Chapter 2 :- GOA AND ITS PAST
1. The name Goa A Portuguese historian in 1778 mentions that Goa was frequented by the neighboring people who often said that "Lets amuse ourselves under the cool shades of Goa and taste sweetness of its betel"\ In the pre-colonial past, Goa was once the capital city of the ancient dynasties which later became the initial territorial holding of the Portuguese colonial power. The names of Goa have changed over the years and it is equally interesting to correlate these ancient names with the present names of places. It is all the more exciting to trace and study the evolution of the name Goa, based on epigraphs, stone inscriptions and other archival records like treatises of sages. Without going to the etymological roots of Goa; the ancient names by which Goa was known throughout the ages.
A Puranic documentation called Sahvadhri Khand calls Goa by the names of ^Gomantak' in its first chapter^. The Sahyddhri Khand was written in the A^ centur\' CE and later on additions were made till 13**" century CE^. In the same text Goa is also referred to as Gomdnchal in chapter number four"*. This name is also found in the Konkan Akhyan''. Goa is also known by the name of Gomant in a treatise named "Brhat Samhita' written by sage Vardh Mihir^. Vardh Mihir also makes a reference to the people of Konkan region and the people staying along the banks of River Gomati'^. Both these references are found in the chapter named Grh Bhakti Yog of the Samhita. Vardh Mihir hailed from Ujjain and lived in the 5* centur>' CE*. River Gomati is identified with River Mandovi by J.N. Da Fonseca in his book 'An Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City of Goa'^. Some Portuguese chroniclers also tried derive to the etymology of Goa. Diogo de Couto traced it to Goemoat which according to him is a local word for a fertile and refreshing land'". While yet another Portuguese writer Leonardo Paes mentions that the name Goa is derived from Guhalldev, an early Kadamb ruler. While Fransisco de Souza mentions that Goa is derived from Goubat which was the name of the chief local deity of the territory. The Kadambs who ruled Goa during the lO"' century have left behind many records which also mention Goa's ancient name. It is very interesting to spot the name of Goa in the stone inscriptions at Halshi (now lies in Kamataka near Khanapur), one of the ancient capitals of the Kadamb s. One of the early record of the Kadamb King
24 Virvarmdev calls Goa by the name of ^Gopak\ This record is dated to 1049AD and is now kept in the Goa State Museum at Patto". His brother; King Jaikeshi Vs. copper plates mention Goa as 'Gopakdwip' which means the island of Goa. Yet another name of Goa is revealed through a stone inscription of the Kadamb King Shivchith and his Queen Kamladevi found in Shh Kamal Narayan temple at Degav. Here Goa is referred to as Gopakpuri^^. The above stone epigraph dates to 12 century CE. From a stone inscription of the Kadamb King Vishnuchith (brother of King Shivchith) we leam that a port called 'Gopakpattan existed in Goa^^ This inscription is present in the temple of Shri Varah Narsinh in Halsi near Belgaum. The name Gopakpattan in literal sense means the 'Port of Gopak' as Pattan in Kannada connotes a port. Gopakpattan is identified with Goa Velha near Pilar.
Kadamb King Tribhuvanmairs copper plate dating to 1106 CE mentions yet another name of Goa. The copper plate informs us that Goa was also known by the Gove apart from Gopak. It can be inferred that Kadamb s began referring to Goa as Gopak because so far no inscriptions dating prior to the Kadamb period mention this name. The records in Halekannada dating to 1571 CE mention the name of Goa Velha or ancient Gopak as Gove Rdjpdtini which corroborates the point that it was known as the Royal Place even in the 16"* century CE*'*. An Indian treatise called Suth Samhitd also mentions Govapuri through its following text:- Tatr Govapuri Nam Nagari Pap Nashini to mean Govapuri is a city where ablution of sins takes place. The treatise probably dates to the 13"* century. The inscriptions found outside the temples of Shri Ravalndth at Velus in Sattari and Shri Nagesh at Bandoda tells us that the Vijaynagar King Devrai II ruled over the city of Gove. The inscriptions date to 1408 and 1413AD respectively'^
We do not find Goa being called as Gomantak in any stone inscriptions and epigraphs after the 15"' century except for the one found at Adkon in Ponda taluka The inscription belongs to the Maratha King Sambhaji and dates to 1688 CE according to Pandurang Pissurlekar. It records the name of Goa as Gomantak once again'^. Perhaps this is the last epigraph in Goa's history which calls Goa with the Purdnic name Gomantak. There may be still more inscriptions giving references to Goa. Perhaps they are not highlighted or they cease to exist today. Whether it is Gomant,
25 Gomantak, Govadvip, Gopak, Gopakpuri, Gove or Govapuri these names have today evolved into today's Goa.
II. An overview of the historical background of study area:- 1. Importance of study of ruling dynasties in iconographic survey of a region. Goa came under the sway of different dynasties over the years. We have records right from the 5* century CE uptill the 15"" century CE of various Indian dynasties ruling over Goa. Each one tried to keep this region under its suzerainty. The reason was perhaps because of its prominent location near the sea coast of whether Goa's navigable rivers served the rulers an upper hand to keep the enemies off their kingdom. Every dynasty which ruled here introduced a type of worship as they patronized a particular deity. Thus, giving birth to new worships in that region, this in turn gave rise to new cults. To elucidate; every ruling house, a branch or a dynasty had a royal emblem called Lanchan (cTTH^) in Sanskrit'^. The rpyal emblem itself gives us lots of clues about the cult the dynasty encouraged in its kingdom. In case the ruling branch patronized Vaishnavism then the symbols of Vishnu were an integral part of the emblem. Same was the case with Shaivism. Royal emblems categorically point out or reveal the faith or belief it propagated. In case of royal emblems of some dynasties one can identify the name of the overlord accepted by the dynasty. This can be done by looking and comparing the artistic styles of the Royal emblem. The Royal Emblem is one of the key features in studying the dynastic art because it style and concept remained unchanged till the dynasty changed its feudatory-ship. Therefore it is of utmost necessity to make an overall study of dynasty's cultural trends including their administrative systems. Each dynasty patronized a special school of art. Some who accepted the feudatoryship of the others included the artistic styles of their overlords into their school of art. Thus giving birth to a complete new school of art! Likewise every dynasty had a mythological origin which was peihaps not true. However the myth behind the origin was perhaps stressed in almost all their initial records. This was done probably to keep the kings associated with divinities which would give them importance. Hence the study of these ruling dynasties proves to be very important source in studying the iconographic development of the region.
26 2. Importance of the study of the Portuguese rule in Goa. Though this study is related to the iconographic study between 4* century CE to 15 century CE the first half of 16* century which includes the Portuguese rule plays a very important role in the study as Portuguese desecrated a large number of temples and sculptures in Goa. The Comentahos de Afonso de Albuquerque mention that the Hindus has many respectable temples with beautiful carvings . The Florentine traveler Andre Corsali described the temple in Divar (now in Tiswadi) as marvelous piece of architecture'^. Gomes Vaz a Portuguese Jesuit brother in 1567 wrote that a water tan used for rituals at the entrance of a temple in Vema in Salcette taluka has a porch of black stone. This porch according to him was so beautiful that it led him to say that he had never seen a work of such perfection anywhere, not even in Portugal^". They also consolidated the boundaries of the territory which has formed the modem Goa. Hence the study of the initial phases of Portuguese regime is very important in this study.
3. Ruling Dynasties and their origin A. Description Forms of sources of the dynasties found in Goa Many ancient records of Goa are available to us in the form of copper plates and stone inscriptions. These are the only valid documents which can lead us to correct history^ of that era without any doubts. The copper plates are rectangular plates of mixed metal mostly containing copper having inscription on it. Sometimes they are in a group of two, three or more. In case of Goa they are available in a group of not more the three. These were issued by kings to temples, people relating donation of properties and sometimes even in case of administrative purposes. The first copper plate of the set normally contains text saluting the family deity of the dynasty, the name of the ruler and dynasty. The second and the third plate contains inscription mentioning the reason for which the copper plate was issued. The second plate is inscribed on both sides; obverse and reverse. Most of the Goan copper plates speak of grants issued to temples and Brdhmans in the form of lands or certain privileges. Some of them were even issued to resolve conflicts between two communities. These documents provide a first hand and authentic information about a region's socio- cultural trends prevalent during that time. They also provide bonafide information about the various worships and cults introduced or patronized by a particular dynasty
27 during its regime. It shows the growth of a popularity of a particular deity and its decline during the time when the next dynast>' came into power. a) The Bhoj kings i) King Devraj The records of the kings under name Bhoj are found in and around the coastal belt of Goa. The earliest record of Goa's ruling dynasty dates to the 4 century CE . The discovery of this copper plate inscription took Goa back to the 4th century was the Shiroda copper plates. It is the only ancient record found in Goa which has put Chandrapur on the 4th century map of Goa The copper plates were found in the possession of a person by name Gopal Shenvi Gudo, in the village of Shiroda in Ponda taluka in August 1933^^. These early documents of Goa were deciphered by two epigraphists viz. C.R. Krishnamacharlu^^ initially who misread the name as Gomins^'^ instead of Bhoj. Later in 1943 epigraphist N. Lakshminarayan Rao re- studied the plates and came to a definite conclusion that name was the Bhoj^^ and not Gomin. They are a set of three plates with a thick copper ring holding the three together. The ring has a seal with an image of the swan'^^ on it. The king referred in this copper plate is Devraj^^. The record begins with the salutations as Svasti Shri^^ in the beginning of this inscription is very similar to the salutations found on the records of other Bhoj kings. The plates record a grant of a house site and a grazing meadow in the village of Thaniyark Kottinkayya^^ for two Brahmans, namely Govindswamin and Indraswamin by King Devraj of the Bhoj dynasty. The village existed in a country by name Jiyaya'^. The Rahasy Adhikrit or the Private Secretary of the king composed this inscription and the Sarvatantra Adhikrit or the Superintendent of all the Departments executed it^'. It also mentions that the King Devraj ruled from "Chandraur''^. The word Ur in the name Chandra-ur is a Sanskritised form of the Dravidian word to mean town or vi 11 age^^which is today's Chandar^'' of the Salcette taluka. The names of places like Thaniyark Kottinkayyd is identified with todays Thana in Kuttali (Cortalim). These copper plates tell us about the antiquity of the Chandrapur city. The city was raised to the status of the capital by the Bhoj dynasty.
28 ii) King Ashankit The second record of the Bhoj kings is the copper plate of king Ashankit and was found outside the today's political boundaries of Goa.^* The copper plates were found in the village of Hiregutti near Kumta which is a part of the Uttar Kannada district of Kamataka. It was found with Shri Uddanda Bommayya Gaonkar a resident of Hiregutti^^. It is set of three plates with a ring having a relief of an elephant in motion on it^^. King Ashankit is home with title of Dharm-Maharaf^. Interestingly, the inscription praises Lord Buddh who is described as the one whose 'feet are licked by the rays of the shinning jewels in the coronets of gods and demons"^. The inscription speaks of gifting a village by name Sundarikd located in the Dipak Vishay to the Arya Sangh or the Assembly of the Buddhist Monks'*". The grant was made at the request of Chief Kottipegili belonging to the lineage of Kaikeys of NandipaUi'*\ P.B. Desai, the epigraphist who deciphered the said inscription mentions that the town Dipak mentioned in the charter is either Diwadi or Diwar of Tiswadi taluka or Anjediv island near Karwar"*^. The copper plates are assigned to the end of 5^ cent CE or to the beginning of the 6 centCE.
iii) King Ashankitvarman The third record of the Bhoj kings is the copper plate of King Ashankitvarman. The set of copper plates were found with Advocate Addanagi who found them buried in an iron box at Kapoli in the Khanapur taluka in the Belgaum district of Kamataka''^. They are assigned to the 6*- 7* cent CE and has a ring bearing the seal of an elephant'*'*. In these copper plates the king is described to have adorned the Bhoj lineage by his birth^^ He is given the title of Maharaj^. It records a grant made to the Brahman Nagsharman from the village Vanhsvatak located in the Sollundurak-sevenly in Palshika village'*'. The gift was made by the Chief Elakella of the Kaikeya lineage'*^. The copper plate inscription was deciphered by epigraphist A.M. Annigeri. He identifies the village Palshika with today's Halshi of Khanapur taluka'*^ iv) King Kapdlivarman The fourth copper plate record of the Bhoj king was found again in the form of in a set of two copper plates in again the village of Arga in the Uttar Kannada district of Kamataka. They were found in a temple and were under worship^". They are set of
29 three plates but the ring having the seal which was holding them is lost . The king Kapdlivarman is given the title of Dharm-Mdhdrdf^. These plates record a grant of a piece of land called Pukkolli Khajjan in the village of Shivpurak from his residence at Panaskhet". The land was gifted to Swamikaraj who then re-gifted it to a Brahman named Bhavaryya. The grant was executed by Krishna Bhoyalc" . The record dates to 6*^ cent CE.
v) King Prithvimallvarman. The sixth record of the Bhoj king was found in the village of Bandoda in Ponda taluka today. They date to the latter half of the 6* or the first half of the T*^ century CE". These copper plates closely resemble the copper plates of King DevrdJ of the same first name. It mentions a king by name Prithvimallvarman. This is the only Bhoj king whose two records are available today. Both the records were deciphered by the epigraphist G.S.Gai in 1958. In case of both the records the ring along with the seal of the king is missing. Therefore, it is difficult to confirm the Royal emblem of the Bhojs. The first set of inscriptional record speaks of a grant of a field named Vrishbhini made by the Bhoj King Prithvimallvarman in the village of Bhdgal Pdllikd in the Kupalakatdhdr-desh^^. The grant was made in the merit of the king's mother Chetasddevi at the request of his brother Shatrudaman. The script in which the grant is written is Brahmi and the language is Sanskrit. The second set of copper plate of the king Prithvimallvarman records a grant issued from Prthiviparvat^^. The charter was issued by the king himself The epigraph mentions the grant of a filed called Kapoti Khajjan situated in the Ma/ar village included in the Kupaldkhat-desh^^. vi) The stone inscription of Sinhrdj Another record which can be assigned to the 5th century CE^^ paleographical grounds, is the stone inscription which was found in the village of Nunem in the Sanguem taluka. This stone inscription slab was found outside the temple and was an object of worship. The inscription now lies in the custody of Goa State Museum. The inscription is inscribed in the Brahmi script and consists of 10 lines. The initial line begins with a salutation called Svasti Shri Devasam '*'". The inscription records a grant of two gateways; one to Pdrvati Swamini and the other to El-svdmin. It also mentions a grant of a land named Panas-Kshetr (a grove of jackfruit trees). The donor was a
30 person named Sinhraf\ The goddess Parvati Swamini mentioned in the inscription must be probably the Goddess Shri Mahamaya; outside the temple of who's the inscription was found. K.V. Ramesh the editor of the inscription opines that the god El-svdmin mentioned refers to the Lord of Ela. Sinhraj; the donor is mentioned without any titles. vii) Harvale stone inscription The inscription is found in a Shaivaite cave at Harvale in Bicholim taluka. It is very small and reads Sambalur-Vasi Ravi which is translated as Ravi the resident of Sambalurav^^ by K.V. Ramesh.
