Classification of Mammals 61

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORchapter SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Classification © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4 NOT FORof SALE MammalsOR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones Despite& Bartlett their Learning,remarkable success, LLC mammals are much less© Jones stress & onBartlett the taxonomic Learning, aspect LLCof mammalogy, but rather as diverse than are most invertebrate groups. This is probably an attempt to provide students with sufficient information NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORattributable SALE OR to theirDISTRIBUTION far greater individual size, to the high on the various kinds of mammals to make the subsequent energy requirements of endothermy, and thus to the inabil- discussions of mammalian biology meaningful. Students’ ity of mammals to exploit great numbers of restricted eco- interest is often dulled if they must deal with information logical niches. Wilson and Reeder (2005) recognized about about completely unfamiliar kinds of animals. It seems 1,229 genera and 5,416© speciesJones of & living Bartlett mammals. Learning, Most LLCpointless to discuss water© regulation Jones & in Bartlett heteromyids, Learning, for LLC species of extant mammalsNOT FORhave already SALE been OR described, DISTRIBUTION example, if students haveNOT only aFOR vague SALE idea of ORwhat DISTRIBUTION a het- but approximately 10 to 12 new species continue to be eromyid is. named each year. Many of these are cryptic species, dis- Phylogenetic systematics is a major focus of much of tinct genetically but difficult or impossible to distinguish the basic research conducted on mammals today. It is also morphologically from already known species. When fossil an important feature of many other fields, from conserva- mammals© Jones are considered, & Bartlett the Learning, numbers are LLC more impres- tion biology© Jones to molecular & Bartlett genetics. Learning, Increasingly, LLC authors sive. NOTIn the FOR compendium SALE OR of McKenna DISTRIBUTION and Bell (1997), attempt NOTto construct FOR SALE or use classificationOR DISTRIBUTION schemes that 5,162 genera of mammals in 425 families—of which 4,079 reflect the presumed phylogeny of mammals and other genera (79%) and 300 families (71%) are extinct—had been organisms, as we have done in this book. Reconstructing named, with additional new fossil taxa named each year. a phylogeny and producing a classification for a group of © Jones &Still, Bartlett the numbers Learning, of genera LLC and species are insignificant© Jones organisms & Bartlett are very Learning, different goals,LLC however, and the results NOT FORin SALE comparison OR DISTRIBUTION with those for invertebrates. There are, NOTfor FORare often SALE controversial. OR DISTRIBUTION The classification that follows example, an estimated 950,000 named species of insects (Table 4-1) is largely that of the various authors in Wilson (perhaps 8 to 100 million undiscovered), 40,000 of protists and Reeder (2005). No classification system yet proposed (perhaps 100,000 to 200,000 undiscovered), and 70,000 of has gained universal acceptance, but Wilson and Reeder’s is mollusks (perhaps 200,000 undiscovered). a useful recent compendium. In keeping with the contem- We devote considerable© Jones attention & Bartlett to the Learning,orders and LLCporary approach, categories© Jones other than & BartlettOrder and Learning, Family LLC families of mammals NOTnot because FOR weSALE wish toOR put DISTRIBUTION primary are not given for the higherNOT taxa FOR named. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

TABLE 4-1 A Classification of Recent Mammals Classification Common Name(s) Prototheria© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT Order FOR Monotremata SALE OR(5 species) DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Tachyglossidae Echidnas, spiny anteaters Ornithorhynchidae Duck-billed platypus Theria © Jones & BartlettMetatheria Learning, (Marsupialia) LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE Order OR Didelphimorphia DISTRIBUTION (89 species) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Didelphidae Opossums Order Paucituberculata (6 species) Family Caenolestidae Rat opossums © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Order Microbiotheria (1 species) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Microbiotheriidae Monito del monte, llaca Order Dasyuromorphia (71 species) Family Thylacinidae (extinct) Thylacine © Jones & BartlettMyrmecobiidae Learning, LLC Numbat © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEDasyuridae OR DISTRIBUTION Dasyures, NOTquolls, FORantechinuses, SALE dunnarts, OR DISTRIBUTION Tasmanian devil Order Peramelemorphia (22 species) Family Thylacomyidae Bilbies Peramelidae Bandicoots, echymiperas © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Chaeropodidae LLC © JonesPig-footed & Bartlett bandicoot Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (continues)

