GRADE EIGHT

PERSONAL GROWTH, PART II: THE HUMAN COMMUNITY

JOURNEYING WITH Others

Developing relationships with others and God is essential to becoming our true selves.

OBJECTIVES

• 4OÏHELPÏTHEÏYOUNGÏADOLESCENTÏUNDERSTANDÏTHEÏELEMENTSÏWHICHÏAREÏESSENTIALÏTOÏDEVELOP- INGÏPOSITIVEÏRELATIONSHIPS • 4OÏHELPÏTHEÏYOUNGÏADOLESCENTÏUNDERSTANDÏTHATÏTRUEÏCOMMUNITYÏISÏBUILTÏONÏHONEST ÏLOV- ing and respectful relationships.

Grade Eight | Personal Growth, Part II: The Human Community 63 I. THE NATURE AND PURPOSE OF RELATIONSHIPS

4HROUGHOUTÏOURÏLIVESÏWEÏDEVELOPÏRELATIONSHIPSÏWITHÏMANYÏPEOPLEÏ4OÏALLÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPSÏnÏWITHÏ'OD ÏWITHÏ FAMILY ÏWITHÏOTHERSÏnÏWEÏBRINGÏOURSELVESÏ/URÏEXPERIENCESÏINÏTHESEÏRELATIONSHIPSÏENABLEÏUSÏTOÏDISCOVERÏWHOÏWEÏ AREÏANDÏHOWÏWEÏRELATEÏTOÏOTHERSÏ4HEÏVARIOUSÏRELATIONSHIPSÏWEÏHAVEÏTHROUGHOUTÏOURÏLIVES ÏEVENÏTHEÏDIFlCULT Ï HURTFULÏORÏDISAPPOINTINGÏONES ÏCANÏBEÏAÏSOURCEÏOFÏGROWTHÏBECAUSEÏOFÏ'ODSÏGRACE1 [1936, 1946, 1996-97]

!Ï#REATEDÏASÏ2ELATIONALÏ"EINGS

4HEÏ"OOKÏOFÏ'ENESISÏREVEALSÏTHATÏ'ODÏCREATEDÏUSÏTOÏBEÏINÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'ODÏANDÏWITHÏONEÏANOTHERÏ/URÏ SEEKINGÏANDÏNEEDINGÏRELATIONSHIPSÏmOWSÏFROMÏOURÏVERYÏNATUREÏASÏCREATEDÏBYÏ'ODÏ; Ï Ï=

Created in the image of God, who is a Trinity of persons, we are called to mirror in our own relationships the RELATIONSHIPÏOFÏLOVEÏAMONGÏTHEÏDIVINEÏPERSONSÏ; Ï Ï Ï Ï=

)NÏ"APTISMÏWEÏAREÏMADEÏAÏNEWÏCREATIONÏINÏ#HRISTÏ/URÏRELATIONSHIPSÏWITHÏ'ODÏANDÏOTHERSÏAREÏTRANSFORMEDÏANDÏ RAISEDÏTOÏAÏNEWÏLEVELÏBYÏGRACEÏ4HROUGHÏTHEÏPOWERÏOFÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRIT ÏITÏBECOMESÏPOSSIBLEÏFORÏUSÏTOÏLOVEÏASÏ*ESUSÏ taught us. [1265-66, 1694-95, 1709, 1997, 1999-2000]

"Ï,OVEÏ4HEÏ#ORNERSTONEÏOFÏ!LLÏ2ELATIONSHIPS

"EFOREÏHISÏPASSIONÏANDÏDEATH Ï*ESUSÏSAIDÏTOÏHISÏDISCIPLES Ïh)ÏGIVEÏYOUÏAÏNEWÏCOMMANDMENTÏLOVEÏONEÏANOTHERÏ !SÏ)ÏHAVEÏLOVEDÏYOU ÏSOÏYOUÏALSOÏSHOULDÏLOVEÏONEÏANOTHERÏ4HISÏISÏHOWÏALLÏWILLÏKNOWÏTHATÏYOUÏAREÏMYÏDISCIPLES Ï IFÏYOUÏHAVEÏLOVEÏFORÏONEÏANOTHERvÏ*OHNÏ 

/NEÏOFÏOURÏMOSTÏBASICÏHUMANÏNEEDSÏISÏTOÏLOVEÏANDÏBEÏLOVEDÏ7HENÏWEÏSEEKÏTOÏFORMÏRELATIONSHIPS ÏWEÏAREÏTRYINGÏ TOÏFULlLLÏTHISÏNEEDÏ;  Ï=

!LLÏGENUINEÏLOVEÏCOMESÏFROMÏ'ODÏh'ODÏISÏLOVE ÏANDÏTHOSEÏWHOÏABIDEÏINÏLOVEÏABIDEÏINÏ'OD ÏANDÏ'ODÏINÏTHEMvÏ (1 John 4:16). [218-21, 257]

)NÏORDERÏTOÏLOVEÏOTHERSÏANDÏLETÏOTHERSÏLOVEÏUS ÏWEÏMUSTÏLOVEÏOURSELVESÏ,EARNINGÏTOÏLOVEÏOURSELVESÏBEGINSÏWITHÏTHEÏ REALIZATIONÏTHATÏ'ODÏLOVEDÏUSÏlRSTÏ)NDEED ÏIFÏ'ODÏDIDÏNOTÏLOVEÏUS ÏWEÏWOULDÏNOTÏEVENÏEXISTÏ!WARENESSÏOFÏ'ODSÏ PARTICULARÏLOVEÏFORÏEACHÏOFÏUSÏLEADSÏUSÏTOÏAPPRECIATEÏTHATÏOURÏLIFEÏISÏSACREDÏANDÏWEÏAREÏPRECIOUSÏINÏ'ODSÏSIGHTÏ 4HISÏAWARENESSÏENABLESÏUSÏTOÏSEEKÏSELF KNOWLEDGEÏHONESTLYÏANDÏCOURAGEOUSLYÏ3ELF KNOWLEDGE ÏINÏTURN ÏCANÏHELPÏ USÏTOÏUNDERSTANDÏANDÏACCEPTÏOURSELVESÏASÏWEÏARE ÏEVENÏWITHÏOURÏLIMITATIONSÏANDÏWEAKNESSESÏ; Ï  Ï=

"YÏITSELF ÏHOWEVER ÏSELF LOVEÏISÏNOTÏENOUGHÏ7EÏAREÏCALLEDÏTOÏLOVEÏOTHERSÏ)NÏEVERYÏSTAGEÏOFÏOURÏLIVES Ï'ODÏGIVESÏUSÏ THEÏGRACEÏTOÏREACHÏOUTÏBEYONDÏOURSELVESÏANDÏOURÏOWNÏCONCERNSÏANDÏTOÏLOVEÏOTHERSÏ(OWEVER ÏDIFFERENTÏKINDSÏOFÏ LOVEÏAREÏAPPROPRIATEÏTOÏDIFFERENTÏKINDSÏOFÏRELATIONSHIPSÏ; Ï Ï Ï Ï= • Family Love is shared by family members, including that of a parent for a child, a child for a parent, spous- es for each other, and siblings for each other. [2227-28] • Friendship ISÏTHEÏDEEP ÏTENDERÏAFFECTIONÏWHICHÏEXISTSÏBETWEENÏFRIENDSÏ&RIENDSHIPÏINCLUDESÏSHAREDÏINTERESTSÏ ASÏWELLÏASÏMUTUALÏTRUSTÏANDÏENJOYMENTÏOFÏONEÏANOTHERSÏCOMPANYÏ;=

Ï $IFlCULTÏORÏHURTFULÏEXPERIENCESÏDOÏNOTÏOBLIGATEÏONEÏTOÏENDUREÏBULLYING ÏABUSE ÏORÏOTHERÏHARMFULÏTREATMENTÏFROMÏOTHERSÏ

64 Grade Eight | Personal Growth, Part II: The Human Community • ErosÏISÏPASSIONATEÏHUMANÏLOVEÏWHICHÏCANÏEXISTÏBETWEENÏAÏMANÏANDÏAÏWOMANÏ%ROSÏALWAYSÏSEEKSÏUNIONÏANDÏ THUSÏINCLUDESÏSEXUALÏLOVEÏ; Ï Ï= • Agape ISÏAÏCONSCIOUSÏCHOICEÏTOÏWILLÏTHEÏGOODÏOFÏANOTHERÏ)TÏISÏNOTÏAÏFEELINGÏ4HISÏ#HRISTIANÏLOVEÏTREATSÏALLÏWITHÏ KINDNESSÏNOÏMATTERÏWHATÏTHEYÏMAYÏHAVEÏDONEÏTOÏUS ÏNOÏMATTERÏWHETHERÏWEÏLIKEÏTHEMÏORÏTHEYÏLIKEÏUSÏ4HISÏ ISÏTHEÏLOVEÏTHATÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏENABLESÏUSÏTOÏHAVEÏFORÏOTHERSÏ; Ï=

$URINGÏOURÏLIFETIMEÏWEÏWILLÏPROBABLYÏEXPERIENCEÏTHESEÏDIFFERENTÏKINDSÏOFÏLOVEÏTHROUGHÏOURÏVARIOUSÏRELATION- SHIPSÏ3OMEÏOFÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPSÏMAYÏWELLÏINVOLVEÏMOREÏTHANÏONEÏKINDÏOFÏLOVE

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

2EADÏANDÏREmECTÏWITHÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏONÏÏ#ORINTHIANSÏ Ï4ELLÏTHEMÏTHISÏPASSAGEÏDESCRIBESÏHOWÏ 'ODÏCALLSÏUSÏTOÏLOVEÏONEÏANOTHER • (AVEÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏREWRITEÏVERSESÏÏTHROUGHÏÏOFÏTHEÏPASSAGE ÏANDÏINÏPLACEÏOFÏTHEÏWORDÏhLOVEvÏINÏ EACHÏVERSE ÏHAVEÏTHEMÏSUBSTITUTEÏTHEÏNAMEÏOFÏSOMEONEÏTHEYÏKNOWÏWHOMÏTHEÏDESCRIPTIONÏlTS • )NVITEÏTHEMÏTOÏCONSIDERÏWHATÏTHEÏPHRASE ÏhTOÏENDURE vÏMEANSÏINÏTHEÏSCRIPTUREÏPASSAGE • )NVITEÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏREmECTÏAGAINÏONÏVERSESÏÏTHROUGHÏÏAND ÏINÏPLACEÏOFÏTHEÏWORDÏhLOVEvÏINÏEACHÏ VERSE ÏHAVEÏTHEMÏSUBSTITUTEÏTHEIRÏOWNÏNAMEÏWHEREVERÏTHEÏDESCRIPTIONÏlTS !SKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏSHAREÏWHATÏTHEYÏHAVEÏLEARNEDÏFROMÏTHISÏEXPERIENCEÏ2EMINDÏTHEMÏOFÏTHEÏEARLYÏ #HRISTIANSÏANDÏTHEÏLOVEÏTHEYÏHADÏFORÏONEÏANOTHERÏ#ONCLUDEÏWITHÏTHEÏFOLLOWINGÏPRAYER Gracious God, may your Son, Jesus Christ, help us to grow in his way of love. Help up to understand how others should be treated and how we should behave. Give us the grace to love as Jesus did. Amen.

II. THE VALUE OF RELATIONSHIPS

4HROUGHÏOURÏINTERACTIONSÏWITHÏOTHERS ÏWEÏCANÏCOMEÏTOÏKNOWÏOURSELVESÏBETTERÏ7EÏCOMEÏTOÏNEWÏINSIGHTSÏASÏWEÏ struggle to express our thoughts and feelings. [1879-80]

!SÏWEÏLISTENÏTOÏOTHERS ÏWEÏGROWÏINÏOURÏKNOWLEDGEÏOFÏTHEMÏASÏWELLÏ/URÏRELATIONSHIPSÏWITHÏOTHERSÏWIDENÏOURÏ EXPERIENCEÏANDÏCANÏENRICHÏOURÏLIVESÏ; Ï  Ï Ï=

4HROUGHÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPSÏWITHÏOTHERSÏWEÏMAKEÏAÏCONTRIBUTIONÏTOÏTHEÏWORLDÏINÏWHICHÏWEÏLIVEÏ7ITHÏOTHERSÏWEÏ STRIVEÏTOÏCONTRIBUTEÏTOÏTHEÏCOMMONÏGOODÏANDÏBUILDÏAÏMOREÏJUST ÏLOVINGÏANDÏPEACEFULÏSOCIETYÏ;  Ï =

4HROUGHÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPSÏWITHÏOTHERS ÏWEÏCANÏALSOÏCOMEÏTOÏKNOWÏ'ODÏBETTERÏ; Ï= • 4HEÏGIFTSÏANDÏGOODNESSÏOFÏEACHÏPERSONÏREmECTÏSOMETHINGÏOFÏTHEÏ#REATORÏWHOÏCALLEDÏTHATÏPERSONÏINTOÏBEINGÏ [41, 48] • 4HEÏ'OSPELSÏPROMISEÏUSÏTHATÏWHENÏWEÏRELATEÏINÏAÏLOVINGÏWAYÏTOÏTHOSEÏWHOÏAREÏPOOR ÏWEAK ÏSUFFERINGÏORÏINÏ need, we will see the face of God in them. [2443-44, 2463]

Grade Eight | Personal Growth, Part II: The Human Community 65 2ELATIONSHIPSÏFOUNDEDÏONÏJUSTICE ÏLOVEÏANDÏMUTUALÏRESPECTÏALSOÏHELPÏTOÏBUILDÏUPÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏTHEÏBODYÏOFÏ#HRISTÏ [798, 2045-46] • 7E ÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏAREÏCALLEDÏINTOÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏONEÏANOTHERÏBYÏ'ODÏINÏ#HRISTÏ4HEÏ#HURCHÏISÏLIKEÏAÏFAM- ILY ÏSTRIVINGÏTOÏLOVEÏANDÏENCOURAGEÏONEÏANOTHERÏ;  Ï= • 4HROUGHÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPSÏINÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏWEÏGIVEÏWITNESSÏTOÏTHEÏWORLDÏTHATÏ'ODÏISÏINÏOURÏMIDSTÏh"YÏTHISÏ EVERYONEÏWILLÏKNOWÏTHATÏYOUÏAREÏMYÏDISCIPLES ÏIFÏYOUÏHAVEÏLOVEÏFORÏONEÏANOTHERvÏ*OHNÏ Ï; Ï Ï=

4HROUGHÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPSÏWEÏHELPÏTOÏBUILDÏTHEÏKINGDOMÏOFÏ'OD ÏSUPPORTINGÏONEÏANOTHERÏINÏFAITH ÏHOPEÏANDÏ LOVEÏHEREÏONÏEARTHÏASÏWEÏLOOKÏFORWARDÏTOÏTHEÏFULlLLMENTÏOFÏ'ODSÏPROMISESÏINÏHEAVENÏ; Ï Ï=

III. FAMILY AND FRIENDS IN THE HUMAN COMMUNITY

!Ï4HEÏ&AMILYÏINÏTHEÏ0LANÏOFÏ'OD

)TÏISÏ'ODSÏWILLÏTHATÏHUMANÏLIFEÏBEÏBROUGHTÏINTOÏTHEÏWORLDÏTHROUGHÏTHEÏHUMANÏCOMMUNITYÏOFÏTHEÏFAMILYÏ#HRISTÏ HIMSELFÏWASÏBORNÏANDÏGREWÏUPÏINÏTHEÏHEARTÏOFÏAÏHUMANÏFAMILYÏ/URÏPRIMARYÏUNDERSTANDINGÏOFÏLOVEÏANDÏRELA- tionships comes to us through our experience of family. [531, 533, 2201-03, 2207]

A man and a woman, united by marriage, together with their children, form a family. [NB: The catechist/ TEACHERÏSHOULDÏDISCUSSÏTHEÏTOPICÏOFÏFAMILYÏWITHÏPASTORALÏSENSITIVITYÏTOWARDÏTHEÏACTUALÏCIRCUMSTANCESÏOFÏTHEÏ YOUNGÏPEOPLEÏ#&Ï  =Ï;=

4HEÏFAMILYÏISÏTHEÏMOSTÏBASICÏUNITÏOFÏSOCIETYÏ)TÏDESERVESÏTOÏBEÏRESPECTEDÏANDÏPROTECTEDÏBYÏLAWSÏANDÏGOVERNMENTSÏ [2202, 2210-11]

4HEÏFAMILYÏISÏRECOGNIZEDÏASÏAÏBASICÏUNITÏWITHINÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏASÏWELLÏ4HROUGHÏTHEIRÏLOVE ÏPRAYER ÏCAREÏFORÏONEÏANOTHERÏ ANDÏACTSÏOFÏSERVICEÏANDÏWITNESS ÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HRISTIANÏFAMILYÏISÏCONSIDEREDÏTOÏBEÏhTHEÏDOMESTICÏ#HURCHvÏ; =

As Catholic Christians, we understand that family relationships are characterized by rights and obligations WHICHÏ STEMÏ FROMÏ THEÏ NATURALÏ LAW Ï THEÏ 4ENÏ#OMMANDMENTS Ï *ESUSÏ ,AWÏ OFÏ ,OVE Ï ANDÏ THEÏ TEACHINGSÏ OFÏ THEÏ Church. [2214-17, 2221-29] • 0ARENTSÏHAVEÏAÏSACREDÏDUTYÏTOÏRESPECTÏTHEIRÏCHILDRENÏASÏCHILDRENÏOFÏ'ODÏANDÏASÏHUMANÏPERSONSÏ4HEYÏAREÏ RESPONSIBLEÏFORÏTHEIRÏCHILDRENSÏMORALÏANDÏSPIRITUALÏFORMATIONÏANDÏPHYSICALÏWELL BEING ÏANDÏFORÏPROVIDINGÏ AÏHOMEÏINÏWHICHÏLOVE ÏFORGIVENESS ÏRESPECTÏANDÏSERVICEÏAREÏTHEÏRULEÏ; = • #HILDRENÏHAVEÏAÏSACREDÏDUTYÏTOÏRESPECT ÏHONORÏANDÏOBEYÏTHEIRÏPARENTSÏ4HEYÏALSOÏCONTRIBUTEÏTOÏTHEÏHARMONYÏ OFÏFAMILYÏLIFEÏBYÏTREATINGÏTHEIRÏBROTHERSÏANDÏSISTERSÏWITHÏPATIENCEÏANDÏKINDNESSÏ; =

/URÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'ODÏISÏOURÏMOSTÏIMPORTANTÏRELATIONSHIPÏ"UTÏTHEÏFOURTHÏCOMMANDMENTÏMAKESÏITÏCLEARÏ THAT ÏAFTERÏ'OD ÏWEÏSHOULDÏHONORÏOURÏPARENTSÏANDÏGUARDIANS ÏWHOMÏ'ODÏHASÏGIVENÏUSÏ; Ï Ï=

"Ï/URÏ%XPERIENCEÏOFÏ&AMILY

)TÏISÏ'ODSÏDESIGNÏTHATÏOURÏPARENTSÏANDÏGUARDIANSÏINSTILLÏINÏUSÏTHEÏVALUESÏTHATÏWILLÏHELPÏUSÏLIVEÏASÏFAITHFULÏ#ATH- olics. During adolescence, our relationship with our parents is in the process of change. We want to be recog- NIZEDÏASÏMATURINGÏINDIVIDUALS ÏYETÏWEÏALSOÏNEEDÏANDÏDEPENDÏONÏOURÏPARENTS

66 Grade Eight | Personal Growth, Part II: The Human Community At the same time, our parents may also be struggling with our changes. While they desire to help us mature and become more independent and responsible, they also want to protect and help us.

/URÏRELATIONSHIPSÏWITHÏBROTHERSÏANDÏSISTERSÏALSOÏCHANGEÏASÏWEÏGROWÏ"YÏSHARINGÏOURÏTHOUGHTS ÏFEELINGSÏANDÏ INTERESTSÏWITHÏONEÏANOTHER ÏWEÏDEVELOPÏAÏDEEPERÏRESPECTÏFORÏANDÏFRIENDSHIPÏWITHÏEACHÏINDIVIDUALÏINÏOURÏFAMILY

#Ï&RIENDSHIPÏINÏTHEÏ0LANÏOFÏ'OD

&RIENDSHIPÏISÏAÏGIFTÏFROMÏ'ODÏANDÏCANÏBEÏAÏGREATÏBLESSINGÏh!ÏFRIENDÏLOVESÏATÏALLÏTIMESvÏ0ROVERBSÏ Ï; Ï=

*ESUSÏUSEDÏTHEÏIMAGEÏOFÏFRIENDSHIPÏTOÏDESCRIBEÏTHEÏRELATIONSHIPÏOFÏTRUSTÏANDÏSHARINGÏTHATÏHEÏWISHESÏTOÏHAVEÏWITHÏ USÏh)ÏDOÏNOTÏCALLÏYOUÏSERVANTSÏANYÏLONGER ÏBECAUSEÏTHEÏSERVANTÏDOESÏNOTÏKNOWÏWHATÏTHEÏMASTERÏISÏDOINGÏBUTÏ )ÏHAVEÏCALLEDÏYOUÏFRIENDSÏBECAUSEÏ)ÏHAVEÏMADEÏKNOWNÏTOÏYOUÏEVERYTHINGÏTHATÏ)ÏHAVEÏHEARDÏFROMÏMYÏ&ATHERvÏ (John 15:15) [1972, 2347]

$Ï/URÏ%XPERIENCEÏOFÏ&RIENDSHIP

$URINGÏADOLESCENCEÏWEÏlNDÏTHATÏFRIENDSÏPLAYÏANÏINCREASINGLYÏIMPORTANTÏROLEÏINÏOURÏLIVESÏ/URÏCHOICEÏOFÏFRIENDSÏ CANÏINmUENCEÏUSÏGREATLYÏWEÏMAYÏWELLÏVALUEÏTHEIRÏOPINIONSÏMOREÏTHANÏTHOSEÏOFÏANYONEÏELSEÏ7EÏSOMETIMESÏOUT- GROWÏTHEÏFRIENDSÏOFÏOURÏCHILDHOODÏOURÏINTERESTSÏCHANGEÏANDÏWEÏlNDÏOURSELVESÏCHOOSINGÏNEWÏFRIENDSÏWHOÏSHAREÏ OURÏNEWFOUNDÏINTERESTSÏANDÏHAVEÏSIMILARÏCAPABILITIESÏANDÏVALUES

!TÏTHISÏTIMEÏINÏOURÏLIVES ÏWEÏOFTENÏDEVELOPÏAÏKEENÏSENSEÏOFÏLOYALTYÏTOÏOURÏPEERÏGROUPÏANDÏITSÏINTERESTSÏ!LTHOUGHÏ WEÏAREÏSEEKINGÏTOÏASSERTÏOURÏINDEPENDENCEÏFROMÏOURÏFAMILY ÏWEÏMAYÏACTUALLYÏBEÏTRANSFERRINGÏOURÏDEPENDENCEÏ from our family to the peer group.

7EÏWILLÏGOÏTOÏGREATÏLENGTHSÏTOÏREMAINÏPARTÏOFÏTHEÏGROUPÏ7EÏAREÏTEMPTEDÏTOÏDElNEÏOURSELVESÏBYÏWHOÏOURÏFRIENDSÏ AREÏ(OWEVER ÏWEÏNEEDÏTOÏDISCOVERÏANDÏVALUEÏWHOÏWEÏAREÏAPARTÏFROMÏOURÏFRIENDSÏ7EÏAREÏBELOVEDÏOFÏ'ODÏINÏOURÏ UNIQUENESS ÏWITHÏDISTINCTÏGIFTSÏANDÏTALENTSÏTOÏTREASUREÏANDÏSHAREÏ; =

"YÏACCEPTINGÏOURSELVESÏWEÏBECOMEÏBETTERÏABLEÏTOÏBEÏFRIENDSÏWITHÏOTHERSÏ; Ï=

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

,EADÏTHEÏGROUPÏINÏTHEÏFOLLOWINGÏREmECTIONÏONÏRELATIONSHIPSÏINÏTHEIRÏLIVES • 4HINKÏOFÏTHEÏPEOPLEÏWHOÏWEREÏMOSTÏIMPORTANTÏTOÏYOUÏWHENÏYOUÏWEREÏSIXÏYEARSÏOLD • 4HINKÏOFÏTHEÏPEOPLEÏWHOÏAREÏMOSTÏIMPORTANTÏTOÏYOUÏNOW • 4HINKÏOFÏWHYÏTHEYÏAREÏIMPORTANTÏTOÏYOU • )NÏAÏSILENTÏPRAYER ÏTHANKÏ'ODÏFORÏEACHÏOFÏTHESEÏPEOPLEÏANDÏHOWÏTHEYÏHAVEÏHELPEDÏYOUÏTOÏGROWÏASÏAÏ closer friend of Jesus. • (OWÏHAVEÏYOUÏRESPONDEDÏTOÏTHEIRÏHELP Conclude by proclaiming Philippians 1:9-11.

Grade Eight | Personal Growth, Part II: The Human Community 67 IV. OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD AND CHURCH

!Ï,OVEDÏBYÏ'OD

'ODÏLOVESÏEACHÏOFÏUSÏINDIVIDUALLYÏANDÏPERSONALLYÏ)TÏISÏTHEÏLOVEÏOFÏ'ODÏTHATÏCALLSÏEACHÏPERSONÏINTOÏBEINGÏANDÏ sustains that person in being. [301, 356]

)NÏTHEÏWONDERÏOFÏ'ODSÏORIGINALÏCREATION ÏOURÏlRSTÏPARENTS Ï!DAMÏANDÏ%VE ÏHADÏANÏIMMEDIATEÏKNOWLEDGEÏOFÏ'ODSÏ CREATIVEÏANDÏSUSTAININGÏLOVEÏ'ODÏWALKEDÏINÏINTIMACYÏWITHÏTHEMÏINÏTHEÏGARDENÏANDÏCALLEDÏTHEMÏFRIENDSÏ; =

(OWEVER ÏBECAUSEÏOFÏ4HEÏ&ALLÏ'ENESISÏ  ÏTHEÏHUMANÏRACEÏBECAMEÏCONFUSEDÏANDÏLOSTÏSIGHTÏOFÏTHISÏLOVE Ï becoming estranged from God and from one another. [379, 389-400, 416]

9ET Ï'ODÏCONTINUESÏTOÏSEEKÏOUTÏEACHÏANDÏEVERYÏONEÏOFÏUS ÏTOÏRESTOREÏTHATÏRELATIONSHIPÏOFÏLOVEÏWHICHÏALONEÏCANÏ FULlLLÏTHEÏDEEPESTÏLONGINGÏOFÏTHEÏHUMANÏHEARTÏ; Ï=

)NÏTHEÏFULLNESSÏOFÏTIME Ï'ODÏSENTÏ*ESUSÏTOÏREVEALÏTHEÏIMMEASURABLEÏLOVEÏTHATÏ'ODÏHASÏFORÏEACHÏOFÏUSÏ; Ï=

"Ï#ALLEDÏINTOÏ2ELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'OD

'ODÏINVITESÏEACHÏOFÏUSÏINTOÏTHEÏMOSTÏIMPORTANTÏRELATIONSHIPÏOFÏALLÏAÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏHIMSELFÏ; Ï  Ï=

/URÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'ODÏISÏAÏGIFTÏ'ODÏFREELYÏCHOOSESÏTOÏBEÏINÏAÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏEACHÏOFÏUS ÏNOTÏBECAUSEÏOFÏ ANYTHINGÏWEÏHAVEÏDONE ÏBUTÏPURELYÏBECAUSEÏ'ODÏLOVESÏUSÏ%VENÏWHENÏWEÏSIN Ï'ODÏSEEKSÏUSÏOUTÏANDÏOFFERSÏUSÏ FORGIVENESSÏANDÏRECONCILIATIONÏ;  Ï Ï  Ï=

'ODÏWILLÏNEVERÏABANDONÏUSÏ*ESUSÏHASÏASSUREDÏUSÏTHATÏINÏSPITEÏOFÏTRIALSÏANDÏPERSECUTIONSÏINÏTHISÏLIFEÏHEÏISÏALWAYSÏ WITHÏUS ÏBRINGINGÏGOODÏOUTÏOFÏEVIL

/URÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'ODÏISÏBUILTÏTHROUGHÏFAITHÏANDÏTRUSTÏ"YÏPUTTINGÏOURÏFAITHÏANDÏTRUSTÏINÏ'ODÏDAYÏBYÏDAY Ï through all the ups and downs of life, our relationship with God grows stronger. [153-55, 163-65]

/URÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏTHEÏ4RIUNEÏ'ODÏISÏMEDIATEDÏBYÏ*ESUSÏ#HRIST ÏTHEÏSECONDÏPERSONÏOFÏTHEÏ4RINITYÏh)TÏISÏ'ODÏ THEÏONLYÏ3ON ÏEVERÏATÏTHEÏ&ATHERSÏSIDE ÏWHOÏHASÏREVEALEDÏHIMvÏ*OHNÏ Ï*ESUSÏISÏOURÏWAYÏTOÏTHEÏ&ATHERÏ; Ï 425-26, 457-58]

/URÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'ODÏDEEPENSÏANDÏGROWSÏINÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ!SÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HRISTIANSÏWEÏBELIEVEÏTHATÏTHROUGHÏ THEÏ#HURCHÏWEÏREALIZEÏOURÏCALLINGÏTOÏLIVEÏINÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'ODÏ4HEÏ#HURCHÏISÏNOTÏOPTIONALÏTOÏOURÏPERSONALÏ FAITHÏ3HEÏISÏAÏMOTHER ÏWITHOUTÏWHOMÏWEÏWOULDÏNOTÏHAVEÏLIFEÏ; Ï Ï Ï=

4HEÏlVEÏPRECEPTSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏAREÏSETÏINÏTHEÏCONTEXTÏOFÏAÏMORALÏLIFEÏBOUNDÏTOÏANDÏNOURISHEDÏBYÏLITURGICALÏLIFEÏ;= • 9OUÏSHALLÏATTENDÏ-ASSÏONÏ3UNDAYSÏANDÏONÏHOLYÏDAYSÏOFÏOBLIGATIONÏANDÏRESTÏFROMÏSERVILEÏLABOR2

• You shall confess your sins at least once a year. • 9OUÏSHALLÏRECEIVEÏTHEÏSACRAMENTÏOFÏTHEÏ%UCHARISTÏATÏLEASTÏDURINGÏTHEÏ%ASTERÏSEASON

Ï /NEÏTHESEÏDAYS ÏONEÏSHOULDÏRESTÏFROMÏWORKSÏORÏACTIVITIESÏTHATÏWOULDÏPREVENTÏONEÏFROMÏWORSHIP

68 Grade Eight | Personal Growth, Part II: The Human Community • 9OUÏSHALLÏOBSERVEÏTHEÏDAYSÏOFÏFASTINGÏANDÏABSTINENCEÏESTABLISHEDÏBYÏTHEÏ#HURCH • 9OUÏSHALLÏHELPÏTOÏPROVIDEÏFORÏTHEÏNEEDSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ; =