viii) Administration of the Bhoi kings:- Not much can be said about the origin of the Bhoj rulers. None of the records except for the record of King Ashankitvarman give the details about the family as a whole. The records of King Ashankitvarman give in brief the detail of the Bhoj family. It mentions that the family of the Bhojs are like the lotuses in the circle of a lake in the form of the whole earth^^. Some of the names of places mentioned in these copper plates cannot be identified today. But definitely the above mentioned village names must have been a part of ancient Goa Though around 6 records of kings mentioning their second name as Bhoj are found in the vicinity of Goa it cannot be said they belonged to a particular dynasty, as none of the records mention the names of their predecessors. Similarly no two records of kings have the same emblem on their seal except for the emblems found on the records of King Ashankit and King Ashankitvarman. The records of both these Bhoj kings have a slight difference in their names. In case of the second name the suffix Varman is added. Varman means defense or protection in Sanskrit. It was used by all the warrior (Kshtriys) as a suffix after their name^"*. This only points out to the fact that the king mentioned in both the records is one and the same. Another reason to prove the above statement is in both the cases the copper plates have a seal of an elephant. The Sinhraj mentioned in the Nunem stone inscription appears to be one of the local chieftains of the Bhoj kings, as his inscription too begins with the salutations Svasti Shri which is very similar to the salutations found on the records of the first known Bhoj king Devraj. The dating of the stone inscription also leads to believe that he was contemporary of the Bhoj. The
31 rule of the Bhoj kings must have spanned from Chandar in today's Salcette taluka of Goa. It must have been one of the early capital of the Bhoj kings. In Goa, apart from Chandar, the taluka of Kepem which is mentioned as Kupalakhathar desh, Kutthali in Salcette taluka must have been of great importance. The name second grant of king Prithvimallvarman issued from the victorious place caWsA Prithvi- parvaf"^ appears to be a reference to the famous hill called Parvat on which the temple of Shri Chandreshwar Bhutnath exists. If one considers the find spots of the copper plates of Ashankit, Ashankitvarman and Kapalivarman then one can safely conclude that the area under the Bhojs was more of the southem part of Goa The copper plates of the above mentioned kings were found in villages Hiregutti near Kumta, Kapoli near Khanapur and Arga near Ankola''^ respectively. All these villages became strategic places and important towns during the Kadamb period. Although there are no traces of their lineage they had a very good administrative system The existence of the posts like Rahasy Adhikrit or the Private Secretary of the king tenure of King Devraj who himself ruled for 12 years^^ and the Sarvatantra Adhikrit or the Superintendent of all the Departments speak about the well organized administrative unit of the king in its territory. The record of King Kapalivarman claims that the charter was executed by Nandak Talvar^^. Annigeri mentions that Talvar is an officer of some distinction in the Government. This rank was present even during the 3"" century CE and is mentioned in the Nagarjunkonda inscriptions^^. From the regnal years found mentioned in all the copper plates we can safely conclude that the rule of the Bhoj kings approximately must have spanned out to more than 50 years over modem Goa and its neighboring territories. It is also quite evident that the area up till today's Kumta in the Uttar Kannada district of Kamataka (i.e. South of Goa) till Khanapur taluka of Belgaum district (i.e. North of Goa) came under the suzerainty of the Bhoj. ix) Deities worshipped by the Bhojs:- The first record of the Bhoj does not mention the name of any deity. But the names Chandraur and Prithviparvat in the first and the last record provides clues from which we can safely conclude that the deity Shri Chandreshwar Bhutnath must have been the titular deity of the Bhoj. The capital city of Chandraur appears to have derived its name from Chandreshwar a form of Shiva. King Ashankit's charter of Hiregutti mentions a grant to a Buddhist Sangh. His royal emblem was perhaps the
32 elephant ad in both the copper plates this relief is found. Perhaps to show solidarit\ towards Buddhism he might have the elephant as an emblem since it was a symbol related to Buddhism™. He was also a devotee of Shivd'^. The Nunem stone inscription mentions donations to two deities viz Elasvamin and Parvatisvamin mention who are again Parvati and Shiva respectively. The word Ela refers to Shiva in Kannada. In Kamataka he is referred to as Elkoti Mahadev even today. The Harvale stone inscription found in the Shaivaite caves point out that importance was given to worship of Sun. In fact the Sun is said to be the resident of the village Sdmbalurav. All these point out that Shaivism was the main religion in Goa under the rule QfBhojs. It is also evident that Buddhism was encouraged by the Bhojs.
b) The Konkan Maurys i) King Chandravarman King Chandravarman is the first ever known King who is identified to belong to Maury''^ dynasty who ruled over Konkan. The copper plates were in a set of three but. only the first two plates were found. The ring and the seal are intact. The seal is of Vardh (wild boar). The plates were issued by a King Chandravarman who is given the title of MahardJ. He is described as the king whose lotus feet were sprinkled by the rays of the sun in the form of many feudatory chieftains^^. The inscription records a donation of land to the Mahd-vihdr in ShivpuP'^. ii) King Anirjitvarman The copper plate record of this king was found in the village of Bandoda in the Ponda taJuka of Goa It is set of two copper plates having a hole to pass the ring with a seal. But today ring and the seal are missing. The inscription is dated to the 6* to ?"' cent CE^^ The charter mentions that it was issued from a place called Kumdrdvip during the reign of the Maury Mdhdrdj Anirjitvarman^^. The inscription is addressed to the inhabitants of Dvadashgram Desh'''. It registers the king's grant of one Hal of Khajjan land, and a piece of land including a house-site, a garden and a tank to an unnamed Rdshtrakut. In addition to this some land reclaimed by clearing a forest employing four batches of workers was also granted^^.
33 iii) Administration of the KonkanMaurys- An inscription found at Aihole in Kamataka speaks about some Maurys who were overwhelmed in the Konkan by the armies sent against them by Pulakeshi II, of the Chalukyan dynasty^^. According John Faithfull Fleet an epigraphist the word Konkan applies to the whole strip of land lying between the westem Ghaats and the Arabian Sea. The name Konkan includes Kerala, Tuluva and Goa, which was inclusive of Thana in modem Mumbai and Ratnagiri^". The copper plates of both the Konkan Maury kings are assigned to the 6*-7* cent CE. But on paleographical grounds the records of King Chandravarman date slightly before then the records of King Anirjitvarman^^. This shows that they did not rule over the territory during the same time but ruled successively. From the copper plate records not much is known about the administration of the Konkan Maurys. It is also not knovm what was the exact liaison between King Chandravarman with King Anirjitvarman. There are a few reasons behind it. The record of the King Chandravarman is fragmentary as the out of the three set of copper plates, one plate is lost . Secondly there is no mention of any sort of genealogy mentioned in the records of the either kings. But one thing is definite that the rule of the Konkan Maurys extended to at least above 50 years or so. As the regnal mentioned in the copper plate of King Chandravarman is numerical 2**' while the records of King Anirjitvarman mentions the regnal year as 29^''. But epigraphist like G.S. Gai who edited the copper plate records of King Anirjitvarman clearly states that they must have belonged to a Maury dynasty which ruled over the west coast of India. Dr.V.T.Gune too agrees that they were a dynasty as he mentions that Maurys from the north Konkan were feudatories of Kalachuris of Mahismati near Indore in Madhya Pradesh who ruled over the territory of north Goa*^ Another view is that the Maurys from the Konkan and Rajputana claimed descendants from Kumar viceroys sent at Ujjayni and Survargiri by the Maury emperors of Magadh*^. The names of places mentioned in the epigraphs of King Anirjitvarman can be identified very clearly with places in Goa. The place from which the copper plate was issued is mentioned as Kumardvip while it was addressed to the inhabitants of Dvddashgram. Kumardvip can be easily identified with today's village Kumbharjua of the Tiswadi taJuka. The word Jua in the name here means an island in Konknni just like the word 87 Dvip in Sanskrit. Dvddashgrdm can be identified with Bardez taluka which has
34 derived its name from Bardesh or the land of 12 villages. Dvaadash in Sanskrit means 12. The place mentioned in King Chandravarmaris epigraph is Shivpur. But no references of this place are available today. But it could be a reference to village Shiroda of Ponda taluka*^ The village has a temple oiShivndth and the ward around the temple is called Shivnathi today. Hence one can safely infer that the Konkan Maurys also were instrumental in influencing the culture of this land called Goa. •89 They were subdued by the Chalukys of Badami . iv) Deities worshipped by Konkan Maurys. Since only two records of Konkan Maurys are available today and in those two records one of them is fragmentary it is difficult to ascertain the deities or cults worshipped by the dynasty. However a reference to donation of land to aMahd-vihdr in Shivpur points out to the fact that they encouraged Buddhism; whereas there is also another view about its interpretation. Moreshwar Dikshit, the epigraphist who deciphered the inscription mentions that the word Mahd-vihdr may not necessarily refer to a Buddhist monastery as the word Vihdr was also used for Hindu and Jain monasteries in ancient times.^ The second ruler King Anirjitvarman's epigraph does not make a reference of any cults or deities in its text.
c) Early Chalukys of Badami. Chalukys of Badami emerged powerful in the s"" century CE in Badami in Kamataka. They are also called Western Chalukys. Their capital city was Vdtdpipur^^ or today's Badami. The copper plate inscriptions found at Chiplun belonging to King Pullakeshi II mention that King Kirtivarman I was the maker of Vdtdpi^^. The inscription dates to the 7* century CE^^ Only one record of the Chaluky dynasty of Badami was found in today's territory of Goa. In total eight copper plate grants dating to 578 CE to 757 CE^'' were found along the Konkan coast. One of the records belonged to the Emperor Pulakeshi II and was the only record found in Goa The rest seven epigraphs were found at Nerur near Sawantwadi which lies to the north of Goa and is a part of Maharashtra today^^ One of the grants was issued by probably in 578 CE^. It records a grant of a village named Kundivdtak from the Konkan Vishay^. The second copper plate grant belonging to King Pulakeshi II himself was found in Goa. It is dated to 15 January 610 CE. It mentions the king with titles like Mdhdrdj. It records
35 how Satyashray Dhruvrdj Indravarman, the Governor of Revatidvip, or four Vishays and Mandals, granted a village named Kdrellikd in the Khetdhdr Desh^^. The third record of the Chalukyan kings was found in Nerur. It belongs to a named King Vijayddity and is dated to 705 CE. It mentions a province called Mahdsaptam and also Iridige Vishay'^. Dr.V.T.Gune opines that Mahdsaptam refers to one of the seven Konkan mentioned in the contemporary inscriptions. The grants from Kochre and
Nerur in Sawantwadi dating to ly^ September 659 CE""*, speak about a Queen by name Vijaybhattarikd^^^ or Vijayamahddevi^^'^ the consort of King Chandradity donating a land to one Aryswamin Dikshit, the son of Chaturvedi from the village named Tarakdgahar. It mentions a village by name Parishvasu lying on the southern border of the granted land. This village is identified with the today's village of Parshem of Pedne taluka in Goa by Dr.V.T.Gune'"^. Yet another inscription of King Pulakeshi II makes a mention of Goprdshtr was found in the village of Nirpan in Nasik. The charter purports to record that a certain Tribuvandshray- Ndgvardhan granted a village by name Balegrdm in the Goprdshtr Vishay^^'*. i) Administration of the Chalukys with respect to Goa. The royal emblem of the Chaluky dynasty was the Boar. All their records mention the words c)> dynasty makes references to villages in and around today's Goa. The inscriptions found in Sawantwadi makes a mention of a village by name Kundivdtak which is identified with today's Kudne village of Bicholim taluka by Dr.V.T.Gune based on the archaeological remains found in that area. "*^ Many inscriptions of the dynasty make a mention of Revatidvip which is identified with Redi of Ratnagiri district'"^. In fact from the record of Nerur it is quite clear that the Chalukys had a stronghold over the Konkan through Revatidvip as the same record mentions that King Mangalesh slew a chief by name Svdmirdj who had settled in Konkan'"**. This is corroborated by the inscription of Aihole which described King Mangalesh's army attacking the ramparts which reflected in the water of the great sea'"^. The grants of the Queen Vijayamahadevi were also issued. King Pulakeshi II was the successor of King Mangalesh. The epigraph of King Pulakeshi II found in Goa mentions the stationing of the Govemor named Satyashray Dhruvrdj Indravarman at Revtidvip again. This only point out the importance the region of today's Redi had during the 5"" century 36 CE. In the same records names of villages of Karellika village in the Khethar-desh figure out. They are identified with today's Karel in Rajapur and Khed in Ratnagiri respectively"". The 8* century CE records of Nerur make a mention of Iridige Vishay. The Kannada equivalent o( Revati is Iridige which again refers to Redi. The inscription of King Pulakeshi II which was found in Nirpan in Nasik makes a mention of villages like Balegram in the Goprashtr Vishay. It is perhaps the last inscription of this king referring to Goa. Here there are differences in views regarding the name Goprashtr. Dr.J.F. Fleet believes that the village Balegram is none other than today's Belgaum-Taraalhaa in Nasik"'. He also remains silent over the name Goprashtr. But Dr.J.F.Fleet appears to have misheard the pronunciation of the village Baglan (<5|| 37 Manglesh mentions them as Chaliky dynasty"^. Here the syllable ee is found added between the name and finally we have the name mentioned as Chaluky in the later inscriptions. This name has been used since the time of King Pulakeshi II who ruled from 609 CE^'^ to 642 CE"^ They styled themselves as Hariputra and claimed connection with God Kdrtikey^^'^. The grant of King Pulakeshi II dating to 613 CE, found in Hyderabad mentions that 'The family of Chalikys^^'^ who are Hahputras are nourished by the Seven Mother {Saptinatnkasy^^\ It also read that the Saptmatrikas were Mothers of Mankind. The same grant further states Kartikey under whose protection and favor had all kings made subject to them at the sight of the boar-crest which they acquired from favor of divine Nardyan^^^. They claim to be descendants of Brahma's son named Hariti Panchshika. They claimed that from the Chulak (hollow palm) of this Hariti Panchshika the Chalukys were bom'^^. The copper plates belonging to a later period of the same king mention the name as Chaluky . Their royal emblem was the boar, the third incarnation of Vishnu. On the temple walls at Aihole one can see