MONSAL DALE LIMESTONE DALE MONSAL

BASALT

VOLCANIC TUFF VOLCANIC

CAVE SYSTEMS CAVE LIMESTONE EYAM

MUDSTONE BEE LOW LIMESTONE LOW BEE

MONSAL DALE LIMESTONE DALE MONSAL

MINERAL VEINS MINERAL

MONSAL DALE LIMESTONES DALE MONSAL

LONGSTONE EDGE LONGSTONE

VEINS

FLAT REEF DARLTON QUARRY DARLTON REEF FLAT

COOMBS DALE COOMBS MINERAL

EYAM

MIDDLETON DALE MIDDLETON SANDSTONE

EYAM EDGE EYAM

KINDERSCOUT GRIT KINDERSCOUT

Corals Corals

caves are down at road level. Little is known about these, as they they as these, about known is Little level. road at down are caves

fossils of crinoids (broken stems). (broken crinoids of fossils

highest parts of the Carlswalk Cavern. The fourth and youngest youngest and fourth The Cavern. Carlswalk the of parts highest

Illustrated: Crinoid (sea lily) and limestone limestone and lily) (sea Crinoid Illustrated:

oldest network lies high in the cliff. The second is seen in the the in seen is second The cliff. the in high lies network oldest

Slowly, tunnels and caverns form to create cave systems. The The systems. cave create to form caverns and tunnels Slowly, formed shale and gritstone. gritstone. and shale formed

as natural water is slightly acidic, it gradually dissolves the rock. rock. the dissolves gradually it acidic, slightly is water natural as deltas covered the limestone with mud and sand that that sand and mud with limestone the covered deltas

The water percolates through the joints in the limestone and, and, limestone the in joints the through percolates water The Many years later the environment changed and river river and changed environment the later years Many

turned them into limestone rock. rock. limestone into them turned

in the limestone. the in

compression of the sediments sediments the of compression

time the valley was eroded, new cave systems formed deeper with with deeper formed systems cave new eroded, was valley the time

thousands of feet thick. The The thick. feet of thousands

distinct periods when melt-water fl owed through the valley. Each Each valley. the through owed fl melt-water when periods distinct

accumulated to become become to accumulated

The caves within Middleton Dale show clearly that there were four four were there that clearly show Dale Middleton within caves The

shells and calcium-rich skeletons skeletons calcium-rich and shells

and over millions of years their their years of millions over and

valleys, forming the steep sided dales we have today. today. have we dales sided steep the forming valleys,

Brachiopods

remains fell to the sea fl oor, oor, fl sea the to fell remains fl owing rivers, fed by the melt-water, carved out and deepened the the deepened and out carved melt-water, the by fed rivers, owing fl

When these creatures died their their died creatures these When several periods of glacial activity. At the end of each glaciation fast fast glaciation each of end the At activity. glacial of periods several

corals, brachiopods and crinoids. crinoids. and brachiopods corals, Park and Furness Quarry (see map). (see Quarry Furness and Park Between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago Britain was subjected to to subjected was Britain ago years 10,000 and million 1.8 Between

shallow sea. In the sea lived lived sea the In sea. shallow Car parking is available in the lay-bys close to Rockwell Business Business Rockwell to close lay-bys the in available is parking Car

and was covered by a warm warm a by covered was and overlying rocks exposing the gritstone, shale and limestone beneath. beneath. limestone and shale gritstone, the exposing rocks overlying