#Ï/URÏ%XPERIENCEÏOFÏ'ODÏANDÏ#HURCH

How we relate to God and the Church changes as we grow. • !SÏCHILDRENÏWEÏUSUALLYÏMIRRORÏTHEÏFAITHÏOFÏOURÏPARENTSÏ!SÏWEÏLEAVEÏCHILDHOODÏANDÏMOVEÏINTOÏADOLES- CENCE ÏWEÏMAYÏEXPERIENCEÏNEWÏAWAKENINGSÏOFÏMOTIVATIONÏANDÏFERVORÏINÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ*ESUSÏANDÏTHEÏ Church. [31, 35, 166, 168] • /URÏWAYSÏOFÏPRAYINGÏMAYÏCHANGEÏANDÏDEVELOPÏ7EÏSEEKÏWAYSÏOFÏCOMMUNICATINGÏWITHÏ'ODÏTHATÏREmECTÏWHOÏ we are today. [28, 2559, 2569] • !SÏWEÏMATUREÏINÏFAITH ÏQUESTIONSÏANDÏSEARCHINGÏCANÏHELPÏUSÏTOÏDEEPENÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'ODÏANDÏWITHÏ the Church. [30, 32]

'ROWTHÏINÏFAITHÏALWAYSÏINVOLVESÏSEARCHINGÏ3OMETIMESÏOURÏSEARCHINGÏANDÏOURÏQUESTIONSÏMAYÏCAUSEÏUSÏTOÏTHINKÏWEÏ AREÏLOSINGÏOURÏFAITHÏ)NÏREALITYÏOURÏQUESTIONSÏCANÏBEÏAÏSIGNÏTHATÏWEÏAREÏDEVELOPINGÏAÏMOREÏMATUREÏFAITHÏ; Ï Ï=

6Ï3OCIALÏ2ESPONSIBILITY

!SÏ#HRISTIANSÏWEÏAREÏCALLEDÏINTOÏAÏRELATIONSHIPÏOFÏLOVEÏWITHÏTHEÏWHOLEÏHUMANÏFAMILYÏ4HISÏRELATIONSHIPÏISÏBUILTÏ ONÏJUSTICEÏANDÏBLOSSOMSÏFORTHÏINÏPEACEÏ; Ï Ï  Ï= • 'ODÏCREATEDÏALLÏPEOPLESÏANDÏ#HRISTÏDIEDÏANDÏWASÏRAISEDÏUPÏFORÏTHEÏSALVATIONÏOFÏTHEÏWHOLEÏHUMANÏRACEÏ/UTÏ OFÏLOVEÏFORÏOURÏNEIGHBORS ÏTHEREFORE ÏWEÏAREÏCALLEDÏTOÏREJECTÏALLÏFORMSÏOFÏRACISMÏANDÏETHNICÏHATRED ÏANDÏTOÏ WELCOMEÏANDÏCELEBRATEÏTHEÏDIVERSEÏGIFTSÏOFÏTHEÏHUMANÏFAMILYÏ; Ï Ï Ï= • #ERTAINÏINEQUALITIESÏOFÏGIFTSÏANDÏRESOURCESÏEXISTÏAMONGÏPEOPLEÏINÏTHEÏHUMANÏCOMMUNITYÏ4HEYÏAREÏPARTÏ OFÏ'ODSÏPLANÏINSOFARÏASÏTHEYÏAREÏANÏINVITATIONÏTOÏSHAREÏANDÏTOÏHELPÏONEÏANOTHERÏ"UTÏSINFULÏINEQUALITIESÏ OFÏWEALTHÏANDÏPOWERÏALSOÏEXIST ÏWHICHÏKEEPÏPEOPLEÏINÏPOVERTYÏANDÏMISERYÏ7EÏMUSTÏSEEKÏTOÏABOLISHÏSUCHÏ SINFULÏCONDITIONSÏBYÏHELPINGÏTHEÏPOORÏANDÏWORKINGÏFORÏSOCIALÏJUSTICEÏ; Ï  Ï= • 4HEÏ'OSPELÏCALLSÏUSÏTOÏBEÏPEACEMAKERSÏINÏOURÏWORLD ÏLOVINGÏEVENÏOURÏENEMIESÏ;= • 7EÏAREÏCALLEDÏTOÏWORKÏFORÏPEACEÏINÏOURÏWORLD ÏHELPINGÏTOÏALLEVIATEÏTHEÏCONDITIONSÏWHICHÏLEADÏTOÏWAR ÏSUCHÏ ASÏECONOMICÏINJUSTICEÏANDÏUNRESTRAINEDÏUSEÏOFÏPOWERÏ7EÏAREÏCALLEDÏTOÏSUPPORTÏTHEÏEFFORTSÏOFÏNATIONSÏTOÏ AVOIDÏORÏPUTÏANÏENDÏTOÏWARÏ; Ï= • 7EÏAREÏCALLEDÏTOÏWORKÏFORÏPEACEÏINÏOURÏNEIGHBORHOODÏANDÏCITY ÏALWAYSÏOPPOSINGÏVIOLENCEÏANDÏSUPPORT- INGÏTHEÏPEACEFULÏRESOLUTIONÏOFÏCONmICTSÏ; Ï= • 7EÏMUSTÏALSOÏAVOIDÏANDÏOPPOSEÏALLÏSOCIALÏSITUATIONSÏTHATÏLEADÏTOÏVIOLENCE ÏSUCHÏASÏPARTICIPATIONÏINÏGANGS Ï CULTS ÏANDÏANYÏGROUPSÏWHICHÏTHRIVEÏONÏDIVISIVENESSÏORÏHATREDÏ; Ï= • 2EVERENCEÏFORÏTHEÏ#REATORÏANDÏRECOGNITIONÏOFÏTHEÏWONDERSÏOFÏTHEÏWHOLEÏCREATEDÏWORLDÏCALLÏUSÏTOÏPROTECTÏANDÏ CHERISHÏTHEÏEARTHÏANDÏTOÏACKNOWLEDGEÏOURÏINTERDEPENDENCEÏWITHÏALLÏCREATURESÏ; Ï= • ,OVEÏFORÏOURÏNEIGHBORSÏAROUNDÏTHEÏWORLDÏANDÏGENERATIONSÏYETÏTOÏCOMEÏALSOÏDEMANDSÏOURÏPRUDENCEÏINÏUSINGÏ natural resources. As Christians we are called to be good stewards of creation. [2415-18, 2456]

Grade Eight | Personal Growth, Part II: The Human Community 69 3OCIALÏRESPONSIBILITYÏCALLSÏFORÏEACHÏPERSONÏTOÏGIVEÏHISÏORÏHERÏGIFTSÏFORÏTHEÏCOMMONÏGOODÏINÏBUILDINGÏTHEÏKING- DOMÏOFÏ'ODÏ%ACHÏPERSONSÏGIFTSÏAREÏNEEDEDÏ; =

4HEREÏISÏAÏGREATÏJOYÏINÏBUILDINGÏTHEÏKINGDOMÏOFÏ'OD ÏKNOWINGÏWEÏAREÏUNITEDÏWITHÏMANYÏPEOPLEÏALLÏOVERÏTHEÏ world in furthering the mission of Jesus with the help of the Holy Spirit. [542, 849-52, 863]

VI. CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHING3

4HEÏSEVENÏTHEMESÏOFÏ#ATHOLICÏSOCIALÏTEACHINGÏTHATÏGUIDEÏTHEÏFAITHFULÏINÏBUILDINGÏAÏJUSTÏWORLDÏARE 1. Life and Dignity of the Human Person: All human life is sacred from the moment of conception to the POINTÏOFÏNATURALÏDEATHÏTHEÏDIGNITYÏOFÏTHEÏHUMANÏPERSONÏISÏTHEÏFOUNDATIONÏOFÏAÏMORALÏVISIONÏFORÏSOCIETY 2. Call to Family, Community, and Participation: The person is not only sacred but also social. The ways in which society is organized (e.g., economically, politically) directly affects human dignity and the ca- PACITYÏOFÏINDIVIDUALSÏTOÏGROWÏINÏCOMMUNITY 3. Rights and Responsibilities: Catholic tradition teaches that human dignity can be protected and a HEALTHYÏCOMMUNITYÏCANÏBEÏACHIEVEDÏONLYÏIFÏHUMANÏRIGHTSÏAREÏPROTECTEDÏANDÏRESPONSIBILITIESÏAREÏMET 4. Option for the Poor and VulnerableÏ!ÏBASICÏMORALÏTESTÏISÏHOWÏOURÏMOSTÏVULNERABLEÏMEMBERSÏAREÏFARINGÏ We recall the story of the Last Judgment (Mt. 25:31-46) which instructs use to put the needs of the poor ANDÏVULNERABLEÏlRST 5. The Dignity of Work and the Rights of WorkersÏ4HEÏECONOMYÏMUSTÏSERVEÏTHEÏPEOPLEÏ7ORKÏISÏAÏFORMÏOFÏ CONTINUINGÏPARTICIPATIONÏINÏ'ODSÏCREATIONÏ)FÏTHEÏDIGNITYÏOFÏWORKÏISÏTOÏBEÏPROTECTED ÏTHENÏTHEÏBASICÏRIGHTSÏ OFÏWORKERSÏMUSTÏBEÏRESPECTED 6. SolidarityÏ7EÏAREÏREMINDEDÏTOÏKEEPÏINÏMINDÏTHATÏALLÏPEOPLEÏOFÏTHEÏWORLDÏAREÏONEÏHUMANÏFAMILYÏ$ESPITEÏ THEÏVIOLENCEÏANDÏCONmICTÏTHATÏTAKESÏPLACEÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLD ÏWEÏAREÏEACHÏCALLEDÏTOÏBEÏPEACEMAKERSÏANDÏ WORKÏFORÏJUSTICE 7. Care for God’s Creation: We show our respect for God, the Creator of all things, by our stewardship of cre- ATIONÏ7EÏAREÏCALLEDÏTOÏPROTECTÏPEOPLEÏANDÏTHEÏPLANET ÏLIVINGÏOURÏFAITHÏINÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏALLÏOFÏ'ODSÏCREATION

3 www.bit.ly/7-themes-social-teaching-USCCB

70 Grade Eight | Personal Growth, Part II: The Human Community PRAYER EXPERIENCE

• Read The Last Judgment from Matthew 25:31-46 aloud to the group. • )NVITEÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏREmECTÏANDÏSHAREÏONÏTHEÏFOLLOWINGÏQUESTIONS How can I welcome the outsider or those who are lonely? How can I feed the hungry? How can I help my neighbor in need? How can I be a good steward of creation? How can I be a peacemaker? How can I work for social justice? • #LOSEÏWITHÏTHEÏPRAYERÏOFÏ3TÏ4ERESAÏOFÏ!VILA Christ has no body but yours, No hands, no feet on earth but yours, Yours are the eyes with which he looks compassionately on this world, Yours are the feet with which he walks to do good, Yours are the hands, with which he blesses all the world. Yours are the hands, yours are the feet, Yours are the eyes, you are his body. Christ has no body now but yours, No hands, no feet on earth but yours, Yours are the eyes with which he looks compassionately on this world. Christ has no body now on earth but yours.

Grade Eight | Personal Growth, Part II: The Human Community 71

GRADE EIGHT

CHURCH HISTORY

THE JOURNEY OF THE

Jesus’ life and mission continue through the Church, the community of believers called by God and empowered by the Holy Spirit to be the sign of the kingdom of God.

OBJECTIVES

• 4OÏDEEPENÏTHEÏYOUNGÏADOLESCENTSÏKNOWLEDGEÏOFÏTHEÏHISTORYÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCH • To lead the young adolescent to a fuller participation in the life and mission of the Church.

Grade Eight | Church History 73 I. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH FROM THE TIME OF JESUS TO AD 100

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

The Church was made manifest to the world on the day of Pentecost by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. [731-32, 737-41, 2623]

)MMEDIATELYÏAFTERÏ0ENTECOST ÏTHEÏAPOSTLESÏTRAVELEDÏTHROUGHOUTÏ0ALESTINEÏSPREADINGÏTHEÏh'OODÏ.EWSvÏOFÏ*ESUSÏ life, death, and resurrection to Jews and Gentiles (non-Jews). [767, 849, 858]

3MALLÏGROUPSÏOFÏ*ESUSÏFOLLOWERSÏCONTINUEDÏTOÏGATHERÏTOGETHERÏATÏTHEIRÏLOCALÏSYNAGOGUESÏ4HEYÏALSOÏBEGANÏTOÏ MEETÏINÏEACHÏOTHERSÏHOMESÏFORÏPRAYERÏANDÏhTHEÏBREAKINGÏOFÏTHEÏBREAD vÏ!CTSÏ ÏTHEÏCELEBRATIONÏOFÏTHEÏ%U- charist. [751, 949, 2178, 2624]

The apostles James and John were among the leaders of these groups, as were Paul, , Titus, and Timo- THYÏ4HEYÏTRAVELEDÏEXTENSIVELY ÏGATHERINGÏFOLLOWERSÏOFÏ*ESUSÏINTOÏSMALLÏCOMMUNITIESÏWHICHÏWEREÏTHEÏBEGINNINGSÏ OFÏLOCALÏCHURCHESÏ4HEÏEARLYÏ#HURCHÏCONSISTEDÏOFÏORDINARYÏMENÏANDÏWOMENÏWHOÏWEREÏSTRENGTHENEDÏBYÏ'ODSÏ Spirit. [777, 797-98, 833, 854, 1229, 1270]

4WOÏGREATÏCONVERTSÏOFÏTHISÏTIMEÏWEREÏ0AUL ÏAÏ*EW ÏTOÏWHOMÏ*ESUSÏREVEALEDÏHIMSELFÏINÏAÏDRAMATICÏWAYÏONÏTHEÏROADÏ to Damascus (Acts 9:1-9) and Cornelius, a Gentile, who with his whole family was baptized by Peter (Acts 10:1-48). [639, 659, 761, 1226]

There was a period of dissension and debate between the Jews and the Gentiles who were embracing Christi- ANITYÏ0AULÏARGUEDÏTHATÏ'ENTILEÏCONVERTSÏTOÏ#HRISTIANITYÏWEREÏNOTÏOBLIGEDÏTOÏFOLLOWÏCERTAINÏDIETARYÏLAWSÏANDÏRIT- ual practices (such as circumcision) prescribed by the Law of . Some of the Jewish Christians disagreed. $URINGÏTHISÏPERIODÏOFÏMISUNDERSTANDING Ï0ETERÏHADÏAÏVISIONÏWHICHÏHELPEDÏHIMÏUNDERSTANDÏTHATÏ'ODÏMADEÏNOÏ distinction between Jews and Gentiles who embraced Christianity (Acts 10:9-16). [761, 791, 804]

!SÏAÏRESULTÏOFÏTHISÏCONTROVERSY ÏTHEÏlRSTÏ'ENERALÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏWASÏCALLEDÏ)NmUENCEDÏBYÏ0ETERSÏSPEECHÏ and the witness of Paul and Barnabas, the Council of Jerusalem in AD 49 decided that: • 4HEÏFOLLOWERSÏOFÏ*ESUSÏWOULDÏNOTÏBEÏSUBJECTÏTOÏTHEÏRITUALÏPRACTICESÏOFÏTHEÏ-OSAICÏ,AW • !Ï'ENTILEÏCOULDÏBEÏBAPTIZEDÏWITHOUTÏHAVINGÏTOÏOBSERVEÏTHEÏRITUALÏPRACTICES

4HEÏ#OUNCILÏALSOÏCLARIlEDÏTHEÏBELIEFÏTHATÏ'ODÏSENDSÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏTOÏ*EWÏANDÏ'ENTILEÏALIKEÏ!CTSÏ Ï;  Ï 799-801]

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

3TÏ3TEPHENÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏMARTYRÏBECAUSEÏHEÏGAVEÏHISÏLIFEÏFORÏHISÏFAITHÏINÏ*ESUSÏ!CTSÏ  Ï"EFOREÏHISÏCON- VERSION Ï3AUL ÏWHOÏLATERÏBECAMEÏ3TÏ0AUL ÏISÏIDENTIlEDÏASÏONEÏOFÏTHOSEÏWHOÏAPPROVEDÏOFÏTHEÏKILLINGÏOFÏ3TEPHENÏ [2473, 2506]

#HRISTIANSÏWEREÏPERSECUTEDÏINÏNUMEROUSÏWAYSÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏlRSTÏCENTURIESÏ.EROÏWASÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏMANYÏ2O- MANÏEMPERORSÏWHOÏPERSECUTEDÏTHEÏFOLLOWERSÏOFÏ*ESUSÏDURINGÏTHEÏlRSTÏCENTURYÏ(EÏFALSELYÏBLAMEDÏ#HRISTIANSÏFORÏ the burning of the city of Rome in AD 64. [2472-74, 2476]

74 Grade Eight | Church History #Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • Mary, the Mother of Jesus (John 19:26-27 and Acts 1:14)Ï4HEÏMOTHERÏOFÏ*ESUSÏWASÏAÏCENTRALÏlGUREÏATÏTHEÏ HEARTÏOFÏTHEÏEARLYÏ#HRISTIANÏCOMMUNITYÏ&ROMÏTHEÏVERYÏBEGINNINGÏSHEÏHASÏBEENÏCONSIDEREDÏTHEÏ-OTHERÏOFÏ the Church. [495, 501, 726. 2673] • St. (John 20:17-18)Ï!FTERÏTHEÏRESURRECTION ÏTHEÏ2ISENÏ#HRISTÏAPPEAREDÏlRSTÏTOÏ-ARYÏ -AGDALENEÏANDÏCOMMISSIONEDÏHERÏTOÏTELLÏTHEÏh'OODÏ.EWSvÏOFÏHISÏRESURRECTIONÏTOÏTHEÏOTHERÏDISCIPLESÏ; Ï 660] • St. Peter and the Other Apostles (Acts 2:14-41)Ï&ROMÏTHEÏTIMEÏOFÏ0ENTECOST Ï0ETERÏANDÏTHEÏOTHERÏAPOSTLESÏ COURAGEOUSLYÏWITNESSEDÏTOÏ*ESUSÏINÏWORDÏANDÏDEEDÏ4HEYÏPROCLAIMEDÏTHATÏ*ESUSÏBROUGHTÏSALVATIONÏTOÏTHEÏ world through his life, death, and resurrection. [571, 642, 858] • St. Paul (Acts 9:1-9)Ï)NITIALLYÏAÏPERSECUTORÏOFÏTHEÏEARLYÏ#HRISTIANÏCOMMUNITY Ï0AULÏWASÏCALLEDÏBYÏTHEÏ2ISENÏ ,ORDÏINÏAÏVISIONÏTOÏBEÏANÏAPOSTLEÏANDÏANÏOUTSTANDINGÏWITNESSÏTOÏTHEÏh'OODÏ.EWSvÏ(ISÏLETTERS ÏINCLUDEDÏ in the New Testament, are the earliest written testimony to the faith of the early Church. [639, 659, 860] • St. Lydia (Acts 16:11-15)Ï-ANYÏWOMENÏBELIEVEDÏTHEÏh'OODÏ.EWSvÏANDÏBECAMEÏACTIVEÏMEMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ EARLYÏ#HRISTIANÏCOMMUNITYÏ,YDIA ÏAÏDEVOUTÏWOMAN ÏANDÏAÏDEALERÏINÏPURPLEÏCLOTHÏAÏVALUABLEÏCOMMODITYÏ in the ancient world), heard about Jesus through the preaching of Paul and was baptized, along with her whole household. She supported the mission of the apostles to proclaim the Gospel and welcomed them into her home. [872, 1226, 1252, 2624]

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

• Read Acts 7:55-60. • !SKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏREmECTÏONÏ3TEPHENSÏSPIRITÏOFÏFORGIVENESSÏFORÏHISÏPERSECUTORS • !SKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏPRAYÏINÏTHEIRÏHEARTSÏFORÏTHEÏGRACEÏTOÏFORGIVEÏSOMEONEÏWHOÏHASÏPERSECUTEDÏORÏ HURTÏTHEMÏDEEPLYÏ,EADÏTHEMÏINÏPRAYERÏTOÏASKÏFORÏFORGIVENESSÏFROMÏTHOSEÏTHEYÏHAVEÏHURT • #ONCLUDEÏTHEÏPRAYERÏEXPERIENCEÏBYÏPRAYINGÏALOUDÏTHEÏ/URÏ&ATHERÏANDÏTHEÏ#ONlTEOR I confess to almighty God and to you, my brothers and sisters, that I have greatly sinned, in my thoughts and in my words, in what I have done and in what I have failed to do, through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault; therefore I ask blessed Mary ever-, all the Angels and , and you my brothers and sisters, to pray for me to the Lord our God.

Grade Eight | Church History 75 II. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CONTINUES FROM AD 100 TO AD 500

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH )NÏTHEÏPERIODÏFROMÏ!$ÏÏTOÏ!$ÏÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏSPREADÏRAPIDLYÏANDÏHERÏDOCTRINEÏCONTINUEDÏTOÏDEVELOPÏ 4HROUGHÏ'ODSÏGRACE ÏEVIDENCEDÏINÏTHEÏFAITHÏANDÏLIFEÏOFÏHERÏMEMBERS ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏSPREADÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏ2O- man Empire. The seeds of the Gospel were sown in much of Europe, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. #HRISTIANITYÏmOURISHEDÏINÏTHESEÏAREASÏ; = #HRISTIANSÏCONTINUEDÏTOÏPRAYÏTOGETHERÏANDÏTOÏCELEBRATEÏTHEÏ%UCHARIST ÏMOTIVATEDÏBYÏTHEIRÏPROFOUNDÏLOVEÏOFÏ*E- SUSÏ4HEYÏWEREÏALSOÏKNOWNÏFORÏTHEIRÏLOVEÏFORÏANDÏSERVICEÏTOÏOTHERSÏ)NÏlDELITYÏTOÏTHEÏ'OSPEL ÏTHEYÏREACHEDÏOUTÏ to the poor, the homeless and the unwanted. Accounts of the life of the Church in the writings of the early #HURCHÏ&ATHERS Ï$OCTORSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏANDÏHISTORIANSÏATTESTÏTOÏTHEÏGREATÏCONCERNÏOFÏTHEÏ0EOPLEÏOFÏ'ODÏFORÏONEÏ another. They welcomed all races and nations into their midst. [767, 852] )TÏISÏIMPORTANTÏTOÏREMEMBERÏTHAT ÏWHILEÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏISÏALWAYSÏGUIDEDÏBYÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRIT ÏITÏISÏCOMPOSEDÏOFÏIM- PERFECTÏHUMANÏBEINGSÏWHOÏCANÏMAKEÏMISTAKESÏANDÏAREÏCAPABLEÏOFÏSINNINGÏ4HEREFORE ÏCONmICTS ÏCONTROVERSIES Ï CORRUPTION ÏANDÏEVENÏWARSÏAREÏFOUNDÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏHISTORYÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ;  Ï  Ï= During this era, many heresies arose. Church councils were held especially to correct these false teachings concerning Christian beliefs. [88, 95, 884] • 4HEÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏ.ICAEAÏINÏ!$ÏÏDElNEDÏTHEÏ#HRISTIANÏBELIEFÏTHATÏ*ESUSÏISÏBEGOTTENÏOFÏ'OD ÏNOTÏMADEÏBYÏ 'ODÏASÏOTHERÏCREATURESÏAREÏ*ESUS ÏTHEREFORE ÏISÏNOTÏSIMPLYÏONEÏOFÏ'ODSÏCREATURES ÏBUT ÏASÏ'ODSÏOWNÏ3ON Ï SHARESÏINÏTHEÏVERYÏSUBSTANCEÏOFÏ'OD ÏCONSUBSTANTIALÏWITHÏTHEÏ&ATHERÏ4HISÏISÏWHY ÏWHENÏPRAYINGÏTHEÏ.ICENEÏ #REEDÏATÏ-ASS ÏWEÏSAYÏ*ESUSÏISÏhCONSUBSTANTIALÏWITHÏTHEÏ&ATHERvÏ;= • 4HEÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏ%PHESUSÏINÏ!$ÏÏDECLAREDÏTHATÏ*ESUSÏISÏTRULYÏAÏ$IVINEÏ0ERSONÏANDÏTHATÏHISÏMOTHERÏIS Ï therefore, the Mother of God. [466, 495] • 4HEÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏ#HALCEDONÏINÏ!$ÏÏDECLAREDÏTHATÏTHEÏ3ONÏOFÏ'ODÏISÏONEÏ$IVINEÏ0ERSONÏWITHÏTWOÏNATURES Ï ONEÏHUMANÏANDÏONEÏDIVINEÏ*ESUSÏIS ÏTHEREFORE ÏTRUEÏ'ODÏANDÏTRUEÏMANÏ;=

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

0ERSECUTIONSÏCONTINUEDÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHISÏERA ÏBECAUSEÏ#HRISTIANSÏWOULDÏNOTÏWORSHIPÏFALSEÏGODSÏORÏOBEYÏUNJUSTÏLAWSÏ Many Christians were martyred or sent into exile during the reign of the Emperor Diocletian. [309, 769, 2113]

4HEÏlRSTÏEMPERORÏTOÏBECOMEÏAÏ#HRISTIANÏWASÏ#ONSTANTINEÏ!FTERÏHISÏCONVERSION ÏHEÏISSUEDÏTHEÏ%DICTÏOFÏ-ILANÏ in AD 313. This edict ended the persecution of the Church in the Roman Empire and recognized the right of Christians to worship in accordance with their faith. As a result of this new freedom, Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire. [2104, 2108]

#Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

(Throughout the study of this unit, the catechist/teacher is encouraged to consult the liturgical calendar for feast DAYSÏOFÏSAINTSÏOFÏSIGNIlCANCEÏFORÏTHEÏPARISH ÏSCHOOL ÏORÏCULTURE • St. (1st century)Ï4HEÏTHIRDÏBISHOPÏOFÏ!NTIOCH Ï)GNATIUSÏWASÏMARTYREDÏAROUNDÏ!$ÏÏ While a prisoner on his way to Rome to be martyred, he wrote letters to some early Christian communi- TIESÏEXPRESSINGÏHISÏPROFOUNDÏLOVEÏFORÏ*ESUSÏANDÏURGINGÏTHEMÏTOÏBEÏ*ESUSÏFAITHFULÏFOLLOWERSÏ; =

76 Grade Eight | Church History • St. Perpetua and St. Felicity, Martyrs (2nd century)Ï0ERPETUAÏANDÏ&ELICITYÏWEREÏCOURAGEOUSÏWOMENÏWHOÏ SUFFEREDÏMARTYRDOMÏINÏ!$ÏÏDURINGÏAÏPERSECUTIONÏINÏ#ARTHAGE Ï.ORTHÏ!FRICAÏ)NÏ%UCHARISTICÏ0RAYERÏ)ÏOFÏ the Mass, the Church recalls their heroism. [2471, 2473] • St. Helena (250-330): The mother of Constantine the Great, Helena was born about the middle of the THIRDÏCENTURYÏ/FÏHUMBLEÏBEGINNINGS ÏSHEÏMARRIEDÏAÏ2OMANÏGENERALÏWHOÏDIVORCEDÏHERÏ7HENÏHERÏSON Ï #ONSTANTINE ÏBECAMEÏEMPEROR Ï(ELENAÏWASÏNAMEDÏEMPRESSÏ3HEÏCONVERTEDÏTOÏ#HRISTIANITYÏANDÏPERFORMEDÏ MANYÏACTSÏOFÏCHARITYÏ/NÏAÏPILGRIMAGEÏTOÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ,AND Ï(ELENAÏDISCOVEREDÏTHEÏ4RUEÏ#ROSS • St. Monica (331-387)Ï-ONICA ÏAÏDEVOUTÏ#HRISTIANÏFROMÏ.ORTHÏ!FRICA ÏPRAYEDÏFORÏOVERÏTHIRTYÏYEARSÏFORÏTHEÏ CONVERSIONÏOFÏHERÏSON Ï!UGUSTINEÏ3HEÏISÏAÏMODELÏOFÏAÏPRAYERFULÏWOMANÏANDÏAÏVIRTUOUSÏMOTHERÏ; Ï= • St. (347-420)Ï*EROMEÏISÏBESTÏKNOWNÏFORÏHISÏDELIGHTÏINÏSTUDYINGÏ(OLYÏ3CRIPTUREÏANDÏFORÏTRANSLATINGÏ THEÏ"IBLEÏFROMÏ(EBREWÏANDÏ'REEKÏINTOÏ,ATINÏ(ISÏTRANSLATIONÏWASÏINÏUSEÏUNTILÏMODERNÏTIMESÏ(EÏDIEDÏINÏ Bethlehem in AD 420. [133] • St. (354-430): Augustine, although he had a prestigious career and worldly success, LEDÏANÏUNSETTLEDÏANDÏRESTLESSÏLIFE ÏSEARCHINGÏFORÏTHEÏTRUTHÏ!FTERÏHISÏCONVERSION ÏHEÏBECAMEÏANÏOUTSTANDINGÏ TEACHER ÏBISHOPÏANDÏDEFENDERÏOFÏTHEÏFAITHÏ(EÏISÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏMOSTÏINmUENTIALÏTHEOLOGIANSÏINÏTHEÏ7ESTERNÏ Church. [30, 32, 300, 385]

• St. Patrick (5th century)Ï!ÏMANÏOFÏGREATÏPRAYERÏANDÏPENANCE Ï0ATRICKÏISÏFAMOUSÏFORÏHISÏMISSIONARYÏACTIVITYÏ AMONGÏTHEÏ)RISHÏDURINGÏTHEÏlFTHÏCENTURYÏ)NÏTHEÏ5NITEDÏ3TATES ÏMANYÏCHURCHES ÏINCLUDINGÏTHEÏ#ATHEDRALÏOFÏ 3TÏ0ATRICKÏINÏTHEÏ!RCHDIOCESEÏOFÏ.EWÏ9ORK ÏAREÏNAMEDÏINÏHISÏHONORÏ; Ï Ï Ï=

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

)NVITEÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏNAMEÏPLACESÏAROUNDÏTHEÏWORLDÏWHEREÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏTODAYÏCONTINUESÏTOÏSUFFERÏ SUPPRESSIONÏBYÏHOSTILEÏGOVERNMENTS ÏTERRORISM ÏANDÏOTHERÏFORMSÏOFÏPERSECUTIONÏ7HENÏCONSIDERINGÏTHESEÏ REALITIES ÏHELPÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏSEEÏHOWÏTHEÏEVENTSÏOFÏTHEÏPRESENTÏDAYÏAREÏANÏIMPORTANTÏREASONÏFORÏEACHÏ one of them to pray for those suffering for their faith in Jesus Christ, recognizing this may include us or members of our own families. Lead the group in the following prayer from the Mass for Persecuted Christians: Father, in your mysterious providence, your Church must share in the sufferings of Christ your Son. Give the spirit of patience and love to those who are persecuted for their faith in you that they may always be true and faithful witnesses to your promise of eternal life. We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen.