this emblem carved in many places. One such emblem is found on the walls of the Laad Khan temple . The exact year of building this temple is unknown. But the inscription on its wall bears characters of S^'-Q* century CE'^^. It includes a boar facing a mirror. The interesting part of the emblem is the attributes of Vishnu found carved above him. The Chakr is seen above his neck while the Shankh above his back. This itself makes it very clear that the Chalukyan dynasty were ardent worshipper of the Saptmatrikas and Vishnu since they claimed their lineage to be bom and bought up by the grace of these deities. The Saptmatrikas are referred to as Saptmatri™ in their epigraphs. The most important thing is attributing the origin of their lineage to Brahma, the creator. They also gave importance to Kartikey the second son of Shiva. In Pattadakal itself one can find a huge Virupdksh temple built by them. Virupdksh is a form of S/i/va'^^. d) Shildhdrs of South Konkan. The three families of Shildhdrs^^^ emerged immediately after the suppression of the Badami Chalukys took place under the King Dantidurg of the Rashtrakut dynasty in 753 CE'^". The copper plate dating to Shhake 675 mentions that Dantidurg the paramount vanquished Vallabh^^\ Their capital was Manydkhet^^^ identified with today's Malkhed'^^ near Sholapur in Maharashtra. The defence of the western coast 38 was the duty of their feudatories; the Shilahars and the later Kadambs. The North Konkan Shilahars, the South Konkan Shilahdrs^^'* and the Kolhapur or the Valivade Shilahars were the three families of Shilahars which emerged in the circa 7 to the J jth (-£i35 Qy^ QJ- ^g ^j^j.gg famihes of Shilahars were the South Konkan Shilahars which ruled over Goa and the neighboring regions. They are also referred to as Goa Shilahdrs^^^. The founder of the Goa Shilahar dynasty was Sanaphull^^^. He ruled from 783 CE'^*. The Kharepatan copper plates mention that the Shilahars acquired the South Konkan with the favor of King Krishna who was probably King Krishna I of the Rashtrakut dynasty'^^. His successor King Dhammiyara founded a strong hold on Valipattan on the sea coast where his successor Aiyaparaj was endowed with qualities of a conqueror and bathed with water of coconuts near a town named Chandrapur^'^^. Other kings like Avsar I, Aditvarman, Avsar II, Indraraj, Bhim, Avsar III succeeded him. King Avsar II conquered the enemies and aided the rulers bom at Chemuly and Chandrapur. King Bhim distinguished himself as the seizer of Chandramandal ''*\ The last king of this branch was King Rattraj who was also called Rdhu Raj whose period can be traced up to Shhake 930''*'^ which corresponds to 1008 CE. His epigraphs mentions of grants to villages and lands for the maintenance of the temple of Shiva known by the name of Aveshvara^'^'^. The places mentioned in this record are unidentified but it is mentioned that villages granted were a part of the Konkan 900. The last king Rattraj is mentioned as the Master of Konkan ^^l i) Administration of the South Konkan Shilahars. One important thing to be kept in mind regarding the records of South Konkan Shilahars was that none of their inscriptional records were found in today's Goa. The last Shilahar King Rattraj is described as the Mandalik Rattraj which means a feudatory. This implies that even till its last reign the South Konkan Shilahars were feudatories of a certain dynasty which could be the Rashtrakuts as well as the Western Chalukys. The places mentioned in the records of the South Konkan Shilahars are Chemuly, Chandrapur, Chandramandal and Valipattan. Chemuly is identified with Chaul'*^. While Chandrapur and Chandramandal are none other than Chandar village of Salcette taluka in Goa which was already a well established capital city by King Devrdj Bhoj during the 4* century CE. Valipattan is still unidentified. But some 39 scholars like B.D. Satoskar, and P.P. Shirodkar believe that the village of Vellim in Salcette taluka of Goa was ancient Valipattan^*^. But from the archaeological evidences cited by them it is difficult to ascertain that Valipattan was village Vellim in Goa. Yet another view is put forth by Valulikar is quoted by Dr. Pandurang Pissurlekar regarding the Valipattan. The epigraphs of 988 CE mention it as Balipattan of King Dhammiyar. It also mentions a city named Balinagar of King Avsar IIl''*^. He says that it could be the village Balli of Kepem taluka in Goa. But here again no archaeological remnants or vestiges of a fort existing in Balli point out to ascertain these views''*^. Dr. Pandurang Pissurlekar mentions Valipattan could be Valaval in Sawantwadi. He cites a reference of an inscription of a Chalukyan King Vijayadity dating to 700 CE which mentions that a village Ballavalli is situated amidst the Nerur village^'**. But from the names of places mentioned in their inscription it is quite evident that the South Konkan Shilahars wanted to hold the entire Konkan coast under their control. Like in the Badami Chalukyan records although no direct references of the name Goa is found in the inscriptional records of the South Konkan Shilahars it be can safely inferred that their rule extended from Ratnagiri and covered the whole Konkan coast uptill Goa The southern boundaries of their kingdom probably extended till Karwar and nearby areas. One fact is assured that Chandrapur i.e today's Chandar in Salcette taluka of Goa was their capital. The reference of Chandramandal in their epigraphs is perhaps the name of the group of areas which were kept under the control of Chandrapur. The name Mandal in Sanskrit refers to a band, group, society or a company''^ The epigraphs of Kharepatan mention that ships coming from other countries were supposed were supposed to contribute at the rate of one golden Gadyanaka for the management of the temple in the capital while ships coming from other parts of the country were required to contribute one golden dharana. Good imported at the ports from abroad were taxed higher rate than the goods coming from sea from other ports of the country'". The kings had under him posts of Amaty, Nagar-Sandhivigrahi^^^ "^n - 1^9^^ ii) Deities worshipped by the South Konkan Shilahars. The mythology behind origin of the Shilahdr dynasty is quite interesting. None of the inscriptions belonging to the three Shilahdr branches speak about any ties between each other""*. This only goes to prove that these branches were totally independent 40 and did not only have family relations but also did not have any political relations. But one thing is seen in the inscriptions of all three houses is that the mythological origin is same. Their inscriptions speak of their lineage descending from Jimut Vahan^^^. The Kharepatan copper plates of the early u"" century CE speak of mythical Vidhyadhar pnnce Jimut Vdhan, the son oiJimutketu who offered his life to form the Ahar (food) for a Garud (eagle) on a Shild (stone) in order to save the Nag Shankhchud (serpent) '^^. Therefore they called themselves Shilahar {Shilaa- aahaar) to mean food on the stone. The early 12* century copper plates of the Kolhapur branch mentions ^ (^Idl^KH^'?}: ^41^dcii^Hi'^i|y>^.d: ^g^iiFR)^5?^r3T; M^cjc^vHi^ which indicates that the Shilahar kings were bom oi Jimut Vdhan's lineage and their Royal emblem was a golden Garud with a snake'". Since they claimed their origin to be associated with the eagle the Garud was their royal insignia'^*. The ring holding the copper plates of King Rattraj copper plates is very artistic. It shows a Garud in a 'Chaturbhuj (four hands) form in an Anjali Mudrd seated in Padmdsan. The upper two hands are depicted holding a snake probably Shankchud mentioned in the myth. The Garud is personified form wearing a crown and is surprisingly shown wearing three horizontal marks on its forehead which is an indication of Shivd^^^. The engraving on the Pattankudi copper plates of King Avsar I also depict a eagle in a human form wearing a crown, and fluttering wings. He is seated in an Anjali Mudrd^^^. Hence we can come to a safe conclusion that the Shildhdrs were Vaishnavaites and also followers of Shaivism. The Garud icon described above with horizontal marks on his forehead indicate a balance of faith in Vishnu and Shiva worship. The Kolhapur copper plates dating to 1110 CE mention them as a being blessed by the Goddess Mahalakshmi. The beauty King Ganddrdity to who the inscription belongs is said to resemble God Ndrdyan himself in beauty'^V This also indicates that the Goddess Mahldkshmi was deeply revered by the Shilahar dynastv'. e) The Goa Kadambs Actually the dynasty originated in a village called Talgunda near Shimoga in Kamataka. A pillar inscription found in this village infront of the Prdnveshwar temple mentions that the Kadambs were a Brahman family devoted to the Veds and had a Kadamb tree growing near their home'*^. A family member by name Mayursharman went with his guru to Kdnchipur, the city of Pallavs to study sacred features but he 41 became exasperated by the Pallavs and abandoned the priestly vocation and took up the sword'^^. Maymrsharm ruled from Banvasi (345-370 CE)'*'* an ancient town near Sirsi in Uttar Kannada district. Later on as the dynasties expanded they branched off in various houses. The main sub branches are Goa Kadambs and Kadambs of Hangal. The Goa Kadamb s appears to have taken over Goa from the South Konkan Shilahar kings. The Goa Kadamb s ruled from Banvasi which they retained till the end. ^ The title of Banvasipuradishwar was retained even by the last Goa Kadamb king i) Kantakachary also known as Shasthdev I His first ever known inscription was found at Kurdi in the Sanguem taluka. It is Goas only lO"' century CE monument having inscriptional records is the temple of Mahadev at Salauli. Originally located at Angod in Kurdi the temple was transplanted to the other side of the river because of the threat of being submerged under the Salauli dam waters.""' The temple is small, but a beautiful piece of early Kadamb School of art. Built of exposed laterite, it has small Shikhars on its external walls. These are a common feature on Kadamb sculptures and structures. The temple has a small Sabhamandap with an image of Nandi and Ganapati. It is adorned with two soap stone pillars at its entrance. Other motifs like the female devotees, the Kirtimukh etc are seen on the entrance of the Garbgrih""^. V.T. Gune describes the condition of the temple at its original site. He mentions that the temple was located on banks of a stream with a small rock cut cave nearby. It was situated in an isolated rocky area amidst a thick forest. There was a flight of steps leading towards the stream. The temple of Mahadev in Tambdi Surla is also situated on the banks of River Ragada with a flight of steps leading towards it'*^. The inscription is partly illegible today. It formed a part of the dooijamb of the temple. The Sanskrit inscription is in the Nandi Nagari script and mentions the name of the founder of the Goa Kadamb dynasty whose period was 960 CE. It records the name of the King Shasth Dev who is conferred with titles like Raj, Mahardj Parmeshwar which are legible on the inscription'™. Other titles given to the same king are Parambhattarak, Prachand-dand-Mandal King Shasth Dev I referred in the inscription was also known by the name Kantakachary. The 11* century copper plates found in Mashel village in Ponda taluka of Goa mention that Kantakachary was very 42 famous and was an expert in Trivarg^^.His fame had reached across seven seas. He was married to Ndyavya devi to whom was bom Nagvarm^^^. The inscription makes it very clear that King Shasthdev I was a very powerful ruler. He might have tried to take control of Chandramandal, initially from the South Konkan Shildhar King Bhim. But King Bhim appears to have subdued him. King Bhim is described taking over Chandramandal just like the way Rdhu swallows the moon'^^. But it is not mentioned from whom was Chandramandal re-conquered? If one goes to check the period of King Bhim and Kadamb King Shasthdev I the query is resolved. King Bhim2i ruled from 945 to 970 CE'^"* while Shasthdev I began his rule in Goa in 960 CE. So by the time King Bhim's rule had come to an end King Shasthdev I was already gaining a hold over Goa. Dr.V.T.Gune identifies Chandramandal with modem Sanguem and Ponda taluka. But looking at the history of the previous kings modem day's Kepem, Salcette taluka must have also been a part of Chandramandal. ii) King Nagvarm:- He was the son of Shasthdev I. Nagvarm is not heard of in any inscription as a ruler. He is only described in the copper plates of Mashel dating to the ll"' century CE. Hence his exact period is not known. He was married to Mdllayvadevi and was blessed with a son called Guhalldev l'^^ .He is given the titles like Vishwakarmd and Shilpi (architect) of Gods and a king whose fame had spread woridwide'^''. iii) King Guhalldev I (980-1005 CE)'^^ He was the son of King Nagvarm. He assumed the titles of Vydgrmdri^^^ or the Slayer of the Tiger. He was married to Jiravyadevi"^. The copper plates of 1053 CE mention that while he was proceeding on a pilgrimage to Somnath in Saurasthra from Chandrapur the mast of his ship broke and he was helped by a merchant named Madhumadho who was the chief of Hanjamanagar.^'^^. However not much can be said about the King Guhalldev I and his father King Nagvarm as no individual records dedicated to these two kings are found in Goa so far. iv) Shasthdev II (1008-1042 CE)'^' King Guhalldev I was succeeded by King Shasthdev II. He was also known as Chattay^^^. He was married to Gauravydevi^^^ and Akkddevi. His records exist in the 43 form of three copper plates. They are probably the first ever copper plates of the Goa Kadamb dynasty found in Goa. They were found at Tivre near Mashel'^"*. Hence they are popularly known as Mashel copper plates or copper plates of Shasthdev II. Fr. Henry Heras in 1930 acquired them for the Heras Institute in Mumbai. Today they are preserved in the Museum of the Institute^ ^^ The records are a set of three copper plates with a ring of copper passing through a hole in one comer of the plates. The ring has a metal ring with a lion; the emblem of the Kadamb dynasty. The emblem has all the features of the Kadamb emblem i.e. jaws wide open and with a paw raised. These copper plates date to 1038CE. The translation of this copper plate is given in George Moraes's pioneering work 'Kadamb a Kula'. But the English translation appears to have been summarized in book to such an extent that many facts and names have gone unnoticed from the original transcript. This record gives quite detailed information of the predecessors of King Shasthdev II. It mentions that he worshipped the God of Gokam with gold and Goddess Bhagvati whose idol was made of gold, very ardently'**". He made trips to worship Someshwar across the seas and visited Kolhapur to worship Mahalaskhmi . Interestingly the reverse side of the second copper plate makes a mention of Shri Ndrdydn Patwardhan receiving the set of plates in the presence of Chaddam, and Devdne, Dam Pai, Mdv Pai, Mahall and Khali Pai who were a part of his Sdndhivigrah (council of ministers)'**. The third plate makes a mention of the Shasthdev II's beloved queen, Akka Devi who was very beloved to him. She has been compared to Goddess Girijd the consort Shambu. This is evident from the phrase :- Akka Bhidya Priytamd; Girijev Shambhordevi. Next line mentions that:- 'From her was bom the brave, victorious and powerful Guhalldev'^^'^. The Guhalldev mentioned here is Guhalldev II the son o^ Shasthdev II and should not be confused with Guhalldev I, the grandfather. The inscription of 1126 CE found at Narendra in Kamataka mentions King Mdmmuri of Thdney (Thana) also offered his daughter's hand to Shasthdev II and gave five lakh gold to Shasthdev 11.'