© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORCHAPTER SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Classification © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4 NOT FORof SALE MammalsOR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 2ND PAGES 9781284032093_CH04_0060.indd 60 8/28/13 12:08 PM CHAPTER 4: Classification of Mammals 61 © Jones Despite& Bartlett their Learning,remarkable success, LLC mammals are much less© Jones stress & onBartlett the taxonomic Learning, aspect LLCof mammalogy, but rather as diverse than are most invertebrate groups. This is probably an attempt to provide students with sufficient information NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORattributable SALE OR to theirDISTRIBUTION far greater individual size, to the high on the various kinds of mammals to make the subsequent energy requirements of endothermy, and thus to the inabil- discussions of mammalian biology meaningful. Students’ ity of mammals to exploit great numbers of restricted eco- interest is often dulled if they must deal with information logical niches. Wilson and Reeder (2005) recognized about about completely unfamiliar kinds of animals. It seems 1,229 genera and 5,416© speciesJones of & living Bartlett mammals. Learning, Most LLCpointless to discuss water© regulation Jones & in Bartlett heteromyids, Learning, for LLC species of extant mammalsNOT FORhave already SALE been OR described, DISTRIBUTION example, if students haveNOT only aFOR vague SALE idea of ORwhat DISTRIBUTION a het- but approximately 10 to 12 new species continue to be eromyid is. named each year. Many of these are cryptic species, dis- Phylogenetic systematics is a major focus of much of tinct genetically but difficult or impossible to distinguish the basic research conducted on mammals today. It is also morphologically from already known species. When fossil an important feature of many other fields, from conserva- mammals© Jones are considered, & Bartlett the Learning, numbers are LLC more impres- tion biology© Jones to molecular & Bartlett genetics. Learning, Increasingly, LLC authors sive. NOTIn the FOR compendium SALE OR of McKenna DISTRIBUTION and Bell (1997), attempt NOTto construct FOR SALE or use classificationOR DISTRIBUTION schemes that 5,162 genera of mammals in 425 families—of which 4,079 reflect the presumed phylogeny of mammals and other genera (79%) and 300 families (71%) are extinct—had been organisms, as we have done in this book. Reconstructing named, with additional new fossil taxa named each year. a phylogeny and producing a classification for a group of © Jones &Still, Bartlett the numbers Learning, of genera LLC and species are insignificant© Jones organisms & Bartlett are very Learning, different goals,LLC however, and the results NOT FORin SALE comparison OR DISTRIBUTION with those for invertebrates. There are, NOTfor FORare often SALE controversial. OR DISTRIBUTION The classification that follows example, an estimated 950,000 named species of insects (Table 4-1) is largely that of the various authors in Wilson (perhaps 8 to 100 million undiscovered), 40,000 of protists and Reeder (2005). No classification system yet proposed (perhaps 100,000 to 200,000 undiscovered), and 70,000 of has gained universal acceptance, but Wilson and Reeder’s is mollusks (perhaps 200,000 undiscovered). a useful recent compendium. In keeping with the contem- We devote considerable© Jones attention & Bartlett to the Learning,orders and LLCporary approach, categories© Jones other than & BartlettOrder and Learning, Family LLC families of mammals NOTnot because FOR weSALE wish toOR put DISTRIBUTION primary are not given for the higherNOT taxa FOR named. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 4-1 A Classification of Recent Mammals Classification Common Name(s) Prototheria© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTOrder FOR Monotremata SALE OR(5 species) DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Tachyglossidae Echidnas, spiny anteaters Ornithorhynchidae Duck-billed platypus Theria © Jones & Bartlett Metatheria Learning, (Marsupialia) LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEOrder OR Didelphimorphia DISTRIBUTION (89 species) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Didelphidae Opossums Order Paucituberculata (6 species) Family Caenolestidae Rat opossums © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Order Microbiotheria (1 species) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Microbiotheriidae Monito del monte, llaca Order Dasyuromorphia (71 species) Family Thylacinidae (extinct) Thylacine © Jones & BartlettMyrmecobiidae Learning, LLC Numbat © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEDasyuridae OR DISTRIBUTION Dasyures, NOTquolls, FORantechinuses, SALE dunnarts, OR DISTRIBUTION Tasmanian devil Order Peramelemorphia (22 species) Family Thylacomyidae Bilbies Peramelidae Bandicoots, echymiperas © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Chaeropodidae LLC © JonesPig-footed & Bartlett bandicoot Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (continues) 2ND PAGES © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 9781284032093_CH04_0060.indd 61 8/28/13 12:08 PM 62 PART I: Introduction to the Mammalia © JonesTABLE & Bartlett 4-1 A Learning,Classification LLC of Recent Mammals© (continued) Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORClassification SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTCommon FOR Name(s)SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Order Notoryctemorphia (2 species) Family Notoryctidae Marsupial “moles,” itjaritjaris Order Diprotodontia (144 species) Family Phascolarctidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Koalas LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC VombatidaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONWombats NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Burramyidae Pygmy possums Phalangeridae Cuscuses, phalangers © Jones Pseudocheiridae & Bartlett Learning, LLC Ring-tailed possums© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR Petauridae SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Gliders, striped NOTpossums FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Tarsipedidae Honey possum, noolbenger Acrobatidae Feathertail possum, feathertail glider Hypsiprymnodontidae Musky rat kangaroo © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Potoroidae LLC © RatJones kangaroos, & Bartlett bettongs, Learning, potoroos LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONMacropodidae NOTKangaroos, FOR SALEwallabies OR DISTRIBUTION Eutheria (Placentalia) Order Afrosoricida (51 species) Family Tenrecidae Tenrecs © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ChrysochloridaeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONGolden moles NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Order Macroscelidea (15 species) Family Macroscelididae Elephant-shrews Order Tubulidentata (1 species) © JonesFamily Orycteropodidae& Bartlett Learning, LLC Aardvark © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OrderNOT Proboscidea FOR SALE (3 species) OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Elephantidae Elephants Order Sirenia (5 species) Family Dugongidae Dugongs, sea cows © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Trichechidae LLC © ManateesJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Order Hyracoidea (4 species) Family Procaviidae Hyraxes Order Cingulata (21 species) Family Dasypodidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Armadillos LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Order Pilosa (10 species)NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Bradypodidae Three-toed tree sloths Megalonychidae Two-toed tree sloths Cyclopedidae Silky anteater © Jones Myrmecophagidae& Bartlett Learning, LLC Tamanduas and© giant Jones anteater & Bartlett Learning, LLC OrderNOT Dermoptera FOR SALE (2 species) OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Cynocephalidae Colugos Order Scandentia (20 species) © Jones & Bartlett Family Learning, Tupaiidae LLC © TreeJones shrews & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONPtilocercidae NOTPen-tailed FOR treeshrew SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 2ND PAGES 9781284032093_CH04_0060.indd 62 8/28/13 12:08 PM CHAPTER 4: Classification of Mammals 63 © Jones &Classification Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesCommon & Bartlett Name(s) Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEOrder OR Primates DISTRIBUTION (376 species) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Family Cheirogaleidae Dwarf lemurs, mouse lemurs Lemuridae Lemurs Lepilemuridae Sportive lemurs Indriidae© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCWooly lemurs, sifakas © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Daubentoniidae Aye-aye Lorisidae Lorises