DOCSLIB.ORG

Political Development of Singapore: a Multi-Dimensional Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Political Development of Singapore: a Multi-Dimensional Approach POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SINGAPORE: A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH Eswaran Ramasamy B.A., Simon Fraser Univexsity, 1987 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department Political Science @ Eswaran Ramasamy 1989 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY August 1989 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, .without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Eswaran Ramasamy Degree: Master of Arts Title of thesis: Political Development of Singapore: A Multi-Dimensional Approach Examining Committee: Chairman: Dr. Maureen Cove11 Y Dr. A.H. Sam* Senior ~upeivisor - Dr. F.Q@UO - ~ D;: Norman ' D. ' palmer External Examiner Department of Political Science University of Pennsylvania Date Approved: August 8th, 1989 ii PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publlcation of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without nw written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay Political Development of Singapore: A Multi-Dimensional Approach ( name 8 August 1989 ABSTRACT The existing approaches which attempt to explain the political development of Singapore, deserve to be questioned and supplemented. Some of them have used theoretical models which are either extraneous or inadequate, so far as the actual complexity of Singapore's development processes are concerned. For that purpose this thesis provides what I have called a composite approach. Such an approach takes into account: Singapore's historical background, changing political economy, ethnic composition and cultural values, and the social concerns and pragmatic policies of her governing elites. We shall examine the contribution of each of these, independently and in conjunction with other factors, to her many sided development. For the purposes of development analysis, Singapore is often lumped together with the other so-called 'dragons', namely, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong. That kind of an approach is not very helpful. For each one of them has come through a specific historical and social experience of its own. Equally distinct has been the nature of their economic growth and political development. Our detailed analysis of the different aspects of Singapore's development process will illustrate this point. This thesis critically examines the constitutional, structural and radical approaches to the study of Singapore, and emphasizes the need to adopt a more inclusive approach which takes into account the history, political economy, ethnic composition and immigrant ethic, political institutions, and highly flexible domestic and international policies which Singapore adopted for her economic and social developyent. One of the most neglected aspects in scholarly writings on Singapore is how her immigrant population, and its cultural values, were blended in the drive towards the modernization of Singapore's economy and society. In that sense the impetus from 'below' became most critical to her development Such a contribution is examined in detail in iii this thesis. In the new writings on development studies, there is a growing emphasis on what can be called development particularism. That is to say that we need to pay attention to the peculiar development experience of each society. Towards such an exercise this thesis, with its attempt to understand the uniqueness of Singapore's development experience, is a contribution. DEDICATION To Singapore and My Family. QUOTATION He who gains victory over others is strong but he who gains victory over himself is all powerficl. A Chinese saying ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank Singapore, in general, for providing me and my family the equality of opportunity and a conducive environment to harness our true potential and free ourselves from the cruel and vicious chains of poverty. It is beyond my imagination, that if my parents had remained in India, we would have been able progress this far in our lives. On this note, my sincerest gratitude to my aunt, Madam Kaliammal, for all her past help. My parents, brothers, sister-in-law and nephews for being there when I needed them most. To my gurus, Dr. Somjee and Dr. Quo, for sincerely taking the pains to ensure my scholarly progress. Finally to Dr. Geeta Somjee, her timely advice and motivation made this endeavour a possibility. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval ................................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ................................................................................................................................................................ v Quotation ................................................................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................... x Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................... xi I . Variety of Approaches Towards the Understanding of Political Development of Singapore....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Constitutional Approach .......................................................................................................................... 3 Structural Approach ................................................................................................................................. 5 Radical Approach ..................................................................................................................................... 9 The Composite Approach ................................................................................................................... 16 I1. Singapore's Development in a Historical Perspective............................................................. 20 Inception Stage 1819 - 1867........................................................................................................... 