^" King Mdmmuri must have probably taken this step realizing the increasing power of the Kadambs. The copper plates record the donation of Sduvai village to Ndrdydn Patwardhan by Guhalldev II which had a water-shed management project in the village of Betgi'^' The village mentioned here is none other than village Betki in Ponda taluka. Other villages mentioned in the inscription are Sduvai and Verak. These 44 villages are none other than the twin villages of Savai-Verem in modem Ponda taluka. They are neighboring to Betki village. v) Guhalldev n (103S CE) Shasthdev II was succeeded by three sons. Guhalldev II, Virvarmdev and Jaikeshi l'^^. The ruling period of Guhalldev 11 is not known as he is known only through his father Shasthdev I's copper plate discussed above. He is adorned with titles like Konkan Chakravarti (Lord of Konkan)'^"' and Mandaliknetr. He resided in Shridharak at Chandrapur^'^^. The inscription of 1038 CE mentions the donation of Savai village by Guhalldev II in the presence of his Sandhivigrah which included a certain Chaddam^^^ who was a Muslim'^. The copper plates of 1059 CE call Chaddam, the son ofMadhomad who belonged to the Tdji race^'^. vi) Virvarmdev (1049-1054 CE'^^): He is known through two inscriptions one. The detailed description about him is available in his epigraphs. While another is stone inscription speaking about Panaji city. Dr.V.T.Gune was instrumental in deciphering the copper plates of this king. The discovery of these copperplates brought to light a new king named Virvarmdev belonging to the Goa Kadamb dynasty. Thus, re-modeling the entire Kadamb genealogy put forth by previous scholars. The set of three copper plates dating to the 1049 CE were discovered in the fields at Kudtari in the Salcette taluka and were handed over to the Goa Archives & Archaeology Department by Rauji Mukund Vemekar in 1977*^ They are popularly known as Kudtari copper plates or King Virvarmdev's copper plates. He is mentioned as the Shasthdev Putrdh^°° whose father was Guhalldev^'^^. The Shasthdev and Guhalldev mentioned here is Shasthdev I and Guhalldev I respectively. They record a grant of a land in the village of Tundakdpur located in the Kudtari Agrahar of the 'Sdshasti Desh. The grant was made by the King Virvarmdev himself who was ruling from the Gopak which was the capital city.^**^. It is evident that Sdshasti Desh and Kudtari Agrahar mentioned in the inscription is none other than Salcette and Kudtari respectively. The village name Tundakapur is identified with present day's Tambetti village in the Kudtari and Gopak is today's Goa Velha^"'. In 45 this grant the King is given the titles of 'Banvdsipurddhishwar' and Samadhigal Panch-Mahdshabdh Mahdmandaleshwar. He is said to have privileges of the Vanarmahd-dhvaj and was heralded in public by Permatti TuryanP''^'^. The second record of Virvarmdev is a stone inscription dating to the 1054 CE^''^ Here Virvarmdev is given the epithets of Samadhigal Panch- Mahashabdh Mahdmandaleshwar" which exactly similar to the ones found in his above described copper plates. It describes that a certain Annaya destroyed the forces oi Annalldev. Annaya was appointed as the Dharm Mantri of Panjankhani and was an exemplary servant of King Jaikeshi (J)^^''.Virvarmdev is also given the titles of Padval-Indra^^^' (Lord of the Seas), and Paschim-samiidra-dhiswar^^^ (Lord of the Western Seas). Chandrapur also figures in this record but the context in which it is used is not known'^''^. King Virvarmdev appears to have shifted the capital from Chandrapur to Gopak because for the first time the name Gopak figures as a capital city in the inscription of Virvarmdev. Gopak is identified with today's Goa Velha. vii) Jaikeshi 1(1053 - 1080 CE^'") Jaikeshi I was the younger brother of Virvarmdev. Virvarmdev did not seem to rule for a long time because his last record also mentions Jaikeshi and Chandrapur^^\ But the lines of the inscription are damaged hence are not legible. Jaikeshi appears to have been given charge of Chandrapur while the capital was being shifted. During the last year of reign of Virvarmdev, Jaikeshi I was already given the authority of becoming the king as we have his records dating to as early as 1053 CE while Virvarmdev's last record dates to 1054 CE. Two sets copper plates of King Jaikeshi I and a stone inscription were found in Goa. One set of copper plates referred to as Gopak copper plates was taken to Lisbon in 1727 CE^'^ while the other one referred to as Panaji copper plates are in the Heras Institute in Mumbai. His Gopak copper plates date to 1053 CE mentions that Gopak had trade relations with cities like Jangvdr, Sinhal, Pdndya, Keral, Choud, Gaud, Khydtd, Gurjar, Ldt, Pusht, and Shri Sthdnak. The names are identified with Zanzibar, Sri Lanka, Kerala(which includes Pandya), Tamil Nadu (which includes Choud and Pusth), Paschim Banga, Kuwait. Gujarat (which includes Ldt) ^^'\ Jaikeshi I built a strong fleet at Velakule in Gopak and also gave grants to build a Mijigitti (mosque) to 46 his Prime Minister Chaddam the son of Madhomad in the city of Gopalc . The Panaji copper plates were found with Senhor Lucio de Santana Miranda at Panaji 215 It mentions that Jaikeshi I had exterminated the Chols, Ldts and the Pallavs^^^ the copper plate dates to 1059 CE and records a grant of a village Laghumorambika in Gopakdvip to Chaddam^^^. Jaikeshi also entered into an alliance with the Choi and the Pandya. He submitted to the Chalukyan King Vikramadity I by giving him lost of wealth when the Chalukyan king had visited Banvasi'^^*. Interestingly, in the inscription found at the Shri Kamal Nardydn temple at Degamve in Khanapur taluka it is mentioned that Jaikeshi I seized a part of Konkan and slew the King of Kapardikdvip. Kapardikdvip was ruled by King Mdmmuni or also known as Mamvani or Mammuri^^^, of the North Shilahar dynasty^^^. After Shasthdev II's death, king Mammuri rebelled against his son Jaikeshi I. Finally, Mammuri met death at the hands of King Jaikeshi I. He assumed the title of Malavar-mari or the striker of the hill chiefs^^\ In Belur records mentions that a small community exposed to attacks gave themselves collectively a title of Torahar-mdri (striker of the lords of the streams). Folklore relating to Jaikeshi Vs and Mdmmurfs battle in Chandar. No inscriptional references of where the battle was fought are available. But in Chandar, the village elders show a place called as Mdmleddchi Tembi or Mdmmurichi Tembi. It is told that King Mammuri was killed here. Mdmmurichi Tembi is a small hillock of layered stones, with a road cutting through. This site is located on the outskirts of the Chandar Kott^^^.These stones seem to have formed a part of a gateway of some old fort. viii) Guhalldev III or Tribhuvanmall HI099 to 1106 CE): Jaikeshi I had two sons. Tribhuvanmall I and Vijayddity I. Two sets of copper plates belonging to Tribhuvanmall one dating to 1099 CE and the second dating to 1106 CE were found in Goa The first set of epigraphs speaks of Shri Nageshwar temple at Priol in Ponda taluka. They were sent to Lisbon on 18th January 1731 and were found in Santana in Tiswadi taluka'^^^. The inscription is in Sanskrit in Ndgari script. Inscription says that a person named Nag Devrdi consecrated and gifted 10 Nishks to the Shri Nageshwar temple at Priol in the land of Antruz on 11* Ashdd Shhake 1021. 47 The said Hindu year corresponds to a Saturday of June 1099 AD. King Guhalldev 11 alias Tribhuvanmall accompanied by his Pradhan (minister) who had come from Goa graced this occasion and attended a big feast at temple oiBhairav in Priol. During the consecration, the author of the inscription and an expert in medicines and scriptures. Nag Devrai, requested the king to protect the priests and the temple property. His sentiments and the consecration ceremony are also recorded in the epigraphs . The names of places mentioned are Piriell and Phondd. The names can be identified with Priol in the Fonda taluka The second set of copper plates dating to 1106 CE mentions that Tribhuvanmall was ruling from Gopak^^^ and was served by officials named Kalapa, his son Ndgann and his grandson Kelim. Kelim bore the title of Gandhgopal and constructed a tank at Gopak. The tank was also given the name of his title Gandhgopal. It also mentions that his grandfather Kalapa was the in-charge of Panjankhali. Kelim opened many charitable institutions and a Brahmpuri in the city of Gopak. He purchased many lands and gardens for its maintenance. There were also provisions made for discourses held in the temple of Bhdrati where the Goddess Vdgdevi was worshipped at Gopak^^^. The copper plate record also mentions temples of Goddess Bhdrati and Vdgdevi existing in Goa Velha. But today no traces of these temples are available today. The Gandgopal tank appears to the water tank at Sulabhat. The record also mentions an official named Kdldpd of Panjankhali or today's Panaji^^^. Calapur also knovwi as St.Cruz near Panaji appears to have been named after Kdldpd; the officer. ix) Viiavdditv I or Viiavdrk^^^ (1106 CE^^^) He is not heard of in many inscriptions. Probably But the H* century stone inscription found in Degamve mentions him as the son ofJaikeshi I. He described as a brave king whose might no tale of woe was heard upon the earth. He is also called as the torch for the jewels of the land of the Konkan^^°. x) Jaikeshi II (1106^"-! 140 CE^^^) Vijayddity I had two children. Padmalddevi was the elder daughter^^^ while the younger was Jaikeshi II^^'*. Padmalddevi was married to Mahamandaleshwar Hdkiballaldev belonging to the Hangal Kadamb family^^'. Jaikeshi II was married to a Chalukyan princess^^* who was the daughter of King Virkramadity IV^^^. She was 48 named MailaldevP'^^ or also known as Mailal-mahddevF^. No sooner he ascended the throne he assumed the title of Konkan Chakravarti^'"'. His reign appears to have been full of battles with the Hoysah. In 1128 CE he raided the kingdoms oi Hoysal dynasty^"'. While the battle of 1138 CE was on the Hoysal King Vishnuvardhan captured Banvasi^"*^. He was also given the titles of Mahdmandaleshwar, and assumed the privileges of carrying the Vanardhvaj accompanied by the trumpets of Permatti^'^' ]\isX like his grandfather's brother Virvarmdev. The copper plates of Asoge dating to 1133 CE mention he had mediated between the Chols and the Chalukys who were traditional hostile. Hence he had become a respected figure in these kingdoms. Hence he attained the title of Rdy-pitd^^. He had two sons viz. Vijayddity and Shivchith Permadidev^'^^. Records of a battle fought in 1140 CE between the Hoysal King Vishnuvardhan and Jaikeshi II of Goa are available^'*^. Perhaps this is the last record which speaks of Jaikeshi II. xi) Shivchith (1147-1181 CE^'*'') Though Banvasi was lost, Goa still remained with the Kadambs. Shivchith is first known through an inscription found in the Shri Kamal Naraayan temple at Degamve in Khanapur. It dates to 1147 CE. It mentions Shivchith Permddidev or Parmddidev^*^. He married Kamladevi, the daughter Pandya King Kdmdev and Chattaldevi. They belonged to the Solar race^"*^. She was the chief queen and the most beloved one. She is called a Rdjhamsi of Pdrvati's feet^^". Shivchith is mentioned to be residing in the capital city of Gopakpuri ' . xii) Viiavdditv II or VishnudnWh 0133^^^ -1181^" CE): Vishnuchith or Vijayddity II was the younger brother of Shivchith Permadidev^^"^. In the inscriptions dating to 4270 Kaliyug and 4272 Kaliyug found at Halshi he is also known as Vishnuc\n\^^^. The above inscription corresponds to Shhake 1093 and Shhake 1096 respectively^'*'. According to the English calendar their dates correspond to 1171 CE and 1173 CE respectively. The record of his (ather Jaikeshi called as Asoge copper plates dating to 1133 CE do not make any mention of Shivchith but describe Vijayddity II's glory as a king. In the Asoge inscription Vijayddity II is described as 'Supporter of truth whose fame was spreading all over like a swaymg flag^"'. The same inscription further states that he was married to Lakshmidevi. But 49 her lineage is not known. He is also given the title of Vdnibhushar?^^. In the Halshi inscription found in the Bhuvardh- Nrsinh temple it is mentioned that he acquired the name Vishnuchiih because of his faith and devotion in God Vishnu^^^. Both the bothers appear to have ruled conjointly. An inscription of 1125 CE mentions that Mahamandaleshwar Hakiballaldev the uncle (father's sister's husband) of Vijayddity brought Banvasi under his controP^". A copper plate dating to 1181 CE found in Belgaum in Kamataka mentions that that Chandugi Dev a minister of certain Ahavmall burnt the kingdom of Vijayddity^^\ Ahavmall handed over the kingdom of Banvasindd to Kesimayya who readily accepted it^*'^. It also mentions that a tribute was taken from the Vijayddity by subduing the Konkan^^^. It clearly mentions that Vijayddity was under the goodness of Hoysal King Vir Ballal Dev^^'^. Both these inscriptions prove that the period of Vijayddity and Shivchith was a period of turmoil. Their capital itself had gone to the hands of their uncle first and then into a chieftain's minister. Another inscription dating to 1171-72 CE mentions the grant made to Shri Nrsinh conjointly by him and his brother Shivchith^^^. Another inscription found at Halshi refers him as Vishnuchith^^^. Hence Vijayddity and Shivchith might have ruled together to save the kingdom. xiii) Jaikeshi III (1188-1216 CE^^^) Shivchith perhaps died without an heir^*"^. Hence he was succeeded by the son of Vijayddity 11^^^. His bother Shivchith and his wife Kamlddevi probably died without a issue. In the inscription dating to 1185-86 CE he is given the titles of Banvdsipurddhishwar, Samadhigat Panchmahdshabd and Mahamandaleshwar and Vajrdev who was ruling Gove^'^^. From the title of Banvdsipurddhishwar it is understood that Jaikeshi III once again took over Banvasi which was lost to Ahavmall during Vijayddity IFs rule. xiv) Tribhuvanmall II or Sovidev (1212-1238 CE^'^'):- Not much is known about this king. But he appears to have succeeded Jaikeshi III. But the records of 1262 CE of King Shasthdev III mention that he was the son of Vijayddity if^^. He married was married to Queen Mdnikddevi^^^. During this period Dekkan was in turmoil. Vichand, the minister oC Singhand II of the Yddavs subdued the Ratts, the Paandy, the Hoysals and the Kadambs of the Konkan^^''. A copper plate 50 inscription found in Goa mentions that King Tribhuvanmall IPs kingdom was ruled by the Yaadavs. Mdyindev's mediation the kingdom was given back to Tribhuvanmall Ip^ XV) King Shasthdev III, the last GoaKadamb kins (1247-64 CE^^^):- He is the last known ruler of the Goa Kadamb lineage. A copper plate grant now in the Library of Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society dated 1250 CE mentions in the conjunction with Kdmdev who had attained the favor of God Mallindth donated his Raajguru (probably the Royal Teacher) Vishnusharman a rice field name Kinjalauguga lying in the North west part of the village Shdlibhatti, near the temple oiMurti Ndrdydn in the city of Gopakpuri. It also mentions that the presiding deity of the city was Goveshwar^^^. Kdmdev who is mentioned as the son of certain Lakshmi and Lakshmidev was the brother in law of Shasthdev III^'*. Kdmdev is also called as Kdvan^^'^. The copper plates popularly called Gddivorre copper plates date to 1262 CE^^". They are a part of a private collection in Ponda The copper plates are grand and are three in number. A strong metal ring holds them together in a bunch. The metal ring has a beautiful circular seal of the Kadamb lion. The seal has engraved text along its circumference mentioning the name Shasth Dev^^\ The second set of copper plates record a gift of a village named Gddivorre located in the Ajjgdve Kampan of Panas-Desh'. King Shasth Dev III himself gifted the village in the presence of God Mahdbaleshar of Gokam to a certain Lakshmidhar and his brothers. The gift was made on 21*' January 1262 CE and was free from all