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The Common Asparagus Beetle, Crioceris Asparagi (Linnaeus), and the Twelve-Spotted Asparagus Beetle, Crioceris Duodecimpunctata (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

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The Common Asparagus Beetle, Crioceris Asparagi (Linnaeus), and the Twelve-Spotted Asparagus Beetle, Crioceris Duodecimpunctata (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 110(3), 2008, pp. 602–621 INTRODUCED LEAF BEETLES OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES, 6: THE COMMON ASPARAGUS BEETLE, CRIOCERIS ASPARAGI (LINNAEUS), AND THE TWELVE-SPOTTED ASPARAGUS BEETLE, CRIOCERIS DUODECIMPUNCTATA (LINNAEUS) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) LAURENT LESAGE,ERHARD JOHN DOBESBERGER, AND CHRISTOPHER G. MAJKA (LL) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6 (e-mail: [email protected]); (EJD) Science Advice Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Plant Health Risk Assessment Unit, 3851 Fallowfield Rd., Ottawa, ON, Canada K2H 8P9 (e-mail: [email protected]); (CGM) Nova Scotia Museum, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3A6 (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract.—The common asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi (Linnaeus) and the twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, Crioceris duodecimpunctata (Linnaeus) are intro- duced Palearctic leaf beetles that feed exclusively on asparagus. The introduction history of these species in North America is reviewed and their dispersal to and distribution in the Maritime Provinces of Canada are described. Both species were first reported in Canada in 1899 in asparagus production areas in Queenston, Ontario, and other parts of the Niagara Peninsula where they caused serious crop damage. However, we discovered that both species were already found around Que´bec City 22 years earlier. Populations now established in the Maritime Provinces of Canada probably originated from southwestern Ontario where most commercial asparagus production in Canada began and now occurs. Crioceris asparagi and C. duodecimpunctata spread steadily throughout eastern Canada by adult flight dispersal abetted by wind, by the dissemination of seeds by birds, and by commercial movement of root crowns and spears of asparagus. Asparagus escaped from cultivation, growing along transportation corridors (such as railway tracks, power utility right-of-ways and roads) and in vacant lands, which facilitated the spread and establishment of C. asparagi and C. duodecimpunctata throughout North America. Now, both these adventive pest species occur wherever asparagus is grown. Both C. asparagi and C. duodecimpunctata are confirmed to occur in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, but not Newfoundland and Labrador. However, C. duodecimpunctata is newly recorded from Prince Edward Island. These introduced beetles are not regulated by Canada or by the U.S.A., and they are readily controlled at economically acceptable damage thresholds. Key Words: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Criocerinae, Crioceris asparagi, Crioceris duodecimpunctata, asparagus beetle, twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, Canada, Maritime Provinces, adventive species, pest distribution, quarantine pest, invasive alien species VOLUME 110, NUMBER 3 603 The common asparagus beetle, Crio- nada are not included here but most of ceris asparagi (Linnaeus, 1758) and the them are found in Beirne (1971). Various twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, Crio- United States government documents ceris duodecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) have provided useful data as well. In are chrysomelid beetles introduced to this analysis, we provide new verified North America that are monophagous information obtained directly from on asparagus (Clark et al. 2004). They voucher specimens of older records, or generally occur wherever asparagus from new data not previously published. grows, either cultivated or escaped from cultivation, and both beetles originate HISTORICAL REVIEW from the Mediterranean Sea region Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis Lin- (Monro and Small 1997, Fara 2007). naeus) and its many varieties, is a Crioceris asparagi and C. duodecimpunc- vegetable delicacy known to ancient tata co-exist throughout North America Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks more wherever asparagus is grown because of than two thousand years ago. In his De adaptive differences in their phenological Agricultura, Cato the Elder (234–149 development which enable both to ex- B.C.) described techniques of production ploit the same single plant species and cultivation which are still in use (Capinera 1976, 2001). The major differ- today (Dalby 1998, Hutchinson et al. ences are found during the larval stages. 