Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18943-0 — Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective J

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18943-0 — Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective J. Christopher Soper , Joel S. Fetzer Index More Information

Index

Adams, John, 37, 69 Artigas, José Gervasio, 162, 163, 164, Advani, L. K., 205, 206, 209 165, 173 All India Hindu Mahasabha, 189 lack of anti-clericalism, 163 Alliance Party, 144 religious beliefs of, 163–4 All-India Muslim League, 188 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 5 conlict with Congress Party, 184, 193 secular nationalism of, 4, 16 Lahore Resolution of, 192, 193 origins of, 191 Barreiro, Manuel, 173 American civil religion, 18–19 Batlle y Ordóñez, José, 17, 161, 168–9, and religious unity, 38–9 171–3 and U.S. Constitution, 48 anticlericalism of, 168 Catholic support for, 45–8, 51 Begin, Menachem, 87, 107 Jewish support for, 45–8 and revisionist zionism, 84 Muslim support for, 53 Bellah, Robert, 8 political support for, 39 Ben-Gurion, David, 78, 92 religious support for, 37 and Labor Zionism, 77 secular challenges to, 53–4 negotiating religious conlict, 81, 85, 86 American Jewish Committee, 75 rhetoric of, 106–7 American Revolution secular nationalism of, 78 religious support for, 13, 33 status quo letter of, 86 Anderson, Benedict, 3 Bharatiya Janata Party, 28, 184, 209, 213 anti-Semitism and promotion of Hindutva, 204, 209 in Greece, 129–30 electoral success of, 204, 205 in the United States, 44 Hindu nationalism of, 1, 20, 204–5 Antuña, Hugo, 171, 172, 175 origins of, 202 Anwar Ibrahim, 149, 155, 158–9 Bhargava, Rajeev, 198 Arab Christians (in Israel), 100–1 BJP. See Bharatiya Janata Party Arabs, Israeli, 90–1 Blanco Party (in Uruguay), 166, 167, 170, Archbishop Christodoulos, 118, 123 182 controversy over identiication cards, Blum, Edward, 56 123 Bong Kee Chok, 147 Archbishop Ieronymos II, 110, 118, 124 Bordaberry, Juan María, 181 religious nationalism of, 128 Bose, Sumantra, 202

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18943-0 — Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective J. Christopher Soper , Joel S. Fetzer Index More Information

264 Index

Brubaker, Rogers, 8, 12 Eisenhower, Dwight David, 50 Bumiputera, 139 elites, political, 20, 21 Bush, George W., 52 Ely, Ezra Stiles, 39 Episcopal Church, General Convention of Caetano, Gerardo, 170, 172, 175, 182 resolutions on Iraq War, 68 Central Board of Jewish Communities in Erdog˘an, Recep Greece, 128 religious nationalism of, 6, 24 Chand, Lal, 189 ethno-symbolic theories of nationalism, 5 Chin Peng, 147 Church of Sweden, 23 Ford, Gerald, 70 civic republicanism, 35, 44–5 French Revolution, 1, 4, 77, 114 Civic Union (in Uruguay), 167, 170, 171, anticlericalism of, 3 175 inluence on Greek nationalism, 111 civil religion Friedland, Roger, 4, 7 in Israel, 74, 87 instability of in Israel, 87–8 Gandhi, Indira, 202 civil-religious nationalism appeal to Hindu nationalism, 202 as alternative model, 8–9 assassination of, 203 institutional features of, 10 emergency rule of, 20, 202 variables in development of, 17–19 secular nationalism of, 17, 202–3, 208, Clogg, Richard, 112 218–19 Colorado Party (in Uruguay), 167, 170, Gandhi, Mahatma, 184, 192, 225, 229 171, 172 and civil religious nationalism, 192 Congress Party, 188, 190, 193, 204, 217, assassination of, 190, 195 221 Gandhi, Rajiv, 203 and Constituent Assembly of India, 194 and Shah Bano affair, 203 and Morley-Minto Reforms, 188 appeal to Hindu nationalism, 203–4 electoral success of, 202 secular nationalism of, 219–20 Karachi Resolution of, 188 Gellner, Ernest, 3 Constituent Assembly of India, 185, 194, Godse, Nathuram, 190, 195 196, 200 Golden Dawn Party, 130 and Hindu Nationalism, 195–6 Golwalker, M. S., 190, 216 and Islamic personal law, 197 views on Kashmir, 216 and Mahatma Gandhi, 197 Gorski, Philip, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 24, 38, 71 and secular nationalism, 194–5, 198 Graham, Franklin, 229 backround of, 194 Greco-Turkish War, 121 Constitution of India, 17, 198, 226 Greece secular features of, 198–9 conlicts with Turkey, 122 Cooper, Samuel, 35, 36, 39 constitution of, 110, 116, 118, 228 cultural Zionism, 76, 77, 90 controversy over identiication cards, 123 Cyprus, 110, 122, 132 public attitudes toward Turkey, 126–8 religious education in, 117–18 Declaration of the Establishment of the religious minorities in, 118 State of Israel, 80 religious nationalism of, 16 and religious nationalism, 81–2 War of Independence, 112, 113 and Revisionist Zionism, 82 Gregorious V, Patriarch of Constantinople, and secular nationalism, 80–1 112, 113, 115 Democratic Action Party, 139 democratization Ha’am, Achad, 76 and rise of religious nationalism, 7 Halikiopoulou, Daphne, 121 Don-Yehiya, Eliezer, 9, 77, 87 Haredi, 76, 78 Douglass, Frederick, 56 Herzl, Theodor, 76 Durkheim, Émile, 8 secular nationalism of, 76