imposts like kar (tax), oop-kar (minor tax) and Shulk (tolls)^^^. The name of the village Gddivorre ceases to exist today. Probably the name mentioned might have been an official name of the given by the ruling dynasty, which was different from the local name. The word Kampan that follows Ajjgdve refers to a group of villages. Ajjgdve is identified with today's Ajgaon or Asgaon of Bardez taluka by G.S.Gai. Panas-Desh is identified with Falsige, the capital of the Kadambs near Belgaum. These copper plates are out of the ordinary because they give the entire genealogy of kings of the Goa Kadamb dynasty. Some of the kings are mentioned along with their titles. The names of their respective queens also figure out in this record. From the above record it is clear that King Kdmdev must have been ruling over Goa after Shasth Dev III. However, Kdmdev did not purely belong to the Goa Kadamb dynasty. He was married to the sister of Shasth 51 Dev III and that is how he gained control over Goa. The era oiKamdev mentioned by Dr.V.T.Gune is 1300 CE. fi Goa after downfall of Kadambs: It is not known what happened to Goa after Kdmdev. Ibn Batuta in his travelogue mentions that the Sultan Jarml ad-Din of Hinwar (Honawar in Uttar Kannada district) attacked 55 ships for Nawdb of Honnavar attacked Sandabur (Goa). When they had reached Sandabur after two days the inhabitants of Sandabur had set up mangonels. He says that the city had around ten thousand people staying in it. Finally, after a fierce battle the city was conquered by the Sultan who stayed there for three months^*^. Ibn Batuta visited Goa in 1343 to 1344 CE^^"*. From the description given by him that the city attacked by the Sultan was Chandrapur. The king was probably residing at Gopak. On hearing the attack on Chandar he must have come to rescue the city b>' his army. This is evident from a folk song sung annually in Chandar. The folk song is sung at Chandar in the fort area by the Kshtriy Christian communit\' while performing a traditional dance called the Mussal Khel which means the 'Pestle Dance'. The verse goes "Goem saavn Kdmdev yetd dekh tamdsha' which means ''Kdmdev is coming from Gove now watch the fun"^*^ This goes to point out that Kdmdev was residing in Gove or Gopak. Ibn Batuta also mentions that the king of Sandabur tried to recapture the city. All his people fled and joined him. The troops of the Sultan who were outlying in the villages abandoned him. When the situation became serious he left for Calicut^^^. Ibn Batuta's period of travel is from 1325 CE to 1354 CE^*^ and this is the exact time when one finds inscriptional evidences of different chieftains claiming their sway over different parts of Goa. The pestle was used as a weapon in the historic times. In the fort of Chitradurg in Kamataka a heroic deed of a woman was associated with a pestle. A woman named Obavva, was guarding the Chitradurg Fort at crack through which a person could squeeze through. When she heard the enemy coming in she hid behind the crevice in the fort and hit at each soldier trying to squeeze through the crevice with Onake, the name given in Kannada to a masse or pestle, a wooden rod used for pounding paddy. In this process, she bravely killed several enemy soldiers. This brave act is depicted 52 on the sculptures in the fort^^^. In Chandar too, the Mussal Khel depicts pounding the enemy with the pestle. g) Records of kings who ruled over parts of Goa after the fall of the Kadamb dynasty. i) Copper plates of Vimn Mantri (1348 CE) There are no inscriptional records of the any king ruling over Goa. The first inscription belongs to certain Vimn Mantri who was the minister of certain Malik Bahadur. They date to 1348 AD^**^. They are quite unusual records as they were issued to resolve a conflict between two communities of Khategram, which is the old name for Khandspax ^*'. Malik Bahadur is given the title of Dharmodhani of Gove Nagar. Vimn Mantri was given the charge of Khdtegrdm Agrahar ofAntruj, which is today's Ponda taluka^^V Names of places like Narve, Vere also figure out in the inscription. ii) Copper plates of King Bhim Bhupal (1351 CE^^^) The copper plate dating 135IAD was found with Khawaja Hassan Habib from Konnadi in Korgao and hence also known as Korgao copper plate^^^. It was studied by Dr. VT Gune. Unluckily the first and the third copper plates of the bunch are not available. The ring which passed through them is also missing. Therefore, the name of this dynasty is not available. However, it mentions a genealogy of 12 kings who were bom to Dinkar. They had the titles of Bhupati or Nripati. Chtrpal, Vyagrpdl. Nagarjun, Hindol, Aandolak are names of some kings figuring out in the inscription. It mentions a king Bhim Bhupal ruling over Gopakpuri in Konkan^^'*. The copper plate records a grant of land made by King Bhim Bhupal to Raval Thakur, the son of Lakham Thakur in an area called Bhagar Vati in the Penddin village. Penddin is identified with today's Pedne by Dr. Gune but Bhagar Vati is still unidentified^^'. ill) Copper plates of King A^agvarw (1352 CE^^) Also called as Kasarpale copper plates; they were found in Mapusa in the house of Gharshet Kasar^^. They mention about a certain Nagdev who had the blessings of Goddess Kdlika gave the grant of village Pallika, to Rupe Seti, the son of Lashum Seti. Nagdev"s predecessors were Devsharm, Jogdev, Ugidev, Mayindev. Bhairav and Kdindev^'^^. It mentions the boundaries of Pallika village as follows:- East lies 53 Chipoli, North lies Chandel, South lies Ozari, and the west likes Wdtkharrp-^. Pallika is identified with Kasarpali village in Bicholim taJuka as it is the only village having the temple oi Kdlika. Chandel, Chipoli and Ozari are the villages in Pedne taluka whose names haven't changed much. While Wdtkham can be identified with village Warkhand in Pedne taluka which likes nearby the above mentioned villages._From these three records it is very evident Goa was probably divided into small kingdoms ruled by many chieftains. Some of them like King Bhlmbhupdl appear to be the chieftains left behind by the Goa Kadamb dynasty. As they mention a genealogy of around twelve of his predecessors. Same is the case with Nagdev. Another part of Goa including the taluka of Ponda was under the sway oiMalik Bahadur advised by Vimn Mantri. Malik Bahadur's and Vimn Mantri are not referred to in anymore inscriptions. Perhaps he was a king or a General of King under which Goa came for some time? Vimn Mantri too, does not figure out in any other copper plates or inscriptions of Goa. Malik Bahadur must be ruling over Antruj where as King Bhim Bhupdl ruled Pendin (Pedne) to Gopakpattan (Goa Velha). At the same time Bicholim and its surrounding areas was under the sway of Nagdev who also appears to be a Kadamb chieftain. h) Administration/ Education of the Goa Kadambs :- The Kadambs had almost brought the entire Goa under their sway. The copper plates of Mashel highlight names like Betgi, Sduvai, Verak which are a part of modem Ponda taluka Chandar in Salcette taluka has been the capital even before the dynasty was established. The capital shifted by Virvarmdev to Gopak during the 1 Ithe centur>' CE as no records of the Kadamb kings speak of Gopak which is Tiswadi taluka today. During this time itself we have Govemors appointed for modem Panaji. There were posts of Dand Ndyaks, he was in charge of the civil and military head of the district^''^. There were educational institutions called Agrahar^'^^ established by the Kadamb kings. During the period of king Virvarmdev a Kudtari Agrahar in the taluka of Salcette was existing. Shivchith's chief wife queen Kamladevi too gave grants to Agrahar in Degamve in Khanapur. The records of king Tribhuvanmall 1106 CE gives an overview of what the city of Gopak was during the 12"* century. Gopak is identified with today's Goa Velha near Pilar in modem Tiswadi taluka The city spoke of charitable institutions and gardens. Provisions were made to hold special discourses 54 in the temple of Bhdrati or Vdgdevi (Saraswati) at Gopak. Scholars from Mathgram in Sdshasti were invited to give the discourses'"^. Mathgram in Sdshasti is identified with modem Madgao of Salcette taluka. The 12* century Kadamb records also mention about a Brahmpuri established in the city of Gopak^^^. This place still exists near Goa Velha. Yet another 12"' century Kadamb inscription speaks of post of Mahapadivar (the gate-keeper) of an army camp of the crowned king in Ponda taluka'''^ The kings also had given importance to water management. During the early 11* century we have records of king Shasthdev II mentioning a water-shed management system in the village of Betki in Ponda taluka. The water was probably brought b> gravity as it mentions the name Betgui Panilot^^^. Water tanks were built in the city of Gopak during the early 12* century. Though the capital of Chandrapur was shifted to Gopak by Virvarmdev it still remained as the important city of the Kadambs. During the Kadamb period the kings exercised their control from four satellite cities. An inscription of Shivchith Vir Parmadiddev dating to 1160 CE mentions that he was ruling over Konkan-900, Palsige-12000 and Velugrdm-70 from the capital of Gove'"'^. The southern most part was controlled from Banvasi near Sirsi in the Uttar Kannada district while the central portion was controlled from Chandrapur (Chandar). The northern part was controlled from Palsika or modem Halshi while Gopak (modem Goa Velha) controlled the western sea coast of the empire. i) Deities worshipped by the Kadambs The legend associated with the origin of the Kadamb dynasty itself claims that they were Shaivaites initially. They claim to be descendants of a certain Trilochan Kadamb bom from the semen of the God Shankar who killed the demon Tripurdsur^^^. From the records of King Shasthdev I it can be inferred that he was a staunch follower of Shaivism. From the Mashel copper plates of King Shasthdev II, his successor; it is ver>' clear that he was a worshipped Shri Someshwar {Somnath, a form oiShiva) from Gujarat and Mahldkshmi of Kolhapur and Bhagvati. It is mentioned that he had to cross the seas to worship Someshwar. In the same records the name of God of Gokam is not mentioned he must be none other than Mahdbaleshwar (form of Shiva), as his other descendant kings also paid homage to this deity. Guhalldev II is referred to as 55 possessing qualities of a Sniarth (Shaivaite). He is also given the title of King of Chudamani'. Chuddmani is identified with Chodan in Tiswadi taluka . Kdmdev the bother in law ofShasth Dev III was an ardent worshipper of Mallinath. The temple of Mallinath which stood in Chodan was pulled down by the Portuguese . He is given the title of Smart gund'.^^^. Slowly they have also shifted their faith to Vaishnavism. Queen Kamlddevi was an ardent worshipper of Saptkoteshwar^ . But she gave gifts to Kamleshwar (form of Shivd), Kamal Ndrdyan (form of Vishnu along wdth Lakshmi) and Shri Mahldkshmi^^^. Her husband had the name Shivchith to mean follower of Shivd. While his younger brother Vijayddity II took the epithet of Vishnuchith to mean follower of Vishnu. Shasthdev Ill's records speak about Goveshwar (form of Shivd) being the principal deity of Gove. It also speaks of a. Murti Ndrdyan being worshipped in the same city. He was being worshipped since the time of his predecessor Shasthdev II. While records of Jaikeshi III dating to 1205 CE and 1216 CE mentions offering being given to Goddess Lakshmidevi, God Siddheswar and Bhairaveshwarind Dharwar^ '. Bhairav was also a highly revered deity by the Kadambs. King Jaikeshi Ts copper plate has as a seal with words Malege Bhairav inscribed on it. King Tribhuvanmall I in 1099 CE visited a consecration ceremony at the Bhairav temple at Priol in Ponda. Apart from this the Hanumdn also played an important role during the battles. Their banner was called as Vdnardhvaj. We also learn that a certain kind of blowing musical instrument was associated with victory called the Permatti. In Chandar during the excavations carried out by Fr. Henry Heras in 1931 he unearthed a huge mutilated Nandi and also a structure of an ancient Shivd temple^''"*. After the downfall of the Kadambs the local chieftains who claimed independence patronized worship of the same deities which were worshipped by their overlords. Hence one can safely say that the Kadambs patronized Shaivism and Vaishnavism. Their copper plates began with an invocation to Shripati^^^ (Vishnu) while at the same time paid homage to Shivd. Apart from Hinduism they also encouraged Jainism. Many Jain temples are found in the village of Halshi today. Jain sculptures are also found while digging foundations for new buildings in Halshi. In the village of Kasmalige a sculpture of Pdrshvanath, a Jain Tirthankar was discovered while digging the foundation of a school building^'^. The sculpture dates to the 11 CE.^'^ Numerous Jain Bastis or Basadis are also 56 found in Halshi. The Goa Kadamb branch also gave grants to Muslim institutions and Muslim ministers. Grants were given to open a.Mijigitti (Muslim Asylum) by Jaikeshi I in Gopak. j) Pre- Sangam Dynasty rule in Goa. Mohammad Bin Tughlaq sent his army led by Malik Kafur to the South and destroyed the mighty Hoysals. By around 1342 CE the Hoysals were destroyed^'**. During this it is quite possible of Malik Kafur ransacking the remaining parts of Chandar. This is deduced from the finding of a copper coin of Tuglaq in the excavations carried out by Fr. Henry Heras in 1931^'^ in Chandar. The coin was found in the debris which formed a part of the ancient Shiva temple. The copper plate of Ndgdev found in Goa, dating to 1352 CE makes a reference to the Turush (Turks) attacking Konkan. This also supports the hypothesis that the Konkan was attacked by the Tughlaq^ . By 1340 CE the two bothers Harihar I and Bukka of the Sangam dynasty were founding a huge empire^^'. In 1357 CE the Bahamanis spilt into four powerful kingdoms^^^. Goa formed a part of the Bahamani kingdom as it came under the Belgaum possession of Alla-ud-din Bahamani^^^ Bo^, the Bahamanis and the Kings of Vijaynagars had constant rivalry. This is supported by the folklore in the dance called Ihs Mussal Khel of Chandar. It includes a verse in their song which goes like this:- '^Goiyant tu iala re Shankapari ani kadli Kath amchi Turushani". It means that Shankapari came from Goa (Gove) and his Turush (Turks) stripped our skins off The locals of Chandar say that Shankapari is said to be a Muslim king who attacked Goa^^''. It appears to be a reference to Shah Gangu Bahaman whose armies seem to have created havoc in the ancient city"^^^. In Chandar there is an area which is referred to 'Bahamanile avdr' which means the area of Bahdmani^^^. The Konkandkhyan a poetic work of 1721 CE mentions that the Shivling of Shri Saptkoteshwar existing in Tiswadi taluka was desecrated by the Mlechhds before it was shifted to Narve in Bicholim^^^. TTie Mlechha referred here are probably the attack of the armies of Malik Kafur. i) King Harihar II 's rule over Goa in 1391 CE:- King Harihar II (1377-1401^^*), the son of Bukka I displaced the Bahamani overlordship from Goa to Chaul^^^. His prime minister was Mddhav who had the 57 titles of Madhwachary and Vedachdry^^^. He conquered Goa from the Turushkas (Turks) and re-established the worship of ancient idols uprooted by them^"". Bhau Daji Laad furnishes this date as 1380 CE""^. In the year 1391 he is mentioned to be ruling over Jayantipur by the orders of Harihar 11^^^. Jayantipur is identified with Banvasi the ancient capital of the Kadambs^^*. He was also given the title of ^oya of Goa'"^'. An inscription found in Goa on a Virgall mentions a certain Mallapd Vadiydr was ruling over the Haiva kingdom. A battle took place at Madigeygombu and Timmand Ndyak of Mudkalla near Ranva belonging to the family of Mallapd Vadiydr died in the battle^^'*'. Though the Virgall was found in