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State of nature Maritime - getting onto an even keel English Nature is the Government agency that champions the conservation of wildlife and geology throughout England. This is one of a range of publications published by: External Relations Team English Nature Northminster House Peterborough PE1 1UA www.english-nature.org.uk © English Nature 2002 Printed on Evolution Satin, 75% recycled post-consumer waste paper, Elemental Chlorine Free. ISBN 1 85716 647 4 Catalogue code CORP1.26 working today Front cover photographs: Designed and printed by Top left: Gannet. Roger Covey/English Nature Bottom left: Sea holly. Dan Laffoley/English Nature Status Design & Advertising, 4M. Main: West Coast, Lundy. Roger Covey/English Nature for nature tomorrow “ The last fallen mahogany would lie perceptibly on the landscape, the last black rhino would be obvious in its loneliness, but a marine species would disappear beneath the waves unobserved and the sea would seem to roll on the same as always ” G Carleton Ray, 1988, Ecological diversity in coastal zones and oceans. Isles of Scilly. Dan Laffoley/English Nature Roger Covey/English Nature MEHRAs SPA Marine Environmental High Risk Areas. Special Protection Area. Contents Molluscs Special Area of Conservation (SAC) Soft-bodied unsegmented invertebrate animals, usually with A site of [European] Community importance designated by the shells, which include cockles, whelks, limpets, oysters and [EU] Member States through a statutory, administrative and/or snails. contractual act where the necessary conservation measures are Natura 2000 applied for the maintenance or restoration, at a favourable The European Community-wide network of protected sites conservation status, of the natural habitats and/or the Foreword 2 established under the Birds Directive and the Habitats populations of the species for which the site is designated Directive. (Commission of the European Communities 1992). Maritime State of Nature - At a glance 4 (This status is achieved by sites adopted by the European NERC Commission). Natural Environment Research Council. 1. Introduction 9 Special Protection Area (SPA) NGO A site of European Community importance designated under 2. The current state of maritime nature 17 Non Governmental Organisation. the Wild Birds Directive (Commission of the European 2.1 Coastal Habitats 17 NMMP Communities Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 2.1.1 Sea cliffs 18 The National Marine Monitoring Programme. on the Conservation of Wild Birds). 2.1.2 Sand dunes 24 OSPAR SSSI 2.1.3 Shingle 28 OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Site of Special Scientific Interest. 2.1.4 Saline lagoons 31 Environment of the North East Atlantic. Sublittoral 2.1.5 Saltmarsh 33 PAHs The zone of the shore below low water exposed to air only at 2.1.6 Estuaries 37 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (petrochemicals that its upper limit by the lowest spring tides. 2.1.7 Sandy and muddy seashores 43 originate in oil). 2.1.8 Rocky shores 45 Sustainable development 2.2 Marine habitats and species 47 PCBs “Development that meets the needs of the present without 2.2.1 Underwater sediments 49 Polychlorinated Biphenyls. compromising the ability of future generations to meet their 2.2.2 Underwater rock 52 own needs” (World Commission on Environment and Photosynthesis 2.2.3 The open sea 54 The biochemical process that utilises radiant energy from Development 1987 (Brundtland Report). sunlight to synthesise carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and TAC 3. A review of key issues 57 water in the presence of chlorophyll and other photopigments. Total Allowable Catch(es). 3.1 Coastal development and management 58 Plankton TBT 3.2 Marine and land-based pollution 63 Organisms which drift in the water column and have limited Tributyltin. 3.3 Fisheries 71 powers of locomotion in comparison with the horizontal water Terrestrial movements. Many benthic animals have planktonic larvae Living on, or referring to, land. 4. A modern approach to management 75 which act as a dispersive phase. Turbidity 4.1 The need for change 75 POP This is a measure of the attenuation of light in the water 4.2 The type of change needed 76 Persistent Organic Pollutant(s). column and can be caused by the light adsorption properties of 4.3 What this means in practice 77 PPG the water, plankton, suspended particulate organic and 4.4 Key elements of a new approach 78 Planning Policy Guidance. inorganic matter and dissolved colour. 4.4.1 Targets 78 4.4.2 Integration 78 QSR UK 4.4.3 An ecosystem-based approach 79 Quality Status Report (OSPAR). United Kingdom. 4.4.4 Improving knowledge collection, management and learning 79 Ramsar site UKBAP 4.5 The next steps 80 A site listed under the Convention on Wetlands of International UK Biodiversity Action Plan(s). Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, which was agreed UKCIP 5. Acknowledgements 81 at Ramsar, Iran. UK Climate Impacts Programme. SAC UWWTD 6. References 82 Special Area of Conservation. Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. 7. Glossary 86 Salinity WWF-UK Measure of the concentration of dissolved salts in seawater, World Wide Fund for Nature - United Kingdom. normally expressed as parts per thousand (‰). Freshwater is regarded as <0.5 ‰ (limnetic), seawater as > 30 ‰ (euhaline), Zonation and brackish water as intermediate. The distribution of organisms in distinctive belts on the shore, in the sublittoral, due to gradients in environmental factors. Scavenger Any organism that feeds on dead organic material. SMP This report should be cited as: Shoreline Management Plan(s). Covey, R. & Laffoley, D.d’A. 2002. Maritime State of Nature Report for England: getting onto an even keel. Peterborough, English Nature 88 State of Nature - Maritime 1 Foreword Over the last few years, there has been a growing realisation and The European Commission’s analysis of the need for reform of the acceptance that we need to manage our maritime environment in a more Common Fisheries Policy points starkly to the fact that the European holistic way. Recently, both the UK Government and the European fishing fleet is too large and to the urgent need to bring fishing effort Union have committed themselves to an ecosystem-based approach. down in line with the capacity of the marine resources. English Nature This means the management emphasis needs to shift to integrate action recognises that it is not just a question of protecting healthy coasts and to maintain (or restore) healthy ecosystems alongside appropriate human seas. We have a major challenge to get people to recognise that the uses, to ensure benefits for both this and future generations. This will marine ecosystem is currently degraded and vulnerable, and unless we require a shift in priorities and a new more integrated approach, both in take some of the pressures off soon it may lose its ability to bounce back the way policies are set for the maritime environment and the way it is and recover. On the coast, we need to stem further losses of high quality regulated. Changes to the conduct and extent of some important habitats and to work with people to find more places where it is feasible economic activities may be needed. to allow coastal processes to operate in a more dynamic fashion. To determine what needs to change it is important to be as clear as We invite all who are interested in England’s coast and seas to possible about the state of the maritime environment and its dynamics examine the evidence with us, to think about the connections between the and how vulnerable or robust our seas and coasts are to the uses being different sectoral uses of the maritime zone and their cumulative impacts, made of them. English Nature, as the Government’s statutory adviser on and to reflect on the scale and urgency of action required to achieve a nature conservation, has therefore been reviewing the evidence from the more sustainable future. UK and worldwide on these issues. This Report brings the big picture together. We want it to stimulate informed debate and to help people understand why it is important to make changes in the way we use the maritime zone. We plan to follow up this Report by developing, in consultation with DEFRA and other stakeholders, and through participatory processes, a strategy for England’s maritime environment. This will help develop Government’s over-arching strategy for the marine environment, recently published in their first marine stewardship report, by developing the Sir Martin Doughty changes in policy and practice English Nature believes are needed. We Chair, English Nature will seek to analyse not only the needs of the environment and biodiversity, but to consider these in the context of the economic, social, political and technological factors that affect the coast and seas and can drive or inhibit beneficial change. English Nature’s Maritime Strategy will be published in 2003. From the evidence we have studied we conclude that, despite the efforts made so far to protect it, the state of marine and coastal biodiversity is not good enough. Much coastal habitat has been lost, and the sea bed has in most places been highly modified, and so less capable of supporting a rich biodiversity. The marine ecosystem is showing signs of significant stress and low resilience to continuing pressure. All this adds up to an alarm call for those who use and manage our coasts and seas and care about the future. There have been some major initiatives which continue to be crucial in protecting stretches of coast and English Nature values these. There have been important initiatives in the near-shore zone; English Nature has worked closely with many stakeholders to introduce an effective system of well-managed European marine sites. In addition, the UK Government has phased out sewage sludge dumping at sea and made investments to reduce polluting discharges and meet international commitments, along with greater use of strategic and environmental assessment processes.