Grade Eight | Church History 77 III. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CONTINUES FROM AD 500 TO AD 1000 (THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES)

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

$URINGÏTHEÏ%ARLYÏ-IDDLEÏ!GES ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏCONTINUEDÏTOÏSPREADÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏAND ÏINÏDOINGÏSO ÏITÏALSOÏPRESERVEDÏ 7ESTERNÏ#IVILIZATIONÏ(UMANÏBEINGSÏWEREÏCREATEDÏTOÏLIVEÏINÏANÏORGANIZEDÏSOCIETYÏBASEDÏONÏLAWÏANDÏORDERÏANDÏ the Church did much to ensure that. [849, 1879-80]

4HISÏPERIODÏISÏKNOWNÏFORÏTHEÏBARBARIANÏINVASIONSÏWHICHÏWEREÏDESTROYINGÏTHEÏ2OMANÏ%MPIREÏANDÏDISRUPTINGÏ THEÏLIFEÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ3OMEÏPEOPLEÏREFERÏTOÏTHISÏTIMEÏASÏTHEÏh$ARKÏ!GESvÏ.EVERTHELESS ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏREMAINEDÏ AÏLIGHTÏINÏTHEÏMIDSTÏOFÏUPHEAVALÏ; Ï  Ï=

)TÏWASÏAÏPERIODÏOFÏEXTENSIVEÏMISSIONARYÏACTIVITYÏ)NÏTHEÏSIXTHÏCENTURY Ï0OPEÏ'REGORYÏTHEÏ'REATÏSENTÏMANYÏMIS- SIONARIESÏTOÏBRINGÏTHEÏLIGHTÏOFÏFAITHÏTOÏTHEÏBARBARIANÏTRIBESÏ-ISSIONARIESÏFROMÏTHEÏ"RITISHÏ)SLESÏ%NGLAND Ï)RE- LANDÏANDÏ7ALES ÏTRAVELEDÏTOÏCONTINENTALÏ%UROPEÏTOÏRESTOREÏ#HRISTIANITYÏINÏTHOSEÏPLACESÏWHICHÏHADÏBEENÏINVADEDÏ by barbarians. [849, 927]

&ROMÏTHEÏSIXTHÏTHROUGHÏTHEÏELEVENTHÏCENTURIES ÏMONASTERIESÏFORÏWOMENÏNUNS ÏANDÏMENÏMONKS ÏWEREÏESSENTIALÏ TOÏTHEÏPRESERVATIONÏOFÏ#HRISTIANITYÏANDÏ7ESTERNÏCIVILIZATIONÏ4HEYÏWEREÏCENTERSÏOFÏLEARNINGÏANDÏOFFEREDÏHOSPI- TALITYÏFORÏTRAVELERS ÏTHEÏPOOR ÏANDÏTHEÏSICKÏ; Ï Ï=

By the end of this period, the Church and State had become so closely allied that the Church lost some of its independence and autonomy. As a result, the witness of Christianity was somewhat compromised. [770, 2245]

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

.UNSÏANDÏMONKSÏCOURAGEOUSLYÏLEFTÏTHEIRÏMONASTERIESÏINÏORDERÏTOÏSPREADÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏ4HESEÏMISSIONARIESÏLIVEDÏINÏ situations of great hardship and suffering in order to preach and teach the Gospel among the barbarian tribes. !SÏAÏRESULTÏOFÏTHEIRÏEFFORTS Ï#HRISTIANITYÏCAMEÏTOÏBEÏlRMLYÏROOTEDÏINÏ%UROPEÏ; Ï Ï=

)NÏTHEÏEARLYÏCENTURIESÏOFÏ#HRISTIANITY Ï3YRIA Ï%GYPT ÏANDÏ.ORTHÏ!FRICAÏHADÏGIVENÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏSOMEÏOFÏITSÏGREATESTÏ LEADERSÏEG Ï#LEMENTÏOFÏ!LEXANDRIAÏ4ERTULLIAN Ï)NÏTHEÏDECADESÏFOLLOWINGÏTHEÏDEATHÏOFÏ-UHAMMADÏINÏ!$ÏÏ HOWEVER Ï-USLIMSÏFROMÏ!RABIAÏCONQUEREDÏALLÏTHESEÏAREAS ÏANDÏWITHINÏAÏFEWÏCENTURIES Ï#HRISTIANSÏHADÏBECOMEÏ a minority in these lands. [769, 798, 841]

)NÏTHEÏEARLYÏEIGHTHÏCENTURY Ï3PAINÏWASÏALSOÏTAKENÏOVERÏBYÏTHEÏFOLLOWERSÏOFÏ-UHAMMAD ÏANDÏTHEÏ#HRISTIANÏPOP- ULATIONSÏOFÏ&RANCEÏANDÏ#ONSTANTINOPLEÏWEREÏTHREATENEDÏBYÏ-USLIMÏCONQUESTÏASÏWELLÏ.EVERTHELESS ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ continued to grow in Europe. [769, 794, 841]

#Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • St. Brigid (451-525)Ï4HEÏPIONEERÏOFÏ)RISHÏMONASTICÏLIFEÏFORÏWOMEN Ï"RIGIDÏFOUNDEDÏAÏMONASTERYÏFORÏNUNSÏ INÏ+ILDARE Ï)RELAND ÏINÏTHEÏLATEÏlFTHÏCENTURYÏ3HEÏTRAVELEDÏWIDELYÏINÏ)RELANDÏTOÏEVANGELIZEÏTHEÏPEOPLEÏANDÏ WASÏKNOWNÏFORÏHERÏCHARITYÏANDÏGENEROSITYÏTOÏTHEÏPOORÏ; Ï = • St. Benedict and St. Scholastica (480-543)Ï#ALLEDÏTHEÏh&ATHERÏOFÏ7ESTERNÏ-ONASTICISM vÏ"ENEDICTÏFOUND- EDÏTHEÏFAMOUSÏMONASTERYÏOFÏ-ONTEÏ#ASSINOÏINÏ)TALYÏABOUTÏ!$ÏÏ4HEÏRULEÏOFÏLIFEÏWHICHÏHEÏWROTEÏISÏSTILLÏ

78 Grade Eight | Church History followed today by many communities of women and men religious. Scholastica was the twin sister of St. Benedict and founded a monastery of nuns near Monte Cassino. [347, 915-16, 925-26, 2834] • St. (6th century)Ï!UGUSTINEÏOFÏ#ANTERBURYÏANDÏTHIRTYÏMONKSÏWEREÏSENTÏTOÏ%N- GLANDÏBYÏ0OPEÏ'REGORYÏTHEÏ'REATÏINÏ!$ÏÏTOÏEVANGELIZEÏTHEÏ!NGLO 3AXONSÏ(EÏSUCCEEDEDÏINÏPERSUADINGÏ THEÏKINGÏANDÏMANYÏOFÏHISÏSUBJECTSÏTOÏEMBRACEÏ#HRISTIANITY ÏANDÏHEÏBUILTÏ%NGLANDSÏlRSTÏCATHEDRALÏ(EÏISÏ CALLEDÏTHEÏh!POSTLEÏOFÏ%NGLANDv

• St. Dymphna (7th century)Ï$YMPHNAÏWASÏBORNÏINÏNORTHERNÏ)RELANDÏDURINGÏTHEÏTHÏCENTURYÏ(ERÏMOTHERÏ WASÏAÏ#HRISTIANÏWHILEÏHERÏFATHERÏWASÏAÏPAGANÏKINGÏ$YMPHNASÏMOTHERÏDIEDÏWHENÏSHEÏWASÏÏANDÏTHISÏ GREATLYÏDISTRESSEDÏHERÏFATHERÏ$YMPHNAÏTHENÏDEDICATEDÏHERSELFÏTOÏ'ODÏANDÏTOOKÏAÏVOWÏOFÏCELIBACYÏ(ERÏ father was determined to marry her himself and, after repeatedly refusing his demands for marriage, Dymphna was beheaded around AD 620. Because her father was mentally ill, Dymphna is the patron of those suffering from mental illness. • St. Boniface (675-754)Ï"ONIFACEÏISÏKNOWNÏASÏTHEÏh!POSTLEÏOFÏ'ERMANYvÏBECAUSEÏOFÏHISÏGREATÏMISSIONARYÏACTIVITYÏ INÏTHATÏAREAÏ$URINGÏHISÏTHIRTY TWOÏYEARSÏASÏAÏBISHOP ÏMANYÏCONVERSIONSÏTOOKÏPLACE ÏCHURCHESÏWEREÏFOUNDEDÏANDÏ DIOCESESÏWEREÏESTABLISHEDÏ(EÏWASÏMARTYREDÏWITHÏlFTY THREEÏOTHERSÏINÏ!$ÏÏ; Ï  Ï= • Charles the Great (742-814)Ï!LSOÏKNOWNÏASÏ#HARLEMAGNE ÏHEÏRULEDÏMUCHÏOFÏ7ESTERNÏ%UROPEÏFROMÏ!$ÏÏTOÏ !$ÏÏ0OPEÏ,EOÏ)))ÏCROWNEDÏ#HARLEMAGNEÏEMPERORÏOFÏTHEÏ2OMANSÏINÏ!$ÏÏAND ÏATÏTHEÏTIMEÏOFÏHISÏDEATH Ï HISÏEMPIREÏENCOMPASSEDÏMUCHÏOFÏ7ESTERNÏ%UROPE ÏTHUSÏENSURINGÏTHEÏSURVIVALÏOFÏ#HRISTIANITYÏINÏTHEÏ7EST • St. Cyril (826-869) and St. Methodius (815-885)Ï#YRILÏANDÏHISÏBROTHER Ï-ETHODIUS ÏSONSÏOFÏAÏ'REEKÏFAM- ILY ÏBROUGHTÏTHEÏGOSPELÏTOÏTHEÏ3LAVICÏPEOPLESÏ4HEYÏDEVELOPEDÏANÏALPHABETÏFORÏTHEÏ3LAVICÏLANGUAGESÏWHICHÏ ISÏSTILLÏUSEDÏTODAY ÏANDÏTRANSLATEDÏTHEÏ'OSPELSÏINTOÏ3LAVONICÏ#YRILÏDIEDÏINÏ!$ÏÏANDÏ-ETHODIUSÏINÏ!$Ï 885. [831, 849-50, 854, 831]

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

2EMINDÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTHATÏ'ODÏALWAYSÏCALLSÏINDIVIDUALSÏTOÏHELPÏHIMÏMEETÏTHEÏNEEDSÏOFÏHISÏPEOPLEÏ!SKÏ THEMÏTOÏREmECTÏONÏTHEÏFOLLOWINGÏQUESTIONS • 7HATÏNEEDSÏDOÏYOUÏSEEÏINÏTHEÏWORLDÏTODAY Ï)NÏYOURÏCOMMUNITY Ï)NÏYOURÏFAMILY • $OÏYOUÏKNOWÏSOMEONEÏWHOÏISÏHELPINGÏTOÏMEETÏANYÏOFÏTHESEÏNEEDS • (OWÏMIGHTÏ'ODÏBEÏASKINGÏYOUÏTOÏRESPONDÏTOÏSOMEÏOFÏTHESEÏNEEDS Conclude with this prayer from the Mass for Holy Church: O God, in the covenant of your Christ you never cease to gather to yourself from all nations a people growing together in unity through the Spirit; grant, we pray, that your Church, faithful to the mission entrusted to her, may continually go forward with the human family and always be the leaven and the soul of human society, to renew it in Christ and transform it into the family of God.

Grade Eight | Church History 79 IV. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CONTINUES FROM AD 1000 TO AD 1500 (THE HIGH AND LATE MIDDLE AGES)

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

!TÏTHEÏBEGINNINGÏOFÏTHISÏPERIOD ÏAÏREFORMÏMOVEMENTÏAROSEÏINÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ4HEREÏWASÏAÏREVIVALÏOFÏMONASTICÏLIFE Church leaders launched a campaign to assert the independence of the Church from secular society. The most FAMOUSÏLEADERÏOFÏTHISÏREFORMÏMOVEMENTÏWASÏ0OPEÏ3TÏ'REGORYÏ6))Ï; =

During this period, there were rapid changes in society. Towns and cities grew steadily. To meet the educa- TIONALÏNEEDSÏOFÏTOWNSPEOPLE ÏCATHEDRALÏSCHOOLSÏWEREÏESTABLISHEDÏINÏTHEÏELEVENTHÏCENTURYÏ!ÏGREATÏINTERESTÏINÏ LEARNINGÏAMONGÏ#HRISTIANSÏLEDÏTOÏTHEÏFOUNDINGÏOFÏTHEÏlRSTÏUNIVERSITIESÏSUCHÏASÏTHOSEÏATÏ"OLOGNA Ï)TALYÏ0ARIS Ï &RANCEÏ/XFORD Ï%NGLAND ÏINÏTHEÏLATEÏTWELFTHÏANDÏEARLYÏTHIRTEENTHÏCENTURIESÏ; Ï  Ï Ï=

4ECHNICALÏADVANCESÏINÏARCHITECTUREÏANDÏENGINEERINGÏMADEÏPOSSIBLEÏTHEÏCONSTRUCTIONÏOFÏTHEÏGREATÏ'OTHICÏCATHE- drals which still stand today. [1180, 1198, 2501]

Many holy men and women responded to these changes in society. Two new religious orders, the Dominicans ANDÏTHEÏ&RANCISCANS ÏWEREÏFOUNDEDÏINÏTHEÏEARLYÏTHIRTEENTHÏCENTURYÏTOÏSPREADÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏINÏTHEÏGROWINGÏCITIESÏ [927, 944]

4HEÏ"LACKÏ$EATHÏSTRUCKÏINÏ%UROPEÏTHREEÏTIMESÏDURINGÏTHEÏFOURTEENTHÏCENTURYÏAND ÏINÏSOMEÏPLACES ÏASÏMUCHÏASÏ one-third of the population died. The clergy were in particular danger due to their heroic efforts ministering TOÏTHEÏSICKÏANDÏDYINGÏ; Ï=

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

The Schism of 1054, often called the Eastern Schism, occurred because of cultural, political, and theological differences between Christians of the Eastern and Western Churches. The differences included, but were not LIMITEDÏTO ÏDISAGREEMENTSÏCONCERNINGÏTHEÏPLACEÏOFÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏWITHINÏTHEÏ4RINITYÏANDÏTHEÏ"ISHOPÏOFÏ2OMESÏ CLAIMÏTOÏUNIVERSALÏJURISDICTIONÏ!SÏAÏRESULTÏOFÏLONGÏYEARSÏOFÏDISAGREEMENT ÏTHEÏ#HRISTIANSÏOFÏTHEÏ%ASTERNÏANDÏ Western world were estranged from each other. [247, 817-19, 822, 838]

4HEÏINTERMINGLINGÏOFÏ#HURCHÏANDÏ3TATEÏAFFAIRSÏALSOÏCAUSEDÏBITTERÏSTRUGGLES ÏEXAMPLESÏOFÏWHICHÏINCLUDEÏTHEÏ)N- VESTITUREÏ#ONTROVERSYÏANDÏTHEÏCONmICTÏBETWEENÏ4HOMASÏ"ECKET Ï!RCHBISHOPÏOFÏ#ANTERBURYÏANDÏ+INGÏ(ENRYÏ))Ï of England. [2245]

3TARTINGÏINÏ Ï#HRISTIANSÏEMBARKEDÏONÏSEVERALÏMILITARYÏCAMPAIGNSÏTOÏRETAKEÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ,ANDÏFROMÏTHEÏ-US- lims. These campaigns were called the Crusades. Although many who fought in the Crusades did so out of a SINCEREÏDESIREÏTOÏACHIEVEÏAÏGOODÏENDÏFORÏEXAMPLE ÏTHEÏSAFETYÏOFÏPILGRIMSÏWHOÏWISHEDÏTOÏVISITÏTHEÏHOLYÏPLACESÏINÏ *ERUSALEM ÏTHESEÏWARSÏALSOÏCAUSEDÏMUCHÏBLOODSHEDÏANDÏWEREÏUNSUCCESSFULÏINÏACHIEVINGÏTHEIRÏAIMÏ;=

,ACKÏOFÏEDUCATIONÏANDÏWIDESPREADÏIGNORANCEÏCONTRIBUTEDÏTOÏTHEÏGROWTHÏOFÏSUPERSTITIONÏANDÏCORRUPTIONÏ4OÏ COMBATÏSUPERSTITIONÏANDÏHERESY ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏESTABLISHEDÏAÏPERMANENTÏ#HURCHÏCOURTÏCALLEDÏTHEÏ)NQUISITIONÏ)NÏAÏ NUMBERÏOFÏPLACES ÏHOWEVER ÏTHEÏATTEMPTSÏOFÏTHEÏ)NQUISITIONÏTOÏREFORMÏHERETICALÏIDEASÏANDÏPRACTICESÏLEDÏTOÏSEVEREÏ ANDÏUNJUSTÏSENTENCESÏ; Ï=

80 Grade Eight | Church History #Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • St. Dominic (1170-1221): A renowned priest and preacher, Dominic established an order of men who TRAVELEDÏTHROUGHOUTÏ%UROPEÏTOÏPREACHÏANDÏTEACHÏ4HISÏWASÏVERYÏDIFFERENTÏFROMÏTHEÏCLOISTEREDÏORDERSÏINÏ WHICHÏTHEÏMENÏLIVEDÏINÏSECLUSION ÏAWAYÏFROMÏTHEÏOUTSIDEÏWORLDÏ(EÏALSOÏFOUNDEDÏANÏORDERÏOFÏWOMENÏTOÏ PRAYÏFORÏTHEÏAPOSTOLICÏWORKÏOFÏTHEÏ$OMINICANÏPREACHERSÏ; Ï Ï Ï= • St. (1181-1226)Ï&RANCISÏWASÏAÏNOBLEMAN ÏPOET ÏANDÏMYSTIC ÏWHOÏGREATLYÏLOVEDÏ'ODSÏCRE- ATION ÏANDÏGAVEÏUPÏAÏLIFEÏOFÏWEALTHÏINÏORDERÏTOÏFOLLOWÏ#HRISTÏ(EÏEVENTUALLYÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏ&RANCISCANÏORDER Ï which brought men together to spread the Gospel and follow a simple lifestyle. He also founded the Broth- ERSÏANDÏ3ISTERSÏOFÏ0ENANCEÏTHEÏ4HIRDÏ/RDER ÏINÏÏ!ÏTHIRDÏORDERÏMAYÏBEÏDESCRIBEDÏASÏAÏMIDDLEÏSTATEÏ BETWEENÏCLOISTEREDÏLIFEÏANDÏTHEÏOUTSIDEÏWORLDÏ&ORÏTHOSEÏWHOÏWEREÏMARRIEDÏORÏHADÏOTHERÏTIESÏTOÏTHEÏWORLDÏ AND ÏTHEREFORE ÏWEREÏNOTÏINÏAÏPOSITIONÏTOÏENTERÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏORDER ÏENTERINGÏAÏTHIRDÏORDERÏENABLEDÏINDIVIDUALSÏ TOÏFOLLOWÏINÏTHEÏSAINTSÏFOOTSTEPSÏ; Ï Ï  Ï= • St. Clare (1194-1253)Ï#LAREÏWASÏAÏCLOSEÏFRIENDÏOFÏ&RANCISÏOFÏ!SSISIÏ5NDERÏHISÏDIRECTION ÏSHEÏFOUNDEDÏANÏ ORDERÏOFÏCLOISTEREDÏNUNSÏWHOÏAREÏKNOWNÏASÏTHEÏ0OORÏ#LARESÏ4HEÏLIVESÏOFÏTHESEÏHOLYÏWOMENÏAREÏCHARACTER- ized by fasting and prayer for the world. [1434, 2565, 2687] • St. (1225-1274): Thomas, a Dominican priest, was one of the greatest philosophers and THEOLOGIANSÏTHEÏWORLDÏHASÏEVERÏKNOWNÏ4HROUGHÏHISÏUSEÏOFÏ3CRIPTURE Ï#HURCHÏTRADITION ÏANDÏREASON ÏHEÏ PROVIDEDÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏWITHÏAÏSYSTEMATICÏUNDERSTANDINGÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏFAITHÏ3UMMAÏ4HEOLOGICA ÏTHATÏSTILLÏ helps us today. [34, 43, 50, 94] • St. (1347-1380)Ï!Ï$OMINICANÏLAYÏWOMANÏWHOÏLIVEDÏINÏTHEÏFOURTEENTHÏCENTURY Ï#ATH- ERINEÏWASÏAÏCOUNSELORÏOFÏPOPESÏ#ENTURIESÏLATERÏSHEÏWASÏNAMEDÏAÏh$OCTORÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHvÏBECAUSEÏOFÏHERÏ profound spiritual writings. [313, 356, 951, 1937] • St. Frances of Rome (1384-1440)Ï!ÏWIFEÏANDÏMOTHER Ï&RANCESÏWASÏAÏCOURAGEOUSÏWOMANÏNOTEDÏFORÏHERÏ GREATÏCHARITYÏTOÏTHEÏPOORÏANDÏSICKÏINÏ2OMEÏDURINGÏTHEÏlFTEENTHÏCENTURY ÏWHICHÏWASÏAÏPARTICULARLYÏDIFlCULTÏ PERIODÏINÏ2OMESÏHISTORYÏ; Ï Ï =

Grade Eight | Church History 81 PRAYER EXPERIENCE

)NÏEVERYÏAGE Ï'ODÏCALLSÏMENÏANDÏWOMENÏTOÏSERVEÏHIM ÏSOMEÏINÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏVOCATIONÏ)NVITEÏTHEÏYOUNGÏ PEOPLEÏTOÏREmECTÏUPONÏTHEÏCALLÏTOÏSERVEÏASÏMEMBERSÏOFÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏCOMMUNITY ÏDEDICATINGÏALLÏASPECTSÏOFÏ THEIRÏLIVESÏTOÏHISÏSERVICE Lead the students in the following prayer from the Mass for Vocations: Father, You call all who believe in you to grow perfect in love by following in the footsteps of Christ, your Son. May those whom you have chosen to serve you as a religious provide by their way of life a convincing sign of your kingdom for the Church and the whole world. We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen. )FÏPOSSIBLE ÏCONSIDERÏINVITINGÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏSISTER ÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏBROTHER ÏORÏAÏPRIESTÏWHOÏBELONGSÏTOÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏ ORDERÏTOÏSPEAKÏWITHÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏABOUTÏTHEIRÏVOCATIONÏANDÏCALLÏTOÏRELIGIOUSÏLIFE

V. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CONTINUES FROM AD 1500 TO AD 1800

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

4HEÏSIXTEENTHÏANDÏSEVENTEENTHÏCENTURIESÏWEREÏAÏTIMEÏOFÏRENEWALÏOFÏTHEÏFAITHÏINÏTHEÏMIDSTÏOFÏRELIGIOUSÏCONTRO- VERSIESÏANDÏWARS • 3OMEÏOFÏTHESEÏCONTROVERSIESÏLEDÏLARGEÏNUMBERSÏOFÏ#HRISTIANSÏTOÏPROTESTÏAGAINST ÏANDÏULTIMATELYÏSEPARATEÏTHEMSELVESÏ FROM ÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏ#HURCHÏOFÏ2OME Ï4HISÏWIDESPREADÏMOVEMENTÏISÏCALLEDÏTHEÏ0ROTESTANTÏ2EFORMATIONÏ #HRISTIANSÏWHOÏDIDÏNOTÏSEPARATEÏFROMÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏOFÏ2OMEÏATÏTHATÏTIMEÏBECAMEÏKNOWNÏASÏ2OMANÏ#ATHOLICS • $URINGÏTHEÏSAMEÏPERIOD ÏAÏBROADÏREFORMÏMOVEMENTÏAROSEÏINÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCH • 4HEÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏ4RENTÏ  ÏWHICHÏADDRESSEDÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHSÏNEEDÏFORÏREFORM ÏSOUGHTÏTOÏCLARIFYÏ Catholic teaching and strengthen discipline within the Church. • &OLLOWINGÏTHEÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏ4RENT Ï#ATHOLICÏLEADERSÏSUCCEEDEDÏINÏREESTABLISHINGÏ#ATHOLICISMÏINÏSOMEÏPARTSÏOFÏ %UROPEÏTHATÏHADÏBECOMEÏ0ROTESTANTÏ4HISÏDEVELOPMENTÏISÏCALLEDÏTHEÏ#OUNTER 2EFORMATIONÏ;  Ï Ï 838, 884, 891, 1428]

)NÏTHEÏEIGHTEENTHÏCENTURYÏTHEÏ%NLIGHTENMENTÏPRESENTEDÏNEWÏCHALLENGESÏTOÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏANDÏAÏGRADUALÏPROCESSÏOFÏ RESPONDINGÏTOÏTHEÏIDEASÏOFÏTHEÏ%NLIGHTENMENTÏWASÏBEGUNÏ4HEÏ!GEÏOFÏ%NLIGHTENMENTÏMAYÏBEÏDElNEDÏASÏTHEÏINTEL- LECTUALÏANDÏPHILOSOPHICALÏMOVEMENTÏTHATÏEMPHASIZEDÏTHEÏSCIENTIlCÏMETHODÏANDÏREDUCTIONISMÏASÏWELLÏASÏDOCTRINESÏ OFÏINDIVIDUALÏLIBERTY ÏTHEÏSEEKINGÏOFÏTRUTHÏTHROUGHÏUNAIDEDÏHUMANÏREASON ÏANDÏTHEÏQUESTIONINGÏOFÏREVEALEDÏTRUTH

Explorers and missionaries, especially from Spain and Portugal, brought Catholic Christianity to South and #ENTRALÏ!MERICA ÏTHEÏ&ARÏ%AST ÏANDÏWHATÏISÏTODAYÏTHEÏ5NITEDÏ3TATESÏOFÏ!MERICAÏANDÏ#ANADA

82 Grade Eight | Church History ."Ï-ISSIONARIESÏOFÏTHATÏTIMEÏHADÏANÏUNDERSTANDINGÏOFÏMISSIONÏDIFFERENTÏFROMÏOURSÏTODAY ÏINÏTHATÏTHEYÏIDENTIlEDÏ #HRISTIANITYÏWITHÏTHEIRÏCULTUREÏAND ÏTHEREFORE ÏFREQUENTLYÏIMPOSEDÏTHEIRÏCULTUREÏONÏTHEÏNATIVEÏPEOPLESÏWHOMÏTHEYÏ came to evangelize. While such methods may rightly be criticized, the zeal and genuine accomplishments of these missionaries in bringing the gospel to others are, nonetheless, to be commended. [853-54, 856, 905, 927]

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

4HESEÏCENTURIESÏWEREÏMARKEDÏBYÏPAINFULÏDISAGREEMENTSÏAMONGÏ#HRISTIANSÏINÏ%UROPE ÏWHICHÏRESULTEDÏINÏTHEÏ separation of many people from the Church of Rome, and the rise of many different Protestant denomina- TIONS ÏFORÏEXAMPLE Ï,UTHERANS Ï#ALVINISTSÏANDÏ"APTISTSÏ2ELIGIOUSÏFANATICISMÏAMONGÏBOTHÏ0ROTESTANTSÏANDÏ#ATH- olics resulted in hatred, persecution and religious wars in some parts of Europe. [855, 817-819]

4HEÏSEARCHÏFORÏRELIGIOUSÏFREEDOMÏCOMPELLEDÏMANYÏTOÏLEAVEÏ%UROPEÏANDÏTRAVELÏTOÏ!MERICAÏ(OWEVER ÏEVENÏINÏTHEÏ New World some people were still persecuted for their faith. [160, 164]

#Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • St. Angela Merici (1474-1540)Ï!NGELAÏ-ERICIÏFOUNDEDÏAÏGROUPÏOFÏLAYÏWOMENÏINÏ)TALYÏWHOÏDEDICATEDÏTHEIRÏ LIVESÏTOÏEDUCATINGÏPOORÏGIRLSÏ4HESEÏLAYÏWOMENÏLATERÏBECAMEÏAÏWORLDWIDEÏORDERÏKNOWNÏASÏTHEÏ5RSULINEÏ nuns. [369, 917, 2447] • St. (1478-1535): Husband, father and English statesman, Thomas More was appointed #HANCELLORÏBYÏ+INGÏ(ENRYÏ6)))Ï"ECAUSEÏ4HOMASÏREFUSEDÏTOÏCOOPERATEÏWITHÏ(ENRYSÏATTACKÏONÏTHEÏSANCTITYÏ of marriage and the teaching authority of the , he was martyred in 1535. [313, 2467, 2473] • Bartolomé de las Casas (1484-1566): A Dominican priest and later a bishop, Bartolomé de Las Casas WORKEDÏINÏ,ATINÏ!MERICAÏINÏORDERÏTOÏBRINGÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏTOÏTHEÏ)NDIANSÏ(EÏSTRUGGLEDÏTOÏPROMOTEÏTHEIRÏCIVILÏ RIGHTSÏANDÏTOÏHAVEÏSLAVERYÏPROHIBITEDÏ; Ï Ï= • St. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)Ï!ÏYOUNGÏ"ASQUEÏSOLDIERÏOFÏNOBLEÏBIRTH Ï)GNATIUSÏWASÏWOUNDEDÏINÏBATTLEÏ 7HILEÏRECOVERING ÏHEÏREADÏABOUTÏTHEÏLIFEÏOFÏ#HRISTÏANDÏOFÏTHEÏSAINTS ÏEXPERIENCEDÏAÏCONVERSION ÏANDÏDEDI- CATEDÏHIMSELFÏTOÏTHEÏSERVICEÏOFÏTHEÏ,ORDÏ)NÏÏHEÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏ3OCIETYÏOFÏ*ESUSÏTHEÏ*ESUITS ÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏ COMMUNITYÏOFÏMENÏNOTEDÏFORÏTHEIRÏMISSIONARYÏANDÏEDUCATIONALÏWORKÏ(ISÏ3PIRITUALÏ%XERCISESÏAREÏAÏGREATÏ CONTRIBUTIONÏTOÏTHEÏ#HURCHSÏTRADITIONÏOFÏPRAYERÏ; Ï Ï= • St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)Ï!ÏSIXTEENTHÏCENTURYÏ3PANISHÏNUNÏANDÏMYSTIC Ï4ERESAÏOFÏ!VILAÏWASÏKNOWNÏ FORÏHERÏCOURAGE ÏHERÏPRAYERÏANDÏHERÏPROFOUNDÏLOVEÏOFÏ'ODÏ3HEÏREFORMEDÏ#ARMELITEÏRELIGIOUSÏLIFEÏANDÏWROTEÏ BOOKSÏONÏTHEÏSPIRITUALÏLIFEÏWHICHÏSTILLÏGUIDEÏUSÏTODAYÏ3HEÏWASÏPROCLAIMEDÏAÏh$OCTORÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHvÏBYÏ 0OPEÏ0AULÏ6)ÏINÏÏ; Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï= • St. Paul Miki (1562-1597)Ï0AULÏ-IKIÏWASÏBORNÏINÏ*APANÏANDÏBECAMEÏAÏ*ESUITÏINÏÏ$URINGÏAÏTERRIBLEÏ PERSECUTIONÏINÏTHATÏCOUNTRYÏHEÏWASÏMARTYREDÏINÏÏnÏWITHÏTWENTY lVEÏOTHERÏRELIGIOUSÏANDÏLAYÏPEOPLEÏnÏBYÏ BEINGÏCRUCIlEDÏ&ROMÏHISÏCROSS Ï0AULÏINVITEDÏONLOOKERSÏTOÏACCEPTÏ#HRISTIANITY ÏSAIDÏHEÏWASÏJOYFULLYÏGIVINGÏ HISÏLIFEÏFORÏ#HRIST ÏANDÏFORGAVEÏHISÏEXECUTIONERSÏ; Ï Ï Ï= • St. (1567-1622)Ï&RANCISÏDEÏ3ALESÏBECAMEÏBISHOPÏOFÏ'ENEVA ÏAÏSTRONGÏ0ROTESTANTÏCITY ÏINÏ Ï)MPORTANTÏINÏTHEÏREFORMÏMOVEMENTÏWITHINÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCH ÏHEÏWASÏLOVEDÏFORÏHISÏGENTLENESSÏANDÏ pastoral concern. Through his writings, he taught spirituality, especially for the laity, stressing that the CALLÏTOÏHOLINESSÏISÏADDRESSEDÏTOÏEVERYONEÏ; Ï Ï=