2006). Asparagus has been used for heart While the larvae of C. asparagi feed only trouble, dropsy, liver and jaundice com- on foliage, those of C. duodecimpunctata plaints, bee stings, poor eyesight, and develop one month later in the berries sciatica. Asparagus has been marketed as (Capinera 2001). Damage can be severe, a good source of folic acid, vitamin C, particularly to cold-stressed plants. This thiamin, vitamin B6, potassium, and is uncommon now because of effective many micronutrients such as glutathione pesticides and quick harvesting of spears which is thought to protect against upon which beetles normally feed, there- cancer, and rutin which strengthens by reducing resource availability. Eulo- blood vessels (Borris and Brunke 2006). phid parasitoids such as Tetrastichus Asparagus was brought to North coeruleus Nees (5 T. asparagi Crawford) America by early colonists from Europe. are a significant population control in C. According to Lescarbot (1612), aspara- asparagi, but not for C. duodecimpunc- gus was grown at Port Royal (Nova tata (Capinera 2001). Other biological Scotia). The earliest archaeological evi- mortality agents and seed scarcity prob- dence found by Erskine (1975) was from ably limit C. duodecimpunctata popula- 1770 in surficial remains at the Minas tions (Campbell et al. 1989, Capinera settlement (Nova Scotia). In their survey 2001). of the colonial garden plants, Favretti Most of the available information on and DeWolf (1971) cited Parkinson C. asparagi and C. duodecimpunctata in (1629) who recommended asparagus as Canada has consisted of reports in a delicacy which was also good for Canadian agricultural pest surveys or treatment of urinary and kidney prob- reports by Canadian entomological soci- lems. Boucher (1664) mentioned that, eties, either at the provincial or federal like parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.), it had government level. Primarily notes, re- escaped from cultivation and was found ports, or articles on asparagus beetles wild on islands around Hochelaga (Mon- from eastern Canada (Ontario, Que´bec, tre´al Island). It was reported to thrive and the Maritime Provinces) were con- well in Massachusetts in 1672 and was sidered. References from western Ca- growing in every colony along the 604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Atlantic Coast by 1776 (Haughton asparagus spears for consumption orig- 1978). During his travels in North inating in Japan (USDA 1984), and in America in 1750, the Finn, Pehr Kalm, Massachusetts and New York in 1981 noticed that some asparagus grew wild originating in Italy and the former on the shores of the Hudson River Yugoslavia (USDA 1982). (Benson 1966, Rousseau et al. 1977), Even though Crioceris asparagi and C. which means that the plant must have duodecimpunctata co-occur, they were been grown in gardens for many years detected in the U.S.A. about 25 years previously. apart. Crioceris duodecimpunctata was The establishment of the asparagus first found near Baltimore, Maryland beetle, C. asparagi, and the twelve- about 1881 (Chittenden 1908, 1917). spotted asparagus beetle, C. duodecim- Both beetles caused severe damage in punctata, came much later. Fitch (1862) asparagus crops and were established was the first entomologist to report C. several years prior to their detection at asparagi in North America from Albany outbreak population levels. Fortunately, (New York). Three years later, he a primary parasitoid of C. asparagi, T. mentioned that a Mr. John Quin had coeruleus Nees, was found in asparagus already noticed C. asparagi at Astoria, beetle populations about 1863 (Walsh New York, in 1859 (Fitch 1865). Chit- and Riley 1868; Johnston 1915; Capinera tenden (1908) believed that the beetle and Lilly 1975a, 1975b). was introduced there about 1856 but he Crioceris asparagi spread steadily did not explain on what he based his throughout eastern U.S.A. at an estimat- assumption. In a footnote, he added: ed rate of 32 km/year, primarily by ‘‘The capture of this species was recorded human-mediated pathways such as early in the past century in Pennsylvania movement of root crowns of asparagus, – presumably near Hanover – and again or by ‘‘hitch-hiking’’ accidentally along in the vicinity of Chicago and Rock transportation corridors (road, train, Island, Illinois, about ten years after the boat, etc.), but also by water along discovery on Long Island; but, as the various waterways (Chittenden 1917). insect did not obtain a permanent Crioceris duodecimpunctata probably foothold, but died out in these localities, spread similarly after its detection in these importations can not be considered Baltimore, Maryland in 1881 (Chitten- introductions.’’ den 1917). Escaped plants from cultivat- Beetles probably entered the USA ed asparagus beds facilitated the spread during the commercial production of and establishment of C. asparagi and C. that period as adults or pupae in root duodecimpunctata throughout North crowns or with soil (Chittenden 1917, America, and both these species now Caesar 1938). However, there were prob- occur wherever asparagus is grown ably sporadic introductions earlier that commercially or as a volunteer crop were never noticed because of low (White 1993, Capinera 2001). By 1898, numbers or failure to establish due to C. asparagi
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