DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Lower Limb Muscles: an Evaluation of Weight and Fiber Size

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 80(2–3): 47–56, August, 2003 Human Lower Limb Muscles: an Evaluation of Weight and Fiber Size By Junji ITO, Hiroshi MORIYAMA, Seiichiro INOKUCHI and Noboru GOTO Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan – Received for Publication, June 9, 2003 – Key Words: Muscle fiber morphometry, Human lower limb, Muscle weight, Muscle fiber size Summary: Morphological study of the lower limb muscles is necessary for the analysis of muscle function and its relation to the aging process. In this study, we measured the muscle weight and the muscle fiber morphometry (cross-sectional area and total number of muscle fibers at the muscular belly, and muscle fiber size) of the human lower limb in an adult Japanese cadaver (male, 58 years old). The results presented here can provide the normal control data to elucidate the aging process of the human lower limb muscles. The morphological features in the human lower limb muscles were the pronounced enlargement of the gluteus maximus in the hip, the vasti muscles in the thigh and the soleus in the leg. The morphological features of the skeletal mus- versity School of Medicine. The cause of death did cles are in direct correlation with their function. not indicate the presence of neuro-muscular dis- Differences in weight, numbers and sizes of fibers in eases or diseases affecting the central nervous sys- each muscle depend on muscle activity. Therefore, tem. It must be added that the patient had not the analysis of such elements can be useful to ex- been reported to be bedridden prior to death. After plain muscular functions. There have been several measurement of the muscle weight, blocks of mus- reports on the greater weight of the gluteus max- cle were embedded in celloidin (Shiojirin, Showa imus, vasti and soleus muscles in comparison with Ether Co. Japan). They were then sliced into 20 mm the other muscles in the human lower limb (Ishida, thickandstainedwithhaematoxylinandeosin 1972; Ito, 1996; Ito et al., 1998). Measurement of (HE). We measured the cross-sectional areas and the muscle morphometry was conducted on several total numbers of muscle fibers at the muscular muscles in the lower limbs (Hasegawa, 1987; Ka- belly, as well as muscle fiber sizes. The total num- taoka, 1987; Oohara, 1991; Kobayashi, 1991). Data ber of muscle fibers in the muscle belly was calcu- on muscle weight and muscle fiber size in the lower lated by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the limbs from one single normal subject is indispens- transverse section through the muscular belly by able to elucidate the correlation between skeletal the number of muscle fibers per square millimeter. muscle morphology and function during the aging The muscle fiber size was calculated as the average process. However, such data have not been pub- transverse area of about 200 muscle fibers. The lished, as far as we know, although age-related shrinkage was about 8–9% in length (Shibata et al. changes have been observed on subjects aged 60 1996). years and over (Kimura et al. 2002). This study is the first to have been carried out on a 58 years-old subject. Results The muscle weight and muscle fiber composition Material and Methods areshowninTables1and2. Muscle samples were obtained from the right Muscle weight (Fig. 1): lower limb of a Japanese male cadaver (58 years The gluteus maximus showed the largest weight old) at the anatomical laboratory of Showa Uni- (573.4 g) and the plantaris the smallest (3.2 g). The 47 48 J. Ito et al. Table 1. Weight of muscles in the human lower limb nus (1,403,084), the gluteus medius (1,302,085) and the vastus medialis (1,006,500). The plantaris Muscles Weight (g) (81,013) was the smallest in number. M. iliopsoas 159.3 M. gluteus maximus 573.4 M. gluteus medius 251.7 Muscle fiber size (Fig. 4): 2 M. gluteus minimus 85.1 The soleus (2,669.9 mm ) was the largest (Fig. M. tensor fasciae latae 50.9 5A), followed by the adductor magnus (2,219.8 mm2). M. piriformis 20.4 The gracilis (487.0 mm2) was the smallest (Fig. 5C). M. obturatorius internus 31.7 The gluteus maximus (992.9 mm2) was moderate Mm. gemellis 8.7 2 M. quadratus femoris 34.5 (Fig. 5B) and the iliopsoas (508.9 mm )wasrather --------------------------------------------------------------- small. The quadricep muscles were relatively large. M. sartorius 96.8 The biceps femoris long head (1,620.6 mm2)andthe M. rectus femoris 114.8 semimenbranosus (1,255.7 mm2) were larger com- M. vastus lateralis 320.5 pared to the other hamstring