Kinetic Models of Metabolism: Model Construction, Model Analysis and Biotechnological Applications Adrien Henry

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Kinetic Models of Metabolism: Model Construction, Model Analysis and Biotechnological Applications Adrien Henry Kinetic models of metabolism: model construction, model analysis and biotechnological applications Adrien Henry To cite this version: Adrien Henry. Kinetic models of metabolism: model construction, model analysis and biotechnolog- ical applications. Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM]. Université Paris Diderot, 2015. English. tel- 01293507 HAL Id: tel-01293507 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01293507 Submitted on 24 Mar 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE PARIS CITÉ UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DIDEROT École Doctorale: Frontières du Vivant (ED 474) Laboratoire: Génétique Quantitative et Évolution - Le Moulon Doctorat Spécialité: Biologie des systèmes Présenté par: Adrien Henry Sujet: Modélisation cinétique du métabolisme: construction du modèle, analyse et applications biotechnologiques Kinetic models of metabolism: model construction, model analysis and biotechnological applications Soutenue le 17 décembre 2015 Jury: Daniel Kahn Rapporteur Jean-Pierre Mazat Rapporteur Olivier Martin Directeur de thèse Hidde De Jong Examinateur Philippe Nghe Examinateur Remerciements Si cette thèse porte mon nom en tant qu’auteur, il serait illusoire de croire qu’elle eut pu être écrite par mon seul travail et dans un isolement le plus total. Je tiens donc à accorder le crédit qui leur est dû aux personnes présentes à mes cotés durant ces trois dernières années, que ce soit pour me conseiller, m’orienter ou bien simplement être là pour partager des les bons moments. Je voudrais commencer par remercier Olivier, mon superviseur, pour m’avoir fait confiance dès le début de ma thèse de master. Tout au long de mon doctorat, il m’a apporté un nombre incalculable d’idées nouvelles lorsque j’étais bloqué, et il a su me guider dans ce projet jusqu’au bout. Je suis d’autant plus reconnaissant vis à vis de sa direction que ses orientations m’ont toujours été suggérées et jamais imposées. La liberté et la confiance qu’il m’a accordé durant les derniers mois de thèse ont été très précieuses, surtout qu’il n’était pas évident que je réussisse à tout finir à temps à ce moment là. Grâce à Olivier, j’aurais vraiment appris ce qu’est la recherche , ne pas se contenter d’un résultat mais toujours le questionner, l’approfondir. Ce besoin d’aller jusqu’au bout des choses est ertainement ce que je garderai de plus précieux après l’obtention de ma thèse. En commençant ce projet, j’étais novice en biologie et plus particulièrement dans le domaine du métabolisme. Je dois beaucoup à toutes les personnes que j’ai rencontré durant les différentes con- férences, et qui m’ont conseillé et critiqué. Je pense notamment à Ron Milo, qui m’a accueilli dans son groupe au Wiezmann Institute, à Avi Flamholtz, son étudiant ainsi qu’à Wolfram Lierbermeister de l’Université Charité de Berlin. Leurs modèles ont été pour moi une grande source d’inspiration. Je n’oublie pas non plus Grégory Batt et Armel Guyonvarch, avec qui nos discussions lors de mes comités de thèse ont enrichi ma culture biotechnologique. Sur la liste des éléments déterminants à la réussite de mon doctorat, je ne peux pas oublier le projet RESET(ANR-11-BINF-0005) qui a financé mes trois années de thèse. Au delà de l’aspect purement financier, les réunions du projet ont été une source de motivation. Se rendre compte de l’application concrète des modèles à de vrais organismes vivants a été très excitant. Beaucoup des idées que j’ai pu avoir lors de ces trois ans sont dues aux nombreuses échanges que j’ai pu avoir avec Delphine Ropers et Hidde de Jong. Je tiens à dire un grand merci aux membres de mon jury. Tout d’abord à mes rapporteurs Daniel Kahn et Jean Pierre-Mazat, leurs critiques, toujours constructives, ont été très enrichissantes. Daniel m’a permis de développer mon travail sur les temps de relaxation. Jean-Pierre, que j’ai eu la chance de rencontrer durant une conférence « Modelling Complex Biological Systems in the Context of Genomics », m’a beaucoup appris et son rôle de consultant sur le métabolisme à été précieux. Je remercie aussi Hidde de Jong et Philippe Nghe d’avoir accepté d’examiner ma thèse. J’exprime aussi ma gratitude envers les membres du laboratoire de génétique quantitative et évo- lutive du Moulon qui m’ont accueilli au sein de leur unité, en particulier les membres de l’équipe BASE. Les discussions et interactions que j’ai pu avoir avec Aurélie Bourgeais, Christine