Goa, the names of places mentioned in this inscription is not known. The area in which this battle took place must be in Uttar Kannada district which is to the south of Goa, as all the names of the places mentioned in this inscription have a Kannada touch. Mddhav Mantri, the Prime Minister of Harihar II perhaps kept Goa under his swa\' for a long time. His copper plates inscription found with the Joshi family in Nageshi in Bandoda speak about the work of this great minister. The inscription begins with an invocation to Vidyarany Guru'^''; who played an important role in guiding the establishers of the Vijaynagar dynasty. It also invokes the deity Sapthndth; none other than Saptakoteshwar^^^. The copper plate also mentions the name of the Vijaynagar King Harihar II conferred with titles like Parmeshwar and Mdhdrdjdhirdj who was ruling over Goa^^^. They record the re-establishment of the Brahmpuri by Mddhav Mantri in the villages of Govdli Grdm and Mouali Grdm^^°. It also states that the Brahmpuri was named as Mdnchaldpur after Mddhav Mantri's mother Mdnchambd. In this village, he also built an embankment for a water tank named Mdnchal Samudr. A small ditch or a tank was constructed and was named Mddhav Tirth. The village of Mdnchaldpur was confined within the boundaries of Bhattik, Mdiini and Talvaly situated in Trinshad Vdtikd^*^. The village like Govdli and Mouali Grdm figuring in the inscription are today's Goali-Moula Other villages like Bhattik and Talvaly can be identified with today's Bhati (Batim) and Talauli respectively. ii) King Harihar II in the folk songs and dance of Chandar:- As mentioned above a traditional dance called the Mussal Khel is performed by the males of Kshtriy Christian community every year in the ancient fortification at 58 Chandar. It is performed every year in the night which falls on the 2"** day after the carnival in February. The dancers dress up in z. Hindu attire wearing a dhoti, a white kurta with a black jacket and a turban for their head. Holding pestles in their hands they pound it on the beats of the Ghumat, cymbals and Mhadalem. The dance begins with an invocation song given below:- Om Ishvara. Ishvara Harihard, Om Saathse-Ganaa Gaj-Gauri Om. The verses of the song are: O sink O Vird, Vas re gharaa. Saatshe Gann Harihard: O Sdtshe Gann Harihard Harihardcho Khelu khelotd; Khelu Durgd bhdir Shivortd^'^^. The dance is of utmost historic importance and does require a special mention in the study as inspite of belonging to the Christian fold the villagers dress in a Hindu attire and perform it. Even during the Portuguese period inspite of being an official ban on Hindu customs and culture the dance was kept alive. According to the folklore ever\ member of each house belonging to the Kott area should perform the dance otherwise a calamity befalls on the family. Kott in Kannada refers to a fort. The mud fortifications are still seen in the area. The site which was excavated by Fr. Henrv' Heras in 1931 is called as Devldntalai which means in the temple complex in Konkani^"*^. The invocation and the dance begins in Devldntalai. The invocation clearly describes Harihar as the king of 700 troops. It also makes an invocation to Gaj-Gauri. Fr. Henry Heras had discovered a sculpture of Gajlakshmi in Chandar but he has called it as Gaj-Gauri^^. The deity appears to have been related to war. The verse in the beginning addresses a king a sinhd and "Vird" to mean a brave lion without mentioning his name. He is perhaps the Bahdmani king who is being warned through the song about the attack o^ Harihar II. The verse means :- O king with a brave heart of a lion; Go home, Harihar is coming with a legion of 700 troops We are battling for Harihar; the brutal battle is taking place outside the ramparts of the fort. There is yet verse which describes the battle between Harihar II and the Choi dynasty. The verse goes:- Harihardched, benddk, ansh Idchem dor. Ansh Idk dni Mauli-bachank na ontor O 59 Ansh 'lak ani Mauli-bachank na ontor (f'*' It means that Harihar II has tied the bear to his waist. So there is no difference between the bear and the Muslims^''^ Here the term Mauli-bachank refers to the Muslims. While the bear represents the Choi general in captive . Some believe that the Kadambs captivated the Choi general and brought him to Chandar^"**. In this dance a person enacts as a bear. A noose tied around its neck it is brought along with the dancing troupe by another performer. Surprisingly, the locals show a place called Choi in Chandar fort area. It does not have any vestiges of the past. But ancient bricks can be found. It is said that the Choi general was kept there^'*^. iii) King Devrai 1(1406-24 CE"^^"): An inscription dating to 1408 CE^'' found in Velus in modem Sattari taluka mentions that Devrai I had appointed an officer named Samptdev of Sattari-Des/z, a Chaudhari named Bhairan Sawant^^^. The inscription speaks of some provisions made for the Mahddev Ravalnath temple in Masarde village of Sattari'^^. Yet another stone slab fixed on the walls of the Committee Office of the temple speaks of the rule oi Devrai I. The inscription is found in the temple of Shri Ndgesh at Nageshi in Ponda. The inscription stone has a dome shaped structure on its top. Above the text, motifs of the sun and the moon with a small Shivling in between are seen. It was inscribed during the time when the king of Vijaynagar King Devrai I had Goa under his sway. The inscription begins with an invocation to Ganpati. Further on it describes King Devrai I as Maharaj Dhiraj Parmeshwar Shri Vir Pratap Devrai Maharaj the ruler of Vijaynagar. It also makes a mention of Nanjan Gosdvi who was the Governor of Gove. The inscription further says that Mai Shenvi the son of Purush Shenvi from Kunkali was granted the below given privileges by Ram Ndyak; the Chieftain of the Bandvdd, Ndgan Ndyak, Ram Prabhu and Mange Prabhu on the behalf of the village. It mentions that a certain Gopal Bhatt enjoyed the rights of a\ed-Khandikd (name of an orchard) in return of which he gave 12 pots of oil and 2 Ttanks to the deity Mahalakshmi annually. Mai Shenvi gifted 20 Ttanks to the village and forgave all the taxes which were levied on the orchard. Mai Shenvi also decided that Gopal Bhatt should give a certain quantity of oil and wicks to light the Deep Mall (lamp tower) infront of the temple on the Full moon night in the Hindu month ofKdrtik every year. 60 In addition to this Gopal Bhatt should also gift incense to God Nagesh and make arrangements to prepare rice, eight types of vegetables, 'Vade' and Gharyea. Mai Shenvi in addition to this gave Gopal Bhatt three and half Ttanks so that he carries the above rituals till the sun and moon exists on this earth. In addition to this certain privileges were given to a certain Ravlu Gidu Valimar the Mali (gardener/caretaker). In return of these privileges he was supposed to light the Deep MaalF permanently. Mai Shenvi also gifted an orchard called Ruvo Kulagar (orchard named Ruvo) to Vitthal Shenvi in return of which Atvali (sweet dish made of rice), rice and ghee were to be given in the temple during the momings. The inscription ends with a Sanskrit text saying that one who follows the inscription is superior and will attain eternal status. This interesting inscription is dated 1413CE and is perhaps the only of its kind in Goa'^'*. The inscription provides an overview of social life of the village. It also shows how the villagers assured that rules and regulations were followed by the people. It also speaks about the type of currency called 'Ttank' used in Goa during that time. The food habits and the dishes consumed by the people are also mentioned in the inscription. Names of fried food items like the Vade' and the Ghariyeo are clearly mentioned in the inscription. Though 'Vade' are still considered to be a delicacy today Ghariyeo or Ghari (singular) are slowly becoming extinct. However some families still prepare this traditional food item on certain days and occasion. The inscription also throws light on units of measurements. Liquids like oil were measured in Pots (Tdmbe). Probably there was a standard sized pot which was used to measure oil. Another unit of measurement mentioned in the inscription is Gidh. It is mentioned this unit was used for measuring ghee. iv) King Devrai II (1423 to 1446 CE^^^): This king like, Devrai I is mentioned in only one inscription in Goa. The inscription was found in a Jain Basti at Bandoda in Ponda taluka The slab has three inscriptions carved on it each having a different date. The first inscription was issued by King Devrai II himself in 1425 CE. The other two inscriptions furnish the date 1432 CE and 1433 CE. It records the gift of the Vagurumbe and Akshay villages made in 1425 CE and 1433 CE to Neminath Jain Basti in Bandoda It is also stated that Trimbak the son of Lakkappd was the Governor of Gove on the behalf of Devrai 11. Bandoda is referred to as Bandiwade^^^. Devrai II improved the quality of his cavalry by 61 •> en controlling the Malabar ports through which horses came from Arabia passed Perhaps this is the time when Goa came under his control as Goa too had boasted of a port city since Kadamb times. v) Administration of the Viiaynasar kings in Goa: If one tries to analyze the period of H'^'-IS"' century of Goa one can easily spot the that Goa polity wasn't as peaceful it was during the Kadamb period. There was a constant threat from the Muslim kings who were involved in frequent attacks. Hence the Vijaynagar kings had to strengthen and consolidate the boundaries to keep it under their control. The consolidation of the boundaries is seen through the copper plates of 1391 CE issued by Madhav Mantri of Harihar II who was incharge of Konkan. His inscription makes mention of various talukas of Goa like Shat-Shasti (Salcette) Tiswadi as Trinshad Vatika" (land of 30 villages), Antruj (Ponda), Dvadash- desk (Bardez), Astrgrahar (part of modem Sanguem and Kepem) and Satpati (Sattari) . It also mentions the various learned Pandits invited to Brahmpuri. Pandits from Malaur-grdm, Kapil-grdm, Ver-gram, Khandgrdm, Piriyal-grdm Chandr-grdm, Bhallavali-grdm were some of the invitees^'^. These villages can be identified with Malar in Diwadi (Tiswadi taluka), Kapileshwari in Ponda taluka, Verem in Ponda taluka, Priol in Ponda taluka, Chandar in Salcette taluka, Valauli in Bicholi taluka respectively. If one tries to study the origin of the invitees you can make out that they belonged to almost all talukas of Goa This act oiMadhav Mantri appears to be a part of the consolidation strategy of Goa vi) Deities patronized by the Vijavnasars kings. From the inscriptional records of Madhav Mantri it is understood that he had re instated Saptkoteshwar in Konkan^*"", which was once the family deity of the Kadambs. King Harihar 11^^' and King Devrdi T^^^ even gave grants and other privileges were granted to even local deities like Ravalnath in the Velus village of Sattari. They also re-established educational institutions which were destroyed by the Muslims. They also provided and secured the services for deities like Nagesh (form of Shiva) and Mahldkshmi in Bandoda Apart from Hinduism they also encouraged Jainism. They issued grants to a.NeminathJain Basti in Ponda. 62 k) Portuauese conquest of Goa (1510 CE ') Before Goa came under the Portuguese it was taken over by the Adilshah of Bijapur. The Konkanakhydn of 1721 CE mentions that Konkan was ruled by a leamed and knowledgeable king of Vidydnagar. But the Southern part of the country including Konkan was suddenly taken over by a Mlech. It further quotes that till Shhake 1587 i.e. 1665 CE the southern part of Goa also remained under the Mlech of Vijapur . The Vijapur referred here is definitely Bijapur and the Mlech referred is Adilshah. Vidydnagar mentioned in this composition is Vijaynagar. The territories of Goa remained under the Adilshah of Bijapur till the Portuguese conquest. A Portuguese Duarte Barbosa gives the description of Old Goa before the Portuguese conquest. He writes that the city was inhabited by the Moors (Muslims) along with many Hindu merchants. He also writes that there were many mosques houses of worships of Hindus^^^. It was a place of trade having a port which is docked with ships coming from Mecca, Aden, Hormuz, Cambay and Malabar^^^. Like Calicut Goa too was a commercial warehouse of Asia Afonso de Albuquerque left Lisbon in 1506 and arrived at Cananor. In November 1508 he was given secret orders by the King Manuel I to assume the viceroyship in India^^*. In February 1510 CE along with fleet of 23 ships and 1200 men sailed along the Uttar Kannada coast to detroy the fleet of Sultan of Egypt. Timoja or Timayya the commander of the Vijaynagar fleet met him at the port of Mirjan in modern Uttar Kannada district who told that the Sultan of Egypt along with Yusuf Adilshah in Goa was planning to expel the Portuguese from India. He also told him to attack the Adilshah in Goa as his successor was young and weak. Timoja offered help to attack Goa.^^^ But Pandurang Pissurlekar mentions that there is enough of evidence to show that the Portuguese was invited by some leaders of Goa to capture it^™. Finally on 25* November 1510 CE he attacked Goa (Old Goa)."' The city was burnt by Albuquerque for four days^^^. Around 6000 Muslims were killed in this conquer^^'. By 1543 the talukas of Bardez and Salcette was acquired by the Portuguese.'^^^ By 1742 CE the talukas of Sanguem and Ponda were acquired by the Portuguese^^^ On 4* May 1746 CE the fort of Halam was attacked by the Portuguese and was conquered from the Bhonsles of Sawantwadi by Marquis de Castello Novo. He earned the title of Marquis de Aloma. In the same year i.e. 1746 CE Marquis de Aloma also 63 attacked the fort of Sankhali (near Bicholim) and the fort of Bicholim^ (in the city). But in 1761 CE the fort of Halam was restored back by the Portuguese"^ But on 25* August 1781 CE Dom Frederico Guilherme of the Portuguese attacked it again thus bringing the taluka of Bicholim under the sway of the Portuguese"^. In the same year 1746 CE Sattari was also annexed. In 1764 CE Ponda and Kankona came under the Portuguese rule^*". In 1788 Pedne taluka fell in the hands of the Portuguese^^'. The talukas of Tiswadi, Bardez and Salcette were conquered during the early phase of Portuguese rule. Hence they were called as Velha Conquistas or Old Conquests while the talukas of Pedne, Sattari, Ponda, Kankona Sanguem and Bicholim which came under the Portuguese during the is"" century were called as Nova Conquistas or New Conquests^*^. i) Inquisition and its effects on Goa's culture:- The Portuguese missionaries came to Goa with a zeal of spreading Christainity to this part of India They were against the people who did not believe in their faith. The Inquisition was established in Goa during the year 1560 CE . The first demand for the establishing Inquisition in Goa was made by St. Francis Xavier on 16* May 1545 CE^*''. But the King of Portugal D Joao III did not pay heed to the request~^^^ Finally in 1560 CE after the death of King D Joao III Inquisition was finally established in Goa^^^. in 1560 CE Goa was made an archbishopric and Inquisitors were sent from Europe and the work of the Church was carried out with vigor"^^. A verse in Konkan Aakhyan mentions that in Shhake 1486 the Topikar destroyed the deities^^^. The Topikar is a reference to the Portuguese and the date corresponds to 1558 CE which is just two years before the official declaration of the Inquisition. This means that the destruction of the deities had begun unofficially much before its official announcement. But Carta Regia of 8"" March 1546 a formally ordered that idolatry should be eradicated in Goa by dismantling the temples forbidding the gentile festivals'**^. The Inquisition was so harsh that the rules made many Hindu natives flee outside the Portuguese territory of Goa. An inscription stone on the tomb of Diogo Rodrigues in the Seminary of Rachol in Salcette taluka reads :- "Here lies Diogo Rodrigues the Captain of the Rachol Fortress who destroyed the temples of these territories. He died on 21" April of the year 1577"^^. From this one can make 64 out the severity and the official support provided by the Portuguese to spread the faith. On 23"^** March 1559, D. Sebastiao issued an order saying that the orphans {Hindu children) of Goa should be handed over to the College of St Paul of the Society of Jesus to be baptized, educated and indoctrinated by the Fathers of the college'^V In 1774 CE the Inquisition was suspended and in 1812 CE it was finally abolished^^'^. 