District lay close to the equator equator the to close lay District adjacent to the main road. road. main the to adjacent dome shape of the Peak District. This was followed by erosion of the the of erosion by followed was This District. Peak the of shape dome

period. At that time the Peak Peak the time that At period. from Eyam Delf joins the stream to form Dale Brook, that runs runs that Brook, Dale form to stream the joins Delf Eyam from forces involved caused the rock to be folded upwards forming the the forming upwards folded be to rock the caused involved forces

years ago, in the Carboniferous Carboniferous the in ago, years centuries to take water away from fl ooded mines. Jumber Brook Brook Jumber mines. ooded fl from away water take to centuries Over tens of millions of years the land mass moved slowly north. The The north. slowly moved mass land the years of millions of tens Over

was formed 350-310 million million 350-310 formed was Furness Quarry). Soughs are tunnels dug in the 17th and 18th 18th and 17th the in dug tunnels are Soughs Quarry). Furness

formed of galena (lead ore), fl uorspar, barytes and calcite. and barytes uorspar, fl ore), (lead galena of formed limestone gorge. The limestone limestone The gorge. limestone The stream in the Dale starts from Watergrove Sough (below (below Sough Watergrove from starts Dale the in stream The

process occurred several times, creating layers of crystals until veins veins until crystals of layers creating times, several occurred process

Middleton Dale is a deep deep a is Dale Middleton

the seabed during the formation of limestone. of formation the during seabed the began to crystallise on the walls of the joints and cavities. This This cavities. and joints the of walls the on crystallise to began

Geomorphology locally as toadstone) is formed from volcanic ash which settled on on settled which ash volcanic from formed is toadstone) as locally the joints in the limestone, it cooled and the dissolved minerals minerals dissolved the and cooled it limestone, the in joints the

prevented any further downward percolation. The clay (known (known clay The percolation. downward further any prevented This water contained dissolved minerals. As it circulated up through through up circulated it As minerals. dissolved contained water This

Geology & Geology

are largely fl ooded. Each level formed where a thin layer of clay clay of layer thin a where formed level Each ooded. fl largely are Water deep within the rocks became heated by volcanic activity. activity. volcanic by heated became rocks the within deep Water

Mining People have mined lead in the Peak District for thousands of years. There were numerous mines in the area of Middleton Dale and Eyam, many of which made use of the existing caves. Caring for a living landscape As mines were dug deeper fl ooding became a problem, so soughs (drainage tunnels) were dug and pumps used to take the water away. There were also lead smelters in the Dale. The garage on welcome to the the edge of Stony Middleton stands on the site of one called Lord’s Geology of Cupola (1740 – 1885). PeakMiddleton District Dale The last mine in Derbyshire closed in 1939. Since this time many of Stoney Middleton the old lead mines and waste tips have been reworked for fl uorspar, which previously was considered a waste product. Cavendish Mill to National Park the south of Stoney Middleton Dale processes fl uorspar recovered from these sites.

Waterfall Swallet The swallet is a tree lined sink hole, where a stream fl owing across the impermeable shale falls as a spectacular waterfall. The water then disappears into holes in the limestone at the bottom of the depression. During times of fl ood this area fi lls with water and overfl ows into the nearby Waterfall Hole Cave. Water entering the swallet travels underground joining the stream in Middleton Dale.

The swallet is found at Grid Ref: SK199 771 on the Eyam/Foolow road. Parking is very limited and access is from an informal path.

Images/Illustrations ©Copyright 2005 Peak District National Park Geological cross section ©Copyright National Stone Centre. Quarrying

Limestone has been quarried since the Roman times for building stone and mortar. In the 19th century there were numerous small quarries extracting limestone. Each had its own lime kiln or they sent dry stone to Sheffi eld for the iron & steel industry. By the

1920s there were about a dozen quarries in the Dale and Eyam area with the lime kilns no longer in use. The modern quarries A BAP Vision Project Initiative have destroyed most of the lime kilns, leaving just two partial kilns Aldern House, Baslow Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire, DE45 1AE (marked on the map). T: 01629 816200 F: 01629 816310 E: [email protected] www.peakdistrict.gov.uk

11775_em_775_em_ stoneymidd_DL(o).inddstoneymidd_DL(o).indd 1 33/1/06/1/06 110:19:070:19:07 amam

