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Study on the Ecology of Wild Ungulates of Keoladeo National Park Bharatpur, Rajasthan

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Study on the Ecology of Wild Ungulates of Keoladeo National Park Bharatpur, Rajasthan STUDY ON THE ECOLOGY OF WILD UNGULATES OF KEOLADEO NATIONAL PARK BHARATPUR, RAJASTHAN THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF Mottot of ^I)ilos(optip WILDLIFE SCIENCE BY , MD. NAYERUL HAQUE L CENTRE OF WILDLIFE AND ORNITHOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1990 T3855 t^'Sti^ ^lA ^^ ^. r ^^e^ -^^^^i 't^'^tSSS THESIS SECTIOM 9 NOV 1S31 ytiESIS SECTION CENTRE OF WILDLIFE & ORNITHOLOGY AUGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH - 202001 Dr. A. H. Musavi Chairman CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation "Study on the ecology of wild ungulates of Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan" submitted for the award of Ph.D degree in Wildlife Science, of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, is the original work of Mr. Md. Nayerul Haque. This work has been done by the candidate under my supervision. ^i/^' A.H.Musavi Chairman Centre of Wildlife & Ornithology Aligarh Muslim University,Aligarh Phone : 3282 S^ofn'-^^a^ .yVa'i^U'ia/ cyO<^•i^•^u• .J/ooi^/y. Ecological Research Centre Bharatpur 321 001, INDIA. CERXIFI C:ATE The work on "Study on the Ecology of Wild ungulates of Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan" has been done by Mr.Md.Nayerul Haque in Keoladeo National Park as a part of the Bharatpur Ecological Project under my supervision. All the data contained in the dissertation has been collected by Mr.Md.Nayerul Haque and has not yet been submitted for any degree elsewhere. DR. V. S. VIJAYAN PROJECT SCIENTIST Keoladeo National Park Ecology Project ACKNOWLEDGMENT I gratefully acknowledge the help I received from my supervisor Prof A.H. Musavi at every stage of the project. He not only did the formal supervision but also encouraged and inspired me throughout. Sincere thanks are due to my co-supervisor Dr V.S.Vijayan, Project Scientist, BNHS Ecological Research Centre, Bharatpur for being extremely helpful in various ways. But for his continued support and guidance this study would not have been possible and he also introduced me to the science of studying animals in the wild . I express my feeling of gratitude to Mr J.C. Daniel, Dr R.B.Grubh and Mr S.A. Hussain of the Bombay Natural History Society for their moral support and encouragement throughout the study period. I am grateful to Dr A.R. Rahmani, Project Scientist, Bombay Natural History Society for going through the manuscript and giving valuable suggestions. A special word of thank is to Dr P.A. Azeez, Research Scientist of BNHS Ecological Research Centre, Bharatpur who always extended his untiring support in computer work, chemical analysis and going through the manuscript. THESIS SECTION It will not be justified if I do not place my gratitude to all my colleagues at BNHS Ecological Research Centre, Bharatpur particularly Drs (Mrs) Lalitha Vijayan, Vibhu Prakash and Mr N.K. Ramachandran for their help in the preparation of this repo rt . I also thank Drs S.N. Prasad, A.J.T. Johnsingh and W.A. Rodgers of Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun for their valuable suggestion in the hour of need. I would like to thank all the staff members of Keoladeo National Park particularly Mr Bholu Khan for their untiring help throughout the study. I would like to thank all the field assistants, particularly Mr Ramhit who have been extremely cooperative and helpful during the field work. I am also grateful to Mr K.N. Mohanan who typed this dissertation. I am thankful to my younger brother Mr Md, Shakirul Haque and his friend Mr Imtiyaz Anjum who extended their full support to me during my stay at Aligarh. Last but not least I thank my parents who were a constant source of encouragement and inspiration throughout the study. 11 CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT 1 CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF PLATES XX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Aims 4 1 . 2 Objective 5 1.3 Hypothesis 6 CHAPTER 2 STUDY AREA 7 2.1 History 7 2 . 2 Location 7 2.3 Topography 7 2.4 Boundary 10 2.5 Soil 10 2.6 Climate 10 2.6.1 Monsoon 10 2.6.2 Winter 10 2.6.3 Summer 12 2.7 Hydro]ogy 12 2.8 Vegetation 12 2.8.1 Forest 13 2.8.2 Woodland 13 2.8.3 Scrub woodland 13 2.8.4 Dense to discontinuous thickets 14 2.8.5 Scattered shrub 14 2.8.6 Savannah woodland to scattered tree savannah 14 2.8.7 Shrub savannah 16 2.8.8 Grass savannah 16 2.8.9 Low grassland 16 2.8.10 Mosaic of several types 17 2.8.11 Wetland 17 2.9 Fauna 18 111 CHAPTER 3 STUDY SPECIES 19 3 . 