65 Research findings and Analysis The remote areas of Goa have lots to contribute towards Goan history. Ancient relics, images speaking about our historic past still lie in Goan villages. All one needs is the correct identification skill and time to explore them. Goa not only attracted the rulers but also traders from different countries even outside India Goa's relation with the south Indian dynasties like the Badami Chalukys, Kadambs and the Vijaynagar kings is portrayed through these sculptures. The Kadamb dynasty is the only Indian dynasty who has ruled the longest that lasted for around three and half centuries. The copperplates of the Kadamb dynasty mention that Goa had trade relation with far off countries. Chances of getting new pieces of information from these antique documents are many, when you try to re-study them. Re reading them exposes many aspects of history, which might have been unintentionally skipped by previous scholars. These inscriptions play an important role and most of them were brought to light by Dr.V.T.Gune, Dr. Pandurang Pissurlekar and Rev. Fr. Henry Heras. Some important ones were deciphered by Goan scholars like Dr. Bhavani Shastri Sukhtankar of Mashell and Dr. Pandurang Pissurlekar. Goa's history and archaeological findings provide references and evidences to Buddhists and Jain monks visiting this land during the ancient as well as the medieval period. Thus creating a chequered cultural history! The royal dynasties and kings worshipped certain deities and patronized construction of temples. Definitely their socio-cultural trends must have been assimilated in Goa aboriginal culture. The sculptures of the Kadamb period had specific features and attributes. Their sculptural styles were unique and incorporated major features of two different dynasties viz. Chaluky and Hoysal architectural styles. The 12"' century saw King Vishnuvardhan of the Hoysal dynasty building the marvelous Shri Channkeshav temple at Belur in Kamataka. Thus a unique art form called the Kadamb style was evolved. Most of the sculptures in worship, have remained linidentified as they are placed in the sanctum of the temple. Then came in the Portuguese rule during the 16* century CE. The 16* centur\' iconoclastic laws of the Portuguese could not make the culture fade away completely. Though the deities were shifted and were displaced from their original cultural space the cultural trends associated with them even in the new settlements did not change. 66 Notes and References * Fonseca D.N.J, An Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City ofGoa, Bombay, 1878, page 114 ^ Gaitonde Gajanan Shastri , Shri Skand-Puraan Sahyadhri Khand, Mumbai, 1971, page 125 ' Ibid, page 8 "* Ibid, page 131 ' Konkan-Aakhydn, Ch5. "Deshtray-Vaman", V.M. Salgaoncar Foundation, Goa,2001, page 47 ^ Brhat Samhita Manoj Pocket Books, 2008, Delhi, page 169. ' Ibid. ^ Ibid, page 743 ^ Fonseca D.N.J, An Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City ofGoa, Bombay, 1878, page 111 '"Kamat P. Pratima, Historical Geography & Natural Resources, Goa Through the Ages Vol II, Goa University, 1989, page 5 " Gune T.V., Kudtari Copper plate Grant of King Virvarmdev Saka 971, Newsletter 1, Vol 1, Directorate of Historical Archives & Archaeology 1977 '^ Fleet F. J., Some Further Inscriptions Relating to Kadamb Kings ofGoa , The Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume IX, 1867-1870, page 283 '^ From personal photographs taken of the inscription from Bhuvarah Nrsinh temple, Halshi, 22"** May 2008 ''' Ghantkar Gajanana, An Introduction to Goan Marathi Records in Halakannada Script. Panaji, 1973, page 15 '^ Tulpule G.S., Praachin Marathi Koriv Lekh, Pune, 1963, page 302 '^ Pissurlencar Pandurang Inscricoes Pre-Portugues de Goa, O Orient Portugues, No 22 1938, page 452 '^ Apte English Sanskrit Dictionary '* Mendonca De Delio, Conversions and Citizenry, New Delhi, 2002, page 71 " Ibid '' Ibid •^' Pissurlencar Pandurang//wcncoe^ Pre-Portugues de Goa, O Orient Portugues, 1938, page 381 ^^ Krishnamacharlu R.C.„ Siroda Plates of Devraja, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXIV, 1937-38, page 143 ^^ Ibid, page 144. •ye Rao Lakshminarayan N., A Note on Siroda Plates of(Bhoja) Devraja, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXVI, 1941-42, page 337 ^'^ Op.cit, page 143 "ibid, page 145 ^^ Krishnamacharlu R.C.„ Siroda Plates of Devraja .Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXIV, 1937-38, page 145 ^^ Ibid, page 144 ^^ Ibid, page 145. " Ibid. Rao Lakshminarayan N., A Note on Siroda Plates of(Bhoja) Devraja. Epigraphia Indica. Vol.XXVI, 1937-38, page 337 " Ibid. 67 ^* The name of the village was corrected from Chandor to Chandar, Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 999 ^' Desai B.P., Hiregutti Plates of Bhoj Asankita, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXVIII, 1949-50, page 70 ''^ Ibid '^ Ibid ^^ Ibid, page 72 ''^Ibid, page 71 ""Ibid "' Ibid page, 75, Copper plate No 1. Line no 3 and 4. "^ Ibid, page 73. '^^A.M. Annigeri, Two Grants of Bhoja Kings, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXI,1955-56, page 234 '' Ibid, "' Ibid, page 236 "' Ibid, ^'^ Ibid, Second side of the second copper plate lO'^ and 11* line mention: "Mdlf^lcbl f^T^, ^H^** ^Fra^' page 236 •*'lbid, page 235 '" Ibid. "^ Personal Communication with the priest of the temple on 21*' September 2009 ''Annigeri M. A.; Two Grants ofBhoja Kings. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXI,1955-56, page 233 " Ibid, page 234 -^ Ibid, page 234 ^*Ibid. ^^ Gai.S.G.,, Two, Grants of Bhoja Prithvimallvarman, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXIII, 1959-60,, page 61 -^ Ibid, page 62 " Ibid, page 64 '^ Ibid, page 63 ^^ G..S. Desai, Four Stone Inscriptions from Goa, Epigraphia Indica vol XXXVII, 1967, page 283 '''' Ibid, page 284 ^'Ibid page 283 " Ibid page 282 "^Annigeri M. A.; Two Grants of Bhoja Kings, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXI, 1955-56, page 233, the r' line of the First copper plate mentions: f^t^iTfT # yciti^H ?T^ >HcioHN!H ^m meRfcT: ^FRK^ 3TFPft cTcT ^ ''W^ STt^l^HH ^IVJUH t^ II ^* Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision) Mentioned as Vijay Parvat in the original text of the grant, Gai.S.G.,, Two, Grants ofBhoja Prithvimallvarman. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXIII, page 63 66 Pereira Gerald, An Outiine of Pre-Portuguese History of Goa, Panaji, 1973, page 21, 22. *"' Krishnamacharlu R.C.„ Siroda Plates of Devraja. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXIV, 1937-38, page 144 "* Annigeri M. A.;, Two Grants of Bhoja Kings, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXI, 1955-56, page 234 ^"Ibid. 68 ™ Desai B.P., Hiregutti Plates of Bhoj Asankita, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXVIII, 1949-50, page 73 ''^ Op.cit, the 4* and the 5"" line of the T' copper plate mention : q^ ^?^^?^ ^ H^KN ^^ The epigraph of King Anirjitvarman mentions the name of the dynasty as 'Mauryy Mahaaraajasy Shrimad Anirjitvarmanno' (TfTcjf H^KH'HI ^rft^f^ apM^jM) and not as 'Maurya', Gai.S.G.,, Bandora Plates of Maurya Anirjitvarman Year 29 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXIII, 1959-60,page295 '^ Dixit Moreshwar, Shivapura (Goa) plates of Candravarman, New India Antiquary, vol 4, Kamataka Publishing House, Bombay, 1941-42, page 182 'Sbid ^^ Gai.S.G.,, Bandora Plates of Maurya Anirjitvarman Year 29 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXIII, 1959-60, page 293 ^^ Ibid page 295 " Ibid ^* Ibid, page 293 ^^ Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 282 *" Ibid, page 283 *^ Ibid, page 294 ^^ Dixit Moreshwar, Shivapura (Goa) plates of Candravarman, New India Antiquar\', vol 4, Kamataka Publishing House, Bombay, 1941-42, page 182 83 Op.cit, page 183 ^"^ Gai.S.G., Bandora Plates of Maurya Anirjitvarman Year 29 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXIII, 1959-60, page 294 85 Gune T.V., Sources of the History of the Former Portuguese Possessions in India,\97S, page 476 ^^ Sircar D.C., Annals ofBhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol XXIII (Silver Jubilee Volume), page 510 *^ Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision) ^^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 72 ^^ Bhandarkar Gopal Ramkrishna , Early History of the Dekkan, 1895, Govt Central Press Bombay, page 49 ^"^ Dixit Moreshwar, Shivapura (Goa) plates of Candravarman, New India Antiquary, vol 4, Kamataka Publishing House, Bombay, 1941-42, page 183 '' Op.cit ''^ Epigraphia Indica vol III 1894-95, page 52, ^' Ibid, page 50. '''* Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 335 '' Ibid ^^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 73 ^^ Fleet F.J., Sanskrit and Old Kanarese Inscriptions, The Indian Antiquary, Vol VII, Bombay, 1878, page 161 Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 335 ^^Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 73 '"" Op.cit. page 365 •"•ibid. '°^ Indian Antiquary. Volume VI, Svati Publications, Bombay, 1879, page 46 •-^ Ibid. 69 '"'* Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 358 '"^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 73 ""^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 73 '^^ Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 347 '««Ibid. '«^bid '"'ibid page 356 1 ' Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 358 I ^ Satoskar D.B., Gomantak: Prakruti Aani Sanskruti, Vol 3, 1987 page 33 1 ^http://www.shabdkosh.com/kn//translate 1 '*Op.cit page 41 1 ' India Antiquary, Volume VI, Svati Publications, Delhi, 1877, page 363 1 ^ India Antiquary, Volume XIX, Svati Publications, Delhi, page 16 1 ^ Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 351 1 I Ibid, page 357 1 Ibid, page 337 120 Original transcript of the inscription mentions the name of the dynasty as 'Chaliky naam Kulam', (^ffera=iFTt^r^R), Indian Antiquary vol. VI, Svati Publications, Bombay,1877, page 73 '^' Original transcript of the inscription mentions: cf)|[cf^ilHiJ^ ^ 75M W^ cbeiliu] IRTRFT Wm^ HK|i|U| y^TK xHHxHlf^d c)«^|^dlW^, Ibid. '2^ Ibid 123 Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 74 124 Op.cit, Original transcript of the inscription: the name as 'Chaluky naam Kulam' (tl^^^HT^eFf), page 78 '^' Personal visit to Aihole, 19* may 2008. '^^Cousens Henry', The Architectural Antiquities of Western India, London , 1926 , page 16 '^^ Indian Antiquary vol. VIII, Svati Publications, Bombay, 1879, page 45-46 '^* Personal visit to Aihole, Pattadakal and Badami on 19* May 2008 '^^ The copper plate grant found in Kolhapur mentions the name of the dynasty as 'Shilaahaar Vansh' (Rieii6K 4?T), Joumal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society vol XIII, 1837, page 2 '^^ Bhandarkar Gopal Ramkrishna ,, Early History of the Deccan, 1895, page 58 •-^' Ibid '^^ Epigraphia Indica vol VII 1902-03, page 27 '"ibid page 217 '^'^ Joumal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society vol XIII, 1877, page 14 ''' Ibid. ''^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 84 '" Epigraphia Indica Vol III, 1894-95, page 294 ''^ Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 537 '^^ Joumal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society vol XIII, 1877, page 14 '*" Epigraphia Indica vol III, 1894-95, page 294 '"*' Fleet F.J., Ihe Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 537 '''^Op.cit, page 13 '''^ Epigraphia Indica vol III, 1894-95, page 293 ''*'* Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 538 '"^^ Joumal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society vol I, 1841-44, page 221 70 '^^ Epigraphia Indica vol III, 1894-95, page 295 ^*^ Satoskar D.B., Gomantak: Prakruti Aani Sanskruti, Vol 2, 1987 page 172 ""* Onginal transcript of the inscription: ^HKMI £tf&TO?: TR: 3Ti?^^dl^d '^J^ ^ 0'<^q6lifeiLjTH+^, V.K. Raj wade and G.K. Chandarkar, Bharat Ithas Samshodhaka Mandala Ahawal Shhake 1835 (1913 CE). page 430 '^^ Inscricoes Pre-Portugues de Goa, O Orient Portugues, Pissuriencar Pandurang, 1938, page 381 '^^ Ibid, page 397. '^' Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision). Reference cited from Yaadnyvalk '" Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 91 '''' Gune TV., Sources of The History of India, vol I, 1978, page 495 '^'' Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts. Bombay, 1896, page 536 '"Ibid. ^ "*^ Original transcript of the inscription reads: fefTERT TR^^^T^ ^TT v^Rdl:, v^fl^d^d^ ^m ^ ^^TFT^ cTcT: f^MI^K ^ ^ f^t^eT, Epigraphia Indica vol III, 1894-95, page 299 157 The Joumal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume XIII, 1877 London, page 3 Description based on the picture of the seal is and the ring is published in Joumal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume I, 1841-44, page 216. '^** Raj wade KV and Chandarkar G.K., Bharat Ithas Samshodhaka Mandala Ahawal Shhake 1835 (1913 CE), page 430 '^' Original transcript of the inscription read: '^H-H^M^CH^CJVJUVHK', The Joumal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume XIII, 1877 Bombay, page 3 '^^ Kielhom F. Epigraphia Indica, Vol VIII, 1905-06, page 24 '''' Ibid '^'' Moraes M. George, The Kadamba Kula, Bombay, 1931, page 15 '" Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 91 '^^ Fleet F.J., The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, Bombay, 1896, page 566 '"ibid, page 91 '^^ Personal photographs of the temple procured with the kind permission of Archaeological Sur\'ev of India on 13"* July 2008 '^^bid. ' '™Lines I and 4 of the inscription stone. Personal photographs taken with the kind permission of Directorate of Museum, Govt, of Goa on 12"' April 2008 '^' 'Trivarg' refers to Religion, Worldly objects and Desires, Moraes M. George, The Kadamba Kula, page 391 '^^ Original transcript of the inscription reads: cf>cct>mi4 ^ yf^^e^ zrsmmH i^feldBid^Jl: y?WW'^ cjffcWFTFq^FRTratTlHIHlltl MK^liJ: dxHK'JRcq^f^Rt H|i|oU^o!JHH^s}ct>eM, Ibid. Kielhom F., Kharepatan Plates ofRattaraja, Saka Samvat 930, Epigraphia Indica Vol 111, 1894-95, page 294. '^"^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 85 "^ Moraes M. George, The Kadamba Kula, Bombay, 1931, page 391 "^ Ibid,8"* line of the inscription, page 387 ''^'^ Opcit, page 94 178 6 line of the original transcript of the inscription reads: "efT^g^J?ecT^: y>HyydN cillUHI'flril^cjyRiK^" Fleet F. J.. Some Further Inscriptions Relating to Kadamb Kings 71 ofGoa , The Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume IX, 1867- 1870, page 266 '™ Pissurlencar Pandurang, Inscricoes Pre-Portugues de Goa, O Orient Portugues, 1938, page 382 **" Ibid, page 388 ^' Gune T.V., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 93 *^ Bamett D Lionel, Inscriptions at Narendra, Epigraphia Indica Volume XIII 1915-16, page 299. ^^ Moraes M. George, The Kadamba Kula, Bombay, 1931, page 388, Plate No. 2, l" line on the inscription '*'' Pissurlencar Pandurang Inscricoes Pre-Portugues de Goa, O Orient Portugues,, 1938, page 382 ^' Personal visit to Hears Institute in Mumbai on 9"" May 2008. ^^ Original transcript of the inscription reads: "TTTM ^^T^^^^k^ xfFJt ^ ilHlRldl ^ *WiyAri) ^ ^ ^fT?ra5#: xHc^villSlddl II ^Ttlf¥^LjWJ>l 'FTcTPfT^?