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Global Programme of Action for the Protection of The GLOBAL PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM LAND-BASED ACTIVITIES Report of The Gambia FOR THE CANARY CURRENT LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM PROJECT (CCLME) AND THE ABIDJAN CONVENTION By: ANNA MBENGA CHAM PRINCIPAL FISHERIES OFFICER THE GAMBIA February 2014 0 TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE Abbreviations/Acronyms……………………………………………………………. 3 List of Table……………………………………………………………………………3 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………... 5 1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 6 1.1 Aim of the Global Program of Action…………………………………… 6 1.2 The Global Program of Action…………………………………………….7 1.3 Objective…………………………………………………………………… 7 1.4 Country Profile……………………………………………………………. 7 2.0 Identification and Assessment of Problems……………………………………… 8 2.1 Food Security………………………………………………………………. 8 2.1.2 Public Health……………………………………………………………11 2.1.3 Coastal and marine Resources and Ecosystem Health……………... 13 2.1.4 Economic and Social Benefits and Uses including Cultural Values.. 16 2. 2 Contaminants…………………………………………………………………. 16 2.2.1 Sewage…………………………………………………………………. 16 2.2.2 Banned pesticides and Other Chemical………………………………. 16 2.2.3 Oils (Hydrocarbons)……………………………………………………. 17 2.2.4 Litter………………………………………………………………………17 2.3 Physical Alteration, including Habitat Modification and Destruction in areas of Concern…………………………………………………………… 18 2.4 Coastal Mining…………………………………………………………… . …18 2.5 Source of Degradation (Point Sources)………………………… ……… ...18 Construction Work –Dam…………………………………………………….19 Mangrove die back ………………………………………………………........19 2.6 Sources of Degradation (Non-point)………………………………………….20 2.6.1 Urban Run-Off…………………………………………………………….20 2.6.2 Agriculture and Horticulture Run-off……………………………………20 2.6.3 Coastal Erosion…………………………………………………………......21 2.6.4 Landfills and hazardous Waste Sites Sanitation………………………….21 2. 7 Areas of Concern (what areas are affected or vulnerable)……………….21 Habitat Modification and Destruction…………………………………….22 Marine Protected Areas- Tanbi and Niumi Wetlands……………………22 3.0 Establishment of Priorities…………………………………………………………..23 3.1 Waste management…………………………………………………………..25 3.2 Sanitary ………………………………………………………………………25 3.3 Aquaculture ……………………………………………………………… ... 25 3.4. Oyster Culture………………………………………………………..……...26 3.5 Management Objectives for Priority Problems………………………….26 3.5.1 Objectives for the Protection of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems………27 3.5.2 Protection of Marine and Coastal Ecosystem…………………………….27 3.5.3 Health Objectives……………………………………………………………27 1 3.5.4 Sanitation program……………………………………………………….. 28 3.5.5 Biological…………………………………………………………………... 28 3.5.6 Ecological……………………………………………………………………28 3.5.7 Social………………………………………………………………………...28 3.5.8 Economic………………………………………………………………........28 4.0 Identification, Evaluation and Selection of Strategies and Measures……………..29 4.1 Protective Areas as Adaptive Measure………………………………….......30 4.2 Village gardening……………………………………………………………..31 4.3 Village Banking……………………………………………………………….31 4.4 Erosion Control……………………………………………………………….32 5.0 Criteria for Evaluating Effectiveness of Strategies and Measures………………...32 6.0 Program Support Elements………………………………………………………......32 6.1 National Policies for Management of Environment…………………………….33 6.2 Integrated Coastal and Marine Conservation and Management………………33 6.3 Institutional Framework for Natural Resource Management………………….33 6.4 Instructional Acts ………………………………………………………………....33 7.0 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands…………………………………………………….36 8.0 Environmental Education……………………………………………………………..37 9.0 Conclusion……………………………………………………….……………………..37 10.0 References……………………………………………………………………………39 11.0 Appendix……………………………………………………………………………...41 12.0 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………..41 2 List of Abbreviations CCLME Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem DOF Department of Fisheries DPH Department of Public Health DPWM Department of Parks and Wildlife Management FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FC Fecal Coliform GBA Greater Banjul Area GEAP Gambia Environmental Action Plan GNSSP Gambia National Shellfish Sanitary Program ICAM II Integrated Coastal and Marine Management IRD Institution for Research and Development LGA Local Government Act MPA Marine Protected Areas NAWEC National Water and Electricity Cooperation NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan NEA National Environment Agency NEMA National Environment Management Act NGO Non Government Organization PAGE Program for Accelerated Growth and Employment PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategic Paper URI University of Rhode Island WWF World Wide Fund for Nature List of Table 1. Funded project by UNDP 2. Fisheries Contribution to Gross Domestic