22 The Matwing Stage - 1840s to 1880s ...................................................................................... 37 The Mature Stage 1890 - To The Present ............................................................................ 42 The Internationalization of Capital ................................................................................................. 48 Some General Observations............................................................................................................... 58 111. Singaporean Society: Its Immigrant Component........................................................................ 64 Background: Factors Responsible for the Migration Process .............................................. 66 Factors Responsible Foq Emigration............................................................................................... 70 Supply-side Factors ................................................................................................................................ 70 Demand-side Factors ............................................................................................................................. 90 Some General Observations.............................................................................................................. 100 viii IV. Singapore's Governing Elites: Their Role ................................................................................. 107 Singapore's Governing Elites: Their Ideology .......................................................................... 109 Policy Analyses ...................................................................................................................................... 126 Domestic Policy Analyses ................................................................................................................. 140 Some General Observations.............................................................................................................. 152 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Beyond Empire and Nation (CS6)-2012.Indd 1 11-09-12 16:57 BEYOND EMPIRE and N ATION This Monograph Is a Publication of the Research Programme ‘Indonesia Across Orders
    ISBN 978-90-6718-289-8 ISBN 978-90-6718-289-8 9 789067 182898 9 789067 182898 Beyond empire and nation (CS6)-2012.indd 1 11-09-12 16:57 BEYOND EMPIRE AND N ATION This monograph is a publication of the research programme ‘Indonesia across Orders. The reorganization of Indonesian society.’ The programme was realized by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD) and was supported by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. Published in this series by Boom, Amsterdam: - Hans Meijer, with the assistance of Margaret Leidelmeijer, Indische rekening; Indië, Nederland en de backpay-kwestie 1945-2005 (2005) - Peter Keppy, Sporen van vernieling; Oorlogsschade, roof en rechtsherstel in Indonesië 1940-1957 (2006) - Els Bogaerts en Remco Raben (eds), Van Indië tot Indonesië (2007) - Marije Plomp, De gentleman bandiet; Verhalen uit het leven en de literatuur, Nederlands-Indië/ Indonesië 1930-1960 (2008) - Remco Raben, De lange dekolonisatie van Indonesië (forthcoming) Published in this series by KITLV Press, Leiden: - J. Thomas Lindblad, Bridges to new business; The economic decolonization of Indonesia (2008) - Freek Colombijn, with the assistance of Martine Barwegen, Under construction; The politics of urban space and housing during the decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960 (2010) - Peter Keppy, The politics of redress; war damage compensation and restitution in Indonesia and the Philippines, 1940-1957 (2010) - J. Thomas Lindblad and Peter Post (eds), Indonesian economic decolonization in regional and international perspective (2009) In the same series will be published: - Robert Bridson Cribb, The origins of massacre in modern Indonesia; Legal orders, states of mind and reservoirs of violence, 1900-1965 - Ratna Saptari en Erwiza Erman (ed.), Menggapai keadilan; Politik dan pengalaman buruh dalam proses dekolonisasi, 1930-1965 - Bambang Purwanto et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Malayan Communist Party's Struggle for Hearts and Minds In
    No. 116 ‘Voice of the Malayan Revolution’: The Communist Party of Malaya’s Struggle for Hearts and Minds in the ‘Second Malayan Emergency’ (1969-1975) Ong Wei Chong Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore 13 October 2006 With Compliments This Working Paper series presents papers in a preliminary form and serves to stimulate comment and discussion. The views expressed are entirely the author’s own and not that of the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS) was established in July 1996 as an autonomous research institute within the Nanyang Technological University. Its objectives are to: • Conduct research on security, strategic and international issues. • Provide general and graduate education in strategic studies, international relations, defence management and defence technology. • Promote joint and exchange programmes with similar regional and international institutions; and organise seminars/conferences on topics salient to the strategic and policy communities of the Asia-Pacific. Constituents of IDSS include the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR), the Centre of Excellence for National Security (CENS) and the Asian Programme for Negotiation and Conflict Management (APNCM). Research Through its Working Paper Series, IDSS Commentaries and other publications, the Institute seeks to share its research findings with the strategic studies and defence policy communities. The Institute’s researchers are also encouraged to publish their writings in refereed journals. The focus of research is on issues relating to the security and stability of the Asia-Pacific region and their implications for Singapore and other countries in the region. The Institute has also established the S.
    [Show full text]
  • High Court of Malaya Should Allow Chin Peng to Return to Malaysia
    INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN BY THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF DEMOCRATIC LAWYERS IN SUPPORT OF CHIN PENG'S PETITION TO RETURN TO MALAYSIA Who is Chin Peng? Chin Peng, born Ong Boon Hua in the small Malaysian town of Sitiawan, Perak, in 1924, experienced the impact of the 1930’s depression on his family. As a teenager, he was drawn into student activism at his school. Many political changes were stirring in southeastern Asia at this time and Chin Peng read avidly, learning about exploitation of countries by colonizers and exploitation of laborers by industrialists. During the Japanese occupation of British Malaya from 8th December 1941 to 1945, Chin Peng was a guerilla fighter with the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) which, nevertheless, decided to cooperate with British forces to defeat the Japanese. After the Japanese surrender, the returning British colonizers even nominated Chin Peng for the Order of British Empire, an award which he declined. For almost three years after the Second World War, the CPM under Chin Peng, by then its Secretary-General, actively participated in peaceful and democratic activities to oppose colonial rule and to secure independence for Malaya. In fact, the CPM was the first political party legally established in Malaya to demand independence and freedom, first from the British, then from the Japanese, and then from the British again. Other groups in Malaya were also seeking independence from the British including the Malay Nationalist Party (PKMM)-led Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (PUTERA), headed by Dr Burhanuddin Al-Helmy, and the All-Malayan Council for Joint Action (AMCJA), led by Tun Tan Cheng Lock, who had jointly declared a People's Constitution for an independent Malaya in 1947.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Malavsiao an Inevitable Creation, 16 September 1963
    'Malavsiao An Inevitable Creation, 16 September 1963 Ooi Keat Gin School of Humanities Universiti Sains Malaysia The concept of 'Malaysia' was conceived as a strategy of the westem powers, n Britain, to ensure that its former colonial possessions, namely (British) Malaya and Bomeo (sarawak, Brunei, North Bomeo) did not switch or fall into the socialist/ camp. The genesis of the formation of the Federation of Malaysia which comprised Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah (formerly North Bomeor), and that realized on 16 September 1963 presented a bulwark to the advancement of the i the communist ideology in the Southeast Asia region. The post-war situation and conditi the then British colonial territories and protectorates of Malaya, Singapore, sarawak, and North Borneo witnessed the increasing influence and threat of communism penn the region. comparatively, however, Brunei and North Bomeo had scant Leftist impact. During the 1950s and early 1960s, the mandarins at whitehall, the Foreign office (Fo), colonial office (co) were particularly anxious and apprehensive that their possessions in Southeast Asia appeared to be susceptible and be swept by the Leftist then prevailing in the region. Symptoms of this Leftist wave could be seen in neiehbouri Indonesia (Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI, Indonesia communist partv). the phi (Hukbalahap, Huk), and vietnam (Viet cong). within Malaya itself, there was the pro Emergency (1948-1960) with the formidable Malayan communist party (MCp), whereas singapore the Barisan sosialis (Socialist Front) was gaining strength and influence, and in Sarawak, the clandestine manoeuvres of the Sarawak communist organization ( through the sarawak united People's Party (suPP) were worrisome, developments that threatening and troublesome.
    [Show full text]
  • Singapore's Struggle Against CPM: What If the Barisan Sosialis Had Won?
    www.rsis.edu.sg No. 246 – 12 December 2014 RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical issues and contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official position of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced electronically or in print with prior permission from RSIS and due recognition to the author(s) and RSIS. Please email: [email protected] for feedback to the Editor RSIS Commentary, Yang Razali Kassim. Singapore’s Struggle Against CPM: What if the Barisan Sosialis Had Won? By Kumar Ramakrishna Synopsis On the 25th anniversary of the end of the long struggle against the Communist Party of Malaya, it is critical that the conflict be remembered and evaluated accurately. Due regard should be given especially to the sacrifices of those Singaporeans who suffered or perished as a result of Communist violence. To do any less would be a travesty. Commentary THIS YEAR marks the 25th anniversary of the signing of the peace agreement between the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) and the Malaysian and Thai governments in Hat Yai, which ended four decades of conflict. On 8 December 2014 a marker of the ‘Struggle Against the Communist Party of Malaya’ was unveiled at Esplanade Park in Singapore near the Cenotaph and Lim Boh Seng Memorial on Queen Elizabeth Walk. The marker is intended as a timely reminder of the approximately 8,000 civilian and security personnel casualties during the Communist insurgency in Malaya (including Singapore) from 1948 to the end of the 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 338 Fifth PRASASTI International Seminar on Linguistics (PRASASTI 2019) Discourse Analysis on Reading Communism via Independent Documentary Soundtracks Mohd. Nor Shahizan Ali Centre for Communication and Digital Society, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia [email protected] Abstract— Regarding the issue of independent documentary, the key question to be considered is whether the message conveyed to target groups or intended audiences is fully achieved. The usage of soundtracks to convey the message of an independent documentary is seen as an added value for audiences to digest the producers’ idea. Zettl (2014) put the cultural, ideology and technological narrative message of the production based on soundtracks analysis (focused only on lyrics) as part of the narrative in soundtracks. Using an independent documentary ‘The Last Communist (2006)’ work of Amir Muhammad, this article discusses the ‘reading’ of soundtracks. These soundtracks represents the producers’ idea and constructs a connotation meaning for audiences to consume as they want. The soundtracks are highly posed and are set in descriptive meaning to make them relevant across the globe. They represent actual places or tragedy, and they document witness, which symbolically represents moods such as ‘contentment’ and ‘freedom’. This study implied a focus group discussion with informants that consider as the fourth industrial generation (4IR) whom have watched ‘The Last Communist (2006)’. The topic of discussion is focused only on the soundtracks (focused only on lyrics). It is debatable that soundtracks reading cannot be described adequately in formal terms only. Rather, they are considered to be visual representations of metaphorical thoughts or concepts and the changing of time and mass.
    [Show full text]
  • Singapore Engages China's Belt and Road Initiative: the Pitfalls and Promises of Soft Strategies CHAPTER 3
    CHAPTER 3 Singapore Engages China’s Belt and Road Initiative: The Pitfalls and Promises of Soft Strategies Alan Chong Abstract As a trading state that practices ‘abridged Realism’ (Chong 2006), Singapore engages China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through soft strategies. On the politico-security front, Singapore has maintained a measured continuity in criticizing China’s disregard of international law in relation to territorial disputes in Asia and lobbies ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) to maintain a united front in dealing with a rising China that is frequently tempted to split ASEAN through the artichoke strategy of cutting special bilateral deals. This steadfast adherence to principle has threatened to occasionally derail Sino-Singapore ties. On the other hand, China’s BRI is a multilevel chessboard. Singapore’s markets and investment climate are attractive to China’s BRI-related outbound investments due to the positive reputation of the island’s rules, laws, arbitration, syndication of loans and syndication for projects. Singaporean firms lend their Chinese partners social legitimacy and political capital in investing across Asia. This paper examines the uncertain outcomes of these ‘soft strategies’ played by a small state like Singapore. On paper, the contrasts in international relations could not have been starker between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of Singapore. To begin with, the entire sovereign territory of Singapore is one-ninth the size of the city of Shanghai and its suburbs, while Beijing, China’s capital is approximately 23 times the size of Singapore.1 China’s sovereign territorial expanse ensures that it shares long contiguous land borders with Bhutan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Nepal and Pakistan in the west, and Russia and Mongolia in the north, and North Korea to the northeast.
    [Show full text]
  • The “Hearts and Minds” Fallacy the “Hearts and Jacqueline L
    The “Hearts and Minds” Fallacy The “Hearts and Jacqueline L. Minds” Fallacy Hazelton Violence, Coercion, and Success in Counterinsurgency Warfare Debates over how governments can defeat insurgencies ebb and ºow with international events. Such debates tend to arise when the United States runs into problems in its efforts to support a counterinsurgent government. Often the United States approaches the problem of an armed, organized, internal nonstate political challenge to a government as a zero-sum game. In this competition, the state and nonstate actors compete for popular support and cooperation. The U.S. prescription for success is twofold: to provide support for liberaliz- ing, democratizing reforms designed to reduce popular grievances and gain popular support while weakening the insurgency, and to target insurgents with military force without harming civilians. I identify this prescription as the “good governance approach” for its focus on building a liberal, reform- ist central government to quell insurgency. Others have referred to it as the “population-centric approach,” the “comprehensive approach,” or the “hearts-and-minds approach.”1 In this article, I reconsider the effectiveness of the good governance ap- proach in light of the extreme difªculty that liberal great powers have experi- enced in applying it in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. Since the al-Qaida attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States has been trying to help smaller Jacqueline L. Hazelton is Assistant Professor of Strategy and Policy at the U.S. Naval War College. For their helpful comments, the author thanks the anonymous reviewers, Robert Art, Andrew Birtle, Nick Carter, Joseph Collins, Conrad Crane, David Edelstein, William Fallon, Brendan Green, Chaim Kaufmann, Rodrigo Javier Massi, Emily Meierding, J.E.
    [Show full text]
  • National Day Awards 2020
    1 NATIONAL DAY AWARDS 2020 THE ORDER OF TEMASEK (WITH HIGH DISTINCTION) [Darjah Utama Temasek (Dengan Kepujian Tinggi)] Name Designation 1 Prof S Jayakumar Senior Legal Adviser to the Minister for Foreign Affairs 1 2 THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER [Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang] Name Designation 1 Mr Koh Choon Hui Chairman, Singapore Children’s Society 2 Prof Wang Gungwu Former Chairman, ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute Former Chairman, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore Former Chairman, East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore 2 3 THE MERITORIOUS SERVICE MEDAL [Pingat Jasa Gemilang] Name Designation 1 Ms Chan Lai Fung Permanent Secretary (National Research & Development) Permanent Secretary (Public Sector Science and Technology Policy and Plans Office) Chairman, A*STAR 2 Assoc Prof Benjamin Ong Kian Chung Immediate Past Director of Medical Services 3 4 THE PUBLIC SERVICE STAR (BAR) [Bintang Bakti Masyarakat (Lintang)] Name Designation Aljunied GRC 1 Mr Tng Kay Lim, BBM Chairman, Paya Lebar CCC Bishan-Toa Payoh GRC 2 Mr Roland Ng San Tiong, JP, BBM Chairman, Toa Payoh Central CCC East Coast GRC 3 Mdm Susan Ang Siew Lian, BBM Treasurer, Changi Simei CCC Holland-Bukit Timah GRC 4 Mr Lim Cheng Eng, BBM Patron, Bukit Timah CCMC Jurong GRC 5 Mr Richard Ong Chuan Huat, BBM Chairman, Bukit Batok East CCC 6 Mr Victor Liew Cheng San, BBM Vice-Chairman, Taman Jurong CCC Marine Parade GRC 7 Mr Ong Pang Aik, BBM Patron, Braddell Heights CCMC Sembawang GRC 8 Mr Norman Aw Kai Aik, BBM Chairman, Canberra
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysia – Communists – Ethnic Chinese – Internal Security Act – Freedom of Association – Human Rights
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: MYS17707 Country: Malaysia Date: 16 December 2005 Keywords: Malaysia – Communists – Ethnic Chinese – Internal Security Act – Freedom of association – Human rights This response was prepared by the Country Research Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Questions 1. What is the attitude of the Malaysian authorities to Communism/communists? 2. Do the authorities charge, detain in prison and/or restrain the movement of communists? 3. Could the authorities institute other actions such as ‘instigating violence’, ‘creating public unrest’, and ‘anti-national activities’ to mask action against communists? 4. Is Malaysia branding the human rights movement as communists? 5. What is the ISA Act, (Internal Security Act) in Malaysia? 6. Is it generally accepted that the ethnic Chinese have spread the Communist ideology in Malaysia? 7. What rights of association, freedom of movement, workers’ rights (the right to organize and bargain collectively) and anti-discrimination rights are held by Malaysian citizens? RESPONSE 1. What is the attitude of the Malaysian authorities to Communism/communists? 2. Do the authorities charge, detain in prison and/or restrain the movement of communists? 3. Could the authorities institute other actions such as ‘instigating violence’, creating public unrest’, and ‘anti-national activities’ to mask action against communists? Executive Summary Country information suggests that the Malaysian authorities maintain an antithetical attitude towards any citizens who subscribe, or have subscribed, to the views which motivated the communist insurgency which affected Malaya during the 1948-1960 State of Emergency.
    [Show full text]
  • The Communist Party of Malaya's
    Securing the Population from Insurgency and Subversion in the Second Emergency (1968-1981) Submitted by Weichong Ong, to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Research in History, August 2010. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. 1 Abstract Divided into five core chapters, this thesis examines the success and failures of both the insurgent that was the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) and the counterinsurgent (Malaysia and to a lesser extent Singapore) during the Second Emergency (1968 to 1981). The conflict is set within a paradigm built upon the four key touchstones of utility of military force, civil-military relations, population security, and propaganda. Anglo- American Counterinsurgency practice in Malaya and Vietnam as well as the doctrine of People‘s War and Maoist mass persuasion will be comparatively examined within the framework of the abovementioned four touchstones to set the backdrop for the debate on the Second Emergency. The CPM‘s strategy of anti-colonial armed struggle from 1948 to 1960 will be compared with that of its post-colonial armed revolution between 1968 and 1981. Key themes exploited by the CPM in its propaganda to revolutionise the thoughts and actions of its target audience and its impact will be analysed.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysian Communist Party (MCP): Internationally Lack of Support and Locally Disoriented
    International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 10, No. 8, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS Malaysian Communist Party (MCP): Internationally Lack of Support and Locally Disoriented Mohd Rizal Mohd Yaakop, Sharifah Aluya Ali, Sharifah Sabrina Ali, Iing Nurdin, Ahmad Redzuan Mohamad, Mohd Azmi Mohd Razif To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i8/7669 DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i8/7669 Received: 08 May 2020, Revised: 04 June 2020, Accepted: 20 July 2020 Published Online: 16 August 2020 In-Text Citation: (Yaakop, Ali, Ali, Nurdin, Mohamad, & Razif, 2020). To Cite this Article: Yaakop, M. R. M., Ali, S. A., Ali, S. S., Nurdin, I., Mohamad, A. R., & Razif, M. A. M. (2020). Malaysian Communist Party (Mcp): Internationally Lack of Support and Locally Disoriented. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 10(8), 1000-1007. Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s) Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com) This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Vol. 10, No. 8, 2020, Pg. 1000 - 1007 http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS JOURNAL HOMEPAGE Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/publication-ethics 1000 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol.
    [Show full text]