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© JonesTABLE & Bartlett 4-1 A Learning,Classification LLC of Recent Mammals© (continued) Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORClassification SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTCommon FOR Name(s)SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Order Notoryctemorphia (2 species) Family Notoryctidae Marsupial “moles,” itjaritjaris Order Diprotodontia (144 species) Family Phascolarctidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Koalas LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC VombatidaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONWombats NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Burramyidae Pygmy possums Phalangeridae Cuscuses, phalangers © JonesPseudocheiridae & Bartlett Learning, LLC Ring-tailed possums© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORPetauridae SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Gliders, striped NOTpossums FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Tarsipedidae Honey possum, noolbenger Acrobatidae Feathertail possum, feathertail glider Hypsiprymnodontidae Musky rat kangaroo © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Potoroidae LLC © RatJones kangaroos, & Bartlett bettongs, Learning, potoroos LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONMacropodidae NOTKangaroos, FOR SALEwallabies OR DISTRIBUTION Eutheria (Placentalia) Order Afrosoricida (51 species) Family Tenrecidae Tenrecs © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ChrysochloridaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONGolden moles NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Order Macroscelidea (15 species) Family Macroscelididae Elephant-shrews Order Tubulidentata (1 species) © JonesFamily Orycteropodidae& Bartlett Learning, LLC Aardvark © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OrderNOT Proboscidea FOR SALE (3 species) OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Elephantidae Elephants Order Sirenia (5 species) Family Dugongidae Dugongs, sea cows © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Trichechidae LLC © ManateesJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Order Hyracoidea (4 species) Family Procaviidae Hyraxes Order Cingulata (21 species) Family Dasypodidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Armadillos LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Order Pilosa (10 species)NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Bradypodidae Three-toed tree sloths Megalonychidae Two-toed tree sloths Cyclopedidae Silky anteater © Jones Myrmecophagidae& Bartlett Learning, LLC Tamanduas and© giant Jones anteater & Bartlett Learning, LLC OrderNOT Dermoptera FOR SALE (2 species) OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Cynocephalidae Colugos Order Scandentia (20 species) © Jones & BartlettFamily Learning, Tupaiidae LLC © TreeJones shrews & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONPtilocercidae NOTPen-tailed FOR treeshrew SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones &Classification Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesCommon & Bartlett Name(s) Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE Order OR Primates DISTRIBUTION (376 species) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Cheirogaleidae Dwarf lemurs, mouse lemurs Lemuridae Lemurs Lepilemuridae Sportive lemurs Indriidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCWooly lemurs, sifakas © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Daubentoniidae Aye-aye Lorisidae Lorises Galagidae Bushbabies, galagos © Jones & BartlettTarsiidae Learning, LLC Tarsiers © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALECebidae OR DISTRIBUTION Marmosets,NOT tamarins, FOR capuchins, SALE squirrelOR DISTRIBUTION monkeys Aotidae Night monkeys Pitheciidae Titis, uacaris, sakis Atelidae Howlers, spider monkeys, wooly monkeys © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Cercopithecidae LLC © JonesOld World & Bartlett monkeys Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONHylobatidae NOT GibbonsFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Hominidae Apes, human Order Rodentia (2,278 species) Family Aplodontiidae Sewellel or mountain beaver Sciuridae© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCSquirrels © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC GliridaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONDormice NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Castoridae Beavers Heteromyidae Kangaroo rats, pocket mice Geomyidae Pocket gophers © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Dipodidae Jerboas, birch mice, jumping mice NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Platacanthomyidae Tree mice Spalacidae Zokors, bamboo rats, mole rats Calomyscidae Calomyscuses © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Nesomyidae LLC © JonesPouched & Bartlett rats and mice, Learning, climbing and LLC fat mice, etc. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCricetidae NOT Voles,FOR hamsters,SALE OR New DISTRIBUTION World rats, and mice Muridae Rats, mice Anomaluridae Scaly-tailed flying squirrels Pedetidae Springhaas, springhares Ctenodactylidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCGundis © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC DiatomyidaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONKha-nyous or Laotian rock ratNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Bathyergidae Mole-rats Hystricidae African and Asian porcupines Petromuridae Dassie rat © Jones & BartlettThryonomyidae Learning, LLC Cane rats © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEErethizontidae OR DISTRIBUTION Bristle-spinedNOT rat andFOR New SALE World ORporcupines DISTRIBUTION Chinchillidae Chinchillas, vizcachas Dinomyidae Pacarana Caviidae Cuis, guinea pigs, cavies, maras, capybaras © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (continues)

