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Finite EI Ernent Analysis of Fracture in Concrete Structures

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Finite EI Ernent Analysis of Fracture in Concrete Structures ~ daneshlink.com AC1 446-3R-ENGL 1i997 m Obb2949 0537950 172 D AC1 446.3R-97 . Finite EIernent Analysis of Fracture in Concrete Structures: State-of-the-Art Reported by AC1 Committee 446 american concrete institute P.O. BOX 9094 FARMINGTON HILLS, MI 48333 international" --```````,,,,,```,`,`````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=University of Texas Revised Sub Account/5620001114, User=yuyuio, rtyru No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 01/26/2015 03:34:12 MST Daneshlink.com daneshlink.com First printing, January 1998 Finite Element Analysis of Fracture in Concrete Structures: State-of -the-Art Most AC1 Standards and committee reports reports in the general areas of materials and are gathered together in the annually revised properties of concrete, construction practices AC1 Manual of Concrete Practice. The several and inspection, pavements and slabs, struc- volumes are arranged to group related material tural design and analysis, structural specifica- together and may be purchased individually or tions, and special products and processes. in setS.The AC1 Manual of Concrete Practice is also available on CD-ROM. A complete catalog of all AC1 publications is AC1 Committees prepare standards and available without charge. American Concrete Institute P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094 AC1 Certification Programs Enhancement of AC1 Documents The final quality of a concrete structure depends on The technical committees responsible for AC1 committee qualified people to construct it. AC1 certification pro- reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omis- grams identify craftsmen, technicians, and inspectors sions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these who have demonstrated their qualifications. The follow- efforts, the users of AC1 documents occasionally find ing programs are administered by AC1 to fulfill the grow- information or requirements that may be subject to more ing demand in the industry for certified workers: than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incor- rect. Concrete Flatwork Finisher To assist in the effort for accuracy and clarity, the Concrete Flatwork Technician Technical Activities Committee solicits the help of indi- Concrete Field Testing Technician-GradeI viduals using AC1 reports and standards in identifying and eliminating problems that may be associated with Concrete Strengfh Testing Technician their use. Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician-GradeI Users who have suggestions for the improvement of AC1 documents are requested to contact the AC1 Engi- Concrete--```````,,,,,```,`,`````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Laboratory Testing Technician-GmdeII concrete Constndon Inspector-ln-Training neering Department in writing, with the following infor- mation: Concrete Construction Inspector 1. Tile and number of the document containing the Concrete Transportation Construction problem and specific section in the document; Inspector-//+Training 2. Concise description of the problem; Concrete Transportation Construction Inspector 3. If possible, suggested revisions for mitigating the problem. This document may already contain reference to these The Institute’s Engineering Staff will review and take AC1 certification programs, which can be incorporated appropriate action on all comments and suggestions into project specifications or quality control procedures. received. Members as well as nonmembers of the Insti- , If not, suggested guide specifications are available on tute are encouraged to assist in enhancing the accuracy request from the AC1 Certification Department. and usefulness of AC1 documents. + Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=University of Texas Revised Sub Account/5620001114, User=yuyuio, rtyru No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 01/26/2015 03:34:12 MST Daneshlink.com - ~ ~~ daneshlink.com STD-AC1 446.3R-ENGL 1997 IPI Ob62949 0537952 T45 U AC1 446.3R-97 Finite Element Analysis of Fracture in Concrete Structures: State-of-t he-Art Reported by AC1 Committee 446 Waiter Gerstle'Z David Secretary and Suòcommittee Co-Chai- Subcommittee Co-Chainnan Farhadhsari YeOU-Sheng Jens Philip C. Perdis ïdenek P. Ba~ant'~ Mohammad T. Kazemi Gilles Pijaudier-Cabot oral Buyukozh~rk~'~ Neven Krstulovic victor E. saouma'" Ignaciocarol' vim C. Li Widsuaris Rolf Eligehausen Jacky NIazars Stuart E. swart^',^ Shu-Jin Fang'v3 Steven L. ~d~abe'd Tianxi Tang Ravindra Mu Christian Meyer Tatsuya Tsubaki Toshiaki Hasegawa Hirou> Mihashi' Cumaraswamy Vipuianandan Neil M.Hawkins Richard A. Miller