1 Chital 19 3 .2 Sambar 20 3.3 Blackbuck 21 3.4 Nilgai 22 3.5 Wild boar 23 3.6 Feral cattle 23 CHAPTER 4 POPULATION 25 4.1 Introduction 25 4.2 Methodology 26 4.2.1 Simultaneous count 26 4.2.2 zonal count 28 4.2.3 Intensive count 30 4.2.4 Sex and age classification 30 4.2.5 Exponential rate of increase 31 4.3 Results 31 4.3.1 Population size 31 Chital 33 Sambar 33 Blackbuck 33 Nilgai 35 Feralcattle 35 Wild boar 38 4.3.2 Density and biomass 38 4.3.3 Exponential rate of increase (r) 40 4.3.4 Mortality 42 4.3.5 Predators 42 4.4 Discussion 43 5.5 Summary 5 1 CHAPTER 5 HABITAT PREFERENCE 53 5.1 Introduction 53 5.2 Methodology 55 5.2.1 Vegetation cover 57 5.2.2 Availability of crown area 57 5.2.3 Statistical analysis 59 IV 5.3 Result 62 5.3.1 Habitat preference 62 Chital 62 Sambar 65 Blackbuck 68 Nilgai 68 Feral cattle 73 Wild boar 76 5.3.2 Vegetation cover used by different ungulates 80 5.3.3 Correlation between the rank in the preference of different habitat and tree and shrub crown area 86 5.3.4 Niche breadth 87 5.3.5 Similarity in the habitat utilization of various ungulates 90 5 .4 Discussion 93 5.5 Summary 102 CHAPTER 6 TIME BUDGET AND ACTIVITY PATTERN 104 6.1 Introduction 104 6.2 Method 105 6.3 Results 107 6.3.1 Chital 10 7 6.3.2 Sambar 115 6.3.3 Blackbuck 121 6.3.4 Nilgai 129 6.3.5 Feral cattle 135 6.4 Discussion 141 6.5 Summary 145 CHAPTER 7 FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS 146 7.1 Introduction 146 7.2 Methodology 148 7.3 Results 154 7.3.1 Direct observation 154 Chital 154 Sambar 154 Blackbuck 157 V Nilgai 157 Feral cattle 157 Wild boar 158 7.3.2 Plant material in faeces 158 Chital 158 Sambar 162 Blackbuck 166 Nilgai 169 Feral cattle 173 Wild boar 178 7.3.3 Browse productivity 182 7.3.4 Browse utilization 184 7.3.5 Chemical composition of plants 186 7.3.6 Correlation between the food abundance and food preference 192 7.3.7 Similarity in the food preference 194 7.4 Discussion 199 7.5 Summary 206 CHAPTER 8 IMPACT OF GRAZING ON VEGETATION 208 8.1 Introduction 208 8.2 Methodology 209 8.3 Results 211 8.3.1 Species richness 211 8.3.2 Species diversity 211 8.3.3 Area covered by palatable species 215 8.3.4 Volume of space occupied by palatable species 219 8.3.5 Area covered by unpalatable species 222 8.3.6 Volume occupied by unpalatable species 226 8.3.7 Percentage grazed 230 8.3.8 Presence of hoof marks and droppings in different vegetation types 234 8.3.9 Abundance of major plant species in different habitat types 243 8.3.10 Grazing pressure on different species 248 VI 8.4 Discussion 252 8.5 Summary 256 REFERENCES 258 Appendix I The botanical composition of monthly composite samples of Chital droppings (a) 1987-88 and (b) 1988-89, based on the frequency of occurrence of epidermal fragments. N is the number of droppings pooled each month. 282 Appendix II The botanical composition of monthly composite samples of Sambar droppings (a) 1987-88 and (b) 1988-89, based on the frequency of occurrence of epidermal fragments. N is the number of droppings pooled each month. 284 Appendix III The botanical composition of monthly composite samples of Blackbuck droppings (a) 1987-88 and (b) 1988-89, based on the frequency of occurrence of epidermal fragments. N is the number of droppings pooled each month. 286 Appendix IV The botanical composition of monthly composite samples of Nilgai droppings (a) 1987-88 and (b) 1988-89, based on the frequency of occurrence of epidermal fragments. N is the number of droppings pooled each month. 287 Appendix V The botanical composition of monthly composite samples of Feral cattle droppings (a) 1987-88 and (b) 1988-89, based on the frequency of occurrence of epidermal fragments. N is the number of droppings pooled each month. 289 Vll Appendix VI The botanical composition of monthly composite samples of Wild boar droppings (a) 1987-88 and (b) 1988-89, based on the frequency of occurrence of epidermal fragments. N is the number of droppings pooled each month. 291 Appendix VII A list of common plants found in the Keoladeo National Park 293 Appendix VIII A list of mammals occurring in the Keoladeo National Park 300 Appendix IX A key to the identification of selected major food plants 301 •Ulli LIST OF TABLES Page Table A.l Population structure of ungulates at Keoladeo National Park (Simultaneous count) 32 Table 4.2 Population structure of ungulates at Keoladeo National Park (Zonal count) 32 Table 4.3 Population structure of the Sambar and the Blackbuck during 1987, 1988 & 1989 34 Table 4.4 Exponential rate of increase (r) of population of ungulates at Keoladeo National Park 3 4 Table 4.5 Population of ungulates at Keoladeo National Park during 1988 in different zones (Zonal count) 36 Table 4.6 Population of ungulates at Keoladeo National Park during 1989 in different zones (Zonal count) 36 Table 4.7 Summary of sex ratio and percentage of ungulates of Keoladeo National Park 37 Table 4.8 Density and biomass of wild ungulates in Keoladeo National Park 39 Table 4.9 Mortality of the ungulates during (a) 1987, (b) 1988 and (c) 1989 41 Table 4.10 Comparative sex and age ratio of some wild ungulates from studies by Schaller (1967) 4 4 Table 4.11 Density and biomass of wild ungulates in various national parks 47 Table 4.12 Biomass of ungulates in
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