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© JonesTABLE & Bartlett 4-1 A Learning,Classification LLC of Recent Mammals© (continued) Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORClassification SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTCommon FOR Name(s)SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dasyproctidae Agoutis, acouchis Cuniculidae Pacas Ctenomyidae Tuco-tucos Octodontidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Degus, LLC rock rats, vizcacha-rats © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC AbrocomidaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONChinchilla rats NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Echimyidae Spiny rats, tree rats, etc. Myocastoridae Coypu or nutria Capromyidae Hutias © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Heptaxodontidae (extinct) Giant hutias and key mice NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Order Lagomorpha (92 species) Family Ochotonidae Pikas Prolagidae (extinct) Sardinian pika © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Leporidae LLC © RabbitsJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEOrder ErinaceomorphaOR DISTRIBUTION (24 species) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Erinaceidae Hedgehogs, gymnures Order Soricomorpha (428 species) Family Nesophontidae (extinct) Nesophontes Solenodontidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Solenodons, LLC alamiquis © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC SoricidaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONShrews NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Talpidae Moles, desmans Order Chiroptera (1,116 species) Family Pteropodidae Old World fruit bats, flying foxes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Rhinopomatidae Mouse-tailed bats NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Craseonycteridae Hog-nosed or bumblebee bat Megadermatidae False vampire bats Rhinolophidae Horseshoe bats © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Hipposideridae LLC © OldJones World & leaf-nosed Bartlett bats Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONEmballonuridae NOTSac-winged FOR SALEbats OR DISTRIBUTION Nycteridae Slit-faced bats Myzopodidae Sucker-footed bats Mystacinidae New Zealand short-tailed bats Thyropteridae© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Disk-winged LLC bats © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC FuripteridaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONSmoky bat and thumbless bat NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Noctilionidae Bulldog bats Mormoopidae Mustached and ghost-faced bats Phyllostomidae New World leaf-nosed bats © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Natalidae Funnel-eared bats NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Molossidae Free-tailed bats Vespertilionidae Evening bats, common bats Miniopteridae Bent-winged or long-fingered bats © Jones & BartlettOrder Pholidota Learning, (8 species) LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE FamilyOR DISTRIBUTION Manidae NOTPangolins FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones &Classification Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesCommon & Bartlett Name(s) Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE Order OR Carnivora DISTRIBUTION (286 species) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Felidae Cats Viverridae Civets, genets Eupleridae Falanouc, fossa, Madagascaran mongooses Nandiniidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCAfrican palm civet © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC HerpestidaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONMongooses NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Hyaenidae Hyenas, aardwolf Canidae Wolves, foxes, jackals Ursidae Bears, giant panda © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Odobenidae Walrus NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Otariidae Eared seals, fur seals, sea lions Phocidae Earless seals Mustelidae Weasels, badgers, otters © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Mephitidae LLC © JonesSkunks, & Bartlettstink badgers Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONProcyonidae NOT Raccoons,FOR SALE ringtails, OR coatis DISTRIBUTION Ailuridae Red panda Order Perissodactyla (17 species) Family Equidae Horses, asses, zebras Tapiridae© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCTapirs © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC RhinocerotidaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONRhinoceroses NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Order Artiodactyla (240 species) Family Suidae Hogs, pigs Tayassuidae Peccaries © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Hippopotamidae Hippopotamuses NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Camelidae Camels, vicuñas, guanacos, llamas Tragulidae Chevrotains and mouse deer Moschidae Musk deer Cervidae Deer © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONAntilocapridae NOT PronghornFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Giraffidae Giraffe and okapi Bovidae Antelope, bison, cattle, duikers, goats, sheep, etc. Order Cetacea (84 species) Family Balaenidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCRight whales © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC BalaenopteridaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONRorquals NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Eschrichtiidae Gray whale Cetotheriidae Pygmy right whale Delphinidae Ocean dolphins © Jones & BartlettMonodontidae Learning, LLC Narwhal and© belugaJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEPhocoenidae OR DISTRIBUTION Porpoises NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Physeteridae Sperm whales Platanistidae Ganges and Indus river dolphins Iniidae Baiji, franciscana, and Amazon river dolphins © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Ziphiidae Beaked whales NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© JonesSummary & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORThere SALE are approximately OR DISTRIBUTION 1,229 genera and over 5,420 spe- NOTare FOR extinct. SALE Still, ORthe numbersDISTRIBUTION of genera and species are cies of living mammals, with an additional 5 to 12 new insignificant in comparison with those for invertebrates. The species named each year. When fossil mammals are con- mammalian classification presented here is largely that of sidered, the numbers total over 5,162 genera of mammals in the various authors in Wilson and Reeder (2005) and is based 425 families—of which 79%© ofJones genera & and Bartlett 71% of families Learning, onLLC phylogenetic relationships ©as Jonescurrently & understood. Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Recommended Readings McKenna, MC & SK Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals Tree of Life Web Project. 1995–2005. www.tolweb.org Above© the Jones Species &Level Bartlett. Columbia Learning, University LLCPress, /tree/phylogeny.html.© Jones & AccessedBartlett February Learning, 14, 2013. LLC New NOTYork. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Wilson, DE &NOT DM Reeder.FOR SALE2005. Mammal OR DISTRIBUTION Species of the Murphy, MJ, et al. 2001. Molecular phylogenetics and the World, A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., origins of placental mammals. Nature, 409:614–618. 2 vols. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

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