Methi Wecharataua Anthony R ~ngraffeal*~ Sidney Mindess Yunping Xi Jeremy isenbea C. Dean Nomian Former member: Sheng-Taur Fracture is an importan! mode of deformntion and damage in both plain Keywords: Concrete; crack; cracking; damage; discrete cracking; finite and reulfomd concrete structures. To accurutely predictfrecn<rebehavios clement analysis; fracture; fracture mechanics; reinforced concrete; mc- it is ofren necessary to use finite element anaìysis. This repon describes the tures; size effect; smeared cracking. state-of-the-artof finite element analysis of fracture in concrete. The two aùmyuuU techniques used in finite element modeüng of fracture-lhe dis- CONTENTS crete and the smeared approaches- described Examples ofjìnite eie- ment analysis of cracking and fracture of plain and reinfoorced concrete Chapter l-lntroduction, p. 446.3R-2 struciures are summarized While almost ail wncrete structures cd 1.1-Background some structures are fmresensitive. while orhers are not. Therefore, in 1.2-Scope of report some instances it is necessary to use a consistent and accurate fraaure model in thefinite element analysis ofa structure. For the most general anà Chapter 2-Discrete crack models, p. 446.3R-3 predictive finite element amlyses, it is desimble to allow cracking to be 2.1-Historical background represented using both the &Crete and the smeared approaches. 2.2-Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFT@ 2.3-Fictitious Crack Model (FCM) 2.4-Automatic remeshing aigonthms ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Radices, and Commen- taries are intenàed for guidance in planning, designing, executing, Chapter 3-Smeared crack models, p. 446.3R-13 and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the 3. I-Reasons for using smeared crack models use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the signifi- 3.2-Localkation limiters cance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete instimte disclaims any and aii Chapter &Literature review of FEM fracture mechanics analyses, 446.3R-16 responsibility for the principles. 'Ibe Institute shaii be iia- p. stated not 4.l-Ge.neral ble for any loss or damage arisiig therefrom. Reference to this document shaii not be made in contract docu- AC1 446.3R-97 became &&ve October 16,1997. ments. if items found in this document are desired by the Archi- Copyright @ 1998, Amencan Concrete Instilute.. AU rights nmved including rights of reproduction and use in any fonn or by any tecffigineer to be a part of the mmct documents, they shaü be means, incieg thc making of wpies by any pboto pnicess. or by clectrorw: or restated in mandatgr ianguage for incorporation by the Architect/ mdianical device, printed. wriaen, oromi, or recordingfor or visuai ?prod-- tion or for use in any knawldgc or retrieval system oc device, unless punussion in Engineer. writing is obtained from thc copyright pmpridors. --```````,,,,,```,`,`````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---4465R-1 Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=University of Texas Revised Sub Account/5620001114, User=yuyuio, rtyru No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 01/26/2015 03:34:12 MST Daneshlink.com daneshlink.com 4.2-Plain concrete The two main approaches used in FEM analysis to represent 4.3-Reinforced concrete cracking in concrete structures have been to 1) model cracks 4.4-Closure discretely (discrete crack approach); and 2) model cracks in a smeared fashion by applying an equivalent theory of con- Chapter !j-Conclusions, p. 446.3R-26 tinuum mechanics (smeared crack approach). A third ap- 5.1-General summary proach involves modeling the heterogeneous constituents of 5.2-Future work concrete at the size deof the aggregate (discrete particle approach) (Bazant et ai. 1990). Chapter &References, p. 446.3R-27 Kaplan (1961) seems to have been the fmt to have per- formed physical experiments regarding the fracme mechan- AppendixGlossary, p. 446.3R-32 ics of concrete structures. He applied the Chiffith (1920) fracture theory (modified in the middle of this century to be- CHAPTER 14NTRODUCTION come the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics, or in this report, the state-of-the-art in hnite element modeiing LEW to evaluate experiments on concrete beams with of coneis viewed from a fracture mechanics perspective. crack-simulating notches. Kaplan concluded, with some res- Although finite element methais for modeling fmcture are un- ervations, that the Griffith concept (of a critical potential en- dergoing considemble change, the reader is presented with a ergy release rate or critical stress intensity factor being a snapshot of current mgand selected iiterature on the topic. condition for crack propagation) is applicable to concrete. His reservations
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