Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 123

Journal of Advanced Scientific Research ISSN 0976-9595 Available online through http://www.sciensage.info Research Article

ETHNOMEDICINE STUDY ON MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE MANAR BEAT OF KARAMADAI RANGE, WESTERN GHATS, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

S. Mownika*, S. Sharmila , E.K. Ramya PG and Research Department of Botany, Vellalar College for Women (Autonomous), Thindal, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT An ethnomedicinal survey was undertaken to cram the diversity of medicinal plants in the Manar beat of Karamadai Range, Coimbatore forest division, Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India from 2018-2019. The indigenous knowledge of local traditional healers and the native plants used for medicinal purposes were collected in their local language. The ethnobotanical data such as a local name, medicinal uses and mode of preparation was collected through structured questionnaires, personal interviews and consultation with very old and knowledgeable persons in and around the study area. The meteorological information of the study territory was recorded and tabulated. The present study enumerates a total of 104 medicinal plant species of 86 genera and 52 families are documented for the first time. Among these Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Asclepiadaceae with 7 species are dominant over other families. Herbs are the most widely present life forms followed by trees. Amongst the different plant parts, leaves are the most widely used plant part in therapeutics and also for herbal formulations. According to IUCN threat status, Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (NT) is in the Near Threatened category, 2 species on this list are under the Endangered (EN) and in Vulnerable (VU) category. Those plants which fall under the vulnerable and endangered category are prescribed for germplasm collection. Therapeutic uses of medicinal plants and their active principles were also reported. Decoction is mostly utilized in the mode of preparation. The traditional healers are lessening in number and there is a grave hazard of traditional information disappearing soon. Since the younger generation isn't interested to carry on this custom. The study dazzled that this area is more pertinent to the conservation of local flora. So, documenting the traditional knowledge is important for sustainable utilization.

Keywords: Ethnomedicine, Medicinal plants, Traditional healer, Manar beat, Western Ghats.

1. INTRODUCTION understanding pivotal role of medicinal plants in India has rich resources of medicinal plants with a wide providing herbs [4]. Medicinal plants have made a variety of plants, because of the extreme variations in momentous contribution to the primary healthcare of geographical and climatic conditions prevailing in the people around the world. They are the wealthy bio- country. Over 200 million people in India were relying resource for conventional medicinal frameworks, limitedly on the traditional system of medicine modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food supplements, [1].Generally, the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats in folk medicines and pharmaceuticals for synthetic drug India harbour about 5,332 endemic species of higher preparation [5, 6]. Traditional medicine and plants [2]. Herein, Tamilnadu is rich in medicinal plant ethnobotanical data assume a significant role in scientific diversity, especially in the hilly tract of Western Ghats, exploration, especially when the literature and which is the storehouse of numerous high-value fieldwork information has been appropriately assessed medicinal plants. Among all, the forests have played key [7]. roles in the lives of individuals living in both mountains The data on the use of plant species for therapeutic and lowland areas by providing freshwater and oxygen purpose has been passed from one generation to the next as well as giving a diversity of valuable forest products in through oral practice, this information on therapeutic favor of food and medicine [3]. The World Health plants has begun to decay and become out of date Organization (WHO) has energized an improvement for through the lack of recognition by younger generations "Saving Plants for Saving Lives" this is because of the because they are not interested to carry on this practice

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Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 124 [8]. Although extreme endeavors on investigations and word ‘Irular’ got from the Tamil word called 'Irul' survey activities about medicinal plants remain in the which means darkness. They are recognized as a traditional system are still in use but some reserved areas Scheduled Tribe (ST) by the Government of India [9]. are unexplored. Hence, the present study was aimed to The culture of the Irulas has changed minimally in the assess the vegetation on unexplored areas and some of course of the most recent thousand years. A typical Irula the ethnomedicinal information was gathered from tribal house looks like the kind of house and it is made entirely peoples of Manar beat, Karamadai reserve forest of the of stones and mud. Most of the houses don’t have doors Western Ghats. and their huts are dark with no window or any other opening to admit air. Their staple food comprises of 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS minor millets, grains, vegetables and wild yams 2.1. Biogeography of the Study area enhanced with rice. They don't rehearse agriculture and The present study shows the diversity of medicinal entirely depend on forest produce and wild animals. plants distributed in the Manar beat (Melur slope RF Some Irulas trade or sell honey, honey wax, plantations and Nellithurai RF) of Karamadai Range, Coimbatore of banana or silk cotton, wild fruits, yams and other forest division, Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. native herbal products. Different occupations of the The study area, manar beat has an area of 22.7971 km 2 Irulas incorporate discontinuous homestead work and coverage, which lies between 11◦ 18’N and 76◦53” E. the legendary profession of snake charming. The Forest The hill range was situated at about 250 to 1100 meters Department provides job opportunities for both gender above sea level and it covers natural flora and fauna. people. Women were benefited through Women Self This reserve forest is very popular with botanists and Help Group (WSHGs) their contribution is preparing ornithologists as it has a great variety of fauna and flora. food for tourists. Ten women’s self-help groups were Among the animals found in this place are elephant, formed in all tribal villages and Rs.10, 000 was allotted monkey, mongoose, wild dogs and a fox-tail squirrel to each WSHGs towards a revolving fund for their while the reptile population includes the king-cobra, income generation activities. Men’s main occupation is python and several other poisonous and non-poisonous coracle riding in Eco-tourism under the 12th Finance snakes. Commission Scheme which supports many families.