Dillman, Judith Legrand, Adrienne Ressayre, et Dominique de Vienne ont été très instructives. J’ai beaucoup apprécié leurs commentaires et critiques lors des présentations que j’ai faites ou mes répétitions de soutenance. Merci également à Rozenn le Guyader et Valérie Lespidas pour toute l’aide qu’elles m’ont fourni. D’un point de vu moins académique mais au moins aussi important je pense que le soutien de mes amis lors de ces trois dernières années a joué un rôle crucial dans l’aboutissement de ma thèse. Pourvoir passer du bons moments avec eux m’a permi de décompresser, de me détendre et de relativiser quand les travaux de thèse n’avançaient pas aussi bien que prévu. Bien qu’il n’en n’est fait mention nulle part dans ce manuscrit, durant cette thèse j’aurais passé beaucoup de temps à voyager, écouter de la musique, aller au cinéma, faire du sport (pas évident ces derniers mois), aller prendre un verre, etc. Ces activités auraient été beaucoup moins intéressantes sans la comagnie des personnes avec qui je les ai faites. Cela inclus beaucoup de monde, et je voudrais dire merci à chacun, avec notamment une reconnaissance toute particulière pour mes colocataires Jean-Christophe et Matthieu. De même que J’ai beaucoup apprécié le temps passé avec les amis du laboratoire, merci à Bubar, Christophe, Dorian, Cyril, Héloïse, Julie, Margaux-Alison, Sandra et Yasmine. Je voudrais encore remercier trois personnes avec qui j’ai souvent eu l’occasion d’aller manger un morceau ou boire le thé, Anncharlott, Livia et Samuel. Je voudrais dire aussi un grand merci à tous mes amis de longue date que je ne vois plus très souvent mais que les revoir est toujours un vrai plaisir, je pense notamment à Alexis, Antoine, Pierre-Luc, Lucie, Micha et Rachel. Merci aux amis que je garde depuis le magistère, Benjamin, Laetitia, Pierre, Matthieu, Maud et Yannick. Je remercie Antoine en repensant avec beaucoup de plaisir à tous les bons moments au lycée, ce fut un plaisir de te retrouver en région parisienne et de continuer de nouveau à partager des moments ensemble durant ces dernières années. Pour terminer, je voudrais consacrer ce dernier paragraphe pour exprimer toute ma reconnaissance aux personnes qui me sont particulièrement chères, et un merci ne sera probablement pas suffisant pour exprimer toute ma gratitude. Pour commencer, je voudrais dire un énorme merci à Lucie, ton soutien a été plus que précieux. Merci pour ta patience et ta très grande compréhension. Tu as toujours respecté ce projet personnel et tu m’a aidé à aller jusqu’au bout dans les moments de doutes. Ensuite je voudrais remercier mes parents d’avoir respecté mes choix et de m’avoir permis de suivre la voix que je voulais, merci aussi à eux de m’avoir soutenu durant toutes ces années. Je remercie également et fortement mes frères, pour tous les bons moments qu’on a passé ensemble à chaque fois qu’on se revoyait en Bretagne. Pour terminer je voudrais dire un grand merci à chacun de mes grand-parents, ça a très souvent été une source de motivation de savoir que vous étiez fiers de ce que j’entreprenais même si j’ai dû m’éloigner. Remercier ma copine et ma famille est pour moi le plus important de cette longue liste, la chaleur de votre présence et votre soutien ont toujours été là pour assurer la sécurité et le confort nécessaire afin de pouvoir entreprendre tous mes projets. Résumé Cette thèse décrit une méthode pour développer un modèle du métabolisme carboné central chez la bactérie Escherichia coli afin de tester une stratégie de bio-ingénierie sur une souche pour laquelle la machinerie d’expression génique(GEM) est contrôlable. L’idée est de réorienter la machine cellulaire depuis sa croissance vers la production d’un composé industriellement intéressant. La bactérie ainsi contrôlée ne va plus maximiser sa croissance, ce qui rend le cadre de la “Flux balance analysis” inap- proprié pour la modélisation; un modèle cinétique lui est préféré. Étant donné le nombre important de réactions présentes dans le réseau, un pipeline a été mis en place pour produire automatiquement les lois cinétiques à partir des stœchiométries de réaction. Dans ce contexte, une description précise des mécanismes de réaction est impossible ce qui m’a poussé à choisir des modélisations de type “con- venience kinetic” pour les réactions réversibles ou “Michaelis-Menten” pour les irréversibles; dans les deux cas les réactants sont supposés indépendants. L’ajustement des paramètres cherche à s’accorder au mieux avec des valeurs à l’état stationnaire de flux et concentrations, des distributions a priori de paramètres construites à partir de la littérature ainsi que des données de dynamique pour des traceurs.
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