muscles. M. vastus intermedius 182.7 M. vastus medialis 230.3 M. pectineus 30.9 M. adductor longus 86.6 M. adductor brevis 71.2 Discussion M. adductor magnus 452.6 M. gracilis 53.0 Age-related decrease of the number of muscle M. obturatorius externus 35.1 fibers and their size in the tibialis anterior has been M. biceps femoris caput longum 115.8 observed in subjects aged 60 years and over (Ki- M. biceps femoris caput breve 57.1 M. semitendinosus 97.5 mura et al. 2002). In this study, we measured muscle M. semimembranosus 114.7 weight and muscle fiber size in a 58-year-old sub- --------------------------------------------------------------- ject. Therefore, the present results can provide M. tibialis anterior 71.7 normal control data on the muscle fiber size to elu- M. extensor digitorum longus 34.2 cidate the aging process and functional recovery of M. extensor hallucis longus 15.7 M. peroneus longus 36.8 human lower limb muscles. M. peroneus brevis 17.2 The principle characteristic of human locomo- M. gastrocnemius 139.3 tion is erect bipedalism and the muscle activity M. soleus 210.5 patterns during bipedal walking have been repre- M. plantaris 3.2 sented in electromyographic studies (Basmajian, M. popliteus 16.1 M. tibialis posterior 72.4 1985; Stern, 1988). Muscles with larger mass and M. flexor digitorum longus 14.5 fiber size play the most important role in joint M. flexor hallucis longus 35.3 movements. In the gluteal muscles, the gluteus medius and minimus are used during most of the stance phase; the gluteus maximus is used very little during that largest muscle in each segment was the gluteus phase (or, indeed, during the whole walking pro- maximus in the hip muscles, the adductor magnus cess). These activities are reflected in the smaller (452.6 g) in the thigh muscles and the soleus muscle fiber size of the gluteus maximus, compared (210.5 g) in the leg muscles. to that of the gluteus medius and minimus. The iliopsoas acts to produce the flexion of the Cross-sectional area at the muscular belly (Fig. 2): hip joint needed to bring the swinging limb for- The gluteus maximus (4,842.0 mm2)wasthe ward. This action does not seem to need a powerful largest, followed in decreasing order by the ad- force, because, as mentioned above, the iliopsoas ductor magnus (2,687.9 mm2), the vastus medialis muscle fibers are relatively small in size. This had (1,650.0 mm2), the gluteus medius (1,489.8 mm2), also been reported earlier (Hasegawa, 1987). the vastus lateralis (1,246.0 mm2) and the soleus The vasti muscles act during the early part of the (1,195.8 mm2). The plantaris (59.7 mm2)wasthe stance phase to prevent knee flexion. At this phase, smallest. the hip joint enacts the extension movement but the rectus femoris does not contribute to it. Those two Total number of muscle fibers at the muscular belly actions are mirrored in the fiber size of the muscles: (Fig. 3): large for vasti muscles, which are one-joint muscles, The gluteus maximus (4,110,858) had the most, and smaller for the rectus femoris, which is a two- followed in decreasing order by the adductor mag- joint muscle (Kobayashi, 1991). Human Lower Limb Muscles 49 Table 2. Morphometry of human lower limb muscle fibers Muscles Cross sectional Number Total Size (mm2) area (mm2) per mm2 number mean G SD M. iliopsoas 831.8 1553 1180732 508.9 227.72 M. gluteus maximus 4842.0 849 4110858 992.9 314.22 M. gluteus medius 1489.8 874 1302085 1029.1 425.19 M. gluteus minimus 976.3 540 527202 1427.7 508.01 M. tensor fasciae latae 334.6 739 247269 1039.0 213.72 M. piriformis 321.3 636 204347 1043.2 433.99 M. obturatorius internus 514.4 1263 649687 637.1 232.09 Mm. gemellis 99.2 770 76384 867.1 380.85 M. quadratus femoris 606.6 324 196538 2127.0 598.32 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M. sartorius 183.0 1483 271389 568.5 234.35 M. rectus femoris 493.1 697 343691 1125.1 353.04 M. vastus lateralis 1246.0 640 797440 1280.5 465.77 M. vastus intermedius 928.4 450 417780 1322.5 456.66 M. vastus medialis 1650.0 610 1006500 1856.1 575.19 M. pectineus 246.4 1535 378224 543.7 139.19 M.adductorlongus 455.1 1335 607559 615.1 229.90 M. adductor brevis 547.3 1240 678652 698.6 223.48 M. adductor magnus 2687.9 522 1403084 2219.8 1223.48 M. gracilis 212.2 1763 374109 487.0 137.61 M. obturatorius externus 336.2 1236 415543 573.2 168.79 M. biceps femoris caput longu 574.4 447 256757 1620.6 707.74 M. biceps femoris caput breve 302.7 1099 332667 772.2 283.97 M. semitendinosus 452.9 1428 646741 613.4 194.76 M.
Recommended publications
  • Hip Extensor Mechanics and the Evolution of Walking and Climbing Capabilities in Humans, Apes, and Fossil Hominins