2.2. Period of study 2.5. Data collection Frequent field surveys were carried out regularly and A simple work plan was adopted for this survey work. seasonally to collect some medicinal floras from Manar Got prior permission in the Forest Department, at first beat, Karamadai Range, Coimbatore forest division, gathered information about meteorological data and Western GhatsfromMay 2018 to December 2019. then collected detailed information about tribal population and tribal villages of the Karamadai Range. 2.3. Climatology Additional relevant information was collected from the Climatic data of study areas such as temperature, internet. The ethnobotanical data (local name, rainfall, rainy days, wind speed, pressure, relative medicinal uses, mode of preparation) were collected humidity, cloud, sun hours and sunny days were through interviews and discussions among the tribal collected from District Forest Office, Coimbatore practitioners in and around the study area. Data were Circle and Karamadai weather source https://www. also collected through general conversations, personal worldweatheronline.com/lang/en-in/karamadai- interviews and questionnaires in their local languages weather/tamil-nadu/in.aspx. (Tamil). In addition to the vernacular name’s questions were also asked about medicinal uses and mode of 2.4. Studied tribal community preparation. The collected information was verified The indigenous people inhabited the study area are with literature, online resources, standard books and called Irular. Irulas are a significant ethnic group in some of the data were compared with the already India. They are found in the hilly regions and living in existing literature on the ethnobotany of India. The different topographic habitats (plains, mountains, plant specimens were collected as directed by the valleys, etc.) in Tamil Nadu. Generally, Irulars are taxonomic expert person in flowering and fruiting illiterate and they speak a different dialect of Tamil, conditions. Digital photographs of the plants were also which is distantly related to other Dravidian Tamil. The taken. Collected plant specimens were dried and

Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: March-2021

Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 125 herbarium sheets were prepared for probable documented surveyed list, 94 were angiospermous identification. plants belonging to 76 genera and 43 families, seven pteridophytic plants belonging to six families, one 2.6. Identification of medicinal plants bryophyte thallus and two types of lichen thallus were The tentatively identified plant specimens have been identified. The most diverse were Dicots, Monocots, critically studied and identified by using local and Pteridophytes, Lichens and Bryophytic under families of regional floras [10, 11]. The identities of the plants were Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Asclepiadaceae with 7 spp. confirmed by comparison with authentic specimens Pteridaceae (2 spp.), Caliciaceae, Parmeliaceae (1 spp. deposited in the herbaria of the Botanical Survey of each) and Ricciaceae (1 spp.) were dominating by India, Southern Circle, Coimbatore. The voucher representing a greater number of species.The maximum specimens were deposited in the Vellalar College diversity of species was contributed by the family herbarium, Erode (VCW/BH/Acc. No…). An updated Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Asclepiadaceae (7 spp.) and correct nomenclature was checked with authentic followed by Capparidaceae (6 spp. each), Convo- websites (www.plantlist.org) and also checked the lvulaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Moraceae (4 spp. each), threat status of plant species from IUCN (iucn.org). Caesalpiniaceae, Sapindaceae, Apocynaceae and Acan- Each plant species has been arranged alphabetically for thaceae (3 spp.), Meliaceae, Rhamnaceae, Aristolo- correct nomenclature, according to Bentham and chiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Aizoaceae, Hooker (1862-1883) system of classification. The Liliaceae, Cactaceae, Ebenaceae, Orchidaceae, Tiliaceae identified and authenticated species were classified and Pteridaceae (2 spp. each) and the remaining families according to their binomial name, family, local name, such as Malvaceae, Vitaceae, Polygonaceae, Stercu- habit, parts used, cultivation status, ecological status, liaceae, Rosaceae, Passifloraceae, Verbenaceae, therapeutic uses, active principles and mode of Rutaceae, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, preparation. Commelinaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Hydro- phyllaceae, Lamiaceae, Loranthaceae, Onagraceae, 3. RESULTS Opiliaceae, Poaceae, Pandanaceae, Adiantaceae, Poly- The study revealed the rich knowledge of medicinal podiaceae, Hemionitidaceae, Marsileaceae, Dennstaed- plants in the Manar beat of Karamadai Range, Western tiaceae, Ricciaceae, Caliciaceae and Parmeliaceae were Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. The study area covers represented with single species (Fig. 2). 2279.71 hectares. The climatic data such as Herbs (33%) were found to be the most used plants temperature, rainfall, rainy days, wind speed, pressure, (Fig. 3) followed by trees (25%), shrubs (19%) and relative humidity, cloud, sun hours and sunny days of climbers (11%) in descending order. study site were observed for 12 months from January to Among the different plant parts used by the Irula tribes, December 2019 (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The maximum leaves with 28 percent constituted the major portion in mean monthly temperature during the summer was medicine (Fig. 4). In most of the plant species, more 37.2◦C and the minimum mean monthly temperature than one plant part was used for therapeutic purposes. during winter was 15.6◦C. The average total annual Different creators have expected that these ethno- rainfall was 2202.2 mm for the studied year with an medicinal species are vanishing from the wild because of average of 272.7 rainy days. The average annual wind unsustainable exploitation and destruction of habitat due speed was ranged between 4.2 kmph to 9 kmph. The to deforestation. In this study, the cultivation status of maximum pressure in the study area was high in January plant species was documented with previous literature and the same was lower in June and July. The annual and classified as wild, cultivated and ornamental. relative humidity was around 41 to 84 percentages. According to IUCN threat status, the ecological statuses Considering rainfall and rainy days, the cloud conditions of medicinal plants were categorized. Among 104 plant have occurred in the range of 12-69 %. Likewise, based species, 35 species on this list are under Least Concern on the temperature, the sun hours and sunny days were (LC), 2 species in the Endangered category (EN), calculated and recorded in the range of 171 to 292 hrs Cayratia pedata Juss. and Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. species and 2-24 days respectively. are in the Vulnerable category (VU) and 1 species in the In the present investigation, a total of 104 plant species Near Threatened (NT). But still, 50% of the taxa in the were recorded in the survey (Table 2). From the present study belong to the NE (Not Evaluated) category.

