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3. Historie Algoritmického Umění

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3. Historie Algoritmického Umění Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav hudební vědy Teorie interaktivních médií Bc. Veronika Zapletalová Algoritmický obraz v českém výtvarném umění Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Tomáš Staudek, Ph.D. 2014 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci zpracovala samostatně s využitím všech uvedených zdrojů a literatury. ……………………………………………… Veronika Zapletalová V Brně 2. května 2014 - 3 - Poděkování Velmi děkuji Tomášovi, svému milému vedoucímu práce, za jeho chytrou a důmysl- nou zpětnou vazbu, za dobré rady, za poskytnutí materiálů a informací, za trpělivost a roz- hodně za uklidňující zásahy do mých krizových nálad. Děkuji Zdeňce Čechové za její milou spolupráci, za spoustu času, který mi věnovala, za úžasné množství materiálů a informací, které mi předala, a za opravy všech nesmyslů, kterým jsem věřila. Velmi děkuji Ivovi Serbovi. Děkuji své rodině a svým rodičům za to, že mě mají rádi, jsou na mě hodní a hezky se o mě starají. Děkuji všem knihovnicím a knihovníkům za to, že mi z archívů přitáhli spoustu knížek, které jsem hned vrátila, protože jsem zjistila, že je vlastně nepotřebuju. Děkuji svým učitelům z oděvního a textilního designu za to, že se mnou mají slitování. Děkuji svým bargirls a svému barmanovi za to, že za mě berou směny i na poslední chvíli. Děkuji svým kamarádům. Po použití jednoduchého algoritmu rozluštíte poslední poděkování: C d J t i ch O q r j n k d s d . E f L v k j Q s t l p m f u f ? a b c d e f g h ch i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z - 4 - Obsah Čestné prohlášení ................................................................................................................... - 3 - Poděkování ............................................................................................................................. - 4 - Obsah ...................................................................................................................................... - 5 - 1. Úvod ................................................................................................................................... - 6 - 2. Teoretická východiska ........................................................................................................ - 8 - 3. Historie algoritmického umění ......................................................................................... - 11 - 3.1 Předchůdci algoritmického umění ............................................................................. - 11 - 3.2 Historie světového algoritmického umění ................................................................. - 13 - 3.3 Historie českého algoritmického umění ..................................................................... - 17 - 4. Profily jednotlivých autorů ............................................................................................... - 20 - 4.1 Zdeněk Sýkora ............................................................................................................ - 20 - 4.2 Vladislav Mirvald ........................................................................................................ - 25 - 4.3 Dalibor Chatrný .......................................................................................................... - 28 - 4.4 Ivan Chatrný ............................................................................................................... - 32 - 4.5 Miroslav Klivar ............................................................................................................ - 35 - 4.6 Ivo Serba ..................................................................................................................... - 39 - 4.7 Lubomír Sochor .......................................................................................................... - 40 - 4.8 Pavel Rudolf ................................................................................................................ - 41 - 4.9 Zdeňka Čechová ......................................................................................................... - 43 - 4.10 Aleš Svoboda ............................................................................................................ - 48 - 5. Srovnání ............................................................................................................................ - 51 - 5.1 Jaký je generační vztah mezi autory? ......................................................................... - 52 - 5.2 Jak probíhal autorův osobní a tvůrčí vývoj? ............................................................... - 52 - 5.3 Jakou měl autor motivaci k tvoření algoritmických děl? ........................................... - 54 - 5.4 Jak velkou část autorovy celkové tvorby lze označit za algoritmické umění? (kompletní tvorba x část tvorby x minimum tvorby) .......................................................................... - 55 - 5.5 Pracuje autor s počítačem? ........................................................................................ - 55 - 5.6 Pracuje autor s počítačem sám, nebo spolupracuje s odborníky? ............................ - 56 - 5.7 Mělo na autorovu tvorbu vliv studium na odborné škole? ........................................ - 57 - 5.8 Jak byl autor přijat uměleckou obcí? ......................................................................... - 57 - 5.9 Jaké jsou charakteristické znaky algoritmických děl analyzovaných autorů? Jaké je konečné vyznění obrazu? (geometrické x organické x lyrické) ........................................ - 58 - 6. Závěr ................................................................................................................................. - 61 - Resumé ................................................................................................................................. - 64 - Summary .............................................................................................................................. - 64 - Das Resümee ........................................................................................................................ - 64 - Seznam pramenů a literatury ............................................................................................... - 65 - Seznam použité literatury ................................................................................................ - 65 - Seznam online zdrojů ....................................................................................................... - 68 - Doplňková literatura ........................................................................................................ - 71 - Seznam příloh ................................................................................................................... - 72 - Přílohy ................................................................................................................................... - 83 - - 5 - 1. Úvod „Kde kolemjdoucí vidí pouze půvabnou kapli – čtyři sloupy, jednoduchý styl – tam já uložil vzpomínku na jeden krásný den svého života. Ó, sladká proměno! Nikdo neví, že ten křehký chrám je matematický obraz korintské dívky, již jsem šťastně miloval. Věrně opisuje jednotli- vé proporce jejího těla.“ Paul Valéry Umění mělo už ve svých počátcích vždy něco společného s technikou a vědou. Umělci často reagovali na nové vynálezy, experimentovali s nimi a reflektovali je, podobně jako reagovali na vlivy náboženské, společenské, politické či filozofické. S 20. stoletím se vzájemný vztah vědy a umění ještě prohloubil. Technologických a vědeckých novinek a objevů výrazně přibý- valo, mnozí umělci se oprostili od tradičních uměleckých prostředků a forem a našli si cestu k novým médiím. V posledních letech začaly vznikat mnohé mezioborové laboratoře a místa, kde se potkávají umělci s vědci, aby spolu navzájem spolupracovali. Algoritmické umění, kte- ré je náplní této práce, má s vědou také mnoho styčných bodů. Je založeno na přesných po- stupech a dodržování daných pravidel, což je velmi podobné vědecké práci. Obvykle využívá počítač, který je jednou z nejmodernějších technologií. A mnohdy vzniká na základě pravidel systému nebo jevu, které popisují přírodovědné, matematické, chemické, biologické, fyzikál- ní a jiné obory. Tomuto tématu jsem se začala věnovat proto, abych vytvořila obecný přehled o čes- kém algoritmickém umění, které nebylo dosud v žádné literatuře souhrnně popsáno a reflek- továno. Umělci, kteří jsou na následujících stránkách rozebráni, nejsou novými osobnostmi na poli české výtvarné kultury, ale prozatím nebyli integrováni a dáni do jednotné souvislosti s algoritmickou tvorbou, která v české umělecké teoretické reflexi není chápána jako samo- statné téma. Jednotliví autoři se často objevují v jiných kontextech. Proto jsem si také jako metodu práce zvolila komparaci, abych mohla popsat, jaké jsou mezi nimi spojitosti, styčná témata a společné znaky. Výsledná práce je zmapováním různorodého českého algoritmického umění, které má statickou formu a dalo by se tedy teoreticky orámovat. Postupy tohoto uměleckého směru lze aplikovat i na hudbu, literaturu, architekturu, sochařství, video art, multimedia art a na mnohé další druhy umění. Mé zaměření na statickou formu je dáno rozsahem diplomové magisterské práce, která by nebyla schopná pojmout veškeré algoritmické umění. Nicméně tímto směrem by se mohlo orientovat případné rozšíření práce. - 6 - Cílem bylo také představení ukázek děl jednotlivých autorů. Některé obrazy v příloze jsou skenované z archivů novin a časopisů, které
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