Grade Eight | Church History 83 • St. (1580-1654)Ï0ETERÏ#LAVERÏWASÏAÏ3PANISHÏ*ESUITÏMISSIONARYÏWHOÏVOWEDÏTOÏBEÏFOREVERÏAÏ hSLAVEvÏTOÏHISÏBLACKÏBROTHERSÏANDÏSISTERSÏ(EÏSERVEDÏINÏ#OLOMBIA Ï3OUTHÏ!MERICA ÏINÏTHEÏSEVENTEENTHÏCENTU- RYÏANDÏISÏREVEREDÏFORÏHISÏWORKÏAMONGÏTHEÏBLACKÏPEOPLESÏ(EÏDIEDÏINÏÏ; Ï Ï= • St. (1586-1617)Ï4HEÏPATRONÏSAINTÏOFÏTHEÏ0HILIPPINES Ï,ATINÏ!MERICA ÏANDÏmORISTS Ï3AINTÏ2OSEÏ OFÏ,IMAÏWASÏBORNÏINÏ0ERUÏTOÏPOORÏ3PANISHÏCOLONISTSÏ/FTENÏDEPICTEDÏWEARINGÏAÏCROWNÏOFÏROSES ÏSHEÏWASÏSOÏ NAMEDÏDUEÏTOÏHERÏEXTREMEÏPHYSICALÏBEAUTYÏASÏAÏBABYÏ2OSEÏTOOKÏAÏVOWÏOFÏCHASTITYÏANDÏWENTÏTOÏGREATÏLENGTHSÏ TOÏMAKEÏHERÏFACEÏLOOKÏLESSÏBEAUTIFULÏ3HEÏEMBROIDEREDÏTHINGSÏFORÏSALEÏTOÏHELPÏHERÏIMPOVERISHEDÏFAMILYÏANDÏ THEÏPOORÏ-YSTICÏANDÏVISIONARY ÏSHEÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏSOCIALÏWORKERÏINÏTHEÏ!MERICAS ÏALTHOUGHÏSHEÏSUFFEREDÏFROMÏ MANYÏAFmICTIONSÏ-IRACULOUSÏEVENTSÏWEREÏATTRIBUTEDÏTOÏHERÏFOLLOWINGÏHERÏDEATHÏ3AINTÏ2OSEÏOFÏ,IMAÏWASÏ CANONIZEDÏBYÏ0OPEÏ#LEMENTÏ8ÏINÏÏANDÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏPERSONÏBORNÏINÏTHEÏ7ESTERNÏ(EMISPHEREÏTOÏBEÏ recognized as a saint. • St. Jogues (1607-1646)Ï)SAACÏ*OGUESÏWASÏAÏ*ESUITÏPRIEST ÏMISSIONARY ÏANDÏMARTYRÏWHOÏTRAVELEDÏANDÏ WORKEDÏAMONGÏTHEÏ)ROQUOIS Ï(URON ÏANDÏOTHERÏ.ATIVEÏPOPULATIONSÏINÏ.ORTHÏ!MERICAÏ(EÏWASÏCAPTUREDÏ BYÏTHEÏ)ROQUOISÏAND ÏASÏAÏPRISONER ÏSUFFEREDÏPHYSICALÏTORMENT ÏWHILEÏCOMFORTING ÏBAPTIZING ÏANDÏHEARINGÏ CONFESSIONSÏOFÏTHEÏOTHERÏPRISONERSÏ)SAACÏ*OGUESÏESCAPEDÏHISÏIMPRISONMENTÏANDÏWENTÏTOÏ.EWÏ!MSTERDAMÏ WHEREÏHEÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏ#ATHOLICÏPRIESTÏTOÏVISITÏ-ANHATTANÏ)SLANDÏ(EÏTRAVELEDÏBACKÏTOÏ&RANCEÏBUTÏWASÏSOONÏ EAGERÏTOÏRETURNÏTOÏTHEÏMISSIONSÏ(EÏRETURNEDÏTOÏ)ROQUOISÏTERRITORYÏINÏTHEÏSPRINGÏOFÏÏANDÏWASÏMARTYREDÏ LATERÏTHATÏYEARÏBYÏTHEÏ-OHAWKÏATÏTHEIRÏVILLAGEÏOFÏ/SSERNENON ÏSOUTHÏOFÏTHEÏ-OHAWKÏ2IVER • St. Marguerite Bourgeoys (1620-1700)Ï!Ï&RENCHÏWOMANÏWHOÏISÏCONSIDEREDÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏFOUNDERSÏOFÏ&RENCHÏ #ANADA Ï-ARGUERITEÏ"OURGEOYSÏOPENEDÏTHEÏlRSTÏSCHOOLÏOFÏ-ONTREALÏINÏÏFORÏ&RENCHÏANDÏ)NDIANÏCHIL- DRENÏ3HEÏALSOÏESTABLISHEDÏTHEÏlRSTÏRELIGIOUSÏCOMMUNITYÏOFÏNON CLOISTEREDÏSISTERSÏINÏ.ORTHÏ!MERICA ÏTHEÏ Congregation of Notre Dame. [5, 799, 851, 927] • St. (1656-1680)Ï"ORNÏNEARÏWHATÏISÏNOWÏTHEÏTOWNÏOFÏ!URIESVILLE Ï.EWÏ9ORK Ï+ATERIÏWASÏ THEÏDAUGHTERÏOFÏAÏ-OHAWKÏCHIEFÏANDÏAÏCAPTIVEÏ!LGONQUINÏMOTHER ÏBUTÏWASÏORPHANEDÏATÏTHEÏAGEÏOFÏFOURÏ3HEÏ WASÏBAPTIZEDÏBYÏAÏ*ESUITÏMISSIONARYÏATÏAGEÏTWENTYÏANDÏMOVEDÏTOÏAÏ#HRISTIANÏCOLONYÏOFÏ)ROQUOISÏINÏ#ANADA Ï WHEREÏHERÏFAITH ÏGENTLENESS ÏKINDNESSÏANDÏDEVOTIONÏTOÏ#HRISTÏCRUCIlEDÏIMPRESSEDÏEVERYONEÏ3HEÏDIEDÏOFÏ DISEASEÏATÏAGEÏÏ(ERÏLASTÏWORDSÏWERE Ïh*ESUSÏ-ARYÏ)ÏLOVEÏYOUvÏ; Ï Ï Ï=

84 Grade Eight | Church History PRAYER EXPERIENCE

2EADÏ-ATTHEWÏ ÏALOUDÏ!SKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏWHATÏTHISÏMEANSÏTOÏTHEM 4ELLÏTHEÏGROUPÏTHATÏ*ESUSÏSENTÏTHEÏlRSTÏDISCIPLESÏTOÏSPREADÏHISÏMESSAGEÏAND ÏBYÏVIRTUEÏOFÏOURÏBAPTISM ÏHEÏ SENDSÏEACHÏOFÏUSÏTOÏCONTINUEÏHISÏMISSIONÏTODAYÏ!SKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏCONSIDERÏHOWÏ*ESUSÏISÏCHALLENGINGÏ each of them to spread his message. Lead the young people in the following prayer for missions and missionaries from the Mass for the Spread of the Gospel: God our Father, you will all people to be saved and come to the knowledge of your truth. Send workers into your great harvest that the Gospel may be preached to every creature and your people, gathered together by the word of life and strengthened by the power of the sacraments, may advance in the way of salvation and love. We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen.

VI. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CONTINUED FROM AD 1800 THROUGH THE 20TH CENTURY

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

4HEÏNINETEENTHÏANDÏTWENTIETHÏCENTURIESÏSAWÏTHEÏEXPANSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLDÏ)NÏ!FRICAÏANDÏ !SIAÏINÏPARTICULAR ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏGREWÏTHROUGHÏTHEÏEFFORTSÏOFÏMISSIONARIESÏ)NÏTHEÏ5NITEDÏ3TATESÏOFÏ!MERICA ÏTHEÏ #HURCHÏINCREASEDÏTHROUGHÏTHEÏINmUXÏOFÏ#ATHOLICÏIMMIGRANTSÏ$IOCESES ÏPARISHES ÏANDÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ3CHOOLÏSYS- tem in the steadily expanded to meet the religious and educational needs of these immigrants. [166, 905, 927]

4HEÏ&IRSTÏ6ATICANÏ#OUNCILÏ  ÏADDRESSEDÏSEVERALÏISSUES ÏAMONGÏTHEMÏMATERIALISM ÏINSPIRATIONÏOFÏ3CRIP- ture, and papal infallibility.

#LERGY ÏRELIGIOUS ÏANDÏLAITYÏDEVELOPEDÏANDÏFOSTEREDÏTHEÏSOCIALÏMISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLD ÏBYÏ supporting the rights of labor, minorities, and all who are oppressed in any way. [2419, 2421, 2460-63]

4HEÏ3ECONDÏ6ATICANÏ#OUNCILÏ  ÏWASÏCALLEDÏBYÏ0OPEÏ3TÏ*OHNÏ88)))ÏTOÏREFORMÏANDÏRENEWÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ)NÏ AÏSERIESÏOFÏAUTHORITATIVEÏDOCUMENTS ÏITÏPROCLAIMEDÏTHEÏTEACHINGÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏFORÏTHEÏPRESENTÏDAYÏ4HEÏ#OUNCILÏ called for the renewal of the liturgy, a greater participation of the laity in the Church, ecumenism, the study of 3ACREDÏ3CRIPTUREÏBYÏSCHOLARSÏANDÏLAITY ÏANDÏTHEÏUNIVERSALÏRECOGNITIONÏOFÏTHEÏRIGHTÏFORÏRELIGIOUSÏFREEDOMÏ&ORÏTHEÏ lRSTÏTIMEÏINÏHISTORY ÏAÏ#HURCHÏCOUNCILÏADDRESSEDÏITSELFÏNOTÏONLYÏTOÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏBUTÏTOÏTHEÏWHOLEÏOFÏHUMANITYÏ [160, 820-23, 863, 884, 905, 910, 1204-05, 2108]

Grade Eight | Church History 85 4HEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏISÏNOW ÏMOREÏTHANÏEVERÏBEFORE ÏAÏGLOBALÏ#HURCH ÏWITHÏALLÏTHEÏFERVORÏANDÏZEALÏOFÏYOUNGÏ COMMUNITIESÏBEINGÏADDEDÏTOÏTHEÏGIFTSÏOFÏANÏOLDER ÏWELL ESTABLISHEDÏ#HRISTIANÏCIVILIZATIONÏ4HEÏVISIBLEÏPRESENCEÏ OFÏDELEGATESÏFROMÏ4HIRDÏ7ORLDÏNATIONSÏATÏTHEÏ3ECONDÏ6ATICANÏ#OUNCILÏASÏWELLÏASÏTHEÏDIVERSITYÏREmECTEDÏINÏTHEÏ present College of Cardinals has underlined this new reality. [782, 791, 2820]

!WARENESSÏ OFÏ GLOBAL Ï ECONOMIC Ï SOCIALÏ ANDÏ ECOLOGICALÏ ISSUESÏ HASÏ LIKEWISEÏ BROUGHTÏ AÏ NEWÏ DIMENSIONÏ TOÏ THEÏ #HURCHSÏMORALÏTEACHINGÏ;  Ï  Ï Ï =

4HEÏECUMENICALÏMOVEMENTÏOFÏTHEÏTWENTIETHÏCENTURYÏHASÏBEENÏAÏGREATÏFORCEÏFORÏRECONCILIATIONÏAMONGÏ#HRISTIANÏ COMMUNITIESÏ#ATHOLICSÏCONTINUEÏTOÏWORKÏWITHÏOTHERSÏTOWARDÏ#HRISTIANÏUNITYÏTHROUGHÏCOOPERATIONÏANDÏDIA- LOGUEÏ)NTERRELIGIOUSÏDIALOGUEÏBETWEENÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏANDÏOTHERÏMAJORÏWORLDÏRELIGIONSÏHASÏALSOÏINCREASEDÏ our mutual understanding and respect. [817-22, 839-45, 855, 870]

4WOÏOFÏTHEÏ0OPESÏOFÏTHEÏLATTERÏHALFÏOFÏTHEÏTWENTIETHÏCENTURY Ï0OPEÏ3AINTÏ0AULÏ6)ÏANDÏ0OPEÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ)) Ï WEREÏTHEÏlRSTÏTOÏTRAVELÏEXTENSIVELYÏASÏPOPESÏ)NÏTHEÏTWENTY lRSTÏCENTURY Ï0OPEÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ)) Ï0OPEÏ"ENEDICTÏ86) Ï ANDÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏHAVEÏCONTINUEDÏTOÏTRAVELÏANDÏSHOWÏTHEIRÏSOLIDARITYÏWITHÏ#ATHOLICSÏAROUNDÏTHEÏWORLD ÏEN- COURAGINGÏTHEMÏINÏTHEIRÏFAITHÏ4HROUGHOUTÏTHEIRÏTRAVELS ÏALLÏOFÏTHESEÏPOPESÏHAVEÏCONTINUALLYÏCHALLENGEDÏUNJUSTÏ STRUCTURESÏANDÏCALLEDÏONÏALLÏPEOPLEÏTOÏWORKÏFORÏWORLDÏPEACEÏ; Ï Ï Ï Ï=

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

$URINGÏTHEÏMODERNÏAGE ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏCONTINUEDÏTOÏSUFFERÏINÏMANYÏPARTSÏOFÏTHEÏWORLDÏDUEÏTOÏSECULARISM ÏPREJU- DICE ÏINJUSTICE ÏANDÏPERSECUTIONÏ; Ï=

4HEÏ#HURCH ÏWHILEÏSUFFERINGÏPERSECUTIONÏINÏTHEÏFACEÏOFÏ.AZISM Ï#OMMUNISM ÏANDÏ2ADICALÏ)SLAM ÏHASÏNEVER- THELESSÏSURVIVEDÏ)TÏHASÏSOMETIMESÏEVENÏmOURISHEDÏASÏANÏUNDERGROUNDÏ#HURCHÏINÏPLACESÏSUCHÏASÏ0OLAND Ï,ITH- UANIA Ï5KRAINE Ï(UNGARY Ï#HINA ÏANDÏ6IETNAMÏ; Ï=

4HEÏ#HURCHÏINÏEVERYÏAGEÏHASÏHADÏTOÏFACEÏMANYÏPROBLEMSÏSHEÏISÏSUSTAINEDÏBYÏ#HRISTSÏVICTORYÏOVERÏSINÏANDÏHISÏ PROMISEÏTOÏBEÏWITHÏHERÏFORÏALLÏTIMEÏ4ODAYÏTHEÏ0EOPLEÏOFÏ'OD ÏASÏTHEYÏSTRIVEÏTOÏLIVEÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏMESSAGE ÏAREÏ CHALLENGEDÏBYÏRELATIVISM ÏMATERIALISM ÏLACKÏOFÏRESPECTÏFORÏLIFEÏANDÏHUMANÏDIGNITY ÏANDÏTHEÏEROSIONÏOFÏRELIGIOUSÏ VALUESÏ; Ï Ï Ï =

4HEÏCONTINUEDÏPRESENCEÏOFÏWARSÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLD ÏTHEÏHORRORÏOFÏGENOCIDE ÏTHEÏRISEÏOFÏTERRORISM ÏANDÏTHEÏGRAVEÏ THREATÏPOSEDÏBYÏNUCLEARÏWEAPONSÏHAVEÏIMPELLEDÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏTOÏINTENSIFYÏHERÏWORKÏFORÏPEACEÏ; Ï Ï  Ï=

#Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • (died between 1648-1930)Ï4HEÏ-ARTYRÏ3AINTSÏOFÏ#HINA ÏORÏ!UGUSTINEÏ:HAOÏ2ONGÏ ANDÏHISÏÏCOMPANIONS ÏAREÏKNOWNÏASÏÏ#HINESEÏ#ATHOLICSÏANDÏÏ7ESTERNÏMISSIONARIESÏWHO ÏFROMÏTHEÏ mid-17th century to 1930, were martyred because of their ministry and in some cases because of their re- fusal to denounce their faith in Christ Jesus. Many died in the Boxer Rebellion, in which 30,000 Chinese CONVERTSÏTOÏ#HRISTIANITYÏALONGÏWITHÏMISSIONARIESÏANDÏOTHERÏFOREIGNERSÏWEREÏKILLEDÏBYÏREVOLUTIONARIESÏ!NNAÏ 7ANG ÏAÏ YEAR OLDÏGIRL ÏWASÏAMONGÏTHEÏ#HINESEÏCONVERTSÏWHOÏREFUSEDÏTOÏRENOUNCEÏ#HRISTIANITYÏANDÏSHEÏ spent the hours before her death in prayer and encouraged others to remain faithful. The Martyr Saints OFÏ#HINAÏWEREÏCANONIZEDÏONÏ/CTOBERÏ ÏÏBYÏ0OPEÏ3TÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ)) • Venerable Pierre Toussaint (1766-1853)Ï!ÏFORMERÏSLAVE Ï0IERREÏ4OUSSAINTÏWASÏBROUGHTÏTOÏ.EWÏ9ORKÏ#ITYÏ INÏÏANDÏTHEREÏHEÏWASÏAPPRENTICEDÏTOÏONEÏOFÏ.EWÏ9ORKSÏLEADINGÏHAIRDRESSERSÏ(EÏEARNEDÏAÏGOODÏLIVINGÏASÏAÏ

86 Grade Eight | Church History HAIRDRESSERÏANDÏEVENTUALLYÏGAINEDÏHISÏFREEDOM ÏLATERÏBECOMINGÏAÏNOTEDÏPHILANTHROPISTÏTOÏTHEÏPOORÏOFÏTHEÏCITYÏ 4OGETHERÏWITHÏHISÏWIFE Ï*ULIETTE Ï0IERREÏ4OUSSAINTÏPERFORMEDÏMANYÏCHARITABLEÏWORKSÏ(EÏCONTRIBUTEDÏFUNDSÏ ANDÏHELPEDÏRAISEÏMONEYÏTOÏBUILDÏ/LDÏ3AINTÏ0ATRICKSÏ#ATHEDRALÏONÏ-ULBERRYÏ3TREETÏ0IERREÏ4OUSSAINTÏISÏTHEÏ lRSTÏLAYPERSONÏTOÏBEÏBURIEDÏINÏTHEÏCRYPTÏBELOWÏTHEÏMAINÏALTARÏOFÏ3AINTÏ0ATRICKSÏ#ATHEDRALÏONÏ&IFTHÏ!VENUE • St. Elizabeth Ann Seton (1774-1821)Ï%LIZABETHÏ3ETONÏWASÏAÏ.EWÏ9ORKER ÏAÏMARRIEDÏWOMANÏANDÏAÏMOTHERÏ !FTERÏSHEÏWASÏWIDOWED ÏSHEÏBECAMEÏAÏ2OMANÏ#ATHOLICÏ&OLLOWINGÏTHAT ÏSHEÏPROFESSEDÏVOWSÏASÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏ SISTERÏANDÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏ3ISTERSÏOFÏ#HARITYÏINÏ ÏANDÏINÏÏESTABLISHEDÏTHEÏlRSTÏORPHANAGEÏINÏ.EWÏ9ORKÏ #ITYÏ3HEÏHELPEDÏTOÏDEVELOPÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏSCHOOLÏSYSTEMÏINÏTHEÏ5NITEDÏ3TATESÏOFÏ!MERICAÏANDÏISÏTHEÏlRSTÏ American-born person to be canonized. [5, 1814, 1915] • St. John Henry Newman (1801-1890): Cardinal Newman was an Anglican priest in England who, despite PERSONALÏANDÏPROFESSIONALÏOPPOSITION ÏWASÏRECEIVEDÏINTOÏTHEÏ2OMANÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏINÏÏ(ISÏWRITINGSÏ HAVEÏDONEÏMUCHÏTOÏGIVEÏPEOPLEÏAÏDEEPERÏUNDERSTANDINGÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏFAITHÏ4HEÏESTABLISHMENTÏOFÏ.EW- man Centers (Catholic ministry centers) throughout the world for Catholic students attending secular UNIVERSITIESÏWASÏINSPIREDÏBYÏTHEÏWRITINGSÏOFÏ#ARDINALÏ*OHNÏ(ENRYÏ.EWMANÏ; Ï Ï Ï= • St. Anthony Mary Claret (1807-1870)Ï4HEÏhSPIRITUALÏFATHERÏOFÏ#UBAvÏWASÏAÏMISSIONARY ÏRELIGIOUSÏFOUND- ER ÏSOCIALÏREFORMER ÏANDÏARCHBISHOPÏ(EÏWASÏAÏ3PANIARDÏWHOSEÏWORKÏTOOKÏHIMÏTOÏTHEÏ#ARIBBEAN Ï#ANARYÏ )SLANDS ÏANDÏ%UROPEÏ/RDAINEDÏATÏ ÏHEÏWASÏPREVENTEDÏBYÏILLÏHEALTHÏFROMÏENTERINGÏRELIGIOUSÏLIFEÏASÏAÏ#AR- THUSIANÏORÏAÏ*ESUITÏ$ESPITEÏTHIS ÏHEÏBECAMEÏONEÏOFÏ3PAINSÏMOSTÏPOPULARÏPREACHERSÏ(EÏWASÏPRESENTÏATÏTHEÏ &IRSTÏ6ATICANÏ#OUNCILÏANDÏWASÏAÏSTAUNCHÏDEFENDERÏOFÏTHEÏDOCTRINEÏOFÏPAPALÏINFALLIBILITYÏ!NTHONYÏSPENTÏÏ YEARSÏGIVINGÏPOPULARÏMISSIONSÏANDÏRETREATS ÏALWAYSÏPLACINGÏGREATÏEMPHASISÏONÏTHEÏ%UCHARISTÏANDÏDEVOTIONÏ TOÏTHEÏ)MMACULATEÏ(EARTÏOFÏ-ARYÏ!NÏINTERESTÏINÏPUBLISHINGÏLEDÏ!NTHONYÏTOÏFOUNDÏTHEÏ2ELIGIOUSÏ0UBLISH- INGÏ(OUSE ÏAÏMAJORÏ#ATHOLICÏPUBLISHINGÏVENTUREÏINÏ3PAINÏ"EGINNINGÏWITHÏlVEÏPRIESTS ÏHEÏALSOÏFOUNDEDÏAÏ RELIGIOUSÏINSTITUTEÏOFÏMISSIONARIESÏ+NOWNÏTODAYÏASÏTHEÏ#LARETIANS ÏTHEYÏAREÏACTIVEÏASÏMISSIONARIESÏINÏOVERÏ ÏCOUNTRIESÏONÏlVEÏCONTINENTS • Pope Leo XIII (1810-1903)Ï!ÏPOPEÏOFÏTHEÏLATEÏNINETEENTHÏCENTURY Ï,EOÏ8)))ÏISÏBESTÏKNOWNÏFORÏHISÏCOMMIT- MENTÏTOÏTHEÏRIGHTSÏOFÏWORKINGÏMENÏANDÏWOMENÏ(ISÏENCYCLICALÏRerum Novarum (1891) is still considered ONEÏOFÏTHEÏCLASSICÏSTATEMENTSÏONÏTHEÏSUBJECTÏOFÏJUSTICEÏFORÏWORKERSÏ; Ï  Ï = • St. John Neumann (1811-1860): A Catholic priest from Bohemia, John Neumann immigrated to the 5NITEDÏ3TATESÏINÏÏANDÏWASÏORDAINEDÏTHATÏSAMEÏYEARÏATÏ/LDÏ3TÏ0ATRICKSÏ#ATHEDRALÏINÏ.EWÏ9ORKÏ#ITYÏ (EÏRECEIVEDÏPERMISSIONÏTOÏJOINÏTHEÏ2EDEMPTORISTÏORDERÏINÏÏ)NÏÏHEÏBECAMEÏTHEÏFOURTHÏ"ISHOPÏOFÏ 0HILADELPHIAÏANDÏDURINGÏHISÏTENUREÏHEÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏlRSTÏ#ATHOLICÏDIOCESANÏSCHOOLÏSYSTEMÏINÏTHEÏ5NITEDÏ 3TATESÏ(EÏISÏTHEÏlRSTÏ5NITEDÏ3TATESÏBISHOPÏTOÏBEÏCANONIZED • St. Dominic Savio (1842-1857)Ï"ORNÏINTOÏAÏPEASANTÏFAMILYÏATÏ2IVA Ï)TALY ÏYOUNGÏ$OMINICÏJOINEDÏ3AINTÏ *OHNÏ"OSCOÏASÏAÏSTUDENTÏATÏTHEÏ/RATORYÏINÏ4URINÏATÏTHEÏAGEÏOFÏÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ"OSCOÏWASÏIMPRESSEDÏWITHÏ $OMINICSÏDESIREÏTOÏBEÏAÏPRIESTÏANDÏTOÏHELPÏINÏHISÏWORKÏWITHÏNEGLECTEDÏBOYSÏ!ÏPEACEMAKERÏANDÏANÏORGA- nizer, young Dominic founded a group he called the Company of the which, in ADDITIONÏTOÏBEINGÏDEVOTIONAL ÏAIDEDÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ"OSCOÏWITHÏTHEÏBOYSÏANDÏWITHÏMANUALÏWORKÏ!SÏAÏYOUTH Ï $OMINICÏSPENTÏHOURSÏRAPTÏINÏPRAYERÏANDÏHEÏCALLEDÏHISÏRAPTURES ÏhMYÏDISTRACTIONSvÏ%VENÏINÏPLAY ÏHEÏSAIDÏ THATÏATÏTIMES Ïh)TÏSEEMSÏHEAVENÏISÏOPENINGÏJUSTÏABOVEÏMEÏ)ÏAMÏAFRAIDÏ)ÏMAYÏSAYÏORÏDOÏSOMETHINGÏTHATÏWILLÏ MAKEÏTHEÏOTHERÏBOYSÏLAUGHvÏ$OMINICÏWOULDÏSAY Ïh)ÏCANTÏDOÏBIGÏTHINGSÏ"UTÏ)ÏWANTÏALLÏ)ÏDO ÏEVENÏTHEÏSMALL- ESTÏTHING ÏTOÏBEÏFORÏTHEÏGREATERÏGLORYÏOFÏ'ODvÏ$OMINICSÏHEALTHÏWASÏALWAYSÏFRAILÏAND ÏAFTERÏRECEIVINGÏTHEÏ last sacraments, he died on March 9, 1857. Due to his youth, some thought Dominic was too young to be CONSIDEREDÏAÏSAINTÏ0OPEÏ3AINTÏ0IUSÏ8ÏDECLAREDÏTHATÏJUSTÏTHEÏOPPOSITEÏWASÏTRUEÏANDÏSUPPORTEDÏTHEÏCAUSEÏFORÏ $OMINICSÏSAINTHOOD ÏLEADINGÏTOÏHISÏEVENTUALÏCANONIZATIONÏINÏ

