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The Betrayal of Women's Emancipation Following the French and Russian Revolutions Crystal Denise Helton

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The Betrayal of Women's Emancipation Following the French and Russian Revolutions Crystal Denise Helton Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 1-1-2003 Discourses of Disappointment: The Betrayal of Women's Emancipation Following the French and Russian Revolutions Crystal Denise Helton Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the History of Gender Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Helton, Crystal Denise, "Discourses of Disappointment: The Betrayal of Women's Emancipation Following the French and Russian Revolutions" (2003). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 633. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DISCOURSES OF DISAPPOINTMENT: THE BETRAYAL OF WOMEN’S EMANCIPATION FOLLOWING THE FRENCH AND RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS Thesis submitted to The Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Crystal Denise Helton Dr. Montserrat M. Miller, Committee Chairperson Dr. Kat Williams Dr. Bill Palmer Dr. David Woodward Marshall University May 4, 2003 ABSTRACT “DISCOURSES OF DISAPPOINTMENT: THE BETRAYAL OF WOMEN’S EMANCIPATION FOLLOWING THE FRENCH AND RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS” By Crystal Denise Helton Questions relating to gender are worth pursuing in order to more accurately discern the impact of the French and Russian Revolutions on society more broadly as opposed to just political leaders, well-known historical figures, or those predominately male citizens that comprised the upper echelons of their respective movements. A careful analysis of secondary sources, or the historiography on women’s place within the French and Russian Revolutions, reveals that, in spite of their use of egalitarian rhetoric, the revolutionary governments in France and Russia continued to view women based upon conventional standards. Discourses written by and about women before, during, and immediately following the French and Russian Revolutions provide direct discursive examples of both the struggle for women’s civil and legal rights and the entrenchment of patriarchal structures of inequality. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my mother, Margaret Ann Helton. I am incredibly proud and blessed to have such an amazing mother. Her love for me has always been my saving grace. Her faith in me strengthens my resolve on a daily basis. Her resilience provides me with a model for how I want to approach my future. She is the hardest working, most determined, and friendliest person that I know. I am a reflection of my mother’s love and for that I am exceptionally grateful. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I, the author of this terribly long – but incredibly endearing – thesis, wish to thank the following people: Most notably, Montserrat Martí Miller for her dedication to the project and my graduate career, ingenuity, brilliance, generosity, fortitude, professional and personal guidance, and especially for her friendship. Clearly, she is “la mujer.” I would like to thank the other members of my committee, Kat Williams, Bill Palmer, and David Woodward, for their insightful comments and helpful advice. I also hereby bequeath my Buddy Christ to Kat Williams in honor of her dependability and strength of character. I give many thanks to Stacy Melvin for her endurance to my ceaseless complaints, unwavering friendship, and graciousness. I send much love and immense gratitude to George P. Terry and Glenda Smith. I thank Anthony P. Curtis for his amiability, editing skills, and ability to translate the language of birds. I could not have survived this process without Mr. Luca Marchesi’s compassion, confidence in my abilities, and seemingly endless supplies of chocolate. The following people have brightened and enriched my life and for that I will always be most grateful: Terry Dennis, Dr. David Duke, Lenna Chambers, Jennifer Keller, Kim Hall, Michael Leffler, Kelly Melvin, Jennifer Scott, Phillip Kinsey, Amber Sizemore, Nicole, Sweet Pea, the Happy Pineapples, and the Orange Manufacturers of Office 111. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………ii DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………...iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………...iv TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………..…..v INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1 CHAPTER I……………………………………………………………………………...33 In the Shadow of Egalitarianism: Women and the French Revolution…………...33 CHAPTER II…………………………………………………………………………….66 Gender Equality or Adherence to Tradition?: Women and the Russian Revolution………………………………………………………………………..66 CHAPTER III……………………………………………………………………………98 Discourses Written by and about Women: Interpreting Culture as both a System and a Practice……………………………………………………………………...98 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………134 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………...143 CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………………………158 v INTRODUCTION Political revolutions have often overthrown traditional forms of government, endorsed popular theories of equal rights subdued under the previous regime, and created new social conditions. In the particular case of the French Revolution in the late eighteenth century and the Russian Revolution at the start of the twentieth, revolutionaries sought to overthrow monarchical rule in order to develop a more representative governmental organization. In the attempt to create a system in which there would be greater levels of egalitarianism, the new leaderships of these revolutions felt compelled, at least during the apex of radical zeal and in order to garner support from the masses and establish a greater level of legitimacy, to address the issue of women's roles and rights in a post-revolutionary society. This thesis will deal with several questions relating to women and revolution. To what degree did women's social, political, and economic rights become a focal point for members of government institutions throughout the course of the French and Russian Revolutions? Did gender equality increase or deteriorate under the newly-established regimes? How do the discourses written by and about women in relation to these Revolutions help to explain the prospect, attempt, and subsequent failure to incorporate gender equality in post- revolutionary societies? The question of women’s constitutional and civic rights in the aftermath of the French and Russian Revolutions, combined with the voices of individuals embroiled in the debate over such issues, imparts a clearer picture as to the ultimate demise of efforts to grant women equal status in post-revolutionary societies. 1 Questions relating to gender are worth pursuing in order to more accurately discern the impact of the French and Russian Revolutions on society more broadly as opposed to just political leaders, well-known historical figures, or those predominately male citizens that comprised the upper echelons of their respective movements. A careful analysis of secondary sources, or the historiography on women’s place within the French and Russian Revolutions, reveals that, in spite of their use of egalitarian rhetoric, the revolutionary governments in France and Russia continued to view women based upon conventional standards. Discourses written by and about women before, during, and immediately following the French and Russian Revolutions provide direct discursive examples of both the struggle for women’s civil and legal rights and the entrenchment of patriarchal structures of inequality. Despite the advocacy, petition, and involvement of women in both these Revolutions, the initial idealism of radical departures from one form of government to a dramatically dissimilar one was swept aside by the force of patriarchal values and governmental inattentiveness to the matter of women’s rights. A quick return to familiar standards limited the advancement of women’s social, economic, and legal rights after the French and Russian Revolutions. The Jacobins and the Bolsheviks, mired in patriarchal mindsets and indoctrinated by discursive ideologies that often considered the position of women in society only as an afterthought, either did not fully alter their views or eventually reverted to beliefs that limited women’s complete integration into public life to the fullest extent. Indeed, the influence of patriarchy can be traced from the French to the Russian Revolution along parallel lines. Events in both movements followed a similar pattern. In each case, the inexorable endurance of 2 patriarchal mentalities, combined with the durability of long-standing gender divisions of labor, excluded women from full participation in public life in post-revolutionary society. Chapter one of this thesis will center on the status of women’s rights during and after the French Revolution. In France, a firm adherence to customary habits and an almost fanatical need for political control on the part of the Jacobins influenced governmental decisions regarding the rights of women after 1789. French women advocated for recognition of their rights but gained little governmental support since such issues were never a primary concern for the various revolutionary leadership factions in control of France after the 1789 Revolution. The National Assembly not only negatively targeted women supportive of the monarchy and established order – such as Marie Antoinette - but also those aligned with the cause put forth by the revolutionaries. The men in power
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