frame.html Examples for spot 5 for an area in Tolouse in France are given below Spot 5 10m colour Spot 5 5m pan Spot 5 2.5m supersampled pan 3d spot 5 colour merge Spot 2.5m colour merge for Eskom Head Office Johannesburg Spot 5 High Resolution Stereoscopic Imagery This document is aimed at detailing the basic principles of Spot Image’s offer regarding HRS and Reference3D products.
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