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Microalgae of Pineapple [Ananas Comosus (L.) Merr] Phytotelmata from Calauan, Laguna (Philippines)

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Microalgae of Pineapple [Ananas Comosus (L.) Merr] Phytotelmata from Calauan, Laguna (Philippines) Philippine Journal of Science 149 (3): 589-602, September 2020 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 28 Jan 2020 Microalgae of Pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr] Phytotelmata from Calauan, Laguna (Philippines) Eldrin DLR. Arguelles* Philippine National Collection of Microorganisms National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH) University of the Philippine Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines Phytotelmata are a unique habitat for the existence of new and rare species of microalgae. In the Philippines, no comprehensive study was documented regarding the diversity of microalgae on bromeliad phytotelmata. This study provides the first floristic survey that presents the taxonomy and species composition of phytotelm microalgae associated with bromeliad tanks of pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr] from Calauan, Laguna. A total of 15 algal taxa were taxonomically identified from the collected samples, of which six species (five genera) are classified as members of Cyanophyceae, four species (three genera) belong to Zygnematophyceae, three species (three genera) to Chlorophyceae, and one species (one genus) each for Euglenophyceae and Klebsormidiophyceae. The study reports an additional of nine species (Phacus monilatus, Monoraphidium lunare, Coelastrum proboscideum, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Cosmarium granatum, Cosmarium contractum var. rotundatum, Phormidium breve, Arthrospira jenneri, and Chroococcus subnudus) as new records in the global inventory list of phytotelm microalgae and 13 new taxa as additional records of microalgae in phytotelm microhabitat of Asia. Also, the occurrence of a rare photosynthetic euglenoid [Phacus monilatus (Stokes) Lemmerman] and a green microalga, [Monoraphidium lunare Nygaard, J. Komárek, J. Kristiansen, & O.M. Skulberg] are described for the first time in the Philippines. Diagnostic descriptions and keys are presented to distinguish the different species of phytotelm algae. The results of this study provide important knowledge regarding the species composition of microalgae in bromeliad phytotelmata found in the Philippines. Keywords: algae, bromeliaceae, bromeliad tanks, cyanobacteria, phytotelma, taxonomy INTRODUCTION (such as phytotelmata) remained unexplored. The term phytotelmata is used to describe a volume of water The Philippines is a megadiverse tropic country situated impounded in cavities of plant parts and structures at 116° 40’ and 126° 34’ E longitude and 4° 40’ and 21° that are effective in sustaining micro- and macro-biota 10’ N latitude. It is composed of 7,107 islands with more associated with it (Kitching 2000; Ramos and Moura than 9,000 species of unique plants and animals from 2019). Phytotelmata comes in various forms and are different tropical rain forests in the country. Despite its classified into five major classes: water-filled tree holes, reported biodiversity richness, taxonomic identification plant axils (plants belonging to families Palmae and and characterization of microalgae from unique habitats Pandanaceae), modified leaves (carnivorous plants such *Corresponding Author: [email protected] as those found in Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae), 589 Philippine Journal of Science Arguelles: Microalgae of Pineapple Phytotelmata Vol. 149 No. 3, September 2020 bamboo internodes, and bromeliad tanks (Ramos and that are considered less common are the synurophyceans Moura 2019). The latter includes the bromeliads, a (Ramos et al. 2018b), xanthophyceans (Sophia 1999; group of monocot flowering plants under the family Brouard et al. 2012), and some cryptophyceans (Duarte Bromeliaceae. The leaves disposition – base of the et al. 2013). Based on these studies, niche characteristics bromeliad plant that appears like an inverted cone with such as having a low water conductivity, low pH, high a spiral arrangement (forming a rosette configuration) water temperature (23.0–29.0 °C), high light intensity, of leaves – of these plants can act as a plant cavity that and organically rich waters favor the occurrence of allows accumulation of rainwater that serves as a special phytotelm microalgae in this habitat. In collation kind of habitat for larvae of insects, nematodes, and with other plant phytotelmata such as the Sarracenia several microorganisms, including the phytotelm algae purpurea (pitcher plant), the pattern of microalgae (Ramos et al. 2018a; Kitching 2000). coenoses shows the dominance of Bacillariophyceae (centric diatoms) and green microalgae (Gebühr et al. Bromeliads possess high ecological value and level of 2006). This observation is caused by differences in niche