Grade Eight | Church History 87 • St. Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850-1917)Ï"ORNÏINÏ)TALYÏINÏ Ï&RANCESÏ#ABRINIÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏ#ONGREGATIONÏOFÏ THEÏ-ISSIONARIESÏOFÏTHEÏ3ACREDÏ(EARTÏOFÏ*ESUS ÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏCOMMUNITYÏOFÏWOMENÏWHOÏWORKÏINÏSCHOOLSÏANDÏHOS- PITALSÏ-OTHERÏ#ABRINIÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏNATURALIZEDÏ!MERICANÏCITIZENÏTOÏBEÏDECLAREDÏAÏSAINTÏ; Ï Ï Ï= • Mother Mary Alphonsa (1851-1926): Born in Lenox, Massachusetts, Rose Hawthorne was the daughter of the writer and his wife, Sophia. She was married while still YOUNGÏAND ÏALONGÏWITHÏHERÏHUSBAND ÏCONVERTEDÏTOÏ2OMANÏ#ATHOLICISMÏ!FTERÏHERÏHUSBANDSÏDEATH Ï2OSEÏ sought greater purpose in life. After spending time with the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent dePaul and TRAININGÏASÏAÏNURSEÏTOÏSERVEÏCANCERÏPATIENTS ÏSHEÏJOINEDÏTHEÏ4HIRDÏ/RDERÏ$OMINICANSÏ/NÏ$ECEMBERÏ Ï  ÏWITHÏAPPROVALÏOFÏ!RCHBISHOPÏ-ICHAELÏ!Ï#ORRIGANÏOFÏ.EWÏ9ORK ÏSHEÏFOUNDEDÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏORDERÏWHICHÏ WOULDÏBECOMEÏKNOWNÏASÏTHEÏ$OMINICANÏ3ISTERSÏOFÏ(AWTHORNEÏ4HEÏESTABLISHMENTÏOFÏ3TÏ2OSESÏ&REEÏ(OMEÏ FORÏ)NCURABLEÏ#ANCERÏINÏ#HERRYÏ3TREETÏINÏ.EWÏ9ORKÏ#ITYÏHOUSEDÏlFTEENÏPOORÏWOMENÏWITHÏCANCERÏ4HEÏ COMMUNITYÏEVENTUALLYÏWENTÏONÏTOÏESTABLISHÏSEVENÏNURSINGÏFACILITIESÏINÏSIXÏDIFFERENTÏSTATESÏ4ODAY Ï2OSARYÏ (ILLÏ(OMEÏINÏ(AWTHORNE Ï.EWÏ9ORKÏCARESÏFORÏTHEÏPOORÏWHOÏAREÏSUFFERINGÏFROMÏINCURABLEÏCANCER • St. Katherine Drexel (1858-1955): An heiress and philanthropist from Philadelphia, Katherine Drexel, a Sister of the Blessed Sacrament, turned away from wealth and social standing to found a missionary COMMUNITYÏSERVINGÏ!FRICAN !MERICANSÏANDÏ.ATIVEÏ!MERICANSÏ3HEÏUSEDÏHERÏINHERITANCEÏFORÏTHEÏBENElTÏOFÏ .ATIVEÏ!MERICANS ÏlNANCINGÏTHEÏPRINTINGÏOFÏÏCOPIESÏOFÏAÏCATECHISMÏTHATÏWOULDÏBEÏUSEDÏBYÏ.AVAJOÏCHIL- DRENÏ(ERÏLEGACYÏISÏMARKEDÏBYÏSELmESSÏSERVICEÏFORÏTHEÏVICTIMSÏOFÏINJUSTICEÏANDÏHERÏBELIEFÏINÏQUALITYÏEDUCATIONÏ FORÏALLÏ3HEÏDIEDÏATÏTHEÏAGEÏOFÏÏATÏHERÏORDERSÏMOTHERHOUSEÏNEARÏ0HILADELPHIA Ï0ENNSYLVANIA • St. Charles Lwanga (1860-1886)Ï#HARLESÏ,WANGAÏWASÏAÏYOUNGÏ#HRISTIANÏPAGEÏINÏTHEÏSERVICEÏOFÏAÏPAGANÏ emperor. He protected the other pages from the emperor, who demanded that they participate in homo- SEXUALÏACTIVITYÏ#HARLESÏWASÏMARTYREDÏWITHÏTWENTY ONEÏOTHERÏ5GANDANSÏDURINGÏTHEÏPERSECUTIONSÏOFÏÏ [2357, 2472-73] • St. Josephine Margaret Bakhita (Ca. 1869-1947): Born around 1869 in the Darfur region of Sudan, *OSEPHINEÏGREWÏUPÏHAPPYÏANDÏRELATIVELYÏPROSPEROUSÏ(ISTORIANSÏBELIEVEÏTHATÏSOMETIMEÏINÏ&EBRUARYÏÏ *OSEPHINEÏWASÏKIDNAPPEDÏBYÏ!RABÏSLAVEÏTRADERSÏANDÏFORÏTHEÏNEXTÏÏYEARSÏSHEÏWOULDÏBEÏBOUGHT ÏSOLDÏANDÏ GIVENÏAWAYÏOVERÏAÏDOZENÏTIMESÏ!SÏAÏSLAVE ÏHERÏEXPERIENCESÏVARIEDÏFROMÏFAIRÏTREATMENTÏTOÏCRUELÏANDÏSHEÏ EVENTUALLYÏARRIVEDÏINÏ)TALYÏANDÏWASÏPLACEDÏINÏTHEÏCUSTODYÏOFÏTHEÏ#ANOSSIANÏ3ISTERSÏINÏ6ENICEÏ7HILEÏSHEÏWASÏ WITHÏTHEÏSISTERS Ï*OSEPHINEÏCAMEÏTOÏLEARNÏABOUTÏ'ODÏSHEÏWASÏDEEPLYÏMOVEDÏBYÏHERÏTIMEÏWITHÏTHEÏSISTERSÏ ANDÏDISCERNEDÏAÏCALLÏTOÏFOLLOWÏ#HRISTÏ*OSEPHINESÏMISTRESSÏCOULDÏNOTÏPERSUADEÏHERÏTOÏLEAVEÏTHEÏCONVENTÏANDÏ )TALIANÏAUTHORITIESÏEVENTUALLYÏINTERVENEDÏONÏ*OSEPHINESÏBEHALFÏ)TÏWASÏDETERMINEDÏINÏTHEÏCOURTSÏTHATÏSINCEÏ SLAVERYÏHADÏBEENÏOUTLAWEDÏINÏ3UDANÏBEFOREÏ*OSEPHINEÏWASÏBORN ÏSHEÏCOULDÏNOTÏLAWFULLYÏBEÏMADEÏAÏSLAVEÏ *OSEPHINEÏWASÏDECLAREDÏFREEÏANDÏCHOSEÏTOÏREMAINÏWITHÏTHEÏ#ANOSSIANÏ3ISTERSÏ3HEÏWASÏRECEIVEDÏINTOÏTHEÏ #ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏONÏ*ANUARYÏ ÏÏANDÏTOOKÏTHEÏNAMEÏ*OSEPHINEÏ-ARGARETÏ&ORTUNATAÏTHEÏ,ATINÏTRANSLA- TIONÏOFÏHERÏ!RABICÏNAME Ï"AKHITA Ï3HEÏRECEIVEDÏTHEÏSACRAMENTSÏOFÏINITIATIONÏFROMÏTHEÏ#ARDINALÏ0ATRIARCHÏ OFÏ6ENICE ÏWHOÏWOULDÏLATERÏBECOMEÏ0OPEÏ0IUSÏ8Ï&ORÏTHEÏNEXTÏÏYEARSÏOFÏHERÏLIFE ÏSHEÏWORKEDÏASÏAÏCOOKÏANDÏ AÏDOORKEEPERÏATÏTHEÏCONVENTÏ3HEÏALSOÏTRAVELEDÏANDÏVISITEDÏOTHERÏCONVENTSÏTELLINGÏHERÏSTORYÏTOÏOTHERÏSISTERSÏ ANDÏPREPARINGÏTHEMÏFORÏWORKÏINÏ!FRICAÏ7HENÏSPEAKINGÏOFÏHERÏENSLAVEMENT ÏSHEÏOFTENÏPROFESSEDÏSHEÏWOULDÏ THANKÏHERÏKIDNAPPERS ÏFORÏHADÏSHEÏNOTÏBEENÏKIDNAPPED ÏSHEÏMIGHTÏNEVERÏHAVEÏCOMEÏTOÏKNOWÏ*ESUSÏ#HRISTÏ ANDÏENTEREDÏ(ISÏ#HURCHÏ)NÏHERÏLATERÏYEARS ÏDESPITEÏSUFFERINGÏPHYSICALÏPAINÏANDÏHAVINGÏTOÏUSEÏAÏWHEELCHAIR Ï SHEÏALWAYSÏREMAINEDÏCHEERFULÏ/NÏTHEÏEVENINGÏOFÏ&EBRUARYÏ Ï Ï*OSEPHINEÏSPOKEÏHERÏLASTÏWORDS Ïh/URÏ ,ADY Ï/URÏ,ADYvÏ)NÏÏTHEÏPROCESSÏOFÏCANONIZATIONÏBEGANÏFORÏ*OSEPHINEÏUNDERÏ0OPEÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ88)))Ï ANDÏINÏÏ0OPEÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ))ÏDECLAREDÏHERÏVENERABLEÏ7HILEÏTHEÏNEWSÏOFÏHERÏBEATIlCATIONÏINÏÏ WASÏCENSOREDÏINÏ3UDAN ÏWITHINÏTHEÏYEAR Ï0OPEÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ))ÏVISITEDÏTHATÏCOUNTRYÏANDÏPUBLICLYÏHONOREDÏ HERÏ3HEÏWASÏCANONIZEDÏONÏ/CTOBERÏ ÏÏANDÏISÏRECOGNIZEDÏASÏTHEÏPATRONÏSAINTÏOFÏ3UDAN

88 Grade Eight | Church History • St. Thérèse of Lisieux (1873-1897)Ï-OVEDÏBYÏHERÏLOVEÏFORÏ*ESUS Ï4HRÊSEÏBECAMEÏAÏ#ARMELITEÏNUNÏWHENÏSHEÏ WASÏlFTEENÏYEARSÏOLDÏ3HEÏSTROVEÏTOÏDOÏALLÏTHEÏSMALLÏTASKSÏOFÏLIFEÏTOÏTHEÏBESTÏOFÏHERÏABILITY ÏSEEINGÏTHEMÏASÏEXPRES- SIONSÏOFÏHERÏLOVEÏFORÏ*ESUSÏANDÏFORÏTHEÏOTHERSÏWITHÏWHOMÏSHEÏLIVEDÏ)NÏHERÏAUTOBIOGRAPHY ÏThe Story of a Soul, she TEACHESÏhHERÏLITTLEÏWAYvÏnÏHOWÏTOÏSEEKÏHOLINESSÏOFÏLIFEÏINÏTHEÏORDINARYÏANDÏHOWÏTOÏPERSEVEREÏINÏPRAYERÏEVENÏWHENÏ ITÏISÏDIFlCULTÏ4HRÊSEÏWASÏAÏMISSIONARYÏINÏSPIRITÏBECAUSEÏSHEÏPRAYEDÏDAILYÏANDÏFERVENTLYÏFORÏPEOPLEÏWHOÏDIDÏNOTÏ YETÏKNOWÏ*ESUSÏTHATÏTHEYÏMIGHTÏBEÏSAVEDÏBYÏ(ISÏDIVINEÏLOVEÏ0OPEÏ0IUSÏ8)ÏDECLAREDÏ3TÏ4HRÊSE Ïh0ATRONESSÏOFÏTHEÏ -ISSIONS vÏRECOGNIZINGÏTHATÏSOMEÏMISSIONARIESÏGOÏOUTÏTOÏEVANGELIZEÏINÏPLACESÏWHEREÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏHASÏNOTÏYETÏTAKENÏ ROOTÏWHILEÏOTHERS ÏLIKEÏ4HRÊSE ÏSAVEÏSOULSÏBYÏTHEIRÏFAITHFULÏPRAYERÏFORÏTHEMÏATÏHOMEÏ; Ï Ï Ï Ï= • Pope St. John XXIII (1881-1963): Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, one of fourteen children born to poor par- ENTSÏINÏ3OTTOÏILÏ-ONTE Ï)TALY ÏWOULDÏEVENTUALLYÏBECOMEÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏMOSTÏINmUENTIALÏPOPESÏINÏRECENTÏHISTORYÏ (EÏWASÏORDAINEDÏAÏPRIESTÏINÏÏANDÏSERVEDÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏINÏMANYÏWAYSÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏEARLYÏPARTÏOFÏTHEÏ 20th century and after the Second World War. He became a cardinal in 1953 and upon the death of Pius 8))ÏINÏÏWASÏELECTEDÏPOPEÏ3HORTLYÏAFTERÏHISÏELECTION Ï0OPEÏ*OHNÏ88)))ÏCALLEDÏFORÏANÏECUMENICALÏCOUNCILÏ WHICHÏWOULDÏCOMEÏTOÏBEÏKNOWNÏASÏ6ATICANÏ))Ï(EÏWASÏCANONIZEDÏAÏSAINTÏBYÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏONÏ!PRILÏ Ï • St. Pio of Pietrelcina [Padre Pio] (1887-1968)Ï&RANCESCOÏ&ORGIONEÏWASÏBORNÏINTOÏANÏ)TALIANÏFARMINGÏ FAMILYÏDEVOTEDÏTOÏTHEIRÏ#ATHOLICÏFAITHÏ&ROMÏAÏYOUNGÏAGEÏHEÏHADÏAÏSTRONGÏPERSONALÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏTHEÏ ,ORDÏANDÏWANTEDÏTOÏBEÏAÏPRIESTÏ7HENÏHEÏJOINEDÏTHEÏ#APUCHINÏ&RANCISCANÏ&RIARS ÏHEÏWASÏGIVENÏTHEÏNAMEÏ 0ADREÏ0IOÏ(EÏSUFFEREDÏMUCHÏTHROUGHOUTÏHISÏLIFEÏnÏPHYSICALLYÏASÏWELLÏASÏSPIRITUALLYÏnÏANDÏHEÏALWAYSÏOFFEREDÏ HISÏSUFFERINGSÏTOÏTHEÏ,ORDÏFORÏTHEÏSAKEÏOFÏSAVINGÏSINNERSÏ(ISÏPHYSICALÏDIFlCULTIESÏNEVERÏPREVENTEDÏHIMÏ FROMÏCONTINUINGÏHISÏMINISTRYÏOFÏCOMPASSIONÏFORÏTHEÏSICKÏANDÏTHEÏSUFFERINGÏ(EÏWASÏAÏPROFOUNDÏMYSTICÏnÏAÏ PERSONÏOFÏDEEPÏPRAYERÏWHOÏEXPERIENCEDÏTHEÏPRESENCEÏOFÏ'ODÏ/NEÏDAYÏINÏ ÏASÏ0ADREÏ0IOÏWASÏMAKINGÏ HISÏTHANKSGIVINGÏAFTERÏ-ASS ÏHEÏHADÏAÏVISIONÏOFÏ*ESUSÏ7HENÏTHEÏVISIONÏENDED ÏHEÏHADÏTHEvÏSTIGMATAvÏnÏTHEÏ WOUNDSÏOFÏ#HRISTÏ#RUCIlEDÏnÏINÏHISÏOWNÏHANDS ÏFEET ÏANDÏSIDEÏ0ADREÏ0IOÏUSEDÏHISÏEXTRAORDINARYÏSPIRITUALÏ GIFTSÏTOÏEXPRESSÏ*ESUSÏCOMPASSIONÏ4HOUSANDSÏOFÏPEOPLEÏmOCKEDÏTOÏHIMÏTOÏRECEIVEÏTHEÏ3ACRAMENTÏOFÏ0EN- ANCEÏ!LLÏDAYÏLONG ÏÏHOURSÏAÏDAY ÏHEÏWOULDÏHEARÏTHEIRÏCONFESSIONSÏ4HEÏPEOPLEÏOFTENÏSAIDÏTHATÏHEÏKNEWÏ DETAILSÏOFÏTHEIRÏLIVESÏTHATÏTHEYÏNEVERÏTOLDÏHIM ÏANDÏTHATÏHEÏUNDERSTOODÏTHEIRÏSOULS • Blessed Miguel Agustín Pro (1891-1927): “¡Viva Cristo Rey!”ÏnÏ,ONGÏLIVEÏ#HRISTÏTHEÏ+INGÏnÏWEREÏTHEÏLASTÏ WORDSÏ0ROÏUTTEREDÏBEFOREÏHEÏWASÏEXECUTEDÏFORÏBEINGÏAÏ#ATHOLICÏPRIESTÏANDÏSERVINGÏHISÏmOCKÏ"ORNÏINTOÏAÏ PROSPEROUS ÏDEVOUTÏFAMILYÏINÏ'UADALUPEÏDEÏ:ACATECAS Ï-EXICO Ï-IGUELÏENTEREDÏTHEÏ*ESUITSÏINÏÏ4HREEÏ YEARSÏLATER ÏBECAUSEÏOFÏRELIGIOUSÏPERSECUTIONÏINÏ-EXICO ÏHEÏmEDÏTOÏ3PAINÏ!FTERÏHEÏWASÏORDAINEDÏINÏ"ELGIUMÏ INÏ Ï&ATHERÏ0ROÏIMMEDIATELYÏRETURNEDÏTOÏ-EXICOÏWHEREÏHEÏSERVEDÏAÏ#HURCHÏFORCEDÏTOÏGOÏUNDERGROUNDÏ He clandestinely celebrated the Eucharist and ministered the sacraments to small groups of Catholics. He ANDÏHISÏBROTHER Ï2OBERTO ÏWEREÏARRESTEDÏONÏFALSEÏCHARGESÏOFÏATTEMPTINGÏTOÏASSASSINATEÏ-EXICOSÏPRESIDENTÏ 7HILEÏ2OBERTOÏWASÏSPARED Ï-IGUELÏWASÏSENTENCEDÏTOÏFACEÏAÏlRINGÏSQUADÏANDÏWASÏEXECUTEDÏONÏ.OVEMBERÏ  ÏÏ(ISÏFUNERALÏBECAMEÏAÏPUBLICÏDEMONSTRATIONÏOFÏFAITHÏ-IGUELÏ0ROÏWASÏBEATIlEDÏINÏ • St. (1894-1901)Ï-AXIMILIANÏ+OLBEÏWASÏAÏ0OLISHÏ#ATHOLICÏPRIESTÏWHOÏFULlLLEDÏTHEÏ'OS- pel message by laying down his life for another. During the Second World War, he was imprisoned in a .AZIÏCONCENTRATIONÏCAMPÏ(EÏVOLUNTEEREDÏTOÏDIEÏINÏTHEÏPLACEÏOFÏANOTHERÏPRISONER ÏWHO ÏWHENÏCHOSENÏTOÏDIE Ï HADÏSIGHED Ïh-YÏPOORÏWIFE ÏMYÏPOORÏCHILDRENvÏ; Ï Ï= • Venerable Fulton J. Sheen (1895-1979)Ï!RCHBISHOPÏ&ULTONÏ3HEENÏWASÏKNOWNÏFORÏHISÏPREACHINGÏANDÏESPE- CIALLYÏHISÏWORKÏONÏTELEVISIONÏANDÏRADIOÏ4HEÏHOSTÏOFÏTHEÏTELEVISIONÏPROGRAMÏ,IFEÏISÏ7ORTHÏ,IVINGÏFROMÏÏ TOÏ Ï!RCHBISHOPÏ3HEENSÏLEGACYÏENDURESÏASÏTHESEÏEPISODESÏCONTINUEÏTOÏBEÏREBROADCASTÏ)NÏÏHEÏWONÏ ANÏ%MMYÏ!WARDÏFORÏHISÏEFFORTS ÏACCEPTINGÏTHEÏAWARDÏBYÏSAYING Ïh)ÏFEELÏITÏISÏTIMEÏ)ÏPAYÏTRIBUTEÏTOÏMYÏFOURÏ WRITERSÏ-ATTHEW Ï-ARK Ï,UKE ÏANDÏ*OHNv

Grade Eight | Church History 89 • Pope St. Paul VI (1897-1978)Ï0OPEÏ3TÏ0AULÏ6)ÏCONTINUEDÏTHEÏ3ECONDÏ6ATICANÏ#OUNCILÏTHATÏWASÏSTARTEDÏBYÏ HISÏPREDECESSOR Ï0OPEÏ3TÏ*OHNÏ88)))Ï(ISÏCHIEFÏCONCERNÏWASÏTHATÏINÏTHEÏTHÏCENTURYÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏ SHOULDÏCONTINUEÏTOÏBEÏAÏFAITHFULÏWITNESSÏTOÏTHEÏTEACHINGSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏRECOGNIZINGÏTHEIRÏRELEVANCEÏINÏTHEÏ PRESENTÏTIMEÏ5PONÏCONCLUSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#OUNCIL Ï0AULÏ6)ÏMOVEDÏTOÏINTERPRETÏANDÏIMPLEMENTÏTHEÏMANDATESÏ OUTLINEDÏINÏTHEÏDOCUMENTSÏOFÏTHEÏ#OUNCILÏ(EÏWASÏCANONIZEDÏBYÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏONÏ/CTOBERÏ Ï • Servant of God Dorothy Day (1897-1980)Ï!ÏCONVERTÏTOÏ#ATHOLICISMÏSHEÏWAS ÏINÏFACT ÏANÏAGNOSTIC Ï$OR- othy Day experienced a period of searching for the meaning of life. After the birth of her daughter, she BEGANÏAÏPERIODÏOFÏSPIRITUALÏAWAKENINGÏWHICHÏLEDÏHERÏTOÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏFAITHÏ$OROTHYÏWASÏBAPTIZEDÏONÏ$E- CEMBERÏ ÏÏATÏ/URÏ,ADYÏ(ELPÏOFÏ#HRISTIANSÏ#HURCHÏONÏ3TATENÏ)SLANDÏ3HEÏWASÏAÏLAYÏWOMANÏWHO ÏBYÏ HERÏEXAMPLE ÏENCOURAGEDÏMANYÏTOÏFEEDÏTHEÏHUNGRYÏANDÏCLOTHEÏTHEÏNAKEDÏ&OUNDERÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ7ORKERÏ MOVEMENT ÏSHEÏLABOREDÏMOSTÏOFÏHERÏLIFEÏINÏ.EWÏ9ORKÏ#ITYÏANDÏDIEDÏTHEREÏINÏÏ; Ï  Ï Ï= • St. Teresa of Los Andes (1900-1920)Ï!SÏAÏYOUNGÏGIRLÏGROWINGÏUPÏINÏTHEÏEARLYÏSÏINÏ3ANTIAGO Ï#HILE Ï *UANAÏ&ERNANDEZÏREADÏANÏAUTOBIOGRAPHYÏTHEÏ&RENCH BORNÏSAINT Ï4HRÊSE ÏPOPULARLYÏKNOWNÏASÏTHEÏ,ITTLEÏ &LOWERÏ4HISÏEXPERIENCEÏDEEPENEDÏHERÏDESIREÏTOÏSERVEÏ'ODÏANDÏCLARIlEDÏTHEÏPATHÏSHEÏWOULDÏFOLLOWÏANDÏATÏÏ *UANAÏBECAMEÏAÏ#ARMELITEÏNUN ÏTAKINGÏTHEÏNAMEÏOFÏ4ERESAÏ4HEÏCONVENTÏOFFEREDÏTHEÏSIMPLEÏLIFESTYLEÏ4ERESAÏ DESIREDÏANDÏTHEÏJOYÏOFÏLIVINGÏINÏAÏCOMMUNITYÏOFÏWOMENÏCOMPLETELYÏDEVOTEDÏTOÏ'ODÏ3HEÏFOCUSEDÏHERÏDAYSÏ ONÏPRAYERÏANDÏSACRIlCEÏh)ÏAMÏ'ODS vÏSHEÏWROTEÏINÏHERÏDIARYÏh(EÏCREATEDÏMEÏANDÏISÏMYÏBEGINNINGÏANDÏMYÏ ENDvÏ4OWARDÏTHEÏENDÏOFÏHERÏSHORTÏLIFE Ï4ERESAÏBEGANÏANÏAPOSTOLATEÏOFÏLETTER WRITING ÏSHARINGÏHERÏTHOUGHTSÏ ONÏTHEÏSPIRITUALÏLIFEÏWITHÏMANYÏPEOPLEÏ!TÏAGEÏÏSHEÏCONTRACTEDÏTYPHUSÏANDÏQUICKLYÏTOOKÏHERÏlNALÏVOWSÏ 3HEÏDIEDÏAÏSHORTÏTIMEÏLATER ÏDURINGÏ(OLYÏ7EEKÏ+NOWNÏASÏTHEÏh&LOWERÏOFÏTHEÏ!NDES vÏ4ERESAÏREMAINSÏPOP- ULARÏWITHÏTHEÏESTIMATEDÏ ÏPILGRIMSÏWHOÏVISITÏHERÏSHRINEÏINÏ,OSÏ!NDESÏEACHÏYEARÏ#ANONIZEDÏINÏÏ BYÏ0OPEÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ)) ÏSHEÏISÏ#HILESÏlRSTÏSAINT • St. Maria (1905-1938): Born into a poor, religious family in Poland, at an early age &AUSTINAÏFELTÏCALLEDÏTOÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏLIFEÏ3HEÏWASÏSOÏPOORÏTHATÏSHEÏWASÏNOTÏADMITTEDÏTOÏTHEÏ#ONGREGATIONÏOFÏ THEÏ3ISTERSÏOFÏ/URÏ,ADYÏOFÏ-ERCYÏUNTILÏSHEÏSAVEDÏENOUGHÏMONEYÏTOÏPAYÏFORÏHERÏRELIGIOUSÏHABITÏ)TÏWASÏDURINGÏ AÏPERIODÏOFÏRECUPERATIONÏFROMÏILLNESSÏTHATÏ&AUSTINAÏWASÏVISITEDÏBYÏ*ESUS ÏTHEÏh+INGÏOFÏ$IVINEÏ-ERCYvÏ3HEÏ KEPTÏAÏDIARY ÏWHICHÏWASÏAÏRECORDÏOFÏHERÏCONVERSATIONSÏWITHÏ*ESUSÏ"EGINNINGÏINÏ*ULYÏOFÏÏANDÏTHROUGHOUTÏ THEÏTHÏCENTURY ÏTHEÏIMAGEÏOFÏANDÏDEVOTIONÏTOÏ$IVINEÏ-ERCYÏHASÏSPREADÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLD • St. Teresa of Calcutta [Kolkata] (1910-1997):Ï!ÏNATIVEÏOFÏ!LBANIA Ï-OTHERÏ4ERESAÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏ-ISSION- ARIESÏOFÏ#HARITYÏINÏÏ3HEÏWASÏAWARDEDÏTHEÏ.OBELÏ0EACEÏ0RIZEÏINÏÏFORÏHERÏCHARITABLEÏWORKÏ3HEÏWASÏ VOCALÏINÏHERÏOPPOSITIONÏTOÏABORTIONÏANDÏWASÏADMIREDÏBYÏMANYÏANDÏHONOREDÏAROUNDÏTHEÏWORLDÏFORÏHERÏCAREÏ OFÏTHEÏDYINGÏ4HEÏ-ISSIONARIESÏOFÏ#HARITY ÏWITHÏSEVERALÏTHOUSANDÏSISTERSÏANDÏAÏPRESENCEÏINÏMANYÏCOUNTRIES Ï MANAGESÏHOMESÏFORÏPEOPLEÏDYINGÏOFÏ()6!)$3 ÏSOUPÏKITCHENS ÏORPHANAGES ÏANDÏSCHOOLS • Thomas Merton (1915-1968)Ï(AVINGÏBEENÏPREVIOUSLYÏBAPTIZEDÏINÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏOFÏ%NGLAND Ï4HOMASÏ-ER- TONÏWASÏRECEIVEDÏINTOÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏONÏ.OVEMBERÏ ÏÏATÏ#ORPUSÏ#HRISTIÏ#HURCHÏINÏ-ANHATTANÏ (EÏWASÏAÏ4RAPPISTÏMONKÏANDÏGIFTEDÏWRITERÏWHOÏWROTEÏEXTENSIVELYÏABOUTÏTHEÏSPIRITUALÏLIFE ÏMONASTICISM ÏANDÏ THEÏNEEDÏFORÏWORLDÏPEACEÏ(EÏWASÏALSOÏCOMMITTEDÏTOÏDIALOGUEÏWITHÏ%ASTERNÏRELIGIONSÏONÏTHEÏSUBJECTÏOFÏMYS- ticism. His autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain ÏTELLSÏHISÏCONVERSIONÏSTORYÏ; Ï  Ï Ï= • St. Oscar Romero (1917-1980)Ï/SCARÏ2OMERO Ï!RCHBISHOPÏANDÏMARTYR ÏWASÏASSASSINATEDÏINÏÏWHILEÏ CELEBRATINGÏ-ASSÏBECAUSEÏOFÏHISÏSTANDÏONÏHUMANÏRIGHTSÏANDÏHISÏWORKÏTOÏPROMOTEÏJUSTICEÏANDÏPEACEÏINÏHISÏ COUNTRY Ï%LÏ3ALVADORÏ;  Ï Ï= • Pope St. John Paul II (1920-2005)Ï+AROLÏ*OSEFÏ7OJTYLAÏWASÏBORNÏINÏ7ADOWICE Ï0OLANDÏ(ISÏEARLYÏLIFEÏWASÏ VERYÏHARDÏ(ISÏMOTHERÏDIEDÏWHENÏHEÏWASÏÏANDÏHISÏOLDERÏBROTHERÏWHENÏHEÏWASÏÏ7HENÏHEÏWASÏÏTHEÏ

90 Grade Eight | Church History .AZISÏINVADEDÏ0OLANDÏANDÏHEÏANDÏHISÏFATHERÏHADÏTOÏGOÏINTOÏHIDINGÏ(EÏBECAMEÏAÏ#ATHOLICÏPRIESTÏDURINGÏTHEÏ YEARSÏWHENÏTHEÏ#OMMUNISTSÏWEREÏTAKINGÏCONTROLÏOFÏ0OLANDÏ,ATER ÏASÏ0OPE ÏHEÏWASÏINSTRUMENTALÏINÏENDINGÏ THEÏ#OMMUNISTÏRULEÏINÏ%ASTERNÏ%UROPEÏ0OPEÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ))ÏWASÏTHEÏLONGEST SERVINGÏPOPEÏINÏMODERNÏHISTORYÏ nÏFROMÏÏTOÏÏ$URINGÏHISÏPONTIlCATE ÏHEÏTRAVELLEDÏEXTENSIVELYÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLD ÏPRESENTINGÏTHEÏ #HURCHSÏTEACHINGSÏINÏMANYÏCOUNTRIESÏWITHÏTHEIRÏVASTLYÏDIFFERENTÏRELIGIOUSÏTRADITIONSÏANDÏCULTURESÏ(EÏHADÏ AÏSPECIALÏLOVEÏFORÏYOUTHÏANDÏTHEYÏFORÏHIMÏANDÏINÏ ÏHEÏBEGANÏTHEÏ7ORLDÏ9OUTHÏ$AYÏMOVEMENTÏThe Cat- echism of the Catholic Church ÏWHICHÏPROVIDESÏTHEÏBASICÏCONTENTÏFORÏALLÏ#ATHOLICÏEDUCATION ÏWASÏPUBLISHEDÏ UNDERÏHISÏDIRECTIONÏ(ISÏTEACHINGSÏONÏTHEÏ4HEOLOGYÏOFÏTHEÏ"ODYÏPROVIDEÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏCONTEXTÏFORÏTEACHINGÏ HUMANÏSEXUALITYÏ)NÏÏHEÏPROMULGATEDÏTHEÏNew Code of Canon Law. Just three years after he became POPE Ï*OHNÏ0AULÏ))ÏWASÏSHOTÏINÏ3TÏ0ETERSÏ3QUAREÏBYÏAÏ4URKISHÏPOLITICALÏEXTREMISTÏ!FTERÏHISÏRECOVERY ÏHEÏ VISITEDÏHISÏWOULD BEÏASSASSINÏINÏPRISONÏANDÏFORGAVEÏHIM • St. Gianna Beretta Molla (1922-1962): While pregnant with her fourth child, Gianna Molla, a medical DOCTOR ÏREFUSEDÏMEDICALÏTREATMENT ÏKNOWINGÏTHATÏDOINGÏSOÏCOULDÏRESULTÏINÏHERÏOWNÏDEATH ÏWHICHÏLATERÏOC- CURREDÏINÏÏ(ERÏMEDICALÏCAREERÏWASÏMARKEDÏBYÏADHERENCEÏTOÏTHEÏTEACHINGSÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏ3HEÏ DEDICATEDÏHERSELFÏTOÏCHARITABLEÏWORKÏANDÏWASÏINVOLVEDÏINÏTHEÏWORKÏOFÏBOTHÏ#ATHOLICÏ!CTIONÏANDÏTHEÏ3OCIETYÏ of St. Vincent de Paul.

