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Name: ______Date: ______Regents Review Ms. Carey

Africa

Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Mention Africa in polite company, and those around you may grimace, shake their heads sadly,and profess sympathy. Oh, all those wars! Those diseases! Those dictators!

Naturally, that attitude infuriates Africans themselves, since the conventional view of Africa as a genocide inside a failed state inside a dictatorship is, in fact, wrong. . . .

The bane [misfortune] of Africa is war, but the number of conflicts has dwindled. Most of the murderous dictators like of Uganda are gone, and we’re seeing the rise of skilled technocrats who accept checks on their power and don’t regard the treasury as their private piggy bank. The Rwandan cabinet room is far more high-tech than the cabinet room, and when you talk to leaders like of Liberia, you can’t help wondering about investing in Liberian stocks. . . . — Nicholas d. Kristof, New York Times, Upfront Magazine, April 19, 2010 (adapted)

Which statement is best supported by this passage? (1) The number of wars in Africa has grown. (2) African countries lack skilled technocrats. (3) Dictatorships are on the rise in Africa. (4) Some positive political changes are taking place in Africa. ______

A goal of both the Boxer Rebellion in China and the Mau Mau movement in Kenya was to (1) promote laissez-faire capitalism (2) end foreign control (3) develop modern industries (4) create a totalitarian state

Which conclusion can best be supported based on the 2003 data shown on this map? (1) The Western Hemisphere has been hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS crisis. (2) China and Japan have more people living with HIV/AIDS than India and Thailand. (3) The number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the Middle East is declining. (4) Southern Africa faces serious population issues due to the number of people living with HIV/AIDS. ______

Early exploration of Africa by Europeans was hindered by the (1) lack of natural resources in Africa (2) alliances between African kingdoms (3) isolationist policies of European monarchs (4) many different physical features of Africa

Which region was most affected by decisions made at the Berlin Conference of 1884? (1) Latin America (2) South Asia (3) East Asia (4) Africa

After World War II, the boundaries of newly independent African countries were most often based on (1) existing ethnic settlement patterns (2) divisions imposed under European imperialism (3) mandates created under the (4) locations of oil resources

Which of these developments in Africa was a cause of the other three? (1) Rival tribal groups fought wars. (2) The Berlin Conference of 1884 influenced colonial boundaries. (3) Traditional territories and culture groups were permanently fragmented. (4) African economies became dependent on the sale of cash crops and raw materials.

Which cultures fought with the Zulus in the 19th century over the control of land in ? (1) German and French (2) Indian and Belgian (3) British and Boer (4) Ethiopian and Italian

Much of which area of the world came under European colonial control in the 19th century? (1) Japan (2) Southwest Asia (3) Africa (4) Latin America

Which statement best reflects an effect of imperialism in Africa? (1) Land was distributed equally between social classes. (2) Territorial divisions were primarily established using tribal boundaries. (3) Natural resources were exploited for the benefit of European powers. (4) Timbuktu became the center of great learning.

Which situation was a result of the 1884 Berlin Conference? (1) Africa was divided without regard to ethnic groups. (2) Monarchies were restored throughout Europe. (3) The slave trade with South America was eliminated. (4) The League of Nations was formed.

The Berlin Conference in 1884 was significant because it (1) promoted Belgium as a world power (2) established rules for the European division of Africa (3) called for a war against England (4) ensured ethnic harmony in the Middle East

What was a major reason European nations competed for control of Africa during the second half of the 1800s? (1) Africa had a wealth of natural resources. (2) Slave labor was needed in the Americas. (3) African nations offered religious and political freedom. (4) Europeans needed land for their excess population.

In the struggle to gain independence for their countries, both Kwame Nkrumah and Ho Chi Minh relied on (1) nationalist sentiments (2) trench warfare (3) collective security agreements (4)

Base your answer to the following question on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies

Which claim is best supported by the evidence included in these maps? (1) Egypt and Ethiopia are no longer part of Africa (2) By 1980, most African countries became independent (3) By 1950, most of Africa was controlled by Russia or the United States (4) The was renamed Namibia

One way in which Toussaint L’Ouverture, Kwame Nkrumah, and Ho Chi Minh are similar is that each leader (1) opposed the role of the Roman in politics (2) established the first democratic government in his country (3) fought to free his country from European control (4) embraced the principles of ______Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies

. … Once thought of as a model for other young African democracies, Nigeria has buckled under the weight of persistent enmities [hostilities] among four major tribes—the Moslem Hausas and Fulanis in the North, the Yorubas in the West and the clever Ibos in the East. In January 1966, five years after independence, a group led by Eastern army officers toppled the Northern dominated regime of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and exposed the raw nerves of those ancient rivalries. Northerners countered with a coup that installed [General Yakubu] Gowon, and their pent-up fury exploded in the massacre of thousands of Ibos living in the North.… --- Time, June 9, 1967 41 This passage illustrates the impact ethnic loyalties can have on (1) maintaining colonial control (2) sustaining nonalignment (3) building national unity (4) preserving traditional religions ______