    Hip Extensor Mechanics and the Evolution of Walking and Climbing Capabilities in Humans, Apes, and Fossil Hominins

    Hip extensor mechanics and the evolution of walking and climbing capabilities in humans, apes, and fossil hominins Elaine E. Kozmaa,b,1, Nicole M. Webba,b,c, William E. H. Harcourt-Smitha,b,c,d, David A. Raichlene, Kristiaan D’Aoûtf,g, Mary H. Brownh, Emma M. Finestonea,b, Stephen R. Rossh, Peter Aertsg, and Herman Pontzera,b,i,j,1 aGraduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016; bNew York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024; cDepartment of Anthropology, Lehman College, New York, NY 10468; dDivision of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; eSchool of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; fInstitute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom; gDepartment of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; hLester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614; iDepartment of Anthropology, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065; and jDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 Edited by Carol V. Ward, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, and accepted by Editorial Board Member C. O. Lovejoy March 1, 2018 (received for review September 10, 2017) The evolutionary emergence of humans’ remarkably economical their effects on climbing performance or tested whether these walking gait remains a focus of research and debate, but experi- traits constrain walking and running performance. mentally validated approaches linking locomotor
  • All About Glutes 1 Table of Contents

    All About Glutes 1 Table of Contents

    All About Glutes 1 Table of Contents Are You Training Your Glutes the Wrong Way? 3 • Anatomy of the Glutes 4 • Functions of the Glutes at the Hip 4 • The Shortcoming of Most Training Programs 5 • Progression and Preventing Knee Valgus 6 • Simple Solution 6 How to Identify and Correct Tight Hip Flexors 8 • What Exactly Are Tight Hip Flexors? 9 • The Hip Flexor Muscle Group 9 • Signs You Have Tight Hip Flexors 10 • What Causes Hip Tightness 10 • Stretches to Loosen up Tight Hip Flexors 10 • Exercises to Strengthen Hip Flexors 11 Pain in the Buttocks When Sitting? Tips to Prevent and Manage 12 Piriformis Syndrome • What is Piriformis Syndrome? 13 • How Does Piriformis Syndrome Happen? 13 • Special Considerations with Clients 14 • Prevention and Pain Management 14 How Do I Build the Perfect Glutes? 16 • Can’t I Just Squat and Lunge? 17 • Your Best Bets to Target the Glutes 18 • Don’t Forget the Legs 18 • Train the Glutes SPECIFICALLY 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS 800.545.4772 WWW.ISSAONLINE.EDU 2 Are You Training Your Glutes the Wrong Way? 800.545.4772 WWW.ISSAONLINE.EDU 3 UNIT ONE These days, the glutes get a lot of attention, and it’s well deserved. When you build and strengthen your glutes in the right way, they not only make your body look better, but they also increase your performance and can diminish knee pain. The problem is most people aren’t taking the best approach to training for the highest level of glute development. Anatomy of the Glutes Let’s start with a little anatomy.
  • Importance of Iliopsoas and Erector Spinae Muscles in Predicting The

