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Geology of Middleton Dale

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Geology of Middleton Dale MONSAL DALE LIMESTONE DALE MONSAL BASALT VOLCANIC TUFF VOLCANIC CAVE SYSTEMS CAVE LIMESTONE EYAM MUDSTONE BEE LOW LIMESTONE LOW BEE MONSAL DALE LIMESTONE DALE MONSAL MINERAL VEINS MINERAL MONSAL DALE LIMESTONES DALE MONSAL LONGSTONE EDGE LONGSTONE VEINS FLAT REEF FLAT QUARRY DARLTON COOMBS DALE COOMBS MINERAL EYAM MIDDLETON DALE MIDDLETON SANDSTONE EYAM EDGE EYAM KINDERSCOUT GRIT KINDERSCOUT Corals Corals caves are down at road level. Little is known about these, as they they as these, about known is Little level. road at down are caves fossils of crinoids (broken stems). (broken crinoids of fossils highest parts of the Carlswalk Cavern. The fourth and youngest youngest and fourth The Cavern. Carlswalk the of parts highest Illustrated: Crinoid (sea lily) and limestone limestone and lily) (sea Crinoid Illustrated: oldest network lies high in the cliff. The second is seen in the the in seen is second The cliff. the in high lies network oldest Slowly, tunnels and caverns form to create cave systems. The The systems. cave create to form caverns and tunnels Slowly, formed shale and gritstone. gritstone. and shale formed as natural water is slightly acidic, it gradually dissolves the rock. rock. the dissolves gradually it acidic, slightly is water natural as deltas covered the limestone with mud and sand that that sand and mud with limestone the covered deltas The water percolates through the joints in the limestone and, and, limestone the in joints the through percolates water The Many years later the environment changed and river river and changed environment the later years Many turned them into limestone rock. rock. limestone into them turned in the limestone. the in compression of the sediments sediments the of compression time the valley was eroded, new cave systems formed deeper with with deeper formed systems cave new eroded, was valley the time thousands of feet thick. The The thick. feet of thousands distinct periods when melt-water fl owed through the valley. Each Each valley. the through owed fl melt-water when periods distinct accumulated to become become to accumulated The caves within Middleton Dale show clearly that there were four four were there that clearly show Dale Middleton within caves The shells and calcium-rich skeletons skeletons calcium-rich and shells and over millions of years their their years of millions over and valleys, forming the steep sided dales we have today. today. have we dales sided steep the forming valleys, Brachiopods remains fell to the sea fl oor, oor, fl sea the to fell remains fl owing rivers, fed by the melt-water, carved out and deepened the the deepened and out carved melt-water, the by fed rivers, owing fl When these creatures died their their died creatures these When several periods of glacial activity. At the end of each glaciation fast fast glaciation each of end the At activity. glacial of periods several corals, brachiopods and crinoids. crinoids. and brachiopods corals, Park and Furness Quarry (see map). (see Quarry Furness and Park Between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago Britain was subjected to to subjected was Britain ago years 10,000 and million 1.8 Between shallow sea. In the sea lived lived sea the In sea. shallow Car parking is available in the lay-bys close to Rockwell Business Business Rockwell to close lay-bys the in available is parking Car and was covered by a warm warm a by covered was and overlying rocks exposing the gritstone, shale and limestone beneath. beneath. limestone and shale gritstone, the exposing rocks overlying District lay close to the equator equator the to close lay District adjacent to the main road. road. main the to adjacent dome shape of the Peak District. This was followed by erosion of the the of erosion by followed was This District. Peak the of shape dome period. At that time the Peak Peak the time that At period. from Eyam Delf joins the stream to form Dale Brook, that runs runs that Brook, Dale form to stream the joins Delf Eyam from forces involved caused the rock to be folded upwards forming the the forming upwards folded be to rock the caused involved forces years ago, in the Carboniferous Carboniferous the in ago, years centuries to take water away from fl ooded mines. Jumber Brook Brook Jumber mines. ooded fl from away water take to centuries Over tens of millions of years the land mass moved slowly north. The The north. slowly moved mass land the years of millions of tens Over was formed 350-310 million million 350-310 formed was Furness Quarry). Soughs are tunnels dug in the 17th and 18th 18th and 17th the in dug tunnels are Soughs Quarry). Furness formed of galena (lead ore), fl uorspar, barytes and calcite. and barytes uorspar, fl ore), (lead galena of formed limestone gorge. The