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

• Read Matthew 25:35-36 to the group. • !SKÏTHEMÏTOÏREmECTÏONÏ*ESUSÏQUESTIONSÏANDÏTHINKÏABOUTÏTHEÏTIMESÏTHEYÏENCOUNTEREDÏSOMEONEÏWHOÏ was hungry or thirsty. What did they do? How did they welcome the stranger? • 7HATÏDIDÏTHEYÏDOÏTOÏMEETÏTHEÏNEEDSÏOFÏONEÏWHOÏNEEDEDÏADEQUATEÏCLOTHING Ï(OWÏDIDÏTHEYÏHELPÏONEÏ WHOÏISÏILLÏORÏINJURED Ï&ORÏTHOSEÏWHOÏAREÏSUFFERING ÏHOWÏCANÏWEÏLETÏTHEMÏKNOWÏWEÏCARE • Lead the students in the following prayer from the Mass for Refugees and Exiles: Lord, no one is a stranger to you and no one is ever far from your loving care. In your kindness, watch over refugees and exiles, those separated from their loved ones, young people who are lost, and those who have left or run away from home. Bring them back safely to the place where they long to be and help us always to show your kindness to strangers and to those in need. We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen.

VII. CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY

As the Catholic Church continues in the 21stÏCENTURY ÏTHEÏFAITHFULÏCONTINUEÏTOÏSEEKÏAÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ*E- sus Christ in the face of continued persecution, secularism and indifference. Realities such as the increasing PRESENCEÏOFÏTECHNOLOGYÏINÏEVERYDAYÏLIFE ÏTHEÏINVESTIGATIONÏOFÏCASESÏOFÏSEXÏABUSEÏINÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏANDÏSOCIETY ÏTHEÏ ATTEMPTSÏOFÏFOLLOWERSÏOFÏRADICALÏ)SLAMÏTOÏTERRORIZEÏ#HRISTIANS ÏANDÏTHEÏACCEPTANCEÏOFÏASSISTEDÏSUICIDEÏHAVE ÏATÏ

Grade Eight | Church History 91 TIMES ÏPRESENTEDÏOBSTACLESÏTOÏEFFECTIVEÏEVANGELIZATIONÏANDÏCATECHESISÏ2EGARDLESSÏOFÏONESÏSTATEÏINÏLIFE ÏWHETHERÏ ordained, lay or religious, through daily life one is bound to share the Good News in word and deed for the BUILDINGÏUPÏOFÏ'ODSÏKINGDOMÏONÏEARTH

!Ï4HEÏ0APACYÏATÏTHEÏBEGINNINGÏOFÏTHEÏSTÏCENTURY

&OLLOWINGÏTHEÏDEATHÏOFÏ0OPEÏ3TÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ))ÏONÏ!PRILÏ Ï ÏAÏPAPALÏCONCLAVEÏWASÏCONVENEDÏDURINGÏWHICHÏ *OSEPHÏ#ARDINALÏ2ATZINGERÏWASÏELECTEDÏPOPEÏ$URINGÏHISÏPAPACY Ï"ENEDICTÏ86)ÏADVOCATEDÏAÏRETURNÏTOÏFUNDA- MENTALÏ#HRISTIANÏVALUESÏTOÏCOUNTERÏTHEÏINCREASEÏINÏSECULARISMÏTHATÏWASÏTAKINGÏPLACEÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLD

%NCYCLICALSÏWRITTENÏBYÏ0OPEÏ"ENEDICTÏ86)ÏINCLUDE • Caritas in veritate (Charity in Truth): June 29, 2009 • Spe SalviÏ3AVEDÏBYÏ(OPE Ï.OVEMBERÏ Ï • Deus Caritas EstÏ/NÏ#HRISTIANÏ,OVEÏnÏ'ODÏISÏ,OVE Ï$ECEMBERÏ Ï

/NÏ&EBRUARYÏ Ï Ï0OPEÏ"ENEDICTÏANNOUNCEDÏHISÏRESIGNATIONÏTHATÏWOULDÏBECOMEÏEFFECTIVEÏLATERÏTHATÏSAMEÏ MONTHÏONÏ&EBRUARYÏÏ(EÏWOULDÏBEÏTHEÏlRSTÏPOPEÏTOÏRESIGNÏSINCEÏ'REGORYÏ8))ÏINÏ ÏANDÏTHEÏlRSTÏTOÏRESIGNÏ OFÏHISÏOWNÏVOLITIONÏSINCEÏ#ELESTINEÏ6ÏINÏ

4HEÏCONCLAVEÏTHATÏFOLLOWEDÏ0OPEÏ"ENEDICTÏ86)SÏRESIGNATIONÏRESULTEDÏINÏTHEÏELECTIONÏOFÏ*ORGEÏ-ARIOÏ#ARDINALÏ "ERGOGLIO ÏWHOÏWOULDÏBECOMEÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏ4HEÏPAPACYÏOFÏ&RANCISÏWASÏMARKEDÏBYÏAÏNUMBERÏOFÏlRSTSÏ(EÏWASÏ THEÏlRSTÏPONTIFFÏTOÏHAILÏFROMÏTHEÏ!MERICASÏANDÏTHEÏlRSTÏ3OUTHÏ!MERICANÏPOPEÏ(EÏWASÏALSOÏTHEÏlRSTÏ*ESUITÏPOPEÏ ANDÏTHEÏlRSTÏTOÏCHOOSEÏTHEÏNAMEÏ&RANCIS

&ROMÏTHEÏBEGINNINGÏOFÏHISÏPAPACYÏONÏ-ARCHÏ Ï Ï0OPEÏ&RANCISÏMAINTAINEDÏTHATÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏ SHOULDÏBEÏMOREÏOPENÏANDÏWELCOMINGÏ.OTEDÏFORÏHISÏHUMILITYÏANDÏEMPHASISÏONÏ'ODSÏMERCY Ï0OPEÏ&RANCISÏ BROKEÏFROMÏTRADITIONÏWHENÏHEÏCHOSEÏTOÏRESIDEÏINÏTHEÏ$OMUSÏ3ANCTAEÏ-ARTHAEÏGUESTHOUSEÏRATHERÏTHANÏTHEÏPAPALÏ APARTMENTSÏOFÏTHEÏ!POSTOLICÏPALACE ÏTHEÏTRADITIONALÏLIVINGÏQUARTERSÏOFÏPREVIOUSÏPOPESÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏHASÏTRAVELEDÏ EXTENSIVELYÏANDÏHASÏEXHIBITEDÏAÏDEEPÏCOMMITMENTÏTOÏINTERFAITHÏDIALOGUE

4HEÏlRSTÏENCYCLICALÏOFÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏWASÏISSUEDÏONÏ*UNEÏ ÏÏ,UMENÏlDEIÏ4HEÏ,IGHTÏOFÏ&AITH ÏISSUEDÏINÏ CONJUNCTIONÏWITHÏTHEÏ9EARÏOFÏ&AITHÏPROCLAIMEDÏBYÏ0OPEÏ"ENEDICTÏ86)Ï/CTOBERÏÏTOÏ.OVEMBERÏ ÏWASÏ THEÏlRSTÏENCYCLICALÏINÏTHEÏHISTORYÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏTHATÏWASÏWRITTENÏBYÏTWOÏPOPES

4HEÏ*UBILEEÏOFÏ-ERCYÏWASÏFORMALLYÏDECLAREDÏTHROUGHÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏPAPALÏBULL Ï-ISERICORDIAEÏVULTUSÏ4HEÏ&ACEÏ OFÏ-ERCY ÏISSUEDÏONÏ!PRILÏ ÏÏ"EGINNINGÏONÏTHEÏ3OLEMNITYÏOFÏTHEÏ)MMACULATEÏ#ONCEPTIONÏONÏ$ECEMBERÏ  Ï ÏTHEÏ*UBILEEÏOFÏ-ERCYÏCONCLUDEDÏONÏ.OVEMBERÏ Ï ÏTHEÏ&EASTÏOFÏ#HRISTÏTHEÏ+INGÏ$URINGÏTHEÏ*UBILEEÏ the faithful were reminded of the importance of mercy and that the Church is more open to all people.

0APALÏDOCUMENTSÏTHATÏREmECTÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ&ATHERSÏVISIONÏFORÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏASÏWELLÏASÏTHEÏWHOLEÏWORLDÏINCLUDE • Evangelii Gaudium (The Joy of the Gospel): Apostolic Exhortation on the Proclamation of the Gospel in 4ODAYSÏ7ORLDÏ.OVEMBERÏ Ï  • Laudato si’Ï0RAISEÏBEÏTOÏ9OU Ï0OPEÏ&RANCISÏlRSTÏENCYCLICALÏCONCERNINGÏCAREÏFORÏTHEÏPLANETÏ*UNEÏ Ï  • Amoris LaetitiaÏ4HEÏ*OYÏOFÏ,OVE Ï0OST 3YNODALÏ!POSTOLICÏ%XHORTATIONÏONÏLOVEÏINÏTHEÏFAMILYÏ-ARCHÏ Ï 

92 Grade Eight | Church History • Gaudete et exsultateÏ2EJOICEÏANDÏ"EÏ'LAD Ï!POSTOLICÏ%XHORTATIONÏONÏTHEÏCALLÏTOÏHOLINESSÏINÏTODAYSÏWORLDÏ (March 19, 2018). • Christus vivit #HRISTÏISÏ!LIVE Ï0OST 3YNODALÏ%XHORTATIONÏTOÏ9OUNGÏ0EOPLEÏANDÏTOÏTHEÏENTIREÏ0EOPLEÏOFÏ'ODÏ (March 25, 2019). • Querida Amazonia "ELOVEDÏ!MAZON Ï0OST 3YNODALÏ%XHORTATIONÏTOÏTHEÏ0EOPLEÏOFÏ'ODÏANDÏTOÏ!LLÏ0ERSONSÏ OFÏ'OODÏ7ILLÏ&EBRUARYÏ Ï  • Fratelli Tutti !LLÏ"ROTHERS Ï%NCYCLICALÏLETTERÏONÏFRATERNITYÏANDÏSOCIALÏFRIENDSHIPÏ/CTOBERÏ Ï 

"Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • 21 Coptic MartyrsÏ/NÏ&EBRUARYÏ Ï ÏAÏVIDEOÏWASÏSHAREDÏTHATÏSHOWEDÏÏMENÏINÏORANGEÏJUMPSUITSÏ BEINGÏFORCEDÏTOÏTHEÏGROUNDÏINÏ,IBYAÏANDÏTHENÏBEHEADEDÏBYÏ)3)3 AFlLIATEDÏMILITANTSÏ4HESEÏMENÏWEREÏKILLEDÏ BECAUSEÏTHEYÏWEREÏ#HRISTIANSÏ2EACTIONÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLDÏWASÏSWIFTÏANDÏCONDEMNINGÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏ CALLEDÏTHEÏKILLINGSÏhBARBARICvÏ(EÏSAIDÏFURTHERÏTHAT Ïh4HEÏmOODÏOFÏOURÏ#HRISTIANÏBROTHERSÏISÏTESTIMONYÏTHATÏ CRIESÏOUTÏ"EÏTHEYÏ#ATHOLIC Ï/RTHODOX Ï,UTHERANS ÏITÏDOESNTÏMATTERÏ4HEYREÏ#HRISTIANv

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

2EADÏ2OMANSÏ ÏTOÏTHEÏGROUPÏ'IVEÏTHEMÏSOMEÏTIMEÏTOÏREmECTÏUPONÏTHEÏQUESTIONSÏTHATÏAREÏBEINGÏ ASKEDÏ%NCOURAGEÏTHOSEÏWHOÏWISHÏTOÏSHAREÏTHEIRÏTHOUGHTS Conclude by praying the Prayer for the New Evangelization (USCCB): Heavenly Father, pour forth your Holy Spirit to inspire me with these words from Holy Scripture. Stir in my soul the desire to renew my faith and deepen my relationship with your Son, our Lord Jesus Christ so that I might truly believe in and live the Good News. Open my heart to hear the Gospel ANDÏGRANTÏMEÏTHEÏCONlDENCEÏTOÏPROCLAIMÏTHEÏ'OODÏ.EWSÏTOÏOTHERS Pour out your Spirit, so that I might be strengthened to go forth and witness to the Gospel in my everyday life through my words and actions. In moments of hesitation, remind me: If not me, then who will proclaim the Gospel? If not now, then when will the Gospel be proclaimed? If not the truth of the Gospel, then what shall I proclaim? God, our Father, I pray that through the Holy Spirit I might hear the call of the New Evangelization to deepen my faith, GROWÏINÏCONlDENCEÏTOÏPROCLAIMÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏ and boldly witness to the saving grace of your Son, Jesus Christ, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen!

Grade Eight | Church History 93

GRADE EIGHT

MORALITY

THE JOURNEY IN Christian Living

Through our relationship with Jesus, we grow in an ever-deepening awareness of who God is, who we are, and how God calls us to live. Catholic Christian morality gives direction to our response to God’s call.

OBJECTIVES

• To help the young adolescent grow in an understanding of the moral responsibilities aris- INGÏFROMÏONESÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ*ESUS • To help the young adolescent understand what conscience is and how to form his or her conscience according to the Catholic faith. • 4OÏHELPÏTHEÏYOUNGÏADOLESCENTÏLEARNÏBASICÏCONCEPTSÏOFÏMORALITYÏANDÏDEVELOPÏSKILLSÏFORÏMORALÏ DECISION MAKING • To help the young adolescent to recognize the role of the Holy Spirit and the witness and GUIDANCEÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HRISTIANÏCOMMUNITYÏINÏMORALÏLIVING

Grade Eight | Morality 95 I. DEFINITION OF MORALITY

!SÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HRISTIANS ÏWEÏNEEDÏTOÏREMEMBERÏTHEÏGREATÏDIGNITYÏWEÏPOSSESSÏTHROUGHÏOURÏ"APTISMÏ7EÏHAVEÏBE- COMEÏTEMPLESÏOFÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏANDÏSHAREÏINÏTHEÏLIFEÏOFÏTHEÏRISENÏ,ORDÏ7EÏMUSTÏLIVEÏINÏACCORDANCEÏWITHÏTHATÏ dignity through our moral conduct. [1691-92, 1694-95]

-ORALITYÏISÏTHEÏQUALITYÏOFÏOURÏACTIONSÏWHEREBYÏTHEYÏAREÏRIGHTÏORÏWRONGÏ!CTIONSÏAREÏMORALLYÏRIGHTÏWHENÏTHEYÏAREÏ INÏAGREEMENTÏWITHÏ'ODSÏLAWÏANDÏWILLÏ; Ï Ï=

'ODSÏWILLÏFORÏUSÏISÏTHATÏINÏOURÏLIVESÏWEÏBECOMEÏLIKEÏ*ESUSÏ'ODSÏWILLÏISÏALWAYSÏFORÏOURÏGOODÏh'ODÏWANTSÏYOUÏ ALLÏTOÏBEÏHOLYvÏÏ4HESSALONIANSÏ Ï; Ï Ï=

*ESUSÏISÏTHEÏMODELÏFORÏMORALLYÏRIGHTÏLIVINGÏ(EÏMOSTÏEFFECTIVELYÏTEACHESÏUSÏHOWÏTOÏLIVEÏINÏHARMONYÏWITHÏTHEÏ #REATOR ÏOTHERS ÏOURSELVES ÏANDÏINDEEDÏTHEÏWHOLEÏCREATEDÏWORLDÏ; Ï Ï=

II. THE BASIS OF CATHOLIC MORALITY IN THE LIFE AND TEACHING OF JESUS

!Ï*ESUSÏ2ELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'ODÏTHEÏ&ATHER

4HROUGHOUTÏHISÏYEARSÏONÏEARTH Ï*ESUSÏLIVEDÏINÏANÏINTIMATEÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'OD ÏHISÏ&ATHER ÏANDÏWASÏALWAYSÏ OBEDIENTÏTOÏ'ODSÏWILLÏ4HISÏFAITHFULÏRESPONSEÏISÏREVEALEDÏTHROUGHOUTÏ*ESUSÏLIFEÏASÏWELLÏASÏINÏHISÏDEATHÏANDÏRES- urrection. [516, 615, 1693]

*ESUSÏINVITESÏALLÏPEOPLEÏTOÏTHATÏSAMEÏKINDÏOFÏlDELITYÏ(EÏISÏTHEÏMODELÏFORÏ#HRISTIANS ÏFORÏHEÏSAID Ïh)ÏAMÏTHEÏWAYÏ ANDÏTHEÏTRUTHÏANDÏTHEÏLIFEvÏ*OHNÏ Ï; Ï Ï=

"Ï*ESUSÏ4EACHINGÏONÏTHEÏ#OMMANDMENTS

)NÏHISÏTEACHING Ï*ESUSÏBUILDSÏONÏTHEÏCOVENANTALÏRELATIONSHIPÏBETWEENÏ'ODÏANDÏTHEÏPEOPLEÏOFÏ)SRAEL ÏREVEALEDÏINÏ AÏPARTICULARÏWAYÏINÏTHEÏ4ENÏ#OMMANDMENTSÏ4HEÏlRSTÏTHREEÏCOMMANDMENTSÏCONCERNÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ 'ODÏ4HEÏLASTÏSEVENÏCONCERNÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏOURÏNEIGHBOR 1. )ÏAMÏTHEÏ,ORDÏYOURÏ'ODÏYOUÏSHALLÏNOTÏHAVEÏSTRANGEÏGODSÏBEFOREÏME 2. 9OUÏSHALLÏNOTÏTAKEÏTHEÏNAMEÏOFÏTHEÏ,ORD ÏYOURÏ'OD ÏINÏVAIN 3. 2EMEMBERÏTOÏKEEPÏHOLYÏTHEÏ,ORDSÏ$AY 4. Honor your father and your mother. 5. 9OUÏSHALLÏNOTÏKILL 6. You shall not commit adultery. 7. You shall not steal. 8. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 9. 9OUÏSHALLÏNOTÏCOVETÏYOURÏNEIGHBORSÏWIFE 10. 9OUÏSHALLÏNOTÏCOVETÏYOURÏNEIGHBORSÏGOODS

(Exodus 20:1-17 and Deuteronomy 5:1-21) [1961, 1964, 2057, 2060, 2067]

96 Grade Eight | Morality 4HESEÏCOMMANDMENTSÏAREÏSUMMEDÏUPÏBYÏ*ESUSÏINÏTHEÏ'REATÏ,AWÏOFÏ,OVEÏh9OUÏSHALLÏLOVEÏTHEÏ,ORD ÏYOURÏ'OD Ï WITHÏALLÏYOURÏHEART ÏWITHÏALLÏYOURÏSOUL ÏANDÏWITHÏALLÏYOURÏMINDÏ4HISÏISÏTHEÏGREATESTÏANDÏTHEÏlRSTÏCOMMAND- MENTÏ4HEÏSECONDÏISÏLIKEÏITÏ9OUÏSHALLÏLOVEÏYOURÏNEIGHBORÏASÏYOURSELFvÏ-ATTHEWÏ ÏSEEÏALSOÏ-ARKÏ 31) [1822, 1967]

#Ï*ESUSÏ4EACHINGÏONÏ,OVE

Jesus adds to this teaching a radically new dimension:

“You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be children of your Father in heaven; for he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? And if you greet only your brothers and sisters, what more are you doing than others? Do not even the Gentiles do the same? Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect.” (Matthew 5:43-48) [1826-28, 1972]

*ESUSÏISÏTHEÏPERFECTÏMODELÏOFÏTHISÏUNCONDITIONALÏLOVEÏANDÏCALLSÏEACHÏ#HRISTIANÏTOÏFOLLOWÏHIMÏINÏLIVINGÏTHISÏLOVEÏ [520, 1823]

$Ï*ESUSÏ6ISIONÏOFÏTHEÏ+INGDOM

*ESUSÏDESCRIBESÏ'ODSÏKINGDOMÏASÏAÏPLACEÏWHEREÏJUSTICE ÏPEACEÏANDÏLOVEÏREIGNÏ7HILEÏTHEÏFULLNESSÏOFÏTHISÏKING- DOMÏWILLÏONLYÏBEÏFOUNDÏINÏHEAVEN ÏITÏHASÏALREADYÏBEGUNÏHEREÏONÏEARTH ÏWHEREVERÏ'ODSÏWILLÏISÏBEINGÏCARRIEDÏOUTÏ [1717, 1721, 1726, 2046]

4HEÏ"EATITUDESÏREVEALÏTHEÏWAYÏOFÏLIVINGÏTHATÏCHARACTERIZESÏ'ODSÏKINGDOM

Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. "LESSEDÏAREÏTHOSEÏWHOÏHUNGERÏANDÏTHIRSTÏFORÏRIGHTEOUSNESS ÏFORÏTHEYÏWILLÏBEÏlLLED Blessed are the merciful, for they will receive mercy. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God. Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are you when people revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account. Rejoice and be glad, for your reward is great in heaven … (Matthew 5:3-12) [1716-17, 1719]

%Ï*ESUSÏ)NVITATIONÏTOÏ(ISÏ$ISCIPLES

All people are created with the gift of freedom (the power to act or not to act, according to reason and will). This freedom is meant to be a force for growth and good. [1704, 1712, 1731]

(OWEVER ÏINÏALLÏHUMANÏBEINGSÏANÏATTITUDEÏOFÏSELF CENTEREDNESSÏOFTENÏDOMINATESÏEGÏhWHATSÏINÏITÏFORÏMEv Ï!Ï LIFEÏMARKEDÏBYÏCHOOSINGÏTHEÏGOODÏASÏ'ODÏSEESÏITÏANDÏPUTTINGÏ'ODÏANDÏOTHERSÏAHEADÏOFÏOURSELVESÏISÏNOTÏEASYÏ)TÏ calls for a turning away from our basic tendency toward self-centeredness. [1432, 1714, 1739]

*ESUSÏCALLSÏHISÏDISCIPLESÏTOÏUSEÏTHEIRÏFREEDOMÏTOÏCHOOSEÏTOÏFOLLOWÏTHEÏWAYÏOFÏLOVEÏRATHERÏTHANÏTHEÏWAYÏOFÏSELlSH- ness. [1730-31, 1749]

Grade Eight | Morality 97 4HROUGHÏCONVERSIONÏWEÏTURNÏAWAYÏFROMÏSELlSHNESSÏANDÏTHEÏISOLATIONÏTOÏWHICHÏITÏLEADSÏ#ONVERSIONÏISÏTHEÏLIFE- LONGÏPROCESSÏOFÏRESPONDINGÏTOÏ'ODSÏCALLÏTOÏhCHANGEÏOURÏHEARTvÏ*ESUSÏCALLSÏEACHÏOFÏUSÏTOÏDISCIPLESHIPÏTHROUGHÏ CONVERSIONÏ; Ï Ï Ï Ï=

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

2EMINDÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTHATÏBEFOREÏHISÏCONVERSION Ï:ACCHAEUSÏTHEÏTAXÏCOLLECTORÏWASÏCHEATINGÏPEOPLEÏ)N- VITEÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏLISTENÏASÏYOUÏREADÏTHEÏSTORYÏOFÏHOWÏ*ESUSÏCALLEDÏ:ACCHAEUSÏTOÏCHANGEÏ,UKEÏ   !SKÏTHEMÏTOÏTHINKÏOFÏTIMESÏWHENÏTHEIRÏCONSCIENCEÏHASÏCAUSEDÏTHEMÏTOÏSTOPÏINÏTHEÏMIDSTÏOFÏWHATÏTHEYÏAREÏ doing and called them to change. 3AINTÏ*OHNÏ(ENRYÏ.EWMANÏSAID Ïh/NCEÏWEÏBECOMEÏFRIENDSÏWITHÏ*ESUSÏOURÏLIVESÏCHANGEvÏ!SKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏ PEOPLEÏTOÏTHINKÏABOUTÏWAYSÏTHEYÏMAYÏACTÏDIFFERENTLYÏBECAUSEÏTHEYÏAREÏFRIENDSÏOFÏ*ESUS #ONCLUDEÏWITHÏTHEÏ0RAYERÏOFÏ3TÏ&RANCIS Lord, make me an instrument of Your peace. Where there is hatred, let me sow love; where there is injury, pardon; where there is doubt, faith; where there is despair, hope; where there is darkness, light; where there is sadness, joy. O, Divine Master, grant that I may not so much seek to be consoled as to console; to be understood as to understand; to be loved as to love; For it is in giving that we receive; it is in pardoning that we are pardoned; it is in dying that we are born to eternal life.

III. LEARNING TO CHOOSE

!Ï&UNDAMENTALÏ#HOICES

4HEÏBOOKÏOFÏ$EUTERONOMYÏSETSÏBEFOREÏTHEÏPEOPLEÏOFÏ'ODÏTHEÏCHALLENGEÏTOÏMAKEÏAÏFUNDAMENTALÏCOMMITMENTÏ to a life centered on God:

Hear then, I have set before you life and prosperity, death and doom. If you obey the commandments of the Lord, your God, which I enjoin on you today, loving him, and walking in his ways, and keeping his com- mandments, statutes and decrees, you will live and grow numerous, and the Lord, your God, will bless you … If, however, you turn away your hearts and will not listen, but are led astray and adore and serve other gods, I tell you now that you will certainly perish … I have set before you life and death, the blessing and the curse. Choose life, then, that you and your descendants may live, by loving the Lord, your God, heeding his voice, and holding fast to him … (Deuteronomy 30: 15-20) [1696]

#REATEDÏWITHÏFREEÏWILL ÏWEÏCHOOSEÏHOWÏWEÏWILLÏLIVEÏ/URÏCHOICESÏAFFECTÏNOTÏONLYÏOURÏLIFEÏHEREÏONÏEARTH ÏBUTÏALSOÏ our life hereafter. [1724, 1732]

98 Grade Eight | Morality *ESUSÏCONlRMSÏTHISÏINÏHISÏDEPICTIONÏOFÏTHEÏ,ASTÏ*UDGMENT

Then the king will say to those on his right, ‘Come, you who are blessed by my Father. Inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, a stranger and you welcomed me, naked and you clothed me, ill and you cared for me, in prison and you visited me …’ Then he will say to those on his left, ‘Depart from me, you accursed, into the ETERNALÏlREÏPREPAREDÏFORÏTHEÏDEVILÏANDÏHISÏANGELSÏ&ORÏ)ÏWASÏHUNGRYÏANDÏYOUÏGAVEÏMEÏNOÏFOOD Ï)ÏWASÏTHIRSTYÏ and you gave me no drink, a stranger and you gave me no welcome, ill and in prison and you did not care for me …’ And these will go off to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life. (Matthew 25: 34-36, 40-43, 45-46) [1696]

3ELF CENTEREDÏLIVINGÏLEADSÏTOÏUNHAPPINESSÏINÏTHISÏLIFEÏANDÏULTIMATELYÏTOÏETERNALÏPUNISHMENTÏSEPARATIONÏFROMÏ God. [1696, 1861]

#HOOSINGÏTOÏLEADÏAÏ'OD CENTEREDÏLIFEÏISÏNOTÏEASYÏ!TÏITSÏHEARTÏISÏTHEÏCALLÏTOÏCONVERSIONÏ!SÏ*ESUSÏSAID Ïh7HOEVERÏ WISHESÏTOÏCOMEÏAFTERÏMEÏMUSTÏDENYÏHIMSELF ÏTAKEÏUPÏHISÏCROSS ÏANDÏFOLLOWÏMEvÏ-ATTHEWÏ Ï; Ï=

'OD CENTEREDÏLIVINGÏINEVITABLYÏBEARSÏFRUITÏINÏLOVE ÏJOYÏANDÏPEACEÏINÏTHISÏLIFE ÏANDÏLEADSÏlNALLYÏTOÏETERNALÏLIFEÏWITHÏ 'ODÏANDÏTHEÏSAINTSÏINÏHEAVENÏ; Ï =

"Ï$ElNITIONÏOFÏ#ONSCIENCE

#ONSCIENCEÏISÏTHEÏINNERÏSENSEÏORÏPOWERÏBYÏWHICHÏWEÏJUDGEÏANÏACTÏTOÏBEÏRIGHTÏORÏWRONGÏ;  Ï=

As Catholics our conscience is based on: • The natural law, that is, the basic awareness of right and wrong written by the Creator in the hearts of all people and found in the Ten Commandments (Decalogue), and • /URÏUNDERSTANDINGÏOFÏRIGHTÏANDÏWRONGÏASÏEXPRESSEDÏINÏTHEÏLAWSÏOFÏ'OD ÏTHEÏLAWSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏANDÏTHEÏ LAWSÏOFÏAÏJUSTÏSOCIETYÏBASEDÏONÏ#ATHOLICÏ3OCIALÏ4EACHINGÏ Ï Ï

#Ï4HEÏ$EVELOPMENTÏOFÏ#ONSCIENCE

,EARNINGÏTOÏKNOWÏANDÏTOÏCHOOSEÏTHEÏGOODÏWHICHÏ'ODÏDESIRESÏISÏFORÏEACHÏOFÏUSÏAÏLIFELONGÏPROCESSÏOFÏCONSCIENCEÏ FORMATIONÏ/URÏCONSCIENCEÏHELPSÏUSÏTOÏMAKEÏGOODÏMORALÏCHOICESÏ; Ï Ï=

4HEÏ PROCESSÏ OFÏ CONSCIENCEÏ FORMATIONÏ INVOLVESÏ LEARNINGÏ TOÏ KNOWÏ ANDÏ UNDERSTANDÏ BOTHÏ 'ODSÏ LAWÏ ANDÏ THEÏ #HURCHSÏTEACHINGÏ;  Ï= • 4HEÏLAWÏOFÏ'ODÏISÏFOUNDÏINÏOURÏHEARTSÏANDÏISÏREVEALEDÏTOÏUSÏINÏ3CRIPTUREÏ;= • 4HEÏ#HURCH ÏUNDERÏTHEÏGUIDANCEÏOFÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRIT ÏPLAYSÏANÏESSENTIALÏROLEÏINÏHELPINGÏUSÏTOÏKNOWÏTHEÏMO- RALITYÏOFÏVARIOUSÏACTIONSÏANDÏATTITUDESÏ4HEÏ#HURCHSÏMAGISTERIUMÏnÏTHEÏ0OPEÏANDÏBISHOPSÏINÏTHEIRÏROLEÏ ASÏTEACHERSÏnÏPREACHÏTOÏTHEÏPEOPLEÏOFÏ'ODÏTHEÏFAITHÏWHICHÏISÏTOÏBEÏBELIEVEDÏANDÏAPPLIEDÏINÏMORALÏLIFEÏANDÏ continue to address new moral dilemmas as they arise. Guided by the commandments, the beatitudes, *ESUSÏLAWÏOFÏLOVE ÏALLÏOFÏREVELATION ÏOURÏ#ATHOLICÏTRADITIONÏANDÏTHEÏCOMMUNITYSÏEXPERIENCE ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ GIVESÏDIRECTIONÏTOÏOURÏCHOICESÏ; Ï Ï Ï=