    Importance of Iliopsoas and Erector Spinae Muscles in Predicting The

    International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research, Int J Physiother Res 2014, Vol 2(5):681-88. ISSN 2321-1822 Original Article IMPORTANCE OF ILIOPSOAS AND ERECTOR SPINAE MUSCLES IN PREDICTING THE FUNCTIONAL COMPETENCE OF TRANSFEMORAL AMPUTEES Lajja K Rishi 1, Suraj Kumar *2, Sangeeta Lahiri 3, V.P. Sharma 4. 1 Master of Physiotherapy (student), National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. *2 HOD and Associate Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, UPRIMS&R, Saifai, Etawah, UP, India. 3 Physical Therapist (cardio-respiratory disorders & intensive care), India. 4 Professor, KGM Medical University, Lucknow, India. ABSTRACT Purpose: Muscle imbalance in transfemoral amputees impair physical mobility and activities of daily living. Aim of this study was to correlate the muscle imbalance with functional competence in transfemoral amputees. Methods: Thirty amputees were evaluated under inclusion criteria and randomly allocated into 2 groups. Group A received stretching(1 week) followed by strengthening(3 weeks) and in group B strengthening(3 weeks) were followed by stretching(1 week) . Phase I includes values after 1 week stretching program in group A and 3 weeks strengthening program in group B. Data were recorded at baseline, after phase I completion and end of treatment. Physical mobility was assessed by “Timed up and go” test. Results: Muscle imbalance and physical mobility improved significantly in both groups at the end of treatment. The correlation values of “Timed up and go” test with Iliopsoas and Erector spinae muscle showed significant improvement in both groups. Conclusion: Baseline measurements showed that Iliopsoas and Erector spinae muscles were tight whereas Gluteus maximus and Abdominal muscles were weak in transfemoral amputees.
  • Effects of a Gluteal Muscles Specific Exercise Program on the Vertical

    Effects of a Gluteal Muscles Specific Exercise Program on the Vertical

    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Effects of a Gluteal Muscles Specific Exercise Program on the Vertical Jump Tomás Gallego-Izquierdo 1, Gerardo Vidal-Aragón 2, Pedro Calderón-Corrales 2, Álvaro Acuña 2, Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa 3,* , Agustín Aibar-Almazán 3 , Antonio Martínez-Amat 3 and Daniel Pecos-Martín 1 1 Physiotherapy and Pain Group, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcala, 28801 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (T.G.-I.); [email protected] (D.P.-M.) 2 Physical Therapist, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcala, 28801 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (G.V.-A.); pedrocalderon.fi[email protected] (P.C.-C.); [email protected] (Á.A.) 3 Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.; [email protected] (A.A.-A.); [email protected] (A.M.-A.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-953213651 Received: 9 June 2020; Accepted: 23 July 2020; Published: 27 July 2020 Abstract: The vertical jump is a complex movement where many factors are involved in the final result. Currently, how a specific exercise program for gluteal muscles can affect the vertical jump is unknown. So, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of a specific exercise program for the gluteal muscles on a vertical jump. Forty-nine amateur athletes completed an 8-week program. The experimental group received a specific gluteal muscle training program in addition to their regular training routine, whereas the control group received their regular training routine. Jump height, flight time, speed and power were assessed (baseline, postintervention, and 4-week follow-up).
  • ACE's Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals

    ACE's Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals

    ACE’s Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Applied Kinesiology Hip Flexors . There are 21 major muscles involved in the actions of the hip joint. – Actions of the hip joint include flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation, adduction, and abduction. – More than half of these muscles are involved in multiple actions. Anterior Hip Muscles: Hip Flexors . Active range of motion for hip flexion . Prime movers: iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus, and tensor fasciae latae – Act synergistically to cause hip flexion (e.g., “up” phase of a knee lift) – Act eccentrically to control hip extension (e.g., “down” phase of a knee lift) Hip Flexors: Considerations . Muscle origins and insertions impact muscular function. Iliopsoas – The psoas major and Sample Sample stretching exercise: minor originate in the strengthening low back and insert to the exercise: proximal femur, leading to poor mechanical leverage when used to raise and lower a straight leg. – The abdominals are not strong enough to balance the large force and keep the spine in neutral alignment. Hip Flexors: Considerations . Rectus femoris – Works at both the knee and hip, concentrically contracting to perform hip flexion and knee extension. – Sample strengthening exercise: standing straight-leg raise – Sample stretching exercise: iliopsoas lunge, bending the back knee . The sartorius is the longest muscle in the body. – It is also involved in hip abduction, adduction, and external rotation, and knee flexion and internal rotation. Tensor fascia latae (TFL) – IT band – Explosive hip flexion results in a highly developed TFL. Hip Internal and External Rotators . The hip internal rotators include the tensor fasciae latae, semitendinosus (slight), and semimembranosus (slight).
  • Myofascial Pain Syndrome of Gluteus Minimus Mimicking Lumbar Radiculitis -A Case Report