MONSAL DALE LIMESTONE DALE MONSAL

BASALT

VOLCANIC TUFF VOLCANIC

CAVE SYSTEMS CAVE LIMESTONE EYAM

MUDSTONE BEE LOW LIMESTONE LOW BEE

MONSAL DALE LIMESTONE DALE MONSAL

MINERAL VEINS MINERAL

MONSAL DALE LIMESTONES DALE MONSAL

LONGSTONE EDGE LONGSTONE

VEINS

FLAT REEF DARLTON QUARRY DARLTON REEF FLAT

COOMBS DALE COOMBS MINERAL

EYAM

MIDDLETON DALE MIDDLETON SANDSTONE

EYAM EDGE EYAM

KINDERSCOUT GRIT KINDERSCOUT

Corals Corals

caves are down at road level. Little is known about these, as they they as these, about known is Little level. road at down are caves

fossils of crinoids (broken stems). (broken crinoids of fossils

highest parts of the Carlswalk Cavern. The fourth and youngest youngest and fourth The Cavern. Carlswalk the of parts highest

Illustrated: Crinoid (sea lily) and limestone limestone and lily) (sea Crinoid Illustrated:

oldest network lies high in the cliff. The second is seen in the the in seen is second The cliff. the in high lies network oldest

Slowly, tunnels and caverns form to create cave systems. The The systems. cave create to form caverns and tunnels Slowly, formed shale and gritstone. gritstone. and shale formed

as natural water is slightly acidic, it gradually dissolves the rock. rock. the dissolves gradually it acidic, slightly is water natural as deltas covered the limestone with mud and sand that that sand and mud with limestone the covered deltas

The water percolates through the joints in the limestone and, and, limestone the in joints the through percolates water The Many years later the environment changed and river river and changed environment the later years Many

turned them into limestone rock. rock. limestone into them turned

in the limestone. the in

compression of the sediments sediments the of compression

time the valley was eroded, new cave systems formed deeper with with deeper formed systems cave new eroded, was valley the time

thousands of feet thick. The The thick. feet of thousands

distinct periods when melt-water fl owed through the valley. Each Each valley. the through owed fl melt-water when periods distinct

accumulated to become become to accumulated

The caves within Middleton Dale show clearly that there were four four were there that clearly show Dale Middleton within caves The

shells and calcium-rich skeletons skeletons calcium-rich and shells

and over millions of years their their years of millions over and

valleys, forming the steep sided dales we have today. today. have we dales sided steep the forming valleys,

Brachiopods

remains fell to the sea fl oor, oor, fl sea the to fell remains fl owing rivers, fed by the melt-water, carved out and deepened the the deepened and out carved melt-water, the by fed rivers, owing fl

When these creatures died their their died creatures these When several periods of glacial activity. At the end of each glaciation fast fast glaciation each of end the At activity. glacial of periods several

corals, brachiopods and crinoids. crinoids. and brachiopods corals, Park and Furness Quarry (see map). (see Quarry Furness and Park Between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago Britain was subjected to to subjected was Britain ago years 10,000 and million 1.8 Between

shallow sea. In the sea lived lived sea the In sea. shallow Car parking is available in the lay-bys close to Rockwell Business Business Rockwell to close lay-bys the in available is parking Car

and was covered by a warm warm a by covered was and overlying rocks exposing the gritstone, shale and limestone beneath. beneath. limestone and shale gritstone, the exposing rocks overlying

District lay close to the equator equator the to close lay District adjacent to the main road. road. main the to adjacent dome shape of the Peak District. This was followed by erosion of the the of erosion by followed was This District. Peak the of shape dome

period. At that time the Peak Peak the time that At period. from Eyam Delf joins the stream to form Dale Brook, that runs runs that Brook, Dale form to stream the joins Delf Eyam from forces involved caused the rock to be folded upwards forming the the forming upwards folded be to rock the caused involved forces

years ago, in the Carboniferous Carboniferous the in ago, years centuries to take water away from fl ooded mines. Jumber Brook Brook Jumber mines. ooded fl from away water take to centuries Over tens of millions of years the land mass moved slowly north. The The north. slowly moved mass land the years of millions of tens Over

was formed 350-310 million million 350-310 formed was Furness Quarry). Soughs are tunnels dug in the 17th and 18th 18th and 17th the in dug tunnels are Soughs Quarry). Furness

formed of galena (lead ore), fl uorspar, barytes and calcite. and barytes uorspar, fl ore), (lead galena of formed limestone gorge. The limestone limestone The gorge. limestone The stream in the Dale starts from Watergrove Sough (below (below Sough Watergrove from starts Dale the in stream The

process occurred several times, creating layers of crystals until veins veins until crystals of layers creating times, several occurred process