endemism and give suitable environmental conditions for characteristics of S. purpurea and other bromeliads, such the existence of diverse kinds of flora and fauna. Biota as having a high concentration of dissolved nutrients associated with bromeliad tanks interacts in a processing from detritus present in the phytotelmata of pitcher plant food chain where detritus serves as the ultimate source (Gebühr et al. 2006). of organic matter and energy (Marino et al. 2011). Nevertheless, current studies show that phytotelm algae Floristic studies on phytotelm microalgae in Asia are (autotrophic biomass in phytotelmata) can serve as an scarce. There has been only one report (in Thailand) alternative source of energy. These algae are consumed with few taxa occurring in phytotelmata of bromeliads by micro-metazoans such as crustaceans and other rotifers found in the Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden. This and then later consumed by other higher top-predators taxonomic survey reported a total of 118 taxa classified (e.g. damselfly larvae and chironomids) (Starzomski et to eight major microalgal groups: Chlorophyta (35 taxa), al. 2010). Moreover, the abundance and species richness Euglenophyceae (31 taxa), Cyanobacteria (18 taxa), of phytotelm algae present in bromeliad tanks are highly Bacillariophyceae (17 taxa), Zygnematophyceae (13 reliant on the dissolved nutrients (from detritus) present taxa), Cryptophyceae (two taxa), Synurophyceae (one in such an environment (Marino et al. 2011). Also, taxon), and Xanthophyceae (one taxon). Of these taxa, plant architecture (e.g. number and arrangement of eight species – Aphanothece elabens, Nephrochlamys leaves) of bromeliads can also affect the interaction of subsolitaria, Aphanothece confera, Oedogonium organisms present in bromeliad tanks. More complex leaf curvum, Kirchneriella obtusa, Gyropaigne ukrainica, architecture for bromeliads would mean greater interaction Mougeotia parvula, and Astasia comma – are reported between producers and consumers in the phytotelmata as new records for Thailand (Poniewozik et al. 2020). (Ramos et al. 2018b). In the Philippines, taxonomic and ecological studies of algal flora focus more on phytoplankton and periphyton Bromeliad phytotelmata occur in several continents associated to rocks and aquatic macrophytes in different of the world, even though it is more common in the bodies of water (Arguelles 2020; Arguelles 2019 a, b, c; Neotropical areas because of the high rainfall in the Arguelles and Martinez-Goss 2019; Martinez-Goss et al. region. With the exception of a study done in New 2019; Rañola et al. 1990), but no comprehensive study Zealand by Killick et al. (2014), all other microalgal was documented regarding the species composition of records for bromeliad phytotelmata are reported in the microalgae on phytotelmata. This survey is a pioneering tropical region like those in South America (Brazil) study of phytotelm microalgae in the Philippines and and Asia (Thailand). This is attributable to the endemic presents the first taxonomic survey of the microalgal prevalence of family Bromeliaceae in the neotropical community on pineapple bromeliad tanks. The goal of ecosystems (Ramos and Moura 2019). In general, only a this investigation is to give a quick survey of the algal few studies were documented on the diversity phytotelm species of phytotelmata (in bromeliad tanks of pineapple) microalgae in bromeliad tanks and its ecological in order to improve our understanding on the distribution, significance is still largely unexplored (Marino et al. diversity, and environmental conditions that contribute 2011). Recent taxonomic studies show that the main to the existence of these algae. This taxonomic survey microalgal groups reported from bromeliad phytotelmata of phytotelm algae will highlight morphology-based are chlorophytes (Ramos et al. 2018a), zygnematophytes taxonomic characterization and identification of each (Sophia 1999; Ramos et al. 2017b, 2018c), diatoms algal taxon observed in pineapple bromeliad tanks. (Lyra 1971), cyanobacteria (Ramos et al. 2018b, 2019), dinoflagellates (Ramos et al. 2016), and euglenophytes (Ramos et al. 2017a). Other reported microalgal groups 590 Philippine Journal of Science Arguelles: Microalgae of Pineapple Phytotelmata Vol. 149 No. 3, September 2020 MATERIALS AND METHODS pigmentation, appearance, and color of the mucilaginous sheath; trichomes and filaments characteristics; the existence of specialized cells (akinetes and heterocytes); Sampling of Phytotelm Algae attributes of the cell wall; and features of the chloroplasts The taxonomic survey was done in two planting areas and pyrenoids were noted for each algal taxa (Arguelles of pineapple in Calauan, Laguna: Javier Eco Farm at 2019a; Arguelles et al. 2014). The taxonomic classification Barangay Balayhangin (14° 7’ 47.28” N, 121° 18’ 59.04” system done by Desikachary (1959), Prescott (1962), E); and Gapit Fruit Farm in Barangay
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