    Myofascial Pain Syndrome of Gluteus Minimus Mimicking Lumbar Radiculitis -A Case Report

    Anesth Pain Med 2015; 10: 16-20 http://dx.doi.org/10.17085/apm.2015.10.1.16 ￭Case Report￭ Myofascial pain syndrome of gluteus minimus mimicking lumbar radiculitis -A case report- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea Joong-Ho Park, Kwang-Suk Shim, Young-Min Shin, Chiu Lee, Sang-Gon Lee, and Eun-Ju Kim Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) can be characterized by pain difficult. Delays in making the correct diagnosis can result in caused by trigger points (TrPs) and fascial constrictions. Patients longer hospital stays, higher hospital fees, and unnecessary with MPS of the gluteus minimus muscles often complain of diagnostic tests and inadequate treatments. The authors have symptoms such as hip pain, especially when standing up after sitting or lying on the affected side, limping, and pain radiating down to successfully diagnosed and treated a patient with MPS of the the lower extremities. A 24-year-old female patient presenting with gluteus minimus initially diagnosed with lumbar radiculitis. motor and sensory impairments of both lower extremities was With thorough physical examination and injection of TrPs referred to our pain clinic after initially being diagnosed with lumbar radiculitis. Under the impression of MPS of the gluteus minimus under ultrasonography guidance, the patient was relieved of her muscles following through evaluation and physical examination of symptoms. We report this case to emphasize the importance of the patient, we performed trigger point injections under ultrasonography physical examination in patients presenting with symptoms guidance on the myofascial TrPs. Dramatic improvement of the suggestive of lumbar radiculitis.
  • The Absence of Piriformis Muscle, Combined Muscular Fusion, and Neurovascular Variation in the Gluteal Region

    The Absence of Piriformis Muscle, Combined Muscular Fusion, and Neurovascular Variation in the Gluteal Region

    Autopsy Case Report The absence of piriformis muscle, combined muscular fusion, and neurovascular variation in the gluteal region Matheus Coelho Leal1 , João Gabriel Alexander1 , Eduardo Henrique Beber1 , Josemberg da Silva Baptista1 How to cite: Leal MC, Alexander JG, Beber EH, Baptista JS. The absence of piriformis muscle, combined muscular fusion, and neuro-vascular variation in the gluteal region. Autops Case Rep [Internet]. 2021;11:e2020239. https://doi.org/10.4322/ acr.2020.239 ABSTRACT The gluteal region contains important neurovascular and muscular structures with diverse clinical and surgical implications. This paper aims to describe and discuss the clinical importance of a unique variation involving not only the piriformis, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, obturator internus, and superior gemellus muscles, but also the superior gluteal neurovascular bundle, and sciatic nerve. A routine dissection of a right hemipelvis and its gluteal region of a male cadaver fixed in 10% formalin was performed. During dissection, it was observed a rare presentation of the absence of the piriformis muscle, associated with a tendon fusion between gluteus and obturator internus, and a fusion between gluteus minimus and superior gemellus muscles, along with an unusual topography with the sciatic nerve, which passed through these group of fused muscles. This rare variation stands out with clinical manifestations that are not fully established. Knowing this anatomy is essential to avoid surgical iatrogeny. Keywords Anatomic Variation; Anatomy; Buttocks; Muscle; Piriformis Muscle Syndrome. INTRODUCTION The gluteal region contains important Over the years, these variations have been neurovascular and muscular structures that may classified and distributed into different groups. impose diverse clinical and surgical approaches.
  • Evaluation of the Hip Adam Lewno, DO PCSM Fellow, University of Michigan Primary Care Sports Update 2017 DEPARTMENT of FAMILY MEDICINE