Middleton Dale is a deep deep a is Dale Middleton

the seabed during the formation of limestone. of formation the during seabed the began to crystallise on the walls of the joints and cavities. This This cavities. and joints the of walls the on crystallise to began

Geomorphology locally as toadstone) is formed from volcanic ash which settled on on settled which ash volcanic from formed is toadstone) as locally the joints in the limestone, it cooled and the dissolved minerals minerals dissolved the and cooled it limestone, the in joints the

prevented any further downward percolation. The clay (known (known clay The percolation. downward further any prevented This water contained dissolved minerals. As it circulated up through through up circulated it As minerals. dissolved contained water This

Geology & Geology

are largely fl ooded. Each level formed where a thin layer of clay clay of layer thin a where formed level Each ooded. fl largely are Water deep within the rocks became heated by volcanic activity. activity. volcanic by heated became rocks the within deep Water

Mining People have mined lead in the Peak District for thousands of years. There were numerous mines in the area of Middleton Dale and Eyam, many of which made use of the existing caves. Caring for a living landscape As mines were dug deeper fl ooding became a problem, so soughs (drainage tunnels) were dug and pumps used to take the water away. There were also lead smelters in the Dale. The garage on welcome to the the edge of Stony Middleton stands on the site of one called Lord’s Geology of Cupola (1740 – 1885). PeakMiddleton District Dale The last mine in Derbyshire closed in 1939. Since this time many of Stoney Middleton the old lead mines and waste tips have been reworked for fl uorspar, which previously was considered a waste product. Cavendish Mill to National Park the south of Stoney Middleton Dale processes fl uorspar recovered from these sites.

Waterfall Swallet The swallet is a tree lined sink hole, where a stream fl owing across the impermeable shale falls as a spectacular waterfall. The water then disappears into holes in the limestone at the bottom of the depression. During times of fl ood this area fi lls with water and overfl ows into the nearby Waterfall Hole Cave. Water entering the swallet travels underground joining the stream in Middleton Dale.

The swallet is found at Grid Ref: SK199 771 on the Eyam/Foolow road. Parking is very limited and access is from an informal path.

Images/Illustrations ©Copyright 2005 Peak District National Park Geological cross section ©Copyright National Stone Centre. Quarrying

Limestone has been quarried since the Roman times for building stone and mortar. In the 19th century there were numerous small quarries extracting limestone. Each had its own lime kiln or they sent dry stone to Sheffi eld for the iron & steel industry. By the

1920s there were about a dozen quarries in the Dale and Eyam area with the lime kilns no longer in use. The modern quarries A BAP Vision Project Initiative have destroyed most of the lime kilns, leaving just two partial kilns Aldern House, Baslow Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire, DE45 1AE (marked on the map). T: 01629 816200 F: 01629 816310 E: [email protected] www.peakdistrict.gov.uk