Production (GDP) 3. Head Fisherman by Fisheries Administrative Area List of Figures 1. Map of the Gambia 2. Fecal and total coliforms at Wenchu 3. Animals located close to the estuary 4. Local latrine by the estuary at Wenchu 5. The Gambia marine and estuarine ecosystem health 6. Litter thrown in the Wetlands 7. Settlement inside the Marine Protected Area (MPA) 8. A scenery of mangrove die-back along Bintang Bolong 9. Groundnut shell dumped at the Tanbi (Kamalo) 10. Deposits of tires and other rubbish in the mangroves 11. Women thought how to pick cockles 3 12. Oysters attached on mangrove roots 13. Ropes deepen in water for oyster culture 14. Team collecting matured propagules 15. Storage method of propagules 16. Removing caps covering the shoots 17. Plating two meters between rows 18. Vegetable gardening 19. Women village banking 4 Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude to Khallahi Brahim and the entire CCLME Project team for having confidence in me to conduct the national report on Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Base Activities in The Gambia. Thanks to the lead consultant Dr. Jacques ABE for his brilliant methodology and guidelines necessary for conducting the study, especially his suggestions for the preparatory phase of the work and the important comments. Special thanks are directed to the Statistical Unit of the Fisheries Department, Staff of national Environment Agency, Department of Water Resources, Department of Parks and Wildlife Management, Forestry Department, Department of Tourism, Gambia Maritime, Coordinator Wash Project for the valuable information provided and discussions shared Special thanks to my family for their support. 5 1.0 INTRODUCTION The major threats to the health, productivity and biodiversity of the marine environment result from human activities on land -in coastal areas and further inland. Most of the pollution load of the oceans, including municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes and run-off, as well as atmospheric deposition, emanates from such land-based activities and affects the most productive areas of the marine environment, including estuaries and near-shore coastal waters. These areas are likewise threatened by physical alteration of the coastal environment, including destruction of habitats of vital importance for ecosystem health. Moreover, contaminants which pose risks to human health and living resources are transported long distances by watercourses, ocean currents and atmospheric processes. The bulk of the world's population lives in coastal areas, and there is a continuing trend towards its concentration in these regions. The health, well-being and, in some cases, the very survival of coastal populations depend upon the health and well-being of coastal systems -estuaries and wetlands -as well as their associated watersheds and drainage basins and near-shore coastal waters. Ultimately, sustainable patterns of human activity in coastal areas depend upon a healthy marine environment, and vice versa. 1.2 Aims of the Global Programme of Action The Global Programme of Action aims at preventing the degradation of the marine environment from land-based activities by facilitating the realization of the duty of States to preserve and protect the marine environment. It is designed to assist States in taking actions individually or jointly within their respective policies, priorities and resources, which will lead to the prevention, reduction, control and/or elimination of the degradation of the marine environment, as well as to its recovery from the impacts of land-based activities. Achievement of the aims of the Programme of Action will contribute to maintaining and, where appropriate, restoring the productive capacity and biodiversity of the marine environment, ensuring the protection of human health, as well as promoting the conservation and sustainable use of marine living resources. 1.3 The global programme of action The Programme of Action, therefore, is designed to be a source of conceptual and practical guidance to be drawn upon by national and/or regional authorities in devising and implementing sustained action to prevent, reduce, control and/or eliminate marine degradation from land-based activities. Effective implementation of this Programme of Action is a crucial and essential step forward in the protection of the marine environment and will promote the objectives and goals of sustainable development. 6 The Global Programme of Action reflects the fact that States face a growing number of commitments flowing from Agenda 21 and related conventions. Its implementation will require new approaches by, and new forms of collaboration among, Governments, organizations and institutions with responsibilities and expertise relevant to marine and coastal areas, at all levels - national, regional and global. These include the promotion of innovative
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