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Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 126 Table 1: Meteorological parameters of the study area Year and Wind speed Relative Sun Rainfall Rainy Pressure Cloud Sun month Temperature (̊ C) (kmph)/ Humidity hours (mm) days (mb) (%) days 2019 Max. Min. Average Average (%) (hr) Jan. 30.2 16.3 24.2 19.7 7 6.3 1014.6 57 16 277 24 Feb. 32.0 19.3 27.5 23.8 12 6.1 1013.5 53 24 244 16 Mar. 36.0 21.3 31.6 8 2.7 6.8 1012.2 43 12 292 23 Apr. 37.0 23.7 32.1 62.6 17 7.1 1010.1 41 31 250.5 13 May. 37.2 24.8 33.5 264.1 28 8.1 1009.1 49 61 205.5 3 Jun. 34.7 24.7 30.2 105.7 27 9 1008.3 61 49 231.5 3 Jul. 32.2 22.1 28.1 274.5 29 7.2 1008.8 67 48 211 2 Aug. 29.0 21.2 27.4 135.5 29 7.9 1009.7 73 52 190 2 Sep. 30.7 20.0 26.7 164.5 30 5.9 1010.2 73 53 193.5 0 Oct. 29.3 18.0 25.1 651.6 31 4.5 1010.9 81 69 155.5 0 Nov. 28.0 16.1 23.5 356.2 30 4.2 1011.8 84 64 171 0 Dec. 27.4 15.6 22.4 136 30 4.3 1012.9 84 59 183.5 0

Fig. 1: Ombrothermic Graph of Manar beat

Fig. 2: Pie chart showing the percentage of different families of medicinal plants

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Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 127 Table 2: Summary of surveyed medicinal plants in Manar beat, Karamadai range, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India Active S. Botanical Name Family Name Local Name Habit Parts Cultivation Ecological Therapeutic Uses Principle Mode of No Used Status Status Preparation s Alkaloids, tannins, 1. Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Thutthi S Leaves Ornamental NE Leaves – Diuretic, used to glycosides, Juice and G. Don. and wild cure fever, ulcer and wounds saponins powder and phenols Acacia caesia Tannins LC Bark –Dysentery, wounds 2. Willd. Mimosaceae Nanjupattai CS Bark Wild (2011) and skin problems and Paste saponins Bark – Cough, swelling and Bark, bleeding gums Cultivated, Phenols Acacia farnesiana roots LC Roots – Sore throat and Decoction and 3. (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Kastuurivel S and ornamental (2019) diarrhea and paste flowers and wild Flowers –Stomach ache and alkaloids headaches Leaves Cultivated, Bark – Dysentery, leprosy 4. Acacia horrid (L.) Mimosaceae Seethaimul T and ornamental NE and cough Tannins Decoction Willd. bark and wild Leaves– Cure ulcers Leaves – Indigestion and Leaves bleeding gums 5. Acacia pennata (L.) Mimosaceae Indan CS and Cultivated LC Bark – Used to treat Tannins Decoction Willd. barks and wild (2018) dysentery and other skin diseases Phenols, Acalypha paniculata steroids, 6. Miq. Euphorbiaceae Malaikuppa- S Leaves Ornamental NE Leaves – To cure jaundice flavonoids Decoction meni and wild BHVCW 04 and saponins Roots– Used for treating Alkaloids, Leaves, bronchitis, asthma, fever and tannins, Adatoda vasica roots, jaundice Decoction, Ornamental saponins, 7. Nees. BHVCW Acanthaceae Aadaathodai S flowers and wild NE Leaves – Antiseptic phenols juice and 06 and Flowers– It relieves cough powder bark and breathlessness and Bark – Bleeding gums flavonoids Coumarins, Aegle marmelos (L.) Leaves, Leaves– Ulcer, diabetes flavonoids, 8. Correa ex Roxb. Rutaceae Vilvam T fruits Cultivated NE Fruits– Laxative, demulcent alkaloids, Decoction and BHVCW 07 and and wild and stomach pain tannins and powder root Root–Earache oil

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Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 128 Alkaloids, Aerides crispum Whole triterpenoi 9. Lindl. Orchidaceae Kantankuli E plant Cultivated NE Whole plant – Earache ds and Decoction BHVCW 08 flavonoids Whole Whole plant– Aganosma cymosa plant Emetic,anthelmintic and 10. G. Don. Apocynaceae Sellakkodi C and Cultivated NE bronchitis Alkaloids Decoction flowers Flowers – Ophthalmia Fruits – Astringent, inflam- Aglaia elaeagnoidea Fruits LC mations and cooling Tonic and 11. Meliaceae Gnaazhal T and Wild Alkaloids (A. Juss.) Benth. seeds (1998) Seeds– Used in the treatment paste of painful micturition Albizzia lebbeck Leaves, Cultivated, Leaves and seeds – Eye Alkaloids 12. Benth. Mimosaceae Vaagei T seeds ornamental NE problems such as ophthalmia and Decoction and BHVCW 10 and and wild Bark– Dysentery and piles saponins powder bark Whole plant – i)Peeled leaves are eaten to sore throat Cultivated, and coughs 13. Aloe vera L. Liliaceae Sotru H Whole ornamental NE ii) Leaf gel helps digestion, Anthraquin Juice, tonic Kattraazhai plant and wild improve blood circulation, one and powder kidney problems and constipation Whole plant – Bronchitis, Alternanthera Whole asthma, hair tonic, menstrual Alkaloids 14. sessilis (Linn.) R. Amaranthaceae Ponnonkanni H plant Wild LC disorders and skin diseases and Paste and juice keerai and (2018) Br. ex DC. root Root– Fever and bloody steroids dysentery Alkaloids Argyreiapomacea Root – Jaundice and kidney 15. Choisy. Convolvulaceae Mustai C Root Wild NE problems and Extraction phenols Root, Root – Gastric stimulant Alkaloids, 16. Aristolochia indica Aristolochiaceae Adagam C leaves Cultivated NE Leaves– Cough triterpenoi Juice L. BHVCW 18 and Seeds– Inflammation and ds, steroids seeds biliousness and sterols Leaves Leaves– Fever, swollen 17. Aristolochia tagala Aristolochiaceae Aadutheen- CS and Wild NE limbsand skin diseases Kaempfero Powder and Cham. dapalai Roots– Carminative and l Juice roots applied to abdomen Artocarpus hirsute Seed Glycosides, 18. Lamk. BHVCW Moraceae Murasabalam T and Cultivated NE Seed and fruit – Asthma and alkaloids Powder 19 fruit and wild skin diseases and tannins Root Cultivated, Root – Diuretic, emollient, 19. Arundo donax L. Poaceae Korukkai H and ornamental LC stimulate menstrual discharge Alkaloids Infusion and stem and wild (2012) and headaches and tannins paste Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: March-2021

Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 129 Stem – Broken limbs Asparagus racemosus Whole Whole plant – Rheumatism, Steroids 20. Willd.BHVCW Liliaceae Sataavari- C plant Wild NE diabetes and brain complaints and Tonic Kizhangu and 22 root Root – Dysentery saponins Whole plant– Indigestion, Steroids, Bacopa monnieri Whole LC ulcers, wind, constipation, saponins 21. (L.) Penn. Scrophulariaceae Brammi H plant Wild (2012) asthma, bronchitis and and Juice infertility alkaloids Phenols, Rosmullip- Leaves– Respiratory diseases, flavonoids 22. Barleria buxifolia L. Acanthaceae puntu S Leaves Wild NE toothache and joint pains and Extraction glycosides Leaves, Roots– Cooling, constipating Buchanania lanzan Saaraappa- roots Cultivated and diarrhea Decoction, 23. Anacardiaceae T NE Flavonoids powder and Spr. ruppu and and wild Leaves– Skin diseases tonic fruits Fruits – Coughs and asthma Leaves – Cold, dysentery and Cadaba fruticosa Leaves 24. (L.) Druce. Capparidaceae Vizhuthi S and Cultivated NE various internal disorders Alkaloids Juice BHVCW 30 roots and wild Roots– Coughs and rheumatism Cultivated, Flavonoids, 25. Canavalia Fabaceae Kattukozhia- CS Whole ornamental NE Whole plant – Peptic ulcer alkaloids Tonic cathartica Thouars. varai plant and wild and glycosides Cansjera rheedii Whole plant – Used in Kalimanak- Whole treating post-natal pain, fever, Phenolic 26. Gmel. Opiliaceae keerai CS plant Wild NE poisonous bites and skin compounds Paste diseases Leaves Leaves and bark – Ulcer, Alkaloids 27. Capparis divaricata Capparidaceae Thoratti T and Cultivated NE dysentery and stomach and Paste and Lam. BHVCW 32 bark and wild problem flavonoids tonic Fruit – Stomach ache Capparis grandiflora Whole Whole plant – Gastralgia, Flavonoids, plant, glycosides, Hook.f. & Mudkondai/ vomiting and abdominal pain Decoction and 28. Thomson. Capparidaceae Thorattimul S leaves Wild NE Leaves– Stomachic, diuretic, terpenes juice and and BHVCW 33 fruit anti-rheumatic, shortness of alkaloids breath and antitumor Bark Capparis grandis Bark and leaves– Ulcer, Tonic and 29. L. f. Capparidaceae Pachara T and Cultivated NE asthma and swelling Alkaloids juice leaves Root Whole plant– Stomachache, Alkaloids, 30. Capparis sepiaria L. Capparidaceae Sengathaari S and Cultivated NE fevers, inflammations glycosides, Decoction BHVCW 34 whole and wild and diseases of muscles terpenes, plant Root –Skin diseases and snake sterols and Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: March-2021

Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 130 bite flavonoids Rootbark – Used as cooling, Capparis zeylanica Adhandai/Sud Rootba vomiting, sedative and Flavonoids 31. Capparidaceae S rk and Wild NE stomachic and Decoction L. uthoratti leaves Leaves – Used to treat boils, alkaloids swellings and piles Alkaloids, Stem – Stomach disorder, Caralluma Erumaikalli- Cultivated tannins,flav 32. umbellate Haw. Asclepiadaceae mulayan H Stem and wild NE abdominal pain, obesity, onoids and Juice diabetes and ulcer problems phenols Whole plant– Diuretic, Tannins, Cardiospermum Whole Cultivated, rheumatism, stomachache, alkaloids, halicacabum L. plant LC 33. BHVCW 35 Sapindaceae Mudakkattan C and ornamental, (2020) nervous diseases and snakebite flavonoids Juice root wild Root – Catarrh of the bladder and and urinary tract saponins Steroids, Carissa carandas L. Root Cultivated, Leaves– Fever, diarrhea and terpenes, 34. BHVCW 36 Apocynaceae Kallakai S and ornamental NE earache tannins, Decoction Root – Stomach ache, flavonoids leaves and wild vermifuge and skin itching and alkaloids Leaves and stem – Cassia Leaves Cultivated Constipation, cold, fever, Juice and 35. leschenaultiana Caesalpiniaceae - US and and wild NE intestinal disorder and skin Flavonoids decoction DC. stem diseases Anthraquin Cassia tomentosa Cultivated Leaves – Eczema, intestinal ones and Infusion and 36. Willd. Caesalpiniaceae - S Leaves and wild NE parasites and skin diseases triterpenoi tonic ds Alkaloids, Leaves– Astringents and anti- steroids, Cayratia pedata Whole arthritis tannins, Juss. plant VU Extraction and 37. BHVCW 40 Vitaceae Kattuperandai CS and Wild (2014) Whole plant– Coughs, phenols, decoction leaves bronchitis, asthma and joint flavonoids pain and terpenoids Ceropegia juncea Cultivated Leaves – Bacterial infection, Decoction and 38. Asclepiadaceae Jaathili CH Leaves and NE Alkaloids Roxb. ornamental ulcer and inflammation juice Fruits, Citrullus colocynthis Roots – Jaundice, rheumatism Alkaloids seeds Cultivated Powder and 39. (L) Schrad. Cucurbitaceae Varikuramathai H and and wild NE and urinary diseases and pickles BHVCW 44 roots Fruits and seeds– Diabetes saponins Commelina Whole LC Leaves–Diarrhoea 40. benghalensis Commelinaceae Adutinnathalai H plant, Wild (2018) Root– Stomach disorders Alkaloids Decoction Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: March-2021

Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 131 L.BHVCW 49 root Whole plant– Eye and ailments,sore throat and burns leaves Glycosides 41. Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Nukkam T Bark Cultivated VU Bark – Indigestion, leprosy and Extraction Roxb. and wild (1998) and vermifuge alkaloids Glycosides 42. Decalepis hamiltonii Asclepiadaceae Magalie C Tuber Cultivated EN Tuber –Wound healing, and Tonic W. & A. and wild (2014) fever, bronchial and asthma phenols Fruits– Cooling and Bark, astringent Diospyros flowers Flowers– Skin and blood Steroids, Cultivated alkaloids 43. melanoxylon Roxb. Ebenaceae Karai T , seeds and wild NE diseases and Decoction and Bark –Diarrhoea glycosides fruits Seeds– Mental disorders and palpitations Whole Fruits– Treat boils Polyphenol 44. Diospyros Montana Ebenaceae Bankini T plant Wild NE Whole plant – Fever and s and Decoction and Roxb. and paste fruits pneumonia alkaloids Stems– Rheumatism Roots– Colds, indigestion, Stems, ulcers, diarrhea, constipation Dodonaea viscose L. leaves, Ornamental LC and irregular menstruation Saponins Decoctionand 45. BHVCW 60 Sapindaceae Virali S roots and wild (2018) Bark– Astringent and tannins infusion and Leaves– Used to treat bark swellings, inflammations, burns and wounds Wood– Arthritis, cardiac 46. Dysoxylum Meliaceae Vellaiyagil T Wood Wild EN debility, expelling intestinal Alkaloids Decoction and malabaricum Bedd. (2014) worms, leprosy, inflammation paste and rheumatism Fruits Alkaloids, Elaeagnus conferta Cultivated LC Fruits and flowers – Used 47. Roxb. Elaeagnaceae Kolaga S and and wild (2018) to treat sores and ulcers sterols and Decoction flowers flavonoids Alkaloids, 48. Emilia zeylanica Asteraceae - H Whole Cultivated LC Whole plant–Cough, terpenoids Paste and Cl. plant and wild (2010) gonorrhea and diuretic and decoction flavonoids Rootbark– Purgative and Wood, induce vomiting Flavonoids Euphorbia root Cultivated, ChaturaKalli Latex– Rheumatism, and 49. antiquorum L. Euphorbiaceae T bark ornamental NE toothache, earache and asthma triterpenoi Tonic and and wild Wood – Dysentery, dropsy ds latex and toothache Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: March-2021

Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 132 Evolvulus Cultivated Whole plant– Cure burns, Alkaloids, 50. nummularius Convolvulaceae Elikkathuillai H Whole and NE cuts, wounds and scorpion saponins Paste BHVCW 64 plant ornamental stings and tannins Leaves– Used for controlling fertility Bark Ficus arnottiana Bark– Astringent, diabetes, Sterols and Infusion and 51. Miq. Moraceae Kodiuarasu T and Cultivated NE inflammation, skin alkaloids paste leaves diseases,burning sensation, leprosy, scabies and wounds Bark – Curing liver diseases Leaves 52. Ficus benjaminaL. Moraceae Pimpri T and Ornamental LC Leaves –Wounds and bruises Tannins Juice barks and wild (2018) Leaves and bark– Rheumatism and headaches Leaves– Stomach ache and Alkaloids, Leaves tannins, LC swollen piles Decoction and 53. Ficus carica L. Moraceae Simaiyattai T and Cultivated (2007) Fruit– Laxative, demulcent, glycosides tonic fruit and piles, insect stings and bites flavonoids Alkaloids 54. Grewia flavescens Tiliaceae Semparandai T Roots Wild LC Roots – Menstrual problems and Infusion Juss. (2018) and stomach problems glycosides Roots Roots – Body pains 55. Grewia villosa Tiliaceae Jenukallai S and Wild LC Bark – Wounds, syphilis and Alkaloids Decoction Willd. bark (2019) smallpox Bark 56. Harpullia arborea Sapindaceae NeiKottei T and Ornamental LC Seeds – Rheumatism Saponins Infusion (Blanco) Radlk. seeds and wild (2018) Bark – Allay pain Whole Heliotropium plant LC Roots– Sores and wounds Decoction and 57. curassavicum L. Boraginaceae - H and Wild (2015) Whole plant–Leucorrhoea Alkaloids powder roots Coumarin, Root – Blood purifier, sterols, Hemidesmus indicus demulcent, diuretic, 58. R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Nannari C Root Cultivated NE dyspepsia, fever, skin diseases, saponins, Paste and BHVCW 71 and wild chronic coughs, swellings and glycosides, tonic rheumatic joints tannins and flavonoids Semi – Hydrolea zeylanica LC Leaves– Wound healing, 59. Vahl. Hydrophyllaceae Vellel H Leaves cultivated and (2010) ulcers and diabetes Alkaloids Decoction wild Alkaloids Indigofera linnaei Whole Whole plant– Diuretic and 60. Ali. Fabaceae Sheppunerunji H plant Wild NE venereal affections and Juice saponins 61. Indigofera trita L.f. Fabaceae Punal- H Whole Ornamental LC Whole plant– Liver Phenols Tonic BHVCW 72 murunkai plant and wild (2010) disorders and tumours and Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: March-2021

Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 133 flavonoids 62. Ipomaea aegyptia L. Convolvulaceae - C Leaves Ornamental NE Leaves – Fever, burns and Glycosides Decoction and wild cough Leaves Leaves – Cough, fever, boils Phenols 63. Ipomaea aquatica Convolvulaceae Neerpasalai C androo Cultivated NE and sores and Decoction, Forsk. Roots – Laxative, piles and tonic and paste ts antidote flavonoids 64. Kickxia elatine (L.) Scrophulariaceae - H Whole Wild NE Whole plant – Wound Flavonoids Tonic Dumort. plant healing and bleeding Whole Whole plant– Swellings, Flavonoids, Leonotis plant Cultivated, fever, gastro-intestinal alkaloids, Decoction, nepetaefolia R.Br. troubles and used as a wash for 65. BHVCW 83 Lamiaceae - H and ornamental NE piles saponins infusion, tonic leaves and wild Leaves– Skin diseases, and and juice wounds and pneumonia terpenoids Terpenoids 66. Lepidagathis Acanthaceae Nyamdutiet H Leaves Cultivated NE Leaves– Woundsand and Infusion scariosa Nees. and wild pneumonia alkaloids Leaves and roots– Skin Tannins, Leptadenia Leaves infections and wounds phenols Decoction, 67. Asclepiadaceae Palaikkodi CS androo Wild NE reticulata W&A. ts Roots– Cardiac disease, and paste and juice diuretic and to cure fever alkaloids Lindernia caespitosa Whole LC Whole plant– Dysentery and Decoction and 68. (Blume) G. Scrophulariaceae - H plant Wild (2010) other intestinal problems Alkaloids juice Panigrahi. Whole plant–Astringent, Whole carminative, diuretic, coughs, Alkaloids, Lippia nodiflora plant Ornamental LC Paste, juice 69. Mich. Verbenaceae Poduthalai H and and wild (2018) constipation, pain in the knees, phenols and infusion root fevers and colds and tannins Root – Gastric troubles 70. Ludwigia perennis Onagraceae Neerkara- H Stem Wild LC Stem – Aching gums, fever Alkaloids Paste and L. yambu (2010) and cough tonic Mollugo Whole plant – Stomachic, Alkaloids, 71. oppositifolia L. Aizoaceae Thurapoondu H Whole Wild LC antiseptic and cure skin saponins Extraction and plant (2019) and juice BHVCW 90 diseases terpenoids Whole Whole plant– Laxative, Mollugo plant, antiseptic and stomachic Alkaloids 72. pentaphylla L. Aizoaceae - H roots Wild NE Leaves – Used to treat mouth and Decoction BHVCW 91 and infections and sore legs steroids leaves Roots – Eye diseases Leaves Cultivated, Leaves – Poisonous bitesand Alkaloids,g 73. Mundulea sericea Fabaceae Vellai S and ornamental LC emetic lycosides, Infusion (Willd.) A. Chev. roots and wild (2018) Roots – Infertility flavonoids

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Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 134 and phenols Root Flavonoids, Neptunia oleracea Cultivated LC Root– Necrosis and syphilis triterpenoi 74. Lour. Mimosaceae Sundaikkirai H and and wild (2018) Stem– Earache ds and Juice stem tannins Opuntia dillenii 75. Haw. Cactaceae MulluKalli S Fruit Cultivated LC Fruit – Diabetes Alkaloids Juice and wild (2009) Alkaloids, 76. Opuntia Cactaceae Chappathikalli S Fruit Cultivated LC Fruit– Diabetes, inflammation tannins and Juice monacantha Haw. and wild (2010) and ulcers saponins Alkaloids, Oxystelma LC anthraquin 77. esculentum R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Oosippalai C Leaves Cultivated (2011) Leaves – Cough and joint pain ones and Juice BHVCW 96 flavonoids Leaves – Diuretic and treat Pandanus Leaves Cultivated, boils Alkaloids 78. odoratissimus Pandanaceae Kaitha ST and ornamental NE and Tonic Roxb. roots and wild Roots– Diuretic and glycosides depurative Whole Whole plant– Tuberculosis, Alkaloids, plant, worms, coughs and colds phenols, Decoction, 79. Passiflora foetidaL. Passifloraceae Mupparisavalli CS stem Cultivated NE Leaves and stem– Improve glycosides juice and BHVCW 97 and and wild fertility in women and infusion Leaves –Wound of a snake leaves bite flavonoids Root 80. Polygonum glabrum Polygonaceae Paregudi H and Cultivated LC Root and stem – Piles, Terpenoids Decoction Willd. stem (2010) jaundice and constipation Seed – Bronchitis, whooping Pongamia pinnata Seed, Cultivated, cough and sores Decoction, 81. (L.) Pierre. Fabaceae Pungamaram T leaves ornamental LC Leaves – Rheumatism, cough Alkaloids infusion, juice, BHVCW 102 and and wild (2010) and skin diseases tonic and root powder Root– Sores and ulcers Psilotrichum nudum 82. Moq. BHVCW Amaranthaceae - H Leaves Cultivated NE Leaves – Asthma, cold and - Extraction and wild fever 105 Bark– Astringent, diarrhea Pterocarpus Leaves Cultivated, NT and diabetes Alkaloids Decoction or 83. Fabaceae Vengai T and ornamental marsupium Roxb. bark and wild (2017) Leaves – Boils, sores and skin and tannins powder diseases Pterolobium Root Cultivated, Leaves – Tuberculosis and Decoction, 84. hexapetalum Caesalpiniaceae Indumullu CS and ornamental NE respiratory diseases Tannins infusion and (Roth.) Santapau leaves and wild Root– Stomach ache, juice & Wagh. snakebites and infertility Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: March-2021

Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 135 BHVCW 106 Leaves Roots– Dysentery, sore Alkaloids 85. Rubus fruticosus L. Rosaceae - S and Wild NE throat and wounds and Decoction and Leaves– Astringent and tonic roots mouth ulcers flavonoids Alkaloids 86. Scutia myrtina Rhamnaceae Tuvadi S Fruit Cultivated LC Fruit – Astringent and Decoction Kurz. and wild (2018) glycosides Sterculia urens Cultivated Gum– Laxative and throat 87. Roxb. Sterculiaceae Kavalam T Gum and wild NE infections Alkaloids - Whole Whole plant – Intestinal Alkaloids, 88. Striga lutea Lour. Scrophulariaceae Pallipoondu H Wild NE flavonoids Decoction plant parasites and tannins Tylophora Alkaloids, asthmatica W. & Root– Asthma, bronchitis, 89. A. Asclepiadaceae Naypalai C Root Wild NE dysenteryand stomachic tannins and Decoction BHVCW 124 glycosides Flavonoids, Roots– Dyspepsia, bronchitis, tannins, Vanda tessellate Cultivated, LC inflammations, piles, saponins, 90. Hk. Orchidaceae Kantanakuli E Roots ornamental Decoction BHVCW 125 and wild (2013) rheumatism and scorpion phytosterol stings s and alkaloids Leaves Cultivated, Leaves and stem – Breast 91. Viscum album L. Loranthaceae - SP and ornamental NE cancer, diuretic and high blood Alkaloids Tonic stem and wild pressure Bark – Dysentery and dropsy Bark, Seeds–Intestinal worms, Wrightia tinctoria seeds, Ornamental LC diarrhea, dysentery and fevers Paste and 92. Apocynaceae Irum-paalai T roots Leaves– Toothache Glycosides R.Br. and and wild (2019) Leaves and roots– Fever tonic leaves Bark and leaves–Stomach painsand psoriasis Bark– Astringent, leprosy, Bark Xylia xylocarpa Cultivated LC vomiting, diarrhea and ulcers 93. Taub. Mimosaceae Iruvel T and and wild (2018) Seeds– Rheumatism, piles and Tannins Decoction seeds leprosy 94. Fruits– Purify the blood &aid digestion, bronchitis and Saponins, Fruits, seed, Cultivated, anemia triterpenes, Zizyphus Rhamnaceae Illandai T leaves Semi- NE Seed– Stomach ache, tannins, Decoction and mauritiana Lamk. and cultivated and insomniaand night sweats flavonoids tonic wild Root– Fever, wounds and and root ulcers alkaloids Leaves– Promote hair growth * Kritikar and Basu (1935); Khare (2007); Chopra et al. (1956,Journal 1969); of Advanced Parrotta Scientific (2001) Research, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: March-2021

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FERNS S. Parts Cultivatio Ecologic Mode of Botanical Name Family Name Local Name Habit Therapeutic Uses No. Used n Status al Status Preparation Whole plant – Actiniopteris radiata Whole Ornamental 1. Pteridaceae Fan leaf Fern H NE Astringent and malarial Decoction (Sw.) Link. plant and wild fevers Whole plant –Diuretic, Walking Whole fever and coughs Adiantum lunulatum Ornamental 2. Pteridaceae Maidenhair H plant and NE Root –Fever, Decoction Burm.f. and wild Fern roots elephantiasis and throat affections Cheilanthes Dwarf Hairy Leaves –Antidiabetes, 3. Adiantaceae H Leaves Wild NE Decoction mysorensis Wall. Lip Fern high pressure and fever Rhizome – Astringent, Drynaria quercifolia 4. Polypodiaceae Oak-leaf fern H Rhizome Wild NE typhoid, dyspepsia and Tonic (Linn.) J. Sm. coughs Hemionitis cordata Leaves – Anti diabetes 5. Hemionitidaceae Heartleaf fern H Leaves Wild NE Decoction Roxb. and anti-inflammation Whole plant– Increase Whole fertility Dwarf water LC 6. Marsilea minuta L. Marsileaceae H plant and Wild Leaves – Indigestion, Juice clover fern (2018) leaves nose bleeding and reduce swelling Microlepia speluncae Leaves –Wound healing 7. Dennstaedtiaceae Limp leaf fern H Leaves Wild NE Paste (L.) T. Moore and burns

BRYOPHYTES S.No. Botanical Name FamilyName 1. Riccia cordifolia Ricciaceae LICHENS S.No. Botanical Name FamilyName 1. Dirinaria sps. Caliciaceae 2. Parmotrema sps. Parmeliaceae Note:H – Herb, S – Shrub, C – Climber, T – Tree, CS – Climbing Shrub, E – Epiphyte, SP – Semi-Parasite, US – Under Shrub, CH – Climbing Herb, ST – Small Tree; NE – Not Evaluated, LC – Least Concern, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, NT – Near Threatened

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Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 137 The survey indicated that the study area was rich in wide variety of secondary metabolites or compounds medicinal plants used as therapeutics to treat a wide and it is belief that active principles are helpful in herbal range of human illnesses. Some of the common health preparation and responsible for their beneficial effects. ailments in the study area are skin diseases, rheumatism, The majority of formulations were prepared as joint pain, bronchitis, piles, asthma, hypertension, decoction (46) followed by a juice (28) and tonic (23) diarrhea, antidote for scorpion sting, fever, cough, cold, (Fig. 5). It was seen that decoction, juice and infusion toothache, jaundice, wounds, etc. Presumably, the were used to treat ailments internally (cold, cough, availability of such plants in the locality may increase the jaundice, ulcer and diabetics). use of plants as medicine. Medicinal plants contain a

Fig. 3: Graphical presentations of habit-wise analysis for surveyed medicinal plants

Fig. 4: Percentage of different parts used by Irula tribes for medicine preparation

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Fig. 5: Histogram showing the mode of preparation for surveyed medicinal plants