^ ^f^", George M. Moraes, The Kadamba Kula. Bombay, 1931, page 388 ^^ Ibid, Copper plate No 2. 8* and 9*^ line of the inscription. ** Ibid, page 393 ^^ From original transcript of the inscription on copper plate 3 (line 5, 6, 7), Pandurang Pissurlencar, Inscricoes Pre-Portugues de Goa, O Orient Portugues,, 1938, page 385 ^ Bamett D Lionel, Inscriptions at Narendra, Epigraphia Indica Volume XIII 1915-16, verse 11, page 310. ^' Original transcript of the inscription on copper plate 3 line 3 reads: "sRYnffmf&Teff^ crfcTJiTfT vricrl^i^diil-ltri" Moraes M. George, The Kadamba Kula, Bombay, 1931, page 391 '^^ Gune T.V., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 93 " Original transcript of the inscription on copper plate 3 line 10 reads: ">d<^e|ct)Wu|gicic||i)". George M. Moraes, The Kadamba Kula, Bombay, 1931, page 391 ^'* Ibid, Original transcript of the inscription on copper plate 3 line 10 reads: Pissuriencar Pandurang/mcncoe^ Pre-Portugues de Goa, O Orient Portugues,, 1938, page 385 Original transcript of the inscription on copper plate 2 line 10 reads: "41 eiH 13)01 WS^ f^TTlf^ r Moraes M. George, The Kadamba Kula, Bombay, 1931, page 396 ^'ibid, line 5, ^^ Dates taken from the two inscriptions discussed below. ^ Gune T.V., Kudtari Copper plate Grant of King Virvarmdev Saka 971, Newsletter 1, Vol 1, Directorate of Historical Archives «& Archaeology 1977, page 60. ^"'^ Ibid page 61, Line 6 of the transcript. "" Ibid ^ ^'' Ibid, Original transcript of the inscription on copper plate 2 line 14 reads: "-^frf^ 41c)>;4^cj: ^J|lM^4li|x!HiyHi|H fclddiJ-dm, page 62 ^°^ Ibid, ^"'^ Ibid, page 61 Original transcript of the inscription on copper plate 1 line 3& 4 reads: 'f^ ^'^^ Desai S. G, Four Stone Inscriptions from Goa, Epigraphia Indica vol XXXVII, 1967 page 285 ^"^Ibid 72 ^"^Ibid ^"^Ibld ^"^ Ibid, page 287 ™ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 99 ^"Op.cit, page 286 ^^^ Pissurlencar Pandurang Inscricoes Fre-Portugues de Goa, O Orient Portugues, 1938, page 386 ^'^' Ibid page 391 ^''*Ibid, page 388, Original transcript of the inscription line 18 reads: ''^feTT^^ZRT^'aFf^Rf ^'^ Rev. Fr. Henry Heras, Pre-Portuguese Remains in Portuguese India, Journal of the Bombay Historical Society, Bombay, 1932, page 45. ^'^ Moraes M. George, The Kadamba Kula, Bombay, 1931, page 398 ^'^ Ibid 396. ^'^ Bhandarkar Gopal Ramkrishna , Early History of the Dekkan, Govt Central Press Bombay 1895, page 85 ^'^ Original transcript of the inscription online 16 mentions: '2n%T^ +j+^41' Bamett D Lionel, Inscriptions at Narendra, Epigraphia Indica Volume XIII 1915-16, page 302. ^^^ Ibid, page 180 ^^' Derret M Duncan J, The Hoysalas, Oxford University Press, London, 1957, page 17 ^^^ Morenas Zeanides , The Mussoll Dance ofChandor, 2002, page 12 ^^^ Pissuriencar Pandurang Inscricoes Pre-Portugues de Goa, O Orient Portugues,, 1938, Page 400 ^^'* Ibid, page 401 ^^^ Original transcript of the inscription on copper plate 2 line 22 reads: "%:Tcf^ ^^cj-iHeel ^!M-UHI U^liycfl" Desai B.P., Copperplate Grant ofKadamba King Tribhuvanmall Saka 1028 Epigraphia hidica vol XXX, 1953-54, page 72 ^^•^Ibid, ^^^ Ibid, page 75 Fleet F.J., Sanskrit and Old Kanarese Inscriptions. The Indian Antiquary, Volume XIV, Bombay, 1885, page 288 ^^^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 103 ^^^ Fleet F.J., Inscriptions Relating to Kadamb Kings of Goa , The Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume IX, 1867-1870, page 266 ^^' Desai B.P., Copper Plate Grant of Kadamba Tribhuvanmalla; Saka 1028, Epigraphia Indica, volume XXX, 1953-54, page 73 ^^^ Derret M Duncan J, The Hoysalas, Oxford University Press, London, 1957, page 67 ^^^ Katti N. Madhav, New Light on the History ofChalukyas. The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Bangalore, 1983, pagel3 ^^'* Fleet F.J., Inscriptions Relating to Kadamb Kings of Goa , The Joumal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume IX, 1867-1870, page 273 235 Op.cit. ^•'^ Ibid, page 273, The 13* line of original inscription reads: '^I^cF^FRt fefR^fsfrsRft W^W|i)£t>i[c|c{l7^*c||c^... ^RciKiJiHi... v^^^ll^cjHf^i#[: ^<^d(HH^I^41'. ^^'Ibid. ^^^ Bamett D Lionel, Inscriptions at Narendra, Epigraphia Indica Volume XIII 1915-16, Page 317. Karnataka Inscription Series, Vol V, Kannada Research Institute, Kamatak University, 73 Dharwar, 1969, page 234. '^'^ Derret M Duncan J, The Hoysalas, Oxford University Press, London, 1957, page 39 ^^'Ibid, page 61 ^^^ Ibid page 67 ^'^"^ Bamett D Lionel, Inscriptions at Narendra, Epigraphia Indica Volume XIII 1915-16, page 320, Lines 1-5 ^'*'' Khare H.G, Dusraa. Jaikeshi Kadamb (Gove), yacha Asoge 7<3OTrpa/,Dakshinechya Madhyugin Itahasache Sahity, Vol l,Bharat itihas Samshodhaka Mandala, Pune, 1930, page 31. ^*^ Gai.S.G.,, Gadivore Grant of Shasthdev II Kali year 4357, Epigraphia Indica XXXIV, 1960-61, page 105 -"'' Derret M Duncan J, The Hoysalas, Oxford University Press, London, 1957, page 67 ^"•^Gune TV., GoaGazetter, 1979, page 107 248 24th jjj^g Qf ^g inscription at Degamve. From personal photographs procured from the Temple on r'July 2007 ^"^^ 19* and the 20* verse of the inscription. Fleet F.J., Inscriptions Relating to Kadamb Kings ofGoa , The Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume IX, 1867-1870, page 267 "*• Ibid page 268, The 24* verse of the inscription reads: "•^WK^rf^TcfftroftfrMt^TRJ tlHMM UWrfl^, Ml4Jl4c;i^\jix!M^^ ^fM^efM clf^ PlvjiMiiviMtJI'Tl J|lL|chi^vr|H(?^fcdlil", ''' Ibid. ^^•^ Khare H.G, Dusraa, Jaikeshi Kadamb (Gove), yacha Asoge 7a/w/77af,Dakshinechya Madhyugin Itahasache Sahity, Vol l,Bharat itihas Samshodhaka MandaJa, Pune, 1930, page 28. ^" Rice Lewis , Mysore Inscriptions, Bangalore, 1878, page 112. ^^"^ Fleet F.J., Sanskrit and OldKanarese Inscriptions, The Indian Antiquary, Volume XIV, Bombay, 1885, page 288 ^'^ Fleet F. J., Some Further Inscriptions Relating to Kadamb Kings ofGoa, The Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume IX, 1867-1870, page 284 256 Calculation for converting the Kaliyug year into Shhak year is as follows.:- Shhake year+3179= Kaliyug year. Epigraphia Indica, Volume 1, 1892, page 406 ^" Khare H.G., Dusraa, Jaikeshi Kadamb (Gove), yaachaa Asoge Taamrpat, Dakshinechya Madhyugin Itahasache Sahity, Vol 1, Bharat itihas Samshodhaka Mandala, Pune, 1930, Page 29, The 10* verse of original Inscription reads: 'd-<+li£|1^^lfc;cii; >Hri)jld +ii4"Il-'Juil: "* GuneTV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 108 ^'^ Fleet F.J., Some Further Inscriptions Relating to Kadamb Kings ofGoa , The Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume IX, 1867-1870, page 285 ^^^ Katti N. Madhav, New Light on the History ofChalukyas, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Bangalore, 1983,pagel3 ^^' Rice Lewis , Mysore Inscriptions, Bangalore, 1878,' page 117. ^^^ Ibid, ^^Mbid, page 119 ^^'^Ibid ^^^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 107 ^^^ From personal photographs procured from Shri Bhuvaraah temple at Halshi on 6* October2007 ^" Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 93 74 ^^^ Fleet F.J., Some Further Inscriptions Relating to Kadamb Kings of Goa , The Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume IX, 1867-1870, page 285 ^^'^ Gai. S.G.„ Gadivore Grant ofShasthdev II Kali year 4357, Epigraphia Indica XXXIV, 1960-61, page 105 "" GuneTV., GoaGazetter, 1979, page 110 271 Ibid, page 93 ^^^ Gai. S.G.„ Gadivore Grant ofShasthdev II Kali year 4357, Epigraphia Indica XXXIV, 1960-61, page 105 "^ Ibid page 109, 28* line of the inscnption. ^^'' Fleet F.J., A Copper plate Grant ofDevgiri Yadav Singhana II, The Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume XV, 1881-1882, page 385 "^ Tulpule G.S. , Praachin Marathi Koriv Lekh, Pune, 1963, page 289 "^ Gune T.V., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 112 ^^' Fleet F.J., Sanskrit and Old Kanarese Inscriptions, The Indian Antiquary, Volume XIV, Svati Publications, Bombay, 1885, page 289 ^^* Ibid, page 288The lines 21, 22, 23, 24 of copper plate 1, "^Ibid, Line no 26,1 ^^^ Gai. S.G., Gadivore Grant ofShasthdev II Kali year 4357, Epigraphia Indica XXXIV, 1960-61, page 105 ^^' From personal photographs clicked of original copper plates in Bandoda in Ponda taluka on 13* Jan 2008. 282 Op.cit. ^^^ Gibb R.A.H, Ibn Batuta Travels in Asia and Africa, New Delhi, 1990, page 240 Rizvi A. AS, A Wonder that was India, volume II, 1987, London, page 73. ^^^ Personally witnessed the Mussal Khel on 20* Feb 2007 in Chandar. ^''^ Op.cit, page 241. ^^' Gibb R. A.H , Ibn Batuta Travels in Asia and Africa, New Delhi, 1990, page 1 ^^^ Visit to Chitradurg fort on 19* November 2010. ^^^ Tulpule G.S., Praachin Marathi Koriv Lekh, Pune, 1963, page 275 2^ Ibid. 2^' Ibid •^^^ Gune T.V., Korgaon Copper plate Grant of King Bhimbhupal of Goa Saka 1273, Newsletter 1, Vol 1, Directorate of Historical Archives & Archaeology 1977, page 49 ^^•^ Ibid, page 50 ^^'Ibid, page 51 '^^ Ibid page 52 ^^ Tulpule G.S., Praachin Marathi Koriv Lekh, Pune, 1963. page 287 ^^'Ibid ^^^ Ibid, page 289 ^^'^Ibid. "^^ Kumar Dilip N., Goa Police, History & Evolution. Tamil Nadu, 1999, page 53. '"' Rao Nagraja S. M, Ganjihal Plates ofChalukya Someshwara L The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Bangalore 1983, page 4 ^"^ Desai B.P., Copper plate Grant ofKadamba King Tribhuvanmall Saka 1028, Epigraphia Indica vol XXX, 1953-54, page 75 ^'^' Khare H.G., Kadamb Tribhuvanmall Kaalin, ek Taamrpat, Dakshinechya Madhyugin Itahasache Sahity, Bharat Itihas Samshodhaka Mandala, Volume 4, Pune, page 51. ^^'* Desai S. G, Four Stone Inscriptions from Goa ,Epigraphia Indica vol XXXVII, 1967, page 75 288 ^''' Moraes M. George, The Kadamba Kula, Bombay, 1931, Copper plate No 3, 3"* line of the inscription, page 390 '°* Karnataka Inscription Series. Vol V, Kannada Research Institute, Kamatak Universit>', Dharwar, 1969, page 19 '"^ Khare H.G., Kadamb Tribhuvanmall Kaalin, ek Taamrpat, Dakshinechya Madhyugin Itahasache Sahity Bharat Itihas Samshodhaka Mandala, Volume 4, Pune, page 46. ^"^ Heras Henry , Pre-Portuguese Remains in Portuguese India, Journal of Bombay Historical Societ>-, Vol IV, No 2, Bombay, Sept 1932, page 17. ^^^ Konkan-Aakhyan,Ch5. "Deshtray-Vaman", V.M. Salgaoncar Foundation, Goa,2001, page 44 ^"' Moraes M. George, Ihe Kadamba Kula, Bombay, 1931, page 390, Copper plate no. 2 13* line of the inscription. ^'' Fleet F.J., Some Further Inscriptions Relating to Kadamb Kings of Goa , The Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Volume IX. 1867-1870, page 275 ^^^^Ibid '" Summaries of Inscriptions (1943-44 to 1949-50), Kannada Research Institute, Kamatak University, Dharwar, 1966, page 15 '''* Heras Henry, Pre-Portuguese Remains in Portuguese India. Journal of Bombay Historical Society, Bombay, Vol IV, No 2, Bombay, Sept 1932, page 16 315 Khare H.G., Kadamb Tribhuvanmall Kaalin. ek Taamrpat, Dakshinechya Madhyugin Itahasache Sahity Bharat Itihas Samshodhaka Mandala, Volume 4, Pune, page 46 [^^ Visit to Kasmalige near Halshi, on T' July 2007. ^'^ Ibid, notification put outside the temple of newly found sculpture. " "* Majumdar C. R, Ancient India, Varanasi 1952, page 438 ^'^ Chandor 2000, A Report on the 2000 season of excavations at Chandor, Goa, Archaeological Survey of India, May 2000, page 8 '^^ 6* and 7* line of the inscription of copper plate No 1, G. Tulpule, Praachin Marathi KorivLekh. Pune, 1963, page 279 '^^ Stein Burton, Vijayanagara. Cambridge University Press, 1993, page 16 "^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 99 ^^^ Ibid page 125 "^'* Personal communication with Shri Nicolau Antao, the traditional ritualistic headman of Chandar, 4**' March 2007 ^^'^ Heras Henry, Goa Virgal at the time ofHarihar II Vijaynagara. Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, 1928-29 , page 25. "^^ Gomes Olivinho., Village Goa, New Delhi, 1987, page 34 ^^^ Konkan-Aakhyan,Ch^.''Dai\al Sthalaantar",V.M. Salgaoncar Foundation, Goa,2001. page 54 ^^* Stein Burton , Vijayanagara, Cambridge University Press, 1993, page 28 ^J-'lbid. "'^^ Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society vol IV, Bombay, 1853, page 99 "Mbid, page 100 ^^^ Laad Daji Bhau, Brief Notes on Madhawa, Joumal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society vol IX, 1837, page 227. ^^^ Joumal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society vol IV, Bombay, 1853, page 108 '^'^ Rev. Fr. Henry Heras, Goa Virgal at the time ofHarihar II Vijaynagara, Quarterly Joumal 76 of the Mythic Society, 1928-29 , page 15, "^ Ibid page 16. l^^ Ibid, page 28 '^' Pissurlencar Pandurang, O Oriente Portugues, No 18, Bastora, 1937, page 46, T' line of the inscription. ^'^ Ibid, Copper plate 1, 14'*' line of the inscription. "^ Ibid, Copper plate 1, 10*, 11*^ line of the inscription "^'"' Ibid, Copper plate 1, line 20, 21 of the inscription ^'" Ibid, Copper plate 2, line 7, 13 of the inscription ''^^ Personal communication with the village chief Nicolau Antao at Chandar on 20* Feb 2007 "*'' Heras Henry , Pre-Portuguese Remains in Portuguese India Journal of the Bombay Historical Society, Vol IV, No 2, Bombay, Sept 1932, page 17 -'"* Ibid, page 16 ^''^ Morenas Zeanides , The Mussoll Dance ofChandor, 2002, page 62 ^"^^Ibid I'' Ibid. ^''^ Personal communication with Shri Nicolau Antao, the traditional ritualistic headman of Chandar, 4* March 2007 ''*' Personal communication with Shri Ranjiv Femandes, the member of the royal Kshtriy Christian community of Chandar, 17 June 2007 350 Stein Burton , Vijayanagara, Cambridge University Press, 1993, page 29 351 Tulpule G.S., Praachin Marathi KorivLekh. Pune, 1963, page 361 ^" Ibid, line 2, 3 of the inscription '" Ibid, page 362, Line 4, 5 of the inscription. '^^Opcit page 312 ^^^ Rizvi A.A.S, A Wonder that was India, volume II, 1987, Lx)ndon, page 86. "^^ Gune T.V., Ancient Records ofGoa, in New Era II. 1966, page 19. ^" Stein Burton , Vijayanagara, Cambridge University Press, 1993, page 29 ^^^ Pissurlencar Pandurang, O Oriente Portugues, No 18, Bastora, 1937, page 48, Copper Plate no. 1 line 23 & 24. "^"^ Ibid, page 47, Copper plate no 2.Lines 2 to 11 "^^ Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society vol IV, Bombay, 1853, page 108 ^^^ Tulpule G.S., Praachin Marathi Koriv Lekh, Pune, 1963, page 301 -•*^^ Ibid page 361 l^^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 137 "'^'* Konkan-Aakhydn, Ch4. "Konkane va Shenainamachi Kaame", V.M. Salgaoncar Foundation, Goa,2001, page 71 ^^^ Noronha Percival, Old Goa in the context of Indian Heritage, Goa and Portugal, New Delhi, 1997, page 162 "'^^ Commentaries Ut Supra, volume II, page 96. "^^^ Agust Buchot, Histoire du Portugal, Paris, 1854, page 131. '*'^ Pereira Gerald, An Outline of Pre-Portuguese History of Goa, Goa, 1973, page 21. -^^ Gune TV., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 141 ^™ Pissurlencar Pandurang, Os Colloborades Hindus de Afonso de Albuquerque, Boletim do Institute Vasco Da Gama, No 49, 1941, page5 ^^' D'souza G.B., Goan society in Transition, Bombay Popular Prakashan, 1975, page 89 ''' Ibid 77 '" Ibid "^ Gune T.V., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 148 "^ Mendonca De Delio, Conversions and Citizenry, New Delhi, 2002, page 73 '^^ Fonseca D.N.J, An Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City of Goa, Bombay, 1878, page 53 ^^^ibid. ^^'^ Ibid, page 50 ;^''lbid. "'^'* Pissurlencar Pandurang, Portuguese Maratha Sambandh, Pune University, 1967, page 260 '^' Gune T.V., Goa Gazetter, 1979, page 186 -'^^ Ibid. "^^"^ Priolkar K. A., The Goa Inquisition .Mumbai, 1961,page 20 '^^ Ibid, page 22 ''' Ibid '^^ 'Nmme Kyd Alexander, History of the Konkan, Bombay, 1894, page 56 ^^^ Konkan-Aakhydn, Ch5. "Deshtray-Vaman", V.M. Salgaoncar Foundation, Goa,2001, page 54 '^^ Pereira Gomes Rui, Hindu Temples and Deities, 1977, page 9 "'^ Fonseca D.N.J, An Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City of Goa, Bombay, 1878, page 48 '" Priolkar K. A, The Goa Inquisition, Mumbai, 1961,page 31 ^''Mbid 78