limestone limestone The gorge. limestone The stream in the Dale starts from Watergrove Sough (below (below Sough Watergrove from starts Dale the in stream The process occurred several times, creating layers of crystals until veins veins until crystals of layers creating times, several occurred process Middleton Dale is a deep deep a is Dale Middleton the seabed during the formation of limestone. of formation the during seabed the began to crystallise on the walls of the joints and cavities. This This cavities. and joints the of walls the on crystallise to began Geomorphology locally as toadstone) is formed from volcanic ash which settled on on settled which ash volcanic from formed is toadstone) as locally the joints in the limestone, it cooled and the dissolved minerals minerals dissolved the and cooled it limestone, the in joints the prevented any further downward percolation. The clay (known (known clay The percolation. downward further any prevented This water contained dissolved minerals. As it circulated up through through up circulated it As minerals. dissolved contained water This Geology & Geology are largely fl ooded. Each level formed where a thin layer of clay clay of layer thin a where formed level Each ooded. fl largely are Water deep within the rocks became heated by volcanic activity. activity. volcanic by heated became rocks the within deep Water Mining People have mined lead in the Peak District for thousands of years. There were numerous mines in the area of Middleton Dale and Eyam, many of which made use of the existing caves. Caring for a living landscape As mines were dug deeper fl ooding became a problem, so soughs (drainage tunnels) were dug and pumps used to take the water away. There were also lead smelters in the Dale. The garage on welcome to the the edge of Stony Middleton stands on the site of one called Lord’s Geology of Cupola (1740 – 1885). PeakMiddleton District Dale The last mine in Derbyshire closed in 1939. Since this time many of Stoney Middleton the old lead mines and waste tips have been reworked for fl uorspar, which previously was considered a waste product. Cavendish Mill to National Park the south of Stoney Middleton Dale processes fl uorspar recovered from these sites. Waterfall Swallet The swallet is a tree lined sink hole, where a stream fl owing across the impermeable shale falls as a spectacular waterfall. The water then disappears into holes in the limestone at the bottom of the depression. During times of fl ood this area fi lls with water and overfl ows into the nearby Waterfall Hole Cave. Water entering the swallet travels underground joining the stream in Middleton Dale. The swallet is found at Grid Ref: SK199 771 on the Eyam/Foolow road. Parking is very limited and access is from an informal path. Images/Illustrations ©Copyright 2005 Peak District National Park Geological cross section ©Copyright National Stone Centre. Quarrying Limestone has been quarried since the Roman times for building stone and mortar. In the 19th century there were numerous small quarries extracting limestone. Each had its own lime kiln or they sent dry stone to Sheffi eld for the iron & steel industry. By the 1920s there were about a dozen quarries in the Dale and Eyam area with the lime kilns no longer in use. The modern quarries A BAP Vision Project Initiative have destroyed most of the lime kilns, leaving just two partial kilns Aldern House, Baslow Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire, DE45 1AE (marked on the map). T: 01629 816200 F: 01629 816310 E: [email protected] www.peakdistrict.gov.uk 11775_em_775_em_ stoneymidd_DL(o).inddstoneymidd_DL(o).indd 1 33/1/06/1/06 110:19:070:19:07 aamm MONSAL DALE LIMESTONE DALE MONSAL BASALT VOLCANIC TUFF VOLCANIC CAVE SYSTEMS CAVE LIMESTONE EYAM MUDSTONE BEE LOW LIMESTONE LOW BEE MONSAL DALE LIMESTONE DALE MONSAL MINERAL VEINS MINERAL MONSAL DALE LIMESTONES DALE MONSAL LONGSTONE EDGE LONGSTONE VEINS FLAT REEF FLAT QUARRY DARLTON COOMBS DALE COOMBS MINERAL EYAM MIDDLETON DALE MIDDLETON SANDSTONE EYAM EDGE EYAM KINDERSCOUT GRIT KINDERSCOUT Corals Corals caves are down at road level. Little is known about these, as they they as these, about known is Little level. road at down are caves fossils of crinoids (broken stems). (broken crinoids of fossils highest parts of the Carlswalk Cavern. The fourth and youngest youngest and fourth The Cavern. Carlswalk the of parts highest Illustrated: Crinoid (sea lily) and limestone limestone and lily) (sea Crinoid Illustrated: oldest network lies high in the cliff. The second is seen in the the in seen is second The cliff. the in high lies network oldest Slowly, tunnels and caverns form to create cave systems. The The systems. cave create to form caverns and tunnels Slowly, formed shale and gritstone. gritstone. and shale formed as natural water is slightly acidic, it gradually dissolves the rock.
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