11775_em_775_em_ stoneymidd_DL(o).inddstoneymidd_DL(o).indd 1 33/1/06/1/06 110:19:070:19:07 amam 7.CUCKLET CHURCH & EYAM DELF 4. SHINING CLIFF 2. FINGALL’S CAVE & 1. CASTLE ROCK CARLSWALK CAVERN Eyam Delf is a small valley that leads up to the village of Eyam. High The limestone is darker on the corner of Middleton Dale and Eyam Approximately 200m up the path is Castle Rock, a double buttress in up the sides of the Delf are entrances to the oldest cave systems in Dale Road because it contains a lot of organic material. It is known The vertical narrow entrance the cliff. Around it is Windy Ledge. The ledge is formed by the layer of the Dale, including the well known Cucklet Church. The Church is locally as the black bed. If you look carefully there are fi ne fossil in the cliff is known as Fingall’s limestone above being less resistant and therefore weathering away at a cave that was largely destroyed by subsequent glacial melt-water coral colonies, which stand out when the rock is wet. Cave. It is an old mine and soon a quicker rate. There is a network of caves at this level, one of which which left it high and dry as the valley was further deepened. reduces down to a small passage. can be seen on Windy Ledge, through Castle Rock. (Main image on cover: Cucklet Church). Around the entrance are traces of fl uorspar and barytes, with Looking up at the cliff face the layers or bedding places can be clearly occasional small pieces of shiny seen. As environmental conditions in the sea blue-grey galena (lead ore). changed, so there is a slight variation in the limestone. Also visible between Close by is Carlswalk Cavern. here and Shining Cliff are several This entrance (between the tree cave entrances, joints and roots) is one of many into this cave traces of minerals. system, but the most frequently used by cavers. Further down the Inset picture: Engraving of Castle Rock cliff towards the road is another one, by F.L. Chantry, 1818. With thanks to known as the resurgence entrance. Derbyshire County Council - Buxton 5. DARLTON QUARRY At times of fl ood a stream fl ows Museum and Art Gallery. from it, causing problems on the Darlton Quarry is still a working quarry. There is a public footpath road. Carlswalk Cavern is the most 8. FURNESS QUARRY (5A) up through the site to an interpretation board (5B), where there extensive cave system in the Dale is a good view over the works. and is popular with cavers. It is Furness Quarry was the only substantial quarry to be worked on 3243m (10641 ft) in length and has 6A. LIME KILN the north side of the Dale. The others were excavated from the a vertical range of 61m (200 ft). more gentle slopes on the southern side. The boundary between the From the bottom of Eyam Monsal Dale limestone and the Eyam limestone can clearly be seen 3. FOSSIL SHELLS Delf, remnants of a lime kiln near the top of the quarry face, separated by a layer of clay (known can be seen at the entrance as toadstone). Most of the stone quarried here was used for road The rocks close to the path contain an abundance to Darlton Quarry. Lime kilns building and concrete. The quarry closed in 1969, but has recently of fossilised shells and during the spring and summer are used to burn limestone been bought by the British Mountaineering Council (BMC) as a site there is a profusion of wildfl owers. There are also to make quicklime. This is for climbing. good views of Darlton Quarry. used in cement, or can have water added to it to create PLEASE NOTE: Whilst many of the places mentioned slaked lime, which is used in in this leafl et are accessible from public rights of way or by agriculture as a soil improver. established use, they all exist on private land. In all cases please respect the rights of the landowner/land 6B. LIME KILN manager and abide by the Countryside Code.

Lime kiln entrance pictured This site is designated a Site of Special here to your right. Scientifi c Interest (SSSI) and fossil collecting is not permitted.

Track Path Lydgate 7 Farm Eyam Track Shaft Path Dale Furness Quarry (limestone) Shaft Shaft Shaft (dis) Hanging Flat Mine 8 Track (dis) P Track

Shaft Merlin Cavern Rock 4 The Cliff Gardens B6521 3 Path Shaft 2 Middleton Dale 6A Path Shaft (dis) 5A Track 6B Shaft Shaft Stoney Middleton CP Dale Brook 1 (dis) THE DALE Shaft Shaft Quarry Track (dis) (dis) (limestone) N Shaft NSLEY LANE 5B Darlton Quarry P FAR (limestone)

This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of her Majesty’s Stationery offi ce. Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Peak District National Park Authority. Licence No. LA 100005734. 2005

11775_em_stoneymidd_DL(i).indd775_em_stoneymidd_DL(i).indd 1 33/1/06/1/06 110:03:540:03:54 amam