    Evaluation of the Hip Adam Lewno, DO PCSM Fellow, University of Michigan Primary Care Sports Update 2017 DEPARTMENT of FAMILY MEDICINE

    DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Evaluation of the Hip Adam Lewno, DO PCSM Fellow, University of Michigan Primary Care Sports Update 2017 DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Disclosures • Financial: None • Images: I would like to acknowledge the work of the original owners and artists of the pictures used today DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Objectives • Identify the main anatomic components of the hip • Perform basic Hip examination along with associated special tests • Use a group educational model to correlate Hip examination with hip anatomy DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Why do we care about the Hip? • The hip distributes weight between the appendicular and axial skeleton but it is also the joint from which motion is initiated and executed for the lower extremity • Forces through the hip joint can reach 3-5 times the body weight during running and jumping • 10-24% of athletic injuries in children are hip related • 5-6% adult athletic injuries in adults are hip and pelvis DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Why is the Hip difficult to diagnosis? The hip is difficult to diagnosis secondary to parallel presenting symptoms of back pain which can exist concomitantly or independently of hip pathology DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Hip Anatomy • Bone • Ligament • Muscle • Nerve • Vessels DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Bones DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Ligaments DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Everything is Connected DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Muscles DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE Important Movers DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE
  • The Human Gluteus Maximus and Its Role in Running

    The Human Gluteus Maximus and Its Role in Running

    The Human Gluteus Maximus and its Role in Running The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Lieberman, Daniel E., David A. Raichlen, Herman Pontzer, Dennis M. Bramble, and Elizabeth Cutright-Smith. 2006. The human gluteus maximus and its role in running. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 2143-2155. Published Version doi:10.1242/jeb.02255 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3743645 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA 2143 The Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 2143-2155 Published by The Company of Biologists 2006 doi:10.1242/jeb.02255 The human gluteus maximus and its role in running Daniel E. Lieberman1,*, David A. Raichlen1, Herman Pontzer1, Dennis M. Bramble2 and Elizabeth Cutright-Smith3 1Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, 2Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and 3Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1009 E. South Campus Drive PO Box 210030, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 5 April 2006 Summary The human gluteus maximus is a distinctive muscle in side and to decelerate the swing leg; contractions of the terms of size, anatomy and function compared to apes and stance-side gluteus maximus may also help to control other non-human primates.
  • Gluteal Region and Back of Thigh Doctors Notes Notes/Extra Explanation Editing File Objectives

    Gluteal Region and Back of Thigh Doctors Notes Notes/Extra Explanation Editing File Objectives

    Color Code Important Gluteal Region and Back of Thigh Doctors Notes Notes/Extra explanation Editing File Objectives Know contents of gluteal region: Groups of Glutei muscles and small muscles (Lateral Rotators). Nerves & vessels. Foramina and structures passing through them as: 1-Greater Sciatic Foramen. 2-Lesser Sciatic Foramen. Back of thigh : Hamstring muscles. Movements of the lower limb Hip = Thigh Knee=Leg Foot=Ankle Flexion/Extension Flexion/Extension Flexion/Extension Rotation Adduction/Abduction Inversion/Eversion Contents Of Gluteal Region: Muscles / Nerves / Vessels 1- Muscles: • Glutei: 1. Gluteus maximus. 2. Gluteus medius. 3. Gluteus minimus. Abductors: • Group of small muscles (Lateral Rotators): 1. Gluteus medius. 2. Gluteus minimus. 1.Piriformis. Rotators: 2.Obturator internus 1. Obturator internus. 3.Superior gemellus 2. Quadratus femoris. 4.Inferior gemellus Extensor: 5.Quadratus femoris Gluteus maximus. Contents Of Gluteal Region: Muscles / Nerves / Vessels 2- Nerves (All from Sacral Plexus): 1. Sciatic nerve. 2. Superior gluteal nerve. 3. Inferior gluteal nerve. 4. Post. cutaneous nerve of thigh. 5. Nerve to obturator internus. 6. Nerve to quadratus femoris. 7. Pudendal nerve. Contents Of Gluteal Region: Muscles / Nerves / Vessels 3- VESSELS: (all from internal iliac vessels): 1. Superior gluteal 2. Inferior gluteal 3. Internal pudendal vessels. Greater sciatic foreamen: Greater sciatic notch of hip bone is transformed into foramen by: sacrotuberous (between the sacrum to ischial tuberosity) & sacrospinous (between the sacrum to ischial spine ) Structures passing through Greater sciatic foramen : Nerves: Vessels: Greater sciatic foramen Above 1. Superior gluteal nerves, 2. Superior gluteal piriformis vessels. Lesser sciatic foramen muscle. 3. Piriformis muscle. Belew 4. Inferior gluteal nerves 10.
  • Lateral Hip & Buttock Pain