Grade Eight | Morality 99 #ONSCIENCEÏFORMATIONÏALSOÏENTAILSÏOURÏOWNÏPERSONALÏOPENNESSÏTOÏTHEÏGUIDANCEÏOFÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏ)NÏ"APTISMÏ ANDÏ#ONlRMATIONÏWEÏRECEIVEÏTHEÏPOWERÏOFÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏTOÏHELPÏUSÏDISCERNÏANDÏDOÏWHATÏ'ODÏREQUIRESÏOFÏUSÏ in a particular circumstance. [1266, 1302-03, 1785, 2038]

7EÏDEVELOPÏOURÏCONSCIENCEÏBYÏINTEGRATINGÏINTOÏOURÏTHOUGHTS ÏDECISIONS ÏANDÏOURÏVERYÏBEINGÏWHATÏTHEÏLAWÏOFÏ God and the teachings of the Church tell us. [1786-88, 1794]

)TÏISÏOURÏDUTYÏTOÏDEVELOPÏOURÏCONSCIENCEÏACCORDINGÏTOÏTHEÏLAWSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

,EGITIMATEÏAUTHORITYÏISÏNECESSARYÏINÏEVERYÏHUMANÏCOMMUNITYÏ)TÏISÏOURÏRESPONSIBILITYÏTOÏOBEYÏTHEÏJUSTÏLAWSÏOFÏ society. [1897-99, 1916, 2239]

.EVERTHELESS ÏWHENÏWEÏMAKEÏCHOICESÏACCORDINGÏTOÏOURÏCONSCIENCE ÏWEÏWILLÏATÏTIMESÏlNDÏOURSELVESÏINÏDIRECTÏ CONmICTÏWITHÏTHEÏSOCIETYÏAROUNDÏUSÏ; Ï Ï= • 4HEÏFACTÏTHATÏSOMETHINGÏISÏLEGALLYÏACCEPTABLEÏDOESÏNOTÏNECESSARILYÏMAKEÏITÏMORALLYÏRIGHTÏ; Ï= • 7HATÏISÏIDENTIlEDÏASÏMORALLYÏWRONGÏBYÏTHEÏNATURALÏLAW ÏTHEÏLAWÏOFÏ'OD ÏTHEÏTEACHINGÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏANDÏ THEÏGUIDANCEÏOFÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏMAYÏBEÏCONDONEDÏBYÏOURÏSOCIETYÏORÏEVENÏPROTECTEDÏBYÏITSÏLAW ÏFORÏEXAMPLE Ï abortion. [2256, 2270-71] • !SÏAUTHENTICÏTEACHERS ÏTHEÏBISHOPSÏPRONOUNCEÏONÏMORALÏQUESTIONSÏTHATÏFALLÏWITHINÏNATURALÏLAWÏANDÏREASONÏ [2050] • 7EÏAREÏCALLEDÏBYÏOURÏBAPTISMÏTOÏBUILDÏAÏJUSTÏANDÏPEACEFULÏSOCIETYÏ4HISÏINVOLVESÏNOTÏONLYÏCHOOSINGÏWHATÏISÏ MORALLYÏRIGHTÏFORÏOURSELVES ÏBUTÏALSOÏWORKINGÏTOÏMAKEÏLAWSÏWHICHÏREmECTÏMORALÏGOODNESSÏ;  Ï=

$Ï%LEMENTSÏOFÏAÏ-ORALÏ$ECISION

There are three elements in a moral decision: the object, the intention and the circumstances. [1750] • The OBJECT is the action itself, the thing which is done. [1751] • The INTENTIONÏREFERSÏTOÏTHEÏPERSONSÏGOALÏORÏPURPOSEÏINÏDOINGÏTHEÏACTIONÏ;= • The CIRCUMSTANCES AREÏTHEÏPARTICULARÏFEATURESÏOFÏEACHÏINDIVIDUALÏSITUATIONÏINÏWHICHÏANÏACTIONÏISÏTAKENÏ [1754]

4HEÏOBJECTÏMAYÏBEÏGOODÏORÏEVILÏINÏITSELFÏ&ORÏEXAMPLE ÏITÏISÏGOODÏTOÏGIVEÏTOÏTHEÏPOORÏ,YINGÏISÏEVILÏ;=

4HEÏINTENTIONÏMAYÏALSOÏBEÏGOODÏORÏEVILÏ= • !ÏGOODÏINTENTIONÏDOESÏNOTÏMAKEÏSOMETHINGÏWHICHÏISÏEVILÏINTOÏSOMETHINGÏGOOD ÏHOWEVERÏ&ORÏEXAMPLE ÏLY- INGÏWITHÏTHEÏINTENTIONÏOFÏOBTAININGÏSOMETHINGÏGOODÏDOESÏNOTÏMAKEÏITÏGOODÏTOÏLIEÏ4HEÏENDÏDOESÏNOTÏJUSTIFYÏ the means. [1753] • !ÏBADÏINTENTION ÏFURTHERMORE ÏCANÏMAKEÏSOMETHINGÏWHICHÏISÏORDINARILYÏGOODÏINTOÏSOMETHINGÏEVILÏ&ORÏEX- AMPLE ÏPRETENDINGÏTOÏBEÏAÏFRIENDÏTOÏSOMEONE ÏFORÏTHEÏSAKEÏOFÏGAININGÏSOMEÏADVANTAGEÏFORÏOURSELVES ÏMAKESÏ AÏFRIENDLYÏACTIONÏHOLLOW ÏDECEPTIVE ÏANDÏTHEREFOREÏMORALLYÏWRONGÏ;=

!LLÏMORALLYÏGOODÏDECISIONSÏAREÏBOTHÏGOODÏINÏTHEIRÏOBJECTÏANDÏINÏTHEIRÏINTENTIONÏ;=

100 Grade Eight | Morality 4HEÏCIRCUMSTANCES ÏINCLUDINGÏTHEÏCONSEQUENCES ÏDOÏNOTÏMAKEÏAÏBADÏACTIONÏGOODÏORÏAÏGOODÏACTIONÏBAD ÏBUTÏTHEYÏ MAYÏINCREASEÏORÏDECREASEÏTHEÏGOODÏORÏEVILÏOFÏTHEÏACTIONÏ&ORÏEXAMPLE Ï*ESUSÏPOINTSÏOUTÏTHATÏTHEÏWIDOWÏWHOÏGAVEÏ TWOÏSMALLÏCOINS ÏWHICHÏWASÏALLÏSHEÏPOSSESSED ÏWASÏMOREÏGENEROUSÏTHANÏTHEÏRICHÏPEOPLEÏWHOÏGAVEÏLARGEÏSUMSÏ -ARKÏ  Ï;=

#IRCUMSTANCESÏCANÏAFFECTÏTHEÏDEGREEÏOFÏRESPONSIBILITYÏONEÏBEARSÏASÏWELLÏ&ORÏEXAMPLE ÏTHEÏRESPONSIBILITYÏOFÏ THOSEÏWHOÏACTÏOUTÏOFÏFEARÏORÏIGNORANCEÏISÏLESSÏTHANÏTHATÏOFÏTHOSEÏWHOÏMAKEÏAÏDELIBERATEÏCHOICEÏWITHOUTÏFEAR Ï KNOWINGÏWHATÏTHEYÏAREÏDOINGÏ;=

%Ï4HEÏ0ROCESSÏOFÏ-AKINGÏAÏ'OODÏ-ORALÏ#HOICE

4HROUGHOUTÏOURÏLIVES ÏWEÏWILLÏBEÏFACEDÏWITHÏSITUATIONSÏWHICHÏREQUIREÏOFÏUSÏAÏMORALÏCHOICEÏ3OMETIMES ÏESPE- CIALLYÏIFÏWEÏAREÏINÏTHEÏHABITÏOFÏDOINGÏGOOD ÏTHESEÏCHOICESÏMAYÏSEEMÏSIMPLEÏANDÏWEÏAREÏABLEÏTOÏMAKEÏTHEMÏWITH- OUTÏAÏGREATÏDEALÏOFÏREmECTIONÏ7EÏDECIDEÏTOÏTELLÏTHEÏTRUTHÏRATHERÏTHANÏTOÏLIE ÏWEÏDECIDEÏTOÏBEÏKINDÏRATHERÏTHANÏTOÏ be cruel, we decide to be fair rather than to cheat. [1777, 1804]

!TÏOTHERÏTIMES ÏHOWEVER ÏMORALÏDECISIONSÏCANÏBEÏCOMPLEXÏANDÏDIFlCULT ÏANDÏTHEÏTEMPTATIONSÏTOÏCHOOSEÏOTHERÏ THANÏTHEÏGOODÏCANÏBEÏGREATÏ(AVINGÏFORMEDÏOURÏCONSCIENCE ÏWEÏMUSTÏLISTENÏTOÏITÏASÏWEÏUTILIZEÏTHEÏFOLLOWINGÏ DECISION MAKINGÏPROCESS • 2EmECTÏONÏALLÏASPECTSÏOFÏTHEÏSITUATIONÏANDÏTHEÏVARIOUSÏPOSSIBLEÏCOURSESÏOFÏACTIONÏOPENÏTOÏUS • Pray for the help of the Holy Spirit. • 2ECALLÏ'ODSÏLAWÏANDÏTHEÏ#HURCHSÏTEACHING • #ONSIDERÏTHEÏCONSEQUENCESÏOFÏTHEÏCHOICE • 3EEKÏTRUSTED ÏRESPECTED ÏANDÏCOMPETENTÏADVICEÏWHENÏNECESSARY • 2EMEMBERÏ*ESUSÏISÏWITHÏUSÏANDÏSPEAKÏWITHÏHIMÏABOUTÏTHEÏCHOICE • Recall that our decision will affect our relationship with God and others. [1787-89]

)NÏUTILIZINGÏTHISÏDECISION MAKINGÏPROCESS ÏWEÏMUSTÏMAKEÏEVERYÏEFFORTÏTOÏARRIVEÏATÏAÏDECISIONÏOFÏCONSCIENCEÏ which is correct and certain. • A decision of conscience is correct when it is in conformity with the will of God. • )TÏISÏcertainÏWHENÏWEÏHAVEÏNOÏSERIOUSÏDOUBTÏABOUTÏTHEÏRIGHTNESSÏOFÏOURÏDECISION

/NCEÏWEÏHAVEÏCONFRONTEDÏAÏSITUATIONÏTHATÏREQUIRESÏAÏDECISIONÏANDÏHAVEÏFOLLOWEDÏAÏPROCESSÏOFÏDISCERNINGÏ'ODSÏ WILLÏINÏTHATÏSITUATION ÏMAKINGÏEVERYÏEFFORTÏTOÏARRIVEÏATÏAÏCORRECTÏANDÏCERTAINÏDECISIONÏOFÏCONSCIENCE ÏTHENÏWEÏAREÏ OBLIGEDÏTOÏACTÏINÏACCORDANCEÏWITHÏTHATÏDECISIONÏANDÏTRUSTÏINÏ'ODSÏMERCYÏ; Ï=

&Ï$EALINGÏWITHÏ4EMPTATION

/FTENÏWEÏFEELÏDRAWNÏTOÏMAKEÏSELlSHÏCHOICESÏWHICHÏAREÏAGAINSTÏTHEÏWILLÏOFÏ'ODÏ4HISÏEXPERIENCEÏISÏCALLEDÏTEMP- tation. [2846-47]

)NÏITSELF ÏTEMPTATIONÏISÏNOTÏAÏSINÏ3TILL ÏITÏISÏTHEÏRESPONSIBILITYÏOFÏEVERYÏPERSONÏTOÏRECOGNIZEÏANDÏAVOIDÏTHEÏPERSONS Ï places, things and situations which might lead us into temptation. [2848]

Grade Eight | Morality 101 4HEÏ'OSPELÏACCOUNTÏOFÏ*ESUSÏTEMPTATIONSÏINÏTHEÏDESERTÏSHOWSÏTHATÏTHEÏDEVILÏUSESÏMANYÏMEANSÏOFÏTEMPTINGÏ *ESUSÏISÏOURÏMODEL ÏBECAUSEÏHEÏTURNEDÏAWAYÏFROMÏWHATÏTHEÏDEVILÏOFFEREDÏANDÏCHOSEÏTHEÏWILLÏOFÏ'ODÏ;=

'Ï&AILUREÏTOÏ#HOOSEÏTHEÏ'OODÏASÏ'ODÏ3EESÏ)T

3INÏISÏDELIBERATELYÏCHOOSINGÏNOTÏTOÏDOÏ'ODSÏWILLÏ3OMEÏEXAMPLESÏARE • )NSTEADÏOFÏHONORINGÏTHEÏ,ORDSÏ$AY ÏSOMEÏCHOOSEÏNOTÏTOÏPARTICIPATEÏATÏ-ASS • )NSTEADÏOFÏRESPECTINGÏTHEÏPROPERTYÏOFÏOTHERS ÏFORÏEXAMPLE ÏWEÏCOVERÏITÏWITHÏGRAFlTIÏORÏDESTROYÏIT • )NSTEADÏOFÏRECOGNIZINGÏPEOPLESÏRIGHTSÏTOÏTHEIRÏOWNÏPROPERTY ÏWEÏSTEALÏIT • )NSTEADÏOFÏSAFEGUARDINGÏANDÏRESPECTINGÏHUMANÏLIFE ÏASSISTEDÏSUICIDE ÏEUTHANASIA ÏANDÏABORTIONÏAREÏTOLERATEDÏ ANDÏMURDERSÏTAKEÏPLACE • )NSTEADÏOFÏTELLINGÏTHEÏTRUTH ÏWEÏTELLÏLIES • )NSTEADÏOFÏHONORINGÏ'ODSÏNAME ÏWEÏUSEÏITÏTOÏCURSEÏOTHERSÏORÏTOÏEXPRESSÏOURÏANGER • )NSTEADÏOFÏTRUSTINGÏINÏ'ODSÏPROVIDENCEÏANDÏCAREÏFORÏUS ÏWEÏPUTÏOURÏFAITHÏINÏSUPERSTITIOUSÏPRACTICES • )NSTEADÏOFÏRESPECTINGÏANDÏCARINGÏFORÏOURÏBODIES ÏWEÏABUSEÏDRUGS ÏALCOHOL ÏFOODÏANDÏSEX • )NSTEADÏOFÏRESPECTINGÏANDÏOBEYINGÏTHOSEÏINÏAUTHORITY ÏWEÏSHOWÏCONTEMPTÏFORÏTHEMÏANDÏDISOBEYÏTHEM

)NÏOTHERÏWORDS ÏINSTEADÏOFÏDOINGÏWHATÏ'ODÏWANTS ÏWEÏCHOOSEÏWHATÏWEÏHAVEÏCONVINCEDÏOURSELVESÏISÏGOODÏ; Ï 1847-50, 1871]

-ORTALÏSINÏISÏTHEÏCOMPLETEÏTURNINGÏAWAYÏFROMÏ'ODÏANDÏ'ODSÏLAWÏ4HISÏFREE ÏDELIBERATEÏREFUSALÏTOÏACCEPTÏ'ODSÏ will causes a spiritual death or separation from God. A sin is mortal if the three following conditions are met: • 4HEÏACTIONÏISÏAÏGRAVEÏEVILÏINÏITSELF • 4HEÏPERSONÏHASÏAÏCLEARÏKNOWLEDGEÏOFÏTHEÏACTION ÏTHATÏIS ÏONEÏFULLYÏUNDERSTANDSÏTHEÏEVILÏHEÏORÏSHEÏWOULDÏBEÏDOING • 4HEÏPERSONÏGIVESÏITÏHISÏORÏHERÏFULLÏCONSENT ÏTHATÏIS ÏONEÏMAKESÏAÏSUFlCIENTLYÏDELIBERATEÏPERSONALÏCHOICEÏTOÏ sin. [1854, 1856-61, 1874]

6ENIALÏSINÏISÏNOTÏSERIOUSÏENOUGHÏTOÏBREAKÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'OD ÏBUTÏITÏWEAKENSÏTHATÏRELATIONSHIPÏBECAUSEÏ ITÏISÏANÏACTIONÏWEÏKNOWÏISÏWRONGÏYETÏFREELYÏCHOOSEÏTOÏDOÏITÏ4HEÏCONTINUALÏCOMMITTINGÏOFÏVENIALÏSINÏCANÏLEADÏUSÏ TOÏCOMMITÏMORTALÏSINÏ!ÏHABITÏACQUIREDÏBYÏREPEATEDÏSINÏENGENDERSÏVICESÏ;  Ï  Ï=

#APITALÏSINÏISÏTHEÏNAMEÏGIVENÏTOÏTHEÏSEVENÏBASICÏTENDENCIESÏWHICHÏAREÏPARTÏOFÏOURÏSINFULÏNATUREÏANDÏTHEÏCHIEFÏ SOURCESÏOFÏSINÏINÏOURÏLIVESÏ; = • PrideÏISÏAÏDISORDEREDÏACTIONÏINÏWHICHÏONEÏISÏSEEKINGÏPRAISEÏANDÏHONOR ÏANDÏAÏDENIALÏOFÏTHEÏREALÏNATUREÏOFÏOURÏ RELATIONSHIPÏASÏOBEDIENTÏCHILDRENÏOFÏAÏLOVINGÏ'ODÏ; Ï= • Covetousness (Greed) is a disordered desire for possessions and material things. [2514, 2536] • Lust is a disordered desire for sexual pleasure. [2351, 2529] • EnvyÏISÏTHEÏRESENTMENTÏOFÏANOTHERÏPERSONSÏTALENTS ÏPERSONALÏSUCCESSÏORÏGOODÏFORTUNEÏ;  Ï =

102 Grade Eight | Morality • GluttonyÏISÏAÏDISORDEREDÏDESIREÏFORÏFOODÏANDÏDRINKÏ;= • AngerÏISÏDISORDEREDÏRAGEÏWHICHÏCAUSESÏONEÏTOÏSEEKÏREVENGEÏORÏDESIREÏINJURYÏTOÏANOTHERÏ; Ï Ï= • SlothÏISÏAÏDISORDEREDÏDESIREÏTOÏAVOIDÏOURÏDUTIESÏANDÏRESPONSIBILITIESÏTOWARDÏ'ODÏANDÏOTHERSÏ; Ï=

3INÏNOTÏONLYÏJEOPARDIZESÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'OD ÏITÏALSOÏHASÏANÏIMPACTÏONÏTHEÏENTIREÏCOMMUNITYÏ&AILUREÏTOÏ LOVEÏLESSENSÏTHEÏBONDÏOFÏLOVEÏAMONGÏUSÏALLÏ;=

3INSÏOFÏINDIVIDUALSÏCANÏGIVEÏRISEÏTOÏSOCIALÏSITUATIONSÏANDÏINSTITUTIONSÏOPPOSEDÏTOÏ'ODSÏGOODNESS ÏSUCHÏASÏSLAV- ERY ÏCHILDÏLABOR ÏPROSTITUTION ÏHUMANÏTRAFlCKING ÏRACISM ÏECOLOGICALÏABUSE ÏANDÏTHEÏEXPLOITATIONÏOFÏTHIRDÏWORLDÏ COUNTRIESÏFORÏPROlTÏ3TRUCTURESÏWHICHÏPERPETUATEÏVIOLENCE ÏINJUSTICE ÏANDÏOTHERÏDISORDERSÏINÏSOCIETYÏAREÏCALLEDÏ hSOCIALÏSINvÏ3OCIALÏSINÏISÏANÏOUTGROWTHÏOFÏPERSONALÏSINS ÏANDÏLEADSÏITSÏVICTIMSÏTOÏDOÏEVILÏ; Ï=

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

Lead the young people in an examination of conscience based on the Stations of the Cross. After each QUESTION ÏALLOWÏTIMEÏFORÏSILENTÏREmECTION • Jesus was accused unjustly.Ï(ASÏTHISÏEVERÏHAPPENEDÏTOÏYOU Ï(OWÏDIDÏYOUÏDEALÏWITHÏIT Ï(AVEÏYOUÏEVERÏ ACCUSEDÏSOMEONEÏUNJUSTLY • The cross that Jesus carried was very heavy.Ï$OÏYOUÏEVERÏFEELÏASÏIFÏYOUÏCARRYÏAÏHEAVYÏBURDENÏWHICHÏ CAUSESÏYOUÏTOÏFEELÏSADÏORÏUPSET Ï7HATÏDOÏYOUÏDOÏATÏAÏTIMEÏLIKEÏTHIS Ï(AVEÏYOUÏEVERÏCAUSEDÏSOMEONEÏTOÏ CARRYÏAÏHEAVYÏBURDEN • On the road to Calvary, Jesus fell three times.Ï(AVEÏYOUÏEVERÏBEENÏMADEÏTOÏFEELÏLIKEÏAÏFAILURE ÏASÏIFÏYOUÏ HADÏNOTÏDONEÏYOURÏPART Ï(OWÏDIDÏITÏFEEL Ï(AVEÏYOUÏEVERÏMADEÏOTHERSÏFEELÏLIKEÏFAILURES ÏMAKINGÏFUNÏOFÏ them, or abandoning them? • Simon of Cyrene helped Jesus to carry his cross.Ï(AVEÏYOUÏEVERÏNEGLECTEDÏTOÏHELPÏSOMEONEÏWHENÏYOUÏ COULDÏHAVEÏDONEÏSO • As Jesus hung on the cross, he forgave those who put him to death.Ï(AVEÏYOUÏEVERÏBEENÏUNABLEÏORÏUNWILL- INGÏTOÏFORGIVEÏSOMEONEÏWHOÏHURTÏYOU

4HROUGHÏALLÏHISÏSUFFERING Ï*ESUSÏTRUSTEDÏTHATÏHISÏ&ATHERÏWOULDÏDELIVERÏHIMÏ,ETÏUSÏTRUSTÏTHATÏ'ODÏISÏALWAYSÏ LOVING ÏSAVING ÏANDÏFORGIVINGÏUSÏ#ONCLUDEÏBYÏPRAYINGÏTHEÏ*ESUSÏ0RAYER Lord Jesus Christ, Son of the living God, Be merciful to me, a sinner.

IV. THE SUPPORTS FOR MORAL LIVING

!LLÏPEOPLEÏAREÏCALLEDÏTOÏLIVEÏAÏMORALÏLIFEÏ7EÏSUPPORTÏONEÏANOTHERÏINÏLIVINGÏOUTÏTHISÏCALLINGÏ; Ï Ï=

Grade Eight | Morality 103 !Ï0ERSONALÏ0RAYERÏANDÏ/PENNESSÏTOÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRIT

4HEÏDEVELOPMENTÏOFÏAÏLIFEÏOFÏPRAYERÏISÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏBESTÏSUPPORTSÏFORÏAÏMORALÏLIFEÏ'ODÏISÏWITHÏUSÏAND ÏTHROUGHÏTHEÏ EMPOWERMENTÏOFÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRIT ÏWEÏDISCOVERÏWITHINÏOURSELVESÏTHEÏABILITYÏTOÏCHOOSEÏ'ODSÏWILLÏREGARDLESSÏOFÏTHEÏ COST ÏEVENÏIFÏITÏBEÏTHEÏCOSTÏOFÏOURÏVERYÏLIFEÏ; Ï Ï=

"Ï4HEÏ7ITNESSÏOFÏTHEÏ#OMMUNITY

All Catholic Christians belong to a community of faith. All the members of the community (our families, the people in our parish, our friends and teachers in our school or parish religious education program) are called TOÏSUPPORTÏUSÏWITHÏTHEÏWITNESSÏOFÏTHEIRÏLIVESÏ4OGETHERÏWEÏSTRIVEÏTOÏBEÏFAITHFULÏTOÏTHEÏLOVEÏOFÏ'ODÏINÏ*ESUSÏ#HRISTÏ [1253, 2030, 2044-46]

#Ï3ACRAMENTSÏASÏ.OURISHMENTÏANDÏ3TRENGTH

4HEÏSACRAMENTSÏOFÏ0ENANCEÏANDÏ%UCHARISTÏAREÏGRACEDÏEVENTSÏWHICHÏDEVELOPÏANDÏNOURISHÏOURÏMORALÏLIFEÏ; Ï 2040-41]

4HEÏSACRAMENTÏOFÏ0ENANCEÏGIVESÏUSÏTHEÏOPPORTUNITYÏTOÏRECEIVEÏ'ODSÏMERCIFULÏFORGIVENESSÏANDÏBEÏRECONCILEDÏTOÏ 'OD ÏTHEÏCOMMUNITY ÏANDÏOURSELVESÏ; =

)NÏTHEÏSACRAMENTÏOFÏTHEÏ%UCHARIST ÏWEÏHEARÏANEWÏTHEÏCALLÏTOÏLOVE ÏWEÏREMEMBERÏ*ESUSÏWILLINGNESSÏTOÏEMBRACEÏ DEATHÏTOÏSAVEÏUSÏFROMÏOURÏSINS ÏANDÏWEÏRECEIVEÏTHEÏREALÏPRESENCEÏOFÏ*ESUS ÏHISÏ"ODYÏANDÏ"LOOD Ï3OULÏANDÏ$IVINITYÏ ASÏSTRENGTHÏFORÏOURÏJOURNEYÏ;  Ï=

!SÏWEÏLIVEÏOUTÏOURÏBAPTISMALÏCALLINGÏDAYÏBYÏDAY ÏWEÏBECOMEÏFORÏOTHERSÏAÏSIGNÏOFÏ#HRISTSÏPRESENCEÏINÏTHEÏWORLDÏ 4HEÏMOREÏWEÏSHAREÏTHEÏLIFEÏOFÏ#HRISTÏANDÏPROGRESSÏINÏHISÏFRIENDSHIP ÏTHEÏMOREÏDIFlCULTÏITÏISÏTOÏBREAKÏAWAYÏFROMÏ him by mortal sin. [1253-54, 1395, 2073]

$Ï4HEÏ#OMMUNIONÏOFÏ3AINTS

7EÏALSOÏHAVEÏTHEÏSUPPORTÏOFÏTHEÏ#OMMUNIONÏOFÏ3AINTS ÏTHATÏIS ÏTHEÏWHOLEÏCOMMUNITYÏOFÏTHEÏDISCIPLESÏOFÏ*ESUSÏ THOSEÏONÏEARTH ÏTHOSEÏINÏHEAVEN ÏANDÏTHOSEÏWHOÏAREÏBEINGÏPURIlEDÏINÏPURGATORYÏBEFOREÏCOMINGÏINTOÏGLORY ÏANDÏ LIVINGÏFACE TO FACEÏWITHÏ'ODÏ7EÏCANÏCALLÏONÏTHEMÏTOÏPRAYÏFORÏUSÏASÏWEÏSTRUGGLEÏTOÏLIVEÏTHEÏLIFEÏ*ESUSÏCALLSÏUSÏTOÏ LIVEÏ!TÏTHEÏ%UCHARISTÏWHENÏWEÏEATÏTHEÏ"READÏOFÏ,IFEÏWEÏAREÏCALLEDÏTOÏPRAYÏFORÏONEÏANOTHERÏANDÏFORÏTHOSEÏWHOÏ HAVEÏDIEDÏ;  Ï =

104 Grade Eight | Morality PRAYER EXPERIENCE

)NÏCONSULTATIONÏWITHÏYOURÏPARISHÏDIRECTORÏORÏCOORDINATORÏOFÏRELIGIOUSÏEDUCATION ÏSCHOOLÏPRINCIPAL ÏANDORÏ PARISHÏCLERGY ÏPLANÏAÏCELEBRATIONÏOFÏTHEÏ3ACRAMENTÏOFÏ0ENANCEÏUSINGÏTHEÏ2ITEÏOUTLINEDÏBELOWÏANDÏINVOLVEÏ the young people in the planning. Encourage them to go to confession during the celebration. 2ITEÏFORÏ2ECONCILIATIONÏOFÏ3EVERALÏ0ENITENTSÏWITHÏ)NDIVIDUALÏ#ONFESSIONÏANDÏ!BSOLUTION • )NTRODUCTORYÏRITESÏHYMN ÏGREETING ÏOPENINGÏPRAYER • Celebration of the Word of God • Homily • 'ENERALÏCONFESSIONSÏOFÏSINSÏEGÏh)ÏCONFESSÏTOÏALMIGHTYÏ'ODÏx vÏFOLLOWEDÏBYÏAÏLITANYÏANDÏTHEÏ,ORDSÏ0RAYER • )NDIVIDUALÏCONFESSIONÏANDÏABSOLUTION • 0ROCLAMATIONÏOFÏPRAISEÏFORÏ'ODSÏMERCY • #ONCLUDINGÏPRAYERÏOFÏTHANKSGIVING • Concluding rite (blessing and dismissal)

Grade Eight | Morality 105

GRADE EIGHT

PRAYER

THE JOURNEY IN Friendship with God

Prayer is an expression of our awareness of and response to God’s presence, love, goodness, and saving power.