4. DISCUSSION Chopra et al. (1956, 1969), Khare (2007), Parrotta The study reveals that tribes in the region rely upon (2001) and searched with the help of the website Useful plants for therapeutic purposes. During the present Tropical Plants Database 2014. investigation, 104 species using medicinal purposes Therapeutic properties of these medicinal plants were were gathered. The families like Fabaceae, Mimosaceae due to the presence of different secondary metabolites and Asclepiadaceae with 7% are dominant over other like alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenols and families. Out of them,32 were herbs, 24 shrubs, 19 others. It is believed that active principles are helpful in trees and 11 climbers. Plant parts utilized as a source of herbal preparations and responsible for their beneficial medication was in the range of organized to unorganized property. Among these alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids sources. In most of the cases leaves (28%) were used for and glycosides were the important chemical compounds curing ailments followed by roots (21%), whole plants [25]. (17%), bark (11%), fruits (8%), seeds (6%), stems Generally, a fresh part of the plant is used for the (5%), flowers (3%) and other parts (1%). Similar preparation of medicine [26]. The methods of recordings regarding the plant habitats were reported preparation mainly fall into the following categories, [14-16]. viz. decoction (46%), juice extracted from the fresh In this study, the documented plant species were plant parts (28%), tonic (23%), plant parts applied as a compared with previous literatures and classified as paste (18%) and powder made from fresh or dried plant wild, cultivated and ornamental for the conservation parts (12%). In the surveyed plants, a few plants are status of these plant species. A similar observation was used alone and a few plants are used in combination. also reported [17]. These findings were similarly related to Ohemu et al. The IUCN used to define the categories of threatened (2014) and concluded as decoction and maceration are plant species has been refined considerably from time to the most common mode of preparation. time (IUCN 2020). It is important to know whether it represents a precise gauge of the proportion of 5. CONCLUSION threatened plants in the Indian flora. The plant list has The result of the present investigation gives evidence been checked with their distribution and threatening that therapeutic plants continue to play a vital role in the status included in Red Data Book [18]. healthcare system. A total of 104 plant species The information on medicinal uses of the plant species represented by 86 genera and 52 families were compared with some important literatures and books of documented for medicinal purposes. The majority of Indian Medicinal Plants viz. Kirtikar and Basu (1935), the plant species have more than one medicinally

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Mownika S. et al., J Adv Sci Res, 2021; 12 (1) Suppl 1: 123-139 139 important part. The literature survey has indicated that Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative most of the medicinal plants reported in the present Medicines, 2004; 1:72-76. study have scientific validation. The recorded medicinal 8. Kala CP. Biological Conservation, 2000; 93:371-379. plants can serve as a database for forthcoming work or 9. Jeyadev CJ, RagupathyM. Publications of the scientific validation. Moreover, this study opens the Government Museum, 1962. door to the scientific approach, which could prompt the 10. Gamble JS & Fischer CEC. Flora of the Presidency discovery of new drugs, with lesser side effects. The of Madras, Adlard & Son Ltd. London, 1915-36. information assembled from the tribal practitioners is 11. Matthew KM. The Rapinet Herbarium, St. Joseph’s valuable for researchers in the field of ethnobotany, College, Tiruchirapalli, 1983; 3:278-279. ethnomedicine, taxonomy and pharmacology for further 12. IUCN 2020 http://www.iucnredlist.org/ studies. The present investigation shows that Manar hills 13. Bentham G, Hooker JD. Weldon and Wesley Ltd., have great diversity of medicinal plants with rich Germany. Vols. I. II & III.1862-1883. ethnomedicinal uses to treat various disorders. 14. Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011; 134:851-864. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 15. Dhivya SM, Kalaichelvi K. International Journal of The authors are gratefully acknowledged the Pharma and Biosciences, 2016; 4(2):39-51. Department of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi, for 16. Ramya EK, Mownika S, Sharmila S. Asian Journal of providing financial support to carry out our research Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2019; work. I thankful to Tamil Nadu Collegiate Education, 12(9):145-153. Chennai for providing a Scholarship to carry out my 17. Raj AJ, Biswakarma S, et al. Journal of Ethnobiology research work and also the tribal people of Manar beat, and Ethnomedicine, 2018; 14:8. Karamadai range, Coimbatore district for sharing their 18. Puyravaud JP, Davidar P, Pascal JP and Ramesh BR. valuable knowledge and help during field visits.We also Biodiversity and Conservation, 2003; 12:2091-2106. thank the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Southern 19. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Lalit Mohan Publication, Circle, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (India) for providing Allahabad, 1935; 2: 1347-1348. herbarium consultation and plant identification facilities. 20. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, et al. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India, 1956. Conflicts of interest 21. Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Verma BS. Council of The authors proclaim that they have no conflicts of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, interest concerning this article. India, 1969. 22. Khare CP. First Indian Reprint, Springer (India) 7. REFERENCE Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2007; 717-718. 1. Farnsworth NR. In Biodiversity Ed Wilson EO. 23. Parrotta JA. CAB International, Wallingford, UK National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1998; and New York, 2001; 944. 83-97. 24. Useful Tropical Plants Database (2014) by Ken 2. Lokesha R, Vasudeva R. Current Science, 1997; 73:2- Fern, Web Interface by Ajna Fern with Help from 25. Richard Morris. Available online at: http: 3. Kala CP. Almora: GB Pant Institute of Himalayan //tropical.theferns.info. Last update on 2019-06- Environment and Development, 2004; 24-36. 13 (Accessed March 20, 2020). 4. WHO. Geneva, Switzerland, 2001. 25. Mahadi Hasan MD, et al. Journal of Scientific and 5. Das K, Tiwari RKS, Shrivastava DK. Journal of Innovative Research, 2014; 3(5):500-514. Medicinal Plants Research, 2010; 4(2):104-111. 26. Ignacimuthu S, Ayyanar M, Sankara Sivaraman K. 6. Rahmatullah M, A-Al-Mahmud, Rahman A, et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2006; American Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 2:25-31. 2011; 5(1):115-131. 27. Ohemu TL, Agunu A, et al. International Journal of 7. Awadh A, Ali N, Al-rahwi1 K, Lindequist U. African Medicinal Aromatic Plants, 2014; 4(2):74-81.

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