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Assessment of the Livestock Sub-Sector in Community-Based Conservancies I

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Assessment of the Livestock Sub-Sector in Community-Based Conservancies I Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies i Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies Feed the Future Accelerated Value Chain Development (AVCD) Program Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies Lance W. Robinson1, Francis Chabari2, Alphayo I. Lutta2, Elizabeth Mukewa2, Stephen Oloo3, Enoch Ontiri2, Jason Sircely3 and Nils Teufel3 1. Ruwaza Sustainable Development Ltd. 2. International Livestock Research Institute (consultant) 3. International Livestock Research Institute January 2021 ©2021 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) ILRI thanks all donors and organizations which globally support its work through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund. This publication is copyrighted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). It is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. To view this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0. Unless otherwise noted, you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format), adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially, under the following conditions: ATTRIBUTION. The work must be attributed, but not in any way that suggests endorsement by ILRI or the author(s). NOTICE: For any reuse or distribution, the licence terms of this work must be made clear to others. Any of the above conditions can be waived if permission is obtained from the copyright holder. Nothing in this licence impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Fair dealing and other rights are in no way affected by the above. The parts used must not misrepresent the meaning of the publication. ILRI would appreciate being sent a copy of any materials in which text, photos etc. have been used. Editing, design and layout—ILRI Editorial and Publishing Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Cover photo—ILRI/Alphayo I. Lutta Citation: Robinson, L.W., Chabari, F., Lutta, A.I., Mukewa, E., Oloo, S., Ontiri, E., Sircely, J. and Teufel, N. 2021. Feed the Future Accelerated Value Chain Development (AVCD) Program: Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). Patron: Professor Peter C Doherty AC, FAA, FRS Animal scientist, Nobel Prize Laureate for Physiology or Medicine–1996 Box 30709, Nairobi 00100 Kenya ilri.org Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Phone +254 20 422 3000 better lives through livestock Phone +251 11 617 2000 Fax +254 20 422 3001 Fax +251 11 667 6923 Email [email protected] ILRI is a CGIAR research centre Email [email protected] ILRI has offices in East Africa • South Asia • Southeast and East Asia • Southern Africa • West Africa The Feed the Future Kenya Accelerated Value Chain Development (AVCD) program seeks to widely apply technologies and innovations for livestock, dairy and staple crop (root crops and drought-tolerant crops) value chains in order to competitively and sustainably increase productivity, contributing to inclusive agri- cultural growth, nutrition and food security in 23 counties in the country. Supported by the United States Agency for International Development as part of the US government’s Feed the Future initiative, its main goals is to sustainably reduce poverty and hunger in the Feed the Future zones of influence in Kenya. In partnership with the International Crops for Research Institute for Semi-Arid Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the International Potato Center (CIP), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) will lead the implementation of AVCD. The three CGIAR centres will work closely with partners—county governments, NGOs, CBOs, private sector actors and other USAID-funded projects/programs, as well as leverage knowl- edge and best practices from academic institutions and foundations. This document was made possible with support from the American people delivered through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) as part of the US Government’s Feed the Future Ini- tiative. The contents are the responsibility of the producing organization and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of USAID or the U.S. Government. Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development, USAID grant number AID-BFS. USAID/KEA Mission contact: ILRI contact: David Charles, USAID-FTF Coordinator Romano Kiome, program manager USAID/KEA Tel: (+254) 20 422 3207 Office of Economic Growth Email: [email protected] Tel: (+254) 20 8622504 Email: [email protected] Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies iii Contents Tables vi Figures viii Acknowledgements and disclaimer ix Executive summary x Introduction and background x Methods xi Findings xi Discussion xiii Conclusions xiv Abbreviations and acronyms xvi 1 Introduction 1 2 Challenges and opportunities for conservation and resource management in pastoral rangelands 3 2.1 The Kenyan institutional context 3 2.2 Governance in CBNRM 5 2.3 CBNRM in pastoral rangelands 6 3 Aim, objectives and scope 8 4 Methods 9 4.1 Analytical framework 9 4.2 Selection of cases 10 4.3 Overview of methods used 11 4.4 Methods for the market system analysis 11 4.5 Assessment of ecosystem outcomes 12 5 Findings: Shompole Group Ranch and Conservancy 15 5.1 General information on the case 15 5.2 Social-ecological context 15 5.3 Specification of the approach 16 5.4 Governance model 19 5.5 Financial sustainability 20 5.6 Ecosystem outcomes 21 5.7 Livestock production 23 5.8 Individual household income sources 24 5.9 Livestock market systems 24 5.10 Shompole Group Ranch – discussion 25 iv Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies 6 Findings: Nakuprat Gotu Community Conservancy 27 6.1 General information on the case 27 6.2 Specification of the approach 27 6.3 Governance model 29 6.4 Financial sustainability 30 6.5 Ecosystem outcomes 31 6.6 Livestock production 34 6.7 Individual household income sources 36 6.8 Livestock market systems 37 6.9 Nakuprat Gotu Community Conservancy – discussion 37 7 Findings: Sera Community Conservancy 39 7.1 General information on the case 39 7.2 Specification of the approach 39 7.3 Governance model 41 7.4 Financial sustainability 43 7.5 Ecosystem outcomes 44 7.6 Livestock production 48 7.7 Individual household income sources 49 7.8 Livestock market systems 50 7.9 Sera Community Conservancy – discussion 50 8 Findings: Merti Rangeland Users’ Association 52 8.1 General information on the case 52 8.2 Specification of the approach 52 8.3 Governance model 53 8.4 Financial sustainability 59 8.5 Ecosystem outcomes 60 8.6 Individual household income sources 64 8.7 Livestock market systems 65 8.8 Challenges, outcomes and subsequent developments 66 8.9 Merti Rangeland Users’ Association – discussion 67 9 Findings: Sericho Dheeda 71 9.1 General information on the case 71 9.2 Specification of the approach 71 9.3 Governance model 72 9.4 Financial sustainability 77 9.5 Ecosystem outcomes 77 9.6 Livestock production 79 9.7 Individual household income sources 80 Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies v 9.8 Livestock market systems 81 9.9 Sericho Dheeda – discussion 82 10 The livestock and products marketing system in the landscape of community conservancies 85 10.1 Introduction 85 10.2 Marketing system—findings 86 10.3 Summary: Some impacts of the community conservancy model on livestock and product marketing systems 99 11 Case comparison and crosscutting findings 102 11.1 The different approaches and models 102 11.2 Multi-level governance 106 11.3 Fair and effective governance 107 11.4 Institutional and financial sustainability 108 11.5 Ecosystem outcomes 109 11.6 Livestock production and livelihoods 116 11.7 Other emerging issues 116 12 Discussion 118 12.1 Capacity and institutional sustainability 118 12.2 Financial sustainability 119 12.3 Livestock mobility, the hardening of boundaries, and a landscape approach 120 13 Conclusions and recommendations 122 14 References 125 vi Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies Tables Table 2.1: Some of the common organization types used for CBNRM 5 Table 4.1: Cases 10 Table 4.2: Summary of methods 11 Table 5.1: Participatory rangeland scoring – focus group at Enkasit 22 Table 5.2: Participatory rangeland scoring – focus group at Pakashe 22 Table 5.3: Participatory rangeland scoring – consolidated scores for Shompole Group Ranch 22 Table 5.4: Livestock production and livelihood as scored by participants in Shompole 23 Table 6.1: Participatory rangeland scoring – focus group in Nakuprat 32 Table 6.2: Participatory rangeland scoring – focus group in Gotu 33 Table 6.3: Participatory rangeland scoring – consolidated scores for Nakuprat Gotu 34 Table 6.4: Livestock production and livelihood scoring exercise by Nakuprat (Turkana) women 35 Table 6.5: Livestock production and livelihood Scoring exercise by Gotu (Borana) women 36 Table 7.1: Participatory rangeland scoring – focus group in Sereolipi 45 Table 7.2: Participatory rangeland scoring – focus group in Losesia 46 Table 7.3: Consolidated scores for Sera conservancy before and after rangeland management activities were implemented by NRT 47 Table 7.4: Consolidated focus group scores for reference site 2 (Kom) for both Sereolipi Trust Land and Losesia Group Ranch 47 Table 7.5: Average scoring of Sera Conservancy Livestock Production and Livelihoods (averages for the two focus group discussions) 49 Table 8.1: Consolidation
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