    Lateral Hip & Buttock Pain

    Lateral Hip & Buttock Pain Contemporary Diagnostic & Management Strategies Potential sources of nociception in the lateral hip & buttock Lateral Hip & Buttock Pain Contemporary Diagnostic & Management Strategies Introduction Dr Alison Grimaldi BPhty, MPhty(Sports), PhD Australian Sports Physiotherapist Practice Principal Physiotec Adjunct Senior Research Fellow University of Queensland, Australia 12 Myofascial Structures Superficial Nerves Latissimus Dorsi Thoracodorsal IHGN Fascia EO SubCN TFL SCN’s: Superior Cluneal Nerves IO SCN’s MCN’s: Middle Cluneal Nerves GMed MCN’s ICN’s: Inferior Cluneal Nerves GMax Gluteal ITB Fascia PFCN: Posterior Femoral PFCN Cutaneous Nerve VL ICN’s IHGN: Iliohypogastric Nerve AM SubCN: Subcostal nerve ST SM BFLH EO:External Oblique; IO:Internal Oblique; GMed:Gluteus Medius; GMax:Gluteus Maximus; AM:Adductor Magnus; SM:Semimembranosis; ST:Semitendinosis; BFLH:Biceps Femoris Long Head; TFL: Tensor Fascia Lata; ITB:Iliotibial Band 34 Deeper posterolateral musculotendinous structures Major Bursae of the Lateral Hip & Buttock Axial MRI: Level of HOF Coronal MRI: Level of HOF Axial MRI: Level of IT GMed GMin Quadratus Lumborum Gluteus Medius SGMi HOF Gluteus Minimus Piriformis OI SGMe SGMa IS HO Superior Gemellus SGMa SGMi F Gluteus Medius & SGMe IT Minimus Tendons Obturator Internus Inferior Gemellus GMax OIB IG Quadratus femoris Obturator Internus Proximal hamstring tendons SGMa: Subgluteus Maximus (Trochanteric) Bursa; SGMe: Subgluteus Medius Bursa; SGMi: Subgluteus Minimus Bursa; OIB: Obturator Internus Bursa;
  • Pelvis & Thigh

    Pelvis & Thigh

    Pelvis & Thigh 6 After meeting a stranger, you soon begin to palpate their piriformis Topographical Views 276 muscle (located deep in the posterior buttock). You certainly wouldn’t try Exploring the Skin and Fascia 277 this in “everyday life,” but in patient care settings this level of familiarity is Bones of the Pelvis and Thigh 278 commonplace—and welcomed by a client with a hypercontracted piriformis. Bony Landmarks of the Pelvis Touch is a unique privilege afforded to health care providers. As such, we and Thigh 279 need to be mindful of the trust our clients have in us. One way to insure this Overview: Bony Landmark Trails 284 is through good communication skills. For instance, working the adductors Overview: Muscles of the and gluteal region requires a practitioner to provide ample explanation as to Pelvis and Thigh 296 the rationale, need, and goals of working these intimate areas of the body. Synergists—Muscles Working This chapter might pose new challenges for you, as we will be palpating Together 302 structures close to intimate areas. Muscles of the Pelvis and Thigh 306 Ligaments and Other Before proceeding, consider the following questions: Structures of the Pelvis and Thigh 336 E Have you ever been anxious to undergo a physical exam? Was there anything the practitioner did or could have done to alleviate this anxiety? Consider multiple elements, including both verbal and nonverbal communication, draping, physical pressure, and pace. E Tissues and landmarks found in the pelvis and thigh tend to be significantly larger than those discussed in previous chapters. How might your palpation techniques need to change? E Also, how might you properly and comfortably position your patient to access structures needing to be palpated.