One way in which Miguel Hidalgo, Ho Chi Minh, and are similar is that they all were (1) leaders of independence movements (2) communist dictators (3) enlightened despots (4) advocates of liberation

Which area of the world was most directly affected by the decisions made at the Berlin Conference? (1) Africa (2) China (3) India (4) South America

The primary goal of both the Indian National Congress in India and the Mau Mau movement in Kenya was to (1) establish military rule (2) colonize lands overseas (3) remove foreign control (4) achieve social equality The original goal of Pan-Africanism was to (1) demand democratic reforms (2) encourage ethnic rivalry (3) promote a united Africa (4) divide Africa into separate countries

Base your answer to the following question on the poem below and on your knowledge of social studies. Colonizer’s Logic These natives are unintelligent — We can’t understand their language. Chinweizu (Nigeria) — Voices from Twentieth-Century Africa: Griots and Towncriers

The “logic” of the colonizers described in this Nigerian poem reflects their: (1) utopian plan (2) educational goals (3) militaristic behavior (4) ethnocentric attitude ______

Which description of trade patterns best represents the relationship between Africa and Europe during the late 19th century? (1) Trans-Saharan trade caravans led by Europeans were the most profitable. (2) South Africa was of no interest to European traders. (3) Raw materials were shipped from Africa to European industries. (4) Rivers were the key highways connecting Europeans to much of the African interior.

Ho Chi Minh and Jomo Kenyatta were leaders of movements that were attempting to achieve: (1) (2) self-determination (3) pan-Africanism (4) collective security

Name: ______Date: ______Regents Review Ms. Carey

South Africa/

The South African government’s policy of racial separation between 1948 and 1994 was called (1) Pan-Africanism (2) democratization (3) apartheid (4) suffrage

Which country is most closely associated with the terms , homelands, and white minority rule? (1) El Salvador (2) South Africa (3) Iran (4) Israel

The gathering at Amritsar (1919), the rallies in (1976), and the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square (1989) directly resulted in (1) rejection of Western ideas (2) promises of economic reform (3) movements toward democracy (4) violence against the protestors

Which leader is most closely associated with and F. W. de Klerk? (1) Jomo Kenyatta (2) Kwame Nkruhmah (3) (4) Jawaharlal Nehru

In the second half of the 20th century, what was one action taken by both Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu? (1) protesting against apartheid in South Africa (2) supporting the white government of Rhodesia (3) sending troops to liberate captives in Sudan (4) leading the independence movement in Ghana

“African National Congress (ANC) Demands Repeal of Pass Laws” “Bishop Desmond Tutu Awarded ” “Nelson Mandela Released from Prison After Serving 27 Years”

Which historical situation is most closely associated with these headlines? (1) Kwame Nkrumah becoming the first elected president of Ghana (2) ethnic conflicts in Nigeria resulting in civil war and widespread famine (3) Egypt becoming the first Arab country to sign a peace treaty with Israel (4) protests against the South African government’s policy of apartheid ______Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies

. ...We have triumphed in the effort to implant hope in the breasts of the millions of our people. We enter into a covenant [agreement] that we shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inalienable right to human dignity—a at peace with itself and the world.... — Nelson Mandela, excerpt from Inaugural Address

These words were delivered in 1994 by the newly elected president of South Africa to praise his countrymen’s rejection of: (1) nationalism (2) Pan-Africanism (3) apartheid (4) democracy ______Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of social studies.

1994 - Voters of all races elect Mandela president. 1990 - President de Klerk lifts ANC ban, ends policy, frees Mandela. 1980s - United States and other nations place sanctions on South Africa. 1964 - Nelson Mandela sentenced to life in prison. 1960 - Police kill 69, wound 180 at Sharpeville demonstration; government outlaws African National Congress (ANC). 1948 - Policy of racial segregation set up. Source: Guide to the Essentials of World History, Prentice Hall, 2003 (adapted)

Which policy is the focus of this diagram? (1) apartheid (2) isolationism (3) appeasement (4) neutrality F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela received the Nobel Peace Prize for their work to end the: (1) foreign control of the diamond mines (2) discriminatory policy of apartheid (3) anarchy in Somalia (4) Boer War

Base your answers to the following questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies

. …There is hardly an editor or political journalist who has not at some time during this apartheid period been pressured unduly, personally intimidated or seriously threatened either for what he/she had written or to coerce him/her into writing or publishing what was desired.… — submission to Truth and Reconciliation Commission

This passage describes the use of threats to achieve (1) diversification (2) censorship (3) perestroika (4) suffrage

With which country is this passage associated? (1) South Africa (2) (3) Cuba (4) Iraq ______

“African National Congress (ANC) Demands Repeal of Pass Laws” “Bishop Desmond Tutu Awarded Nobel Peace Prize” “Nelson Mandela Released from Prison After Serving 27 Years”

