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MAW-001 Animal Welfare Science and Ethics Volume 1 Block /Unit Title Page No. BLOCK 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL WELFARE 5 AND BEHAVIOUR Unit 1 Animal Welfare - An Overview 7 Unit 2 Scientific Understanding of Animal Welfare 20 Unit 3 Animal Behaviour 34 Unit 4 Human-Animal Interaction 53 Unit 5 Animal Welfare Evolution - History and Variation 75 BLOCK 2 CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL WELFARE 95 Unit 6 Concepts of Animal Welfare - An Overview 97 Unit 7 Overview of the Five Freedoms 117 BLOCK 3 FIVE FREEDOMS 141 Unit 8 Freedom from Hunger, Thirst and Malnutrition 143 Unit 9 Freedom from Thermal and Physical Discomfort 163 Unit 10 Freedom from Pain, Injury and Disease 175 Unit 11 Freedom to Express Normal Behaviour 187 Unit 12 Freedom from Fear and Distress 197 PROGRAMME DESIGN COMMITTEE Dr. Arun Verma Dr. Manilal Valliyate Prof. B. K. Pattanaik Assistant Director General (Retd.) CEO, People for the Ethical SOEDS, IGNOU, New Delhi ICAR, New Delhi Treatment of Animals (India) Prof. Nehal A. Farooquee New Delhi Dr. K.V.H. Sastry SOEDS, IGNOU, New Delhi Principal Scientist Mr. N.G. Jayasimha Dr. Pradeep Kumar ICAR-NIANP, Bangalore Director (India) SOEDS, IGNOU, New Delhi Humane Society International Dr. V.K. Arora Hyderabad Dr. Nisha Varghese Joint Commissioner (AH) SOEDS, IGNOU, New Delhi Ministry of Fisheries, Ms. Khushboo Gupta Animal Husbandry and Dairying Project Manager Dr. Grace Don Nemching New Delhi World Animal Protection SOEDS, IGNOU, New Delhi New Delhi Col. (Dr) Narbir Singh Prof. P.V.K. Sasidhar The Remount and Veterinary Corps Dr. P. Vijaykumar SOEDS, IGNOU, New Delhi New Delhi Associate Professor (Programme Coordinator) SOA, IGNOU, New Delhi Dr. S.B. Prasanna Associate Professor (LPM) Dr. Mita Sinha Mahapatra College of Veterinary Science Associate Professor, SOA Bangalore IGNOU, New Delhi COURSE PREPARATION TEAM Unit Writing Dr. Kenny Rutherford Prof. Cathy Dwyer SRUC, Edinburgh, UK (Units 10,11,12) JMICAWE, University of Edinburgh Format Editing UK (Units 1,2,6,7) Prof. P.V.K. Sasidhar Dr. Simon Turner SOEDS, IGNOU, New Delhi SRUC, Edinburgh Content and Language Editing UK (Unit 3) Prof. Cathy Dwyer Dr. Melanie Connor Director, The Jeanne Marchig SRUC, Edinburgh, UK (Unit 4) International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, Dr. Michael Appleby University of Edinburgh, UK JMICAWE, University of Edinburgh, UK (Unit 5) Prof. P.V.K. Sasidhar SOEDS, IGNOU, New Delhi Prof. Marie Haskell SRUC, Edinburgh, UK (Units 8,9) Programme & Course Coordinator: Prof. P.V.K.Sasidhar <[email protected]> PRINT PRODUCTION Mr. Rajiv Girdhar Mr. Hemant Parida AR, (Pub.), MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi SO, (Pub.), MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi August, 2020 © Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2020 ISBN: All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeography or any other means, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open University. Further information on the Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from the University’s Office at Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110 068 or visit our website: http://www.ignou.ac.in Printed and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, by Registrar, MPDD, IGNOU. Laser Typeset by: Tessa Media & Computers, C-206, A.F.E.-II, Okhla, New Delhi Printed at : MAW-001 ANIMAL WELFARE SCIENCE AND ETHICS Dear Learner, Welcome to ‘MAW-001’, the first course under ‘PG Diploma in Animal Welfare’ programme. The theme of the Self Learning Material (SLM) under this course is ‘Animal Welfare Science and Ethics’. Animal welfare education is a multidisciplinary subject which is evolving rapidly, with welfare science and ethics as one of the core components. Animal welfare is supported by animal welfare science, the practice of research that endeavours to provide evidence to support our understanding of animal welfare. Animal welfare can be an emotionally charged subject, and sometimes we may react based on feelings or intuitions alone – we may not like to see something and our immediate response might be to condemn it. However, ethics is about reasoning and is important in our treatment of animals as it allows us to make rational decisions about appropriate ways to treat animals. Animal welfare science and ethics together considers what is right and wrong about the ways that we use and interact with animals. However, to avoid some of the misconceptions, we need to take an evidence-based approach to animal welfare, where we ask scientific questions about: What animals want or need, and how much it causes them to suffer if these things are not available? Why should we be concerned about animal welfare and what is the scientific basis for that? What are the global variations in animal welfare approaches? What are different views of animal welfare, animal rights and animal cruelty? What are the optimal, minimum and absolute animal welfare standards? How can we apply animal behaviour knowledge to improve animal welfare and human-animal relationships? What are the comprehensive frameworks of animal welfare - five freedoms, five domains