OBJECTIVES

• To assist the young adolescent to grow in a desire for and appreciation of prayer as essen- tial to the Catholic Christian life. • 4OÏHELPÏTHEÏYOUNGÏADOLESCENT ÏTHROUGHÏTHEÏPRESENTATIONÏANDÏEXPERIENCEÏOFÏAÏVARIETYÏOFÏ PRAYERÏFORMS ÏTOÏDEVELOPÏTHEÏABILITYÏTOÏPRAY

Grade Eight | Prayer 107 I. RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD

!Ï4HEÏ.ATUREÏOFÏ&RIENDSHIP

&RIENDSHIPÏISÏAÏGIFTÏFROMÏ'ODÏ)TÏISÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏMOSTÏBEAUTIFULÏANDÏCHALLENGINGÏWAYSÏOFÏRELATINGÏTOÏANOTHERÏPER- son. [733, 2010, 2347]

&RIENDSHIPÏNEEDSÏTIMEÏANDÏPATIENCEÏANDÏREQUIRESÏCOMMUNICATIONÏWHICHÏCONSISTSÏOFÏLISTENING ÏRESPONDINGÏANDÏ sharing concerns. [1971, 1939, 2469]

&RIENDSÏNEEDÏTOÏBEÏhINÏTOUCHvÏANDÏTOÏSHAREÏTHEÏJOYSÏANDÏSORROWSÏOFÏLIFEÏ&RIENDSÏAREÏOPENÏTOÏEACHÏOTHERÏWHENÏ THEYÏALLOWÏTHEÏOTHERÏPERSONÏTOÏBEÏHIMSELFÏORÏHERSELFÏANDÏDESIREÏTHEÏVERYÏBESTÏFORÏTHEÏOTHERÏ; Ï Ï=

&RIENDSÏAREÏLOYAL ÏFAITHFULÏANDÏFORGIVINGÏ; Ï=

"Ï&RIENDSHIPÏWITHÏ'OD

'ODÏWANTSÏTOÏBEÏOURÏFRIENDÏ)NÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'OD ÏWEÏAREÏINVITEDÏNOTÏONLYÏTOÏDOÏWHATÏ'ODÏASKSÏOFÏUS Ï BUTÏALSOÏTOÏEXPERIENCEÏ'ODÏASÏTHEÏONEÏWHOÏLOVESÏUSÏBEYONDÏANYÏHUMANÏEXPERIENCEÏOFÏLOVEÏ'ODÏCHOOSESÏTOÏLOVEÏ EACHÏONEÏATÏEVERYÏMOMENTÏ; Ï Ï=

God wants our friendship in return. God is always faithful in friendship, and so the challenge is for us, in turn, TOÏBEÏFAITHFULÏTOÏ'ODÏ!SÏINÏALLÏFRIENDSHIPS ÏTHISÏRELATIONSHIPÏDEVELOPSÏOVERÏAÏLIFETIMEÏ)TÏCALLSÏFORÏPATIENCEÏANDÏ PERSEVERANCE ÏANDÏDEMANDSÏCOMMUNICATION ÏWHICHÏWEÏCALLÏPRAYERÏ; Ï Ï=

All people are called to prayer. Deep within the human person is hidden a yearning to communicate with God. This yearning or desire is placed there by our Creator, who wants to be in communion with us. [2506, 2560, 2565]

9ETÏWEÏAREÏSOMETIMESÏNOTÏAWAREÏOFÏOURÏOWNÏDEEPÏLONGINGÏTOÏENCOUNTERÏ'ODÏ7EÏMUSTÏDISCOVERÏWHATÏWEÏREALLYÏ WANTÏ7EÏMUSTÏDISCOVERÏTHEÏLONGINGÏFORÏ'OD ÏWHICHÏDWELLSÏWITHINÏUSÏANDÏCALLSÏUSÏTOÏPRAYERÏ; Ï =

108 Grade Eight | Prayer PRAYER EXPERIENCE

2ECOUNTÏTOÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏSOMEÏOFÏTHEÏWAYSÏINÏWHICHÏ*ESUSÏWASÏAÏFRIENDÏTOÏTHOSEÏAROUNDÏHIMÏ&ORÏEXAMPLE • (EÏCALMEDÏTHEÏSEAÏWHENÏHISÏDISCIPLESÏWEREÏAFRAIDÏWHENÏWEÏAREÏAFRAID ÏWEÏPRAYÏANDÏASKÏFORÏHELPÏ-AT- THEWÏ   • (EÏFEDÏTHEÏHUNGRYÏPEOPLEÏ-ATTHEWÏ   • (EÏAPPEAREDÏTOÏTWOÏDISCOURAGEDÏDISCIPLESÏONÏTHEIRÏWAYÏTOÏ%MMAUSÏ,UKEÏ   • (EÏREJOICEDÏATÏTHEÏWEDDINGÏFEASTÏOFÏ#ANAÏ*OHNÏ   • (EÏWEPTÏWHENÏHISÏFRIENDÏ,AZARUSÏDIEDÏWE ÏTOO ÏMOURNÏWHENÏWEÏSUFFERÏAÏLOSSÏ*OHNÏ   • He shared a meal with his disciples (John 21:1-13). Then read the following passage: “No one has greater love than this, to lay down one’s life for one’s friends.” (John 15:13) )NVITEÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏWRITEÏAÏPRAYER ÏTHANKINGÏ*ESUSÏFORÏBEINGÏAÏFRIENDÏINÏGOODÏTIMESÏANDÏINÏDIFlCULTÏTIMES

II. NATURE OF PRAYER

0RAYERÏISÏAÏLOVING ÏHONESTÏCONVERSATIONÏWITHÏ'ODÏWHICHÏISÏPROMPTEDÏANDÏMADEÏPOSSIBLEÏBYÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏ WITHINÏUSÏCFÏ'ALATIANSÏÏANDÏ2OMANSÏ Ï7EÏRESPONDÏTOÏTHEÏMYSTERYÏOFÏ'ODSÏLOVEÏBYÏPRAYINGÏOFTEN ÏNOTÏ JUSTÏWHENÏWEÏHAVEÏAÏSPECIALÏNEEDÏ; Ï Ï=

4HEREÏAREÏMANYÏWAYSÏOFÏPRAYINGÏTOÏ'ODÏ/URÏPRAYERÏCANÏBEÏPERSONAL ÏTHATÏIS ÏANÏINTERIORÏCOMMUNICATIONÏWITHÏ God not shared with others, or it can be communal, that is, a communication with God experienced together with others. [2655, 2664]

!TÏTIMESÏOFÏPRAYER ÏWEÏOPENÏOURSELVESÏTOÏ'ODÏ7EÏLISTENÏTOÏ'OD ÏANDÏ'ODÏLISTENSÏTOÏUSÏ7EÏDELIBERATELYÏCHOOSEÏ TOÏSPENDÏTIMEÏINÏPRAYERÏSOÏASÏTOÏKNOWÏ'ODÏMOREÏINTIMATELYÏ4HISÏKNOWLEDGEÏLEADSÏUSÏTOÏLOVE ÏANDÏLOVEÏINÏTURNÏ LEADSÏUSÏTOÏSERVICEÏOFÏ'ODÏANDÏOTHERSÏ; Ï=

3OMETIMESÏPRAYERÏISÏSPONTANEOUSÏWEÏSPEAKÏFROMÏTHEÏHEARTÏWITHOUTÏPLANNINGÏORÏPREPARATIONÏh0RAYÏATÏEVERYÏ OPPORTUNITYÏINÏTHEÏ3PIRITvÏ%PHESIANSÏ Ï;  Ï Ï =

*USTÏASÏWEÏMAKEÏTIMEÏFORÏOURÏFRIENDS ÏWEÏMAKEÏTIMEÏFORÏ'ODÏ)NÏORDERÏTOÏGROWÏINÏOURÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'OD ÏITÏ is important to set aside time each day for prayer. [2697-98]

Grade Eight | Prayer 109 PRAYER EXPERIENCE – COMMUNAL PRAYER

Help the young people to enter into a prayerful atmosphere by listening to a recording of instrumental MUSIC ÏLIGHTINGÏAÏ,%$ÏCANDLE ÏORÏVIEWINGÏAÏPICTUREÏORÏIMAGEÏ0RAYÏALOUDÏTHATÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏWILLÏGUIDEÏ each member of the group. Read aloud one of the following passages of Scripture: 43:1 Isaiah 49:13-16 Matthew 6:9-13 Matthew 18:19-20 Luke 11:11-13 John 15:9-11 !FTERÏAÏPERIODÏOFÏSILENCEÏANDÏTIMEÏFORÏREmECTION ÏENCOURAGEÏEACHÏYOUNGÏPERSON ÏIFÏHEÏORÏSHEÏWISHES ÏTOÏ SHAREÏAÏPERSONALÏTHOUGHTÏORÏREmECTIONÏTHEYÏHAVEÏONÏTHEÏPASSAGEÏWITHÏTHEÏGROUP Conclude by reading Ephesians 3:20-21: Now to him who is able to accomplish far more than all we ask or imagine, by the power at work within us, to him be glory in the church and in Christ Jesus to all generations, forever and ever. Amen.

III. BASIC ELEMENTS OF PRAYER

0RAYERÏISÏAÏNECESSARYÏMEANSÏFORÏGROWTHÏINÏOURÏINTIMATEÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ'ODÏ4HEREÏAREÏSEVERALÏBASICÏELEMENTSÏ OFÏPRAYER ÏWHICHÏAREÏGIVENÏVARIOUSÏEXPRESSIONSÏINÏDIFFERENTÏPLACESÏANDÏTIMESÏ;=Ï4HESEÏBASICÏELEMENTSÏAREÏ listed below along with examples, most of which are from the mass prayers as found in the Third Edition of the Roman Missal: • AdorationÏANÏATTITUDEÏOFÏHUMILITYÏANDÏAWEÏBEFOREÏTHEÏWONDERÏANDÏGREATNESSÏOFÏ'ODÏ; = • Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen. • Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of Hosts, heaven and earth are full of your glory. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest. • ThanksgivingÏANÏEXPRESSIONÏOFÏGRATITUDEÏFORÏTHEÏGENEROSITYÏANDÏGRACIOUSNESSÏOFÏ'ODÏ; = • Any one of the Eucharistic Prayers recited at Mass. • ContritionÏANÏEXPRESSIONÏOFÏSORROWÏFORÏTHEÏSINFUL ÏHURTFULÏANDÏSELlSHÏACTSÏWEÏHAVEÏCOMMITTEDÏ;= • Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof, but only say the word and my soul shall be healed. [Matthew 8:8] • I confess to almighty God and to you, my brothers and sisters, that I have greatly sinned, in my thoughts and in my words, in what I have done and in what I have failed to do, through my fault, through my fault,

110 Grade Eight | Prayer through my most grievous fault; therefore I ask blessed Mary ever-Virgin, all the Angels and Saints, and you, my brothers and sisters, to pray for me to the Lord our God. • Petition:ÏASKINGÏFORÏTHEÏHELPÏANDÏSUPPORTÏOFÏ'OD ÏFORÏMYSELFÏ; = • Lamb of God, you take away the sins of the world: have mercy on us. Lamb of God, you take away the sins of the world: have mercy on us. Lamb of God, you take away the sins of the world: grant us peace. • 4HEÏ,ORDSÏ0RAYER (Our Father, who art in heaven...) • Intercession:ÏASKINGÏFORÏ'ODSÏHELPÏONÏBEHALFÏOFÏANOTHERÏ; = • 0RAYERÏOFÏTHEÏ&AITHFUL • Praise:ÏGIVINGÏGLORYÏTOÏ'ODÏJOYFULLY ÏJUSTÏBECAUSEÏOFÏWHOÏ'ODÏISÏ; = • Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to people of good will. We praise you, we bless you, we adore you, we glorify you, we give you thanks for your great glory, Lord God, heavenly King, O God, almighty Father. Lord Jesus Christ, Only Begotten Son, Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father, you take away the sins of the world, have mercy on us; you take away the sins of the world, receive our prayer; you are seated at the right hand of the Father, have mercy on us. For you alone are the Holy One, you alone are the Lord, you alone are the Most High, Jesus Christ, with the Holy Spirit, in the glory of God the Father. Amen.

IV. WAYS OF PRAYING

!LLÏPRAYERÏINVOLVESÏOURÏHEART ÏMINDÏANDÏSOULÏ)TÏISÏTHEÏWHOLEÏPERSONÏWHOÏPRAYSÏ3CRIPTUREÏEMPHASIZESÏTHATÏTHEÏ SOURCEÏOFÏPRAYERÏISÏTHEÏHEART ÏBECAUSEÏTHEÏHEARTÏISÏTHEÏCENTERÏOFÏTHEÏWHOLEÏPERSONÏ)FÏPRAYERÏISÏNOTÏANÏEXPRESSIONÏ of the heart, its words and gestures are meaningless. [2562-63]

&REQUENTLY ÏPRAYERÏINVOLVESÏOURÏBODYÏASÏWELL ÏTHROUGHÏPOSTURE ÏGESTUREÏANDÏTHEÏUSEÏOFÏOURÏVOICEÏ)NÏSOMEÏKINDSÏ OFÏPRAYERÏWEÏPRAYÏALOUDÏINÏOTHERS ÏWEÏPRAYÏSILENTLYÏ; Ï  Ï=

The LiturgyÏISÏTHEÏOFlCIALÏPRAYERÏOFÏTHEÏ0EOPLEÏOFÏ'OD ÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏPUBLICLYÏWORSHIPINGÏ'ODÏINÏTHEÏCELEBRATIONÏOF • The Sacraments • The Eucharistic Liturgy (the Mass) • The Liturgy of the Hours

)NÏTHEÏ,ITURGY ÏALLÏ#HRISTIANÏPRAYERÏlNDSÏITSÏSOURCEÏANDÏGOALÏ; Ï Ï Ï=

The Eucharistic liturgy is the central act of worship and prayer of our faith. To be a faithful Catholic obliges ONEÏTOÏPARTICIPATEÏATÏ-ASSÏEVERYÏ3UNDAYÏANDÏHOLYÏDAYÏOFÏOBLIGATION

Grade Eight | Prayer 111 Devotional prayer helps us to personalize the mysteries of faith. [1178, 1674-75, 2678]

3OMEÏEXAMPLESÏOFÏDEVOTIONALÏPRAYERÏARE • Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament • The Stations of the Cross • The Rosary • .OVENAS • Pilgrimages • Veneration of Relics

Prayer Groups are intentional gatherings for shared prayer, which may include hymns, readings from Sacred 3CRIPTUREÏANDÏOTHERÏ#HRISTIANÏSOURCES ÏPERSONALÏREmECTIONS ÏANDÏSILENCEÏ;=

HymnsÏAREÏRELIGIOUSÏSONGSÏORÏSCRIPTURALÏVERSESÏSETÏTOÏMUSICÏ; =

All Christian prayer, which is always personal, includes one or more of the following: [2699] • Vocal prayer puts into words, whether silently or aloud, the prayer of our heart. [2700-04] • MeditationÏISÏAÏPRAYERFULÏREmECTIONÏONÏAÏPASSAGEÏOFÏ3ACREDÏ3CRIPTURE ÏANOTHERÏINSPIRATIONALÏTEXT ÏANÏEVENT ÏORÏ THEÏWONDERSÏOFÏCREATIONÏ'ODÏSPEAKSÏTOÏUSÏTHROUGHÏWHATEVERÏWEÏAREÏMEDITATINGÏON ÏANDÏWEÏLISTENÏ; = • ContemplationÏISÏTHEÏSILENTÏAWARENESSÏOFÏTHEÏPRESENCEÏOFÏ*ESUS ÏOURÏLOVINGÏFRIENDÏ)TÏISÏTHEÏSIMPLESTÏEXPRES- sion of the mystery of prayer. [2709-19]

PRAYER EXPERIENCE – MEDITATIVE PRAYER

4OÏASSISTÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏINÏDEVELOPINGÏAÏBETTERÏAPPRECIATIONÏOFÏTHEÏPRACTICEÏOFÏREGULARÏPRAYER ÏREVIEWÏTHEÏ simple steps for personal prayer: • 3ELECTÏAÏPASSAGEÏFROMÏ3ACREDÏ3CRIPTUREÏSOMEÏEXAMPLESÏAREÏ$EUTERONOMYÏÏ*OHNÏ Ï%PHESIANSÏ 2:4-5) • #REATEÏAÏCALMÏENVIRONMENTÏANDÏSITUATEÏONESELFÏINÏAÏQUIETÏPLACE • 2EmECTÏONÏTHEÏPRESENCEÏOFÏ'ODÏWITHÏUS • Read the selected Scripture passage • -EDITATEÏONÏTHEÏPASSAGE ÏASKINGÏONESELF Ïh7HATÏISÏTHEÏ,ORDÏSAYINGÏTOÏME v • %XPRESSÏTHANKSGIVINGÏTOÏ*ESUSÏANDÏCONCLUDEÏWITHÏTHEÏ,ORDSÏ0RAYER !FTERÏEXPLAININGÏTHEÏABOVEÏSTEPS ÏLEADÏTHEÏYOUTHÏTHROUGHÏTHEÏPRAYERÏEXPERIENCE

112 Grade Eight | Prayer V. QUALITIES OF PRAYER

0RAYER ÏINÏANYÏFORM ÏISÏRELATIONALÏ!SÏAÏGOODÏRELATIONSHIPÏBETWEENÏTRUSTINGÏFRIENDSÏHASÏPARTICULARÏQUALITIES ÏSOÏ does genuine prayer. [2560, 2565]

'ENUINEÏPRAYERÏISÏCHARACTERIZEDÏBYÏTHEÏFOLLOWINGÏQUALITIES • Attention:ÏCONCENTRATIONÏONÏTHEÏPRESENCEÏOFÏ'ODÏANDÏATTENTIVEÏLISTENINGÏTOÏ'ODÏSPEAKINGÏTOÏUSÏ;= • #ONlDENCEÏTURNINGÏTOÏ'ODÏWITHÏANÏABIDINGÏTRUSTÏTHATÏ'ODÏLOVESÏUS ÏLISTENSÏTOÏUSÏANDÏWILLÏGIVEÏUSÏWHATÏISÏ best for us. [2606-10] • Perseverance:ÏFAITHFULNESSÏTOÏPRAYERÏEVENÏWHENÏWEÏDOÏNOTÏFEELÏLIKEÏPRAYING ÏWHENÏWEÏFEELÏWEÏAREÏTOOÏBUSYÏORÏ WHENÏITÏISÏDIFlCULTÏTOÏPRAYÏ;= • Devotion: a deliberate choice to spend time with God in prayer because God is our Creator and Redeemer ANDÏWEÏAREÏ'ODSÏPEOPLE ÏWHOÏNEEDÏ'ODÏATÏEVERYÏMOMENTÏ;=

Prayer affects our relationships with others as well as our relationship with God. True prayer arises from and LEADSÏTOÏAÏLIFEÏOFÏJUSTICE ÏMERCYÏANDÏLOVEÏ; Ï Ï Ï=

PRAYER EXPERIENCE – JESUS SPEAKS TO US THROUGH SACRED SCRIPTURE

#REATEÏAÏCALMÏENVIRONMENTÏANDÏASKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏTHINKÏABOUTÏ'ODSÏPRESENCEÏWITHINÏEACHÏONEÏOFÏ them. Choose one or more of the following Scripture passages to proclaim to the group: • ,UKEÏ Ï&URTHERÏTEACHINGSÏONÏPRAYER • John 14:12-13 (Last Supper Discourses) • John 15:5-7 (The Vine and the Branches) !SÏTHEYÏLISTENÏTOÏ3CRIPTURE ÏASKÏTHEMÏTOÏTHINKÏABOUTÏ*ESUSÏSPEAKINGÏTHESEÏWORDSÏTOÏTHEMÏINÏTHEIRÏLIVESÏ !FTERÏPROCLAIMINGÏTHEÏ3CRIPTURE ÏINVITEÏANYONEÏWHOÏWISHESÏTOÏDOÏSOÏTOÏSHAREÏWHATÏ'ODÏMIGHTÏBEÏSAYINGÏ TOÏHIMÏORÏHERÏ#ONCLUDEÏBYÏGIVINGÏTHANKSÏTOÏ*ESUSÏANDÏPRAYINGÏTHEÏ,ORDSÏ0RAYERÏASÏAÏGROUP

VI. DISTRACTIONS IN PRAYER

7EÏAREÏOFTENÏDISTRACTEDÏINÏPRAYER ÏEVENÏWHENÏWEÏAREÏINÏAÏPRAYERFULÏATMOSPHEREÏANDÏHAVEÏTHEÏBESTÏINTENTIONSÏ Distractions are thoughts or feelings that draw our attention away from God. [2729-30]

3OMETIMESÏOURÏDISTRACTIONSÏHAVEÏAÏMESSAGEÏFORÏUS ÏREMINDINGÏUSÏOFÏSOMEÏNEEDÏORÏDESIREÏOFÏOURÏHEARTÏTHATÏWEÏ CANÏPLACEÏBEFOREÏ'ODÏINÏHUMILITYÏ!TÏOTHERÏTIMES ÏDISTRACTIONSÏCALLÏFORÏSELF DISCIPLINE ÏASKINGÏ'ODÏTOÏHELPÏUSÏ REFOCUSÏONÏOURÏPRAYERÏ"YÏMAKINGÏANÏEFFORTÏTOÏSETÏASIDEÏTHEÏDISTRACTION ÏWEÏRECOMMITÏOURSELVESÏTOÏCONCENTRATINGÏ on God. [2729, 2732]

Grade Eight | Prayer 113 VII. PEOPLE WHO SHOW US HOW TO PRAY

-ANYÏPEOPLEÏOFÏTHEÏ/LDÏ4ESTAMENT ÏSUCHÏASÏ!BRAHAM Ï-OSES Ï-IRIAM Ï$AVID Ï%STHER Ï%LIJAH Ï(ANNAHÏANDÏTHEÏ writers of the psalms, show us how to pray. The psalms are prayers of the community of faith. [2570-89]

*ESUSÏOFFERSÏUSÏTHEÏPERFECTÏMODELÏOFÏHOWÏTOÏRELATEÏTOÏ'OD ÏOURÏLOVINGÏ&ATHERÏ3ACREDÏ3CRIPTUREÏREVEALSÏWHATÏ*ESUSÏ SAIDÏABOUTÏPRAYERÏANDÏSHOWSÏUSÏTHEÏWAYÏHEÏPRAYEDÏ*ESUSÏWASÏALWAYSÏAWAREÏOFÏTHEÏPRESENCEÏOFÏ'OD ÏHISÏ&ATHERÏ (EÏPRAYEDÏINÏTIMESÏOFÏJOY ÏSORROW ÏPAIN ÏANDÏFEARÏ(EÏASKEDÏFORÏSTRENGTH ÏGAVEÏTHANKSÏANDÏREJOICEDÏINÏTHEÏLOVEÏOFÏ HISÏ&ATHERÏ;  Ï Ï=

Jesus teaches his followers to pray with: • &AITHÏ-ATTHEWÏ • 0ERSISTENCEÏ,UKEÏ  • 3IMPLICITYÏ,UKEÏ  • Directness: Matthew 6:7-8 • &ORGIVENESSÏ-ARKÏÏ; =

*ESUSÏTEACHESÏUSÏTHEÏFUNDAMENTALÏPRAYERÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏTHEÏh,ORDSÏ0RAYERvÏ-ATTHEWÏ ÏANDÏ,UKEÏ  Ï which is a summary of the whole Gospel. [2759, 2761, 2764, 2766]

Jesus teaches us to pray with others as well as alone:

“If two of you agree on earth about anything for which they are to pray, it shall be granted to them by my heavenly Father. For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them.” (Matthew 18:19-20). [1373, 2623]

The Church teaches us there is no other way of Christian prayer than Christ. Regardless of the type of prayer COMMUNALÏORÏPERSONAL ÏVOCALÏORÏINTERIOR ÏITÏHASÏACCESSÏTOÏTHEÏ&ATHERÏONLYÏIFÏWEÏPRAYÏINÏ*ESUSÏNAMEÏ4HEÏSACREDÏ HUMANITYÏOFÏ*ESUSÏISÏTHEÏWAYÏBYÏWHICHÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏTEACHESÏUSÏTOÏPRAYÏTOÏ'ODÏOURÏ&ATHERÏ;=

7EÏCANÏINVOKEÏ'ODÏASÏh&ATHERvÏBECAUSEÏHEÏISÏREVEALEDÏTOÏUSÏBYÏHISÏ3ONÏBECOMEÏMANÏANDÏBECAUSEÏHISÏ3PIRITÏ MAKESÏHIMÏKNOWNÏTOÏUSÏ;=

-ARYÏOFFERSÏANÏOUTSTANDINGÏEXAMPLEÏOFÏHOWÏTOÏPRAYÏ)NÏTHEÏFACEÏOFÏMANYÏCHALLENGES ÏSHEÏOFFEREDÏHERÏWHOLEÏSELFÏ TOÏ'ODÏINÏFAITHÏSEEÏ,UKEÏ  Ï;  Ï  Ï=Ï7EÏAREÏENCOURAGEDÏTOÏPRAYÏINÏCOMMUNIONÏWITHÏ Mary, entrusting to her our needs and the needs of others to her intercession.

4HEÏ"LESSEDÏ6IRGINÏ-ARYÏWASÏGIVENÏTHEÏGREATÏPRIVILEGEÏOFÏBEINGÏTHEÏMOTHERÏOFÏ'ODÏ/VERÏTHEÏCENTURIESÏSHEÏHASÏ BEENÏGIVENÏVARIOUSÏTITLESÏTOÏHONORÏHERÏANDÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLDÏMANYÏCULTURESÏRECOGNIZEÏTHEÏHELPÏ-ARYÏOFFERSÏ TOÏTHEMÏ3OMEÏOFÏTHEÏTITLESÏTHATÏWEÏMAYÏUSEÏWHENÏSPEAKINGÏOFÏORÏPRAYINGÏTOÏTHEÏ"LESSEDÏ-OTHERÏARE

Our Lady of Good Counsel Our Lady of Good Help Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Lourdes

114 Grade Eight | Prayer Our Lady of Fatima The Immaculate Conception

[Note to the Catechist/Teacher: A project to consider would be to research some of the many titles of the Blessed Mother, particularly those that have a cultural relevance for the young people in your group.]

Today, in our own parishes, neighborhoods and families, there are many people of prayer who can be models for us. They might also be sources of help and support to us as we grow in our life of prayer. [2685-90]

/URÏ#ATHOLICÏTRADITIONÏPROVIDESÏUSÏWITHÏSOMEÏSIGNIlCANTÏWITNESSESÏWHOÏPOINTÏTHEÏWAYÏTOÏPRAYERÏ; =ÏTHEÏ SAINTSÏPRESENTEDÏBELOWÏAREÏEXAMPLESÏOFÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏFORÏWHOMÏPRAYERÏWASÏVERYÏIMPORTANT

• St. (16th century)Ï4HEÏGREATÏCOURAGEÏANDÏZEALÏTHATÏ&RANCISÏ8AVIERÏBROUGHTÏTOÏHISÏWORKÏASÏAÏ *ESUITÏMISSIONARYÏPRIESTÏCAMEÏFROMÏAÏLIFEÏOFÏPRAYERÏ"ORNÏINÏ3PAIN ÏHEÏPREACHEDÏINÏ)NDIA Ï-ALAYA ÏTHEÏ-O- LUCCAS ÏANDÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏMISSIONARYÏTOÏENTERÏ*APANÏ(EÏDIEDÏWHILEÏSEEKINGÏADMITTANCEÏTOÏ#HINAÏTOÏSPREADÏ the Gospel there. [428-29, 852, 2611]

• St. Martin Deporres (17th century)Ï!Ï0ERUVIANÏLAYÏBROTHERÏOFÏTHEÏ$OMINICANÏORDER Ï-ARTINÏSPENTÏMANYÏ HOURSÏINÏMEDITATIONÏAFTERÏAÏLONGÏDAYÏOFÏCARINGÏFORÏTHEÏSICKÏANDÏTHEÏPOORÏ(ISÏPRAYERÏSTRENGTHENEDÏHIMÏASÏ he reached out to those in need. [2447-49, 2705-08, 2745]

• St. (20th century)Ï!SÏAÏYOUNGÏTEENAGER Ï-ARIAÏWASÏBUSYÏTAKINGÏCAREÏOFÏHERÏBROTHERSÏANDÏ SISTERS ÏBECAUSEÏHERÏMOTHERÏHADÏTOÏWORKÏ%VENÏSO ÏSHEÏPRAYEDÏOFTENÏANDÏTAUGHTÏHERÏBROTHERSÏANDÏSISTERSÏTOÏ pray. [2204-05, 2685, 2745]

• Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati, TOSD (20th century): Pier Giorgio was born into a prominent family in 4URIN Ï)TALYÏ(ISÏLIFEÏWASÏCUTÏSHORTÏBYÏPOLIOÏWHENÏHEÏWASÏONLYÏ ÏBUTÏHISÏDEEPÏLOVEÏFORÏTHEÏ,ORD ÏDEVELOPEDÏ through prayer and the reception of Christ in the Eucharist, brought him to great holiness in a short time. !SÏAÏSTUDENT ÏHEÏWASÏACTIVEÏINÏ#ATHOLICÏYOUTHÏGROUPSÏWORKINGÏFORÏCHARITABLEÏCAUSESÏANDÏSOCIALÏREFORMÏ(EÏ WASÏAÏMEMBERÏOFÏTHEÏ4HIRDÏ/RDERÏOFÏ3TÏ$OMINICÏANDÏOFÏTHEÏ!POSTLESHIPÏOFÏ0RAYER ÏWHICHÏHELPEDÏHIMÏTOÏ GROWÏINÏHISÏLIFEÏOFÏPRAYERÏANDÏDISCIPLESHIPÏTOÏ*ESUSÏ(ISÏATHLETICÏPROWESS ÏESPECIALLYÏASÏAÏHIKERÏANDÏMOUNTAINÏ CLIMBER ÏWEREÏGREATLYÏADMIREDÏBUTÏWHENÏPOLIOÏCAUSEDÏTHEÏLOSSÏOFÏTHESEÏACTIVITIESÏWHICHÏHEÏSOÏENJOYED ÏHISÏ FAITH lLLEDÏACCEPTANCEÏOFÏTHISÏSUFFERINGÏBROUGHTÏEVENÏGREATERÏADMIRATIONÏ0IERÏ'IORGIOÏWASÏOUTSTANDINGÏINÏ HISÏLOVEÏFORÏTHEÏPOORÏANDÏFROMÏHISÏCHILDHOODÏHEÏNEVERÏCEASEDÏHELPINGÏTHEMÏ)NÏFACT ÏAFTERÏHISÏDEATHÏITÏWASÏ the poor of the city who petitioned the Archbishop of Turin to begin the cause for his .

Grade Eight | Prayer 115 PRAYER EXPERIENCE – IMAGINATIVE

• Create a prayerful setting and atmosphere. • 0RAYÏALOUDÏTOÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏASKINGÏFORÏGUIDANCEÏTHATÏEACHÏYOUNGÏPERSONÏMAYÏHEARÏTHEÏ,ORDÏSPEAKINGÏ to them. • 2EADÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏFOLLOWINGÏSCRIPTUREÏNARRATIVES • %MMAUSÏEVENTÏ,UKEÏ  • *ESUSÏANDÏ:ACCHAEUSÏ,UKEÏ  • #ALLÏOFÏTHEÏlRSTÏDISCIPLESÏ,UKEÏ  • Recognizing Jesus: Matthew 16:13-17 4HENÏASKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏIMAGINEÏTHEMSELVESÏINÏTHEÏSTORYÏANDÏREmECTÏON • 4HEÏSETTING ÏTHEÏPEOPLE ÏTHEÏCONVERSATION ÏANDÏTHEÏDETAILSÏOFÏTHEÏSTORY • )TSÏMEANINGÏANDÏHOWÏITÏTOUCHESÏTHEIRÏLIVESÏTODAY • (AVEÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTHANKÏ*ESUSÏFORÏTHESEÏINSIGHTSÏANDÏTHEÏEXPERIENCEÏOFÏHISÏPRESENCEÏDURINGÏPRAYER • #ONCLUDEÏWITHÏTHEÏ,ORDSÏ0RAYER

116 Grade Eight | Prayer