Which historical situation is most closely associated with these headlines? (1) Kwame Nkrumah becoming the first elected president of Ghana (2) ethnic conflicts in Nigeria resulting in civil war and widespread famine (3) Egypt becoming the first Arab country to sign a peace treaty with Israel (4) protests against the South African government’s policy of apartheid ______One way in which , Lech Walesa, and Nelson Mandela are similar is that they all (1) supported the use of violence to achieve goals (2) inspired revolutions against autocratic monarchs (3) led movements to end oppression of their people (4) based their actions on the teachings of Karl Marx

One way in which apartheid in South Africa and the caste system in India are similar is that both systems (1) allowed for educational opportunities (2) determined roles based on gender (3) revolved around central religious beliefs (4) enforced different sets of rules for distinct groups of people

In 1990, the Republic of South Africa released Nelson Mandela from prison. This action symbolized the: (1) Effect of urbanization on traditional values (2) Rejection of the civil rights movement in South Africa (3) Effectiveness of international sanctions (4) Failure of the united nations to influence international policy

Which statement best describes the significance of awarding the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize to Bishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa?

(1) The world community was endorsing the apartheid practices of the government of South Africa (2) The European policy of remaining neutral in regard to issues was reaffirmed (3) The separation of church and state was promoted as a universal concept (4) Non-violence was recognized as a way to bring about change in South Africa.

Base your answers to the following questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

We, the People of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know: that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people;

that our people have been robbed of their birthright to land, liberty and peace by a form of government founded on injustice and inequality; that our country will never be prosperous or free until all our people live in brotherhood, enjoying equal rights and opportunities; that only a democratic state, based on the will of all the people, can secure to all their birthright without distinction of colour, race, sex or belief;

And therefore, we, the people of South Africa, black and white together equals, countrymen and brothers adopt this ;

And we pledge ourselves to strive together, sparing neither strength nor courage, until the democratic changes here set out have been won. — The Freedom Charter, adopted at the Congress of the People, Kliptown, South Africa, June 26, 1955

What are the signers of the Freedom Charter demanding of their country? (1) opportunities to combat enemies (2) equality for all citizens (3) separate sovereign states (4) distinct economic reforms

The Freedom Charter was written in response to the policy of: (1) containment (2) religious persecution (3) truth and reconciliation (4) apartheid

Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies

The main idea of the cartoon was that in South Africa: (1) The fall of apartheid ended racial tensions (2) Nelson Mandela was unable to bring about political reform (3) Another Communist government lost power (4) A significant step was taken toward racial racial equality ______Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. —Africa is often depicted as a place of war, disease and poverty, with a begging bowl extended to the world. But a new report paints a much more optimistic portrait of a continent with growing national economies and an expanding consumer class that offers foreign investors the highest rates of return in the developing world.… — “Report Offers Optimistic View of Africa’s Economies,” New York Times, June 24, 2010

What additional evidence would best support the argument in this passage? (1) a rise in poverty rates for most African countries (2) increases in the mortality rate of African children (3) growth in the gross domestic product for some African countries (4) continuously high inflation rates throughout Africa

• “The Very First Thing You Should Know about South African Stocks and Bonds” • “The Leading Financial Institutions Show You Around South Africa’s Banking world” • “Amalgamated Banks of South Africa: Everything You Should Expect from an International Banking Power”

The titles of these pamphlets, available in 1994 from an American business and financial publication, reflect: (1) A continuation of the international trade sanctions imposed on South Africa in 1985 (2) A renewed interest in investing in South Africa’s economy (3) The hazards associated with overseas economic investment (4) A belief that the banks and the bond market in South Africa are inferior to those in Europe ______Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies

Which policy was eliminated in South Africa as a result of the actions shown in this cartoon? (1) nonalignment (3) multiculturalism (2) apartheid (4) militarism ______

Name: ______Date: ______Regents Review Ms. Carey

African Genocides

Which global problem is best illustrated by the late 20th-century conflicts in Rwanda, Kosovo, and Sudan? (1) violation of human rights (2) proliferation of chemical weapons (3) disagreement over national borders (4) lack of water resources

Conflicts in Rwanda and Darfur demonstrate the destabilizing effects of: (1) global interdependence (2) ethnic conflict (3) satellite countries (4) natural disasters

The migration of over a million people from Rwanda in the 1990s was the result of (1) human rights atrocities (2) desertification (3) massive flooding (4) disease

A major goal of the Hutu-led regime in Rwanda in mid-1994 was to (1) eliminate the Tutsi minority (2) align with the Soviet Union (3) promote ethnic tolerance (4) strengthen ties with Belgium

What was the main reason refugees fled Rwanda in the 1990s? (1) ethnic conflict (2) expansion of the Sahel (3) devastation from an earthquake (4) Cold War tensions

Which country was the site of ethnic tensions and a civil war between the Hutu and Tutsi in the 1990s? (1) Sudan (2) Kenya (3) Tanzania (4) Rwanda