and welfare quality criteria and principles? Why welfare assessment or audit and what are the methods to improve animal welfare? What is the interrelation between animal ethics, sentience and welfare and how to apply ethical reasoning to animal welfare? What is the role of veterinarians in animal welfare? In short, the essence of this course ‘MAW-001 Animal Welfare Science and Ethics’ is to provide answers to the above questions and make you understand these concepts. For your convenience and easy handling, the 22 units of SLM are presented in two volumes with three blocks each. Each volume deals largely with the concepts in the block to which that volume relates. However, both the volumes are connected in such a way that after completing all 22 units, you will gain a better knowledge, understanding, practical and professional skills in animal welfare science and ethics. Block 1, Introduction to Animal Welfare and Behaviour with five units deals with the outline of animal welfare, scientific understanding of animal welfare, animal behaviour, human-animal interaction and animal welfare evolution-history and variation. Block 2, Concepts of Animal Welfare with two units gives an overview on the concepts of animal welfare and five freedoms. Block 3, Five Freedoms with five units discusses comprehensively the five freedoms viz., hunger, thirst and malnutrition; thermal and physical discomfort; pain, injury and disease; express normal behaviour, and; fear and distress. Block 4, Animal Welfare - Assessment and Audit with three units deals with animal welfare assessment, animal welfare assessment methods and animal welfare auditing. Block 5, Improving Animal Welfare with three units exemplifies improving animal welfare through social conditions, human contact and genetic selection. Block 6, Ethics and Animal Welfare with four units illustrates animal ethics and sentience, animal welfare ethical theories and role of veterinarians in animal welfare. MAW - 001 Animal Welfare Science and Ethics Block 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL WELFARE AND BEHAVIOUR UNIT 1 Animal Welfare - An Overview 7 UNIT 2 Scientific Understanding of Animal Welfare 20 UNIT 3 Animal Behaviour 34 UNIT 4 Human – Animal Interaction 53 UNIT 5 Animal Welfare Evolution - History and Variation 75 Introduction to Animal Welfare and Behaviour BLOCK 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL WELFARE AND BEHAVIOUR Animal welfare is a property of the animal and reflects in its behaviour. Therefore, the knowledge of normal or abnormal behaviours and their causes helps in understanding animal welfare scientifically. The purpose of this block is to make you understand the basic concept of animal welfare, scientific understanding of animal welfare, animal behaviour, human-animal interaction and animal welfare evolution-history and variation. UNIT 1, Animal Welfare - An Overview delineates the concept of animal welfare, animal rights and animal cruelty, why should we be concerned about animal welfare?, and ethical / moral concerns about the lives of animals. UNIT 2, Scientific Understanding of Animal Welfare focuses on scientific basis of animal welfare (biological functioning, naturalness and feelings and emotions), evidence based approaches to animal welfare and animal welfare standards (optimal, minimum and absolute standards). UNIT 3, Animal Behaviour describes the meaning of animal behaviour, interrelationship between normal behaviour, natural behaviour and animal welfare, understanding abnormal behaviours and their causes, mismatch between the animal and its environment, behavioural needs, types of abnormal behaviours, welfare consequences of abnormal behaviour and use of behavioural knowledge in the management of animals. UNIT 4, Human – Animal Interaction deals with the concept of anthrozoology, classification of animal kingdom, domestication of animals, positive and negative interactions and different purposes of human - animal interactions. UNIT 5, Animal Welfare Evolution - History and Variation outlines antiquity and domestication, historical changes and global variations in animal welfare. 6 Animal Welfare - UNIT 1 ANIMAL WELFARE - AN OVERVIEW An Overview Structure 1.1 Learning Outcomes 1.2 Introduction 1.3 What is Animal Welfare? 1.4 Why Should We Be Concerned About Animal Welfare? 1.4.1 Ethical / Moral Concerns about the Lives of Animals 1.4.2 Human Health and Animal Products Quality Concerns 1.4.3 Environmental and Biodiversity Concerns 1.4.4 Trading and Marketing of Animal Products Concerns 1.4.5 Individual Concerns for Animal Welfare 1.4.6 Organisational Concern for Animal Welfare 1.5 Different Views of Animal Welfare 1.5.1 Animal Welfare 1.5.2 Animal Rights 1.5.3 Animal Cruelty 1.6 Let Us Sum Up 1.7 Keywords 1.8 Bibliography and Further Reading 1.9 Self Assessment Exercises 1.10 Answers/Hints to Check Your Progress 1.1 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Knowledge and Understanding : When you have studied this unit, you will be able to: Understand the concept of animal welfare and sentience. Be aware of how different viewpoints exist and how animal welfare differs from other terms relating to the use of animals.
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