Index 265

Hibbard, Scott, 20, 21, 188, 198 Kennedy, John F., 51 Hindu Code Bill, 201 Khoo Teik Ee, 136 Hindu nationalism, 186 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 56, 229 origins of, 190 Kook, Abraham Isaac, 76 Hindutva, 190, 202, 204, 209, 220 and Zionism, 76 Hobsbawm, Eric, 3 Kook, Zvi Yehuda, 89 and Jewish settlement of the territories, India 89 anti-conversion laws in, 196, 200, 207, Koraïs, Adamantios, 111, 114, 120 223 Kruse, Kevin, 50 British colonialism in, 187–8 Ku Klux Klan, 43 communalism in, 188, 189, 193, 205–6, 221 Labor Zionism, 76, 77, 78 cow-protection bills in, 195, 197, 200, Lacalle, Luis Alberto, 181, 182 202, 208, 223 Larrañaga, Dámaso Antonio, 162, partition of, 185, 193 165 public attitudes toward Pakistan, 212 role in founding of Uruguay, 165 religious demographics of, 206–7 Latorre, Lorenzo, 181 religious diversity of, 185 Lavalleja, Juan Antonio, 164, 165 Sikhs in, 188, 193, 202, 207 role in Uruguay’s founding, 164–5 Iqbal, Muhammad, 191 views on religion, 164–5 Iraq War Lerner, Hanna, 79, 86, 200 public attitudes toward, 62 Liebman, Charles, 9, 7787, 92 Ireland, 15, 183 Likud Party, 79 constitution of, 15 religious nationalism of, 92 religious nationalism of, 7 Liow, Joseph Chinyong, 139, 148, 149 Islamic Party of Malaysia, 148, 157 Lucknow Pact of 1916, 189 Israel Basic Law of, 73, 86, 91, 226 Madan, T. N., 199 democratic principles of, 82 Mahathir Mohamad, 141, 147, 149, 155 Druze in, 101, 102, 109 rhetoric of, 156–7 external threat to, 83 Malayan Communist Party, 135, 147 immigration to, 88 Malayan Emergency, 135 Muslims in, 102–3 Malayan People’s Liberation Army, 135 public attitudes toward settlements, Malaysia 96–9 13 May Incident, 140 religious parties in, 84, 91–2 Allah case in, 148 secular jews in, 74, 90 colonial history of, 138–9 Six-Day War of, 89 Constitution of, 143, 154 Status Quo Agreement, 86 debates on religious establishment, War of Independence, 79, 83 143–6 ethnic and religious conlcit in, 146 Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 77 ethnic violence in, 140 Jacobsohn, Gary, 199 Japanese occupation of, 134–5 Jaffrelot, Christophe, 190, 192, 195 minorities in, 136–7, 153–4 Jews in the United States, 44 Proclamation of Independence, 156 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 184, 191 public attitudes toward China, 150–2, Juergensmeyer, Mark, 6, 8, 11 154–5 Justice and Development Party, 20, religious and ethnic diversity of, 24 138–9 religious establishment of, 143 Kapodistrias, Ioannis, 114 Sedition Act of 1948, 141 Kashmir, 200, 202, 206, 211 Malaysian Chinese Association, 139

266 Index

Malaysian Indian Congress, 139 religious nationalism of, 21 Malaysian Islamic Party, 133, 156 role in War of Independence, 113–14 Marty, Martin, 39 Orthodox Judaism, 86 Marx, Anthony, 5 and zionism, 75, 89 Mirsky, Yehudah, 91 divisions among, 76 Mizrahi, 76, 78 Ottoman Empire, 16, 21, 121 models of religion and nationalism millet system in, 112 as ideal types, 14 demographic challenges to, 22–4 Pakistan, 184 external threats to, 21–2 separation from India, 17 political challenges to, 20–1 PAS. See Malaysian Islamic Party Modern Orthodox Judaism, 89 Patriarch of Constantinople, 112 modernist theories of nationalism, 6 Poland, 6, 183 Modi, Narendra, 205, 218, 222, 229 religious nationalism of, 1, 15 Hindu nationalism of, 222–3 Protection of Rights in Divorce, 203 Monterroso, José Benito, 164, 165 Protestant Reformation, 5 as religious leader, 164 and religious nationalism, 14 Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, 188, 189 Mujica, José, 182 race Murray, John Courtney, 51 in the United States, 55–6 Muslim Association of Greece, 128, 129 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, 189, 195 Muslim Brotherhood, 7 and relationship with Bharatiya Janata Muslims Party, 204, 205, 213 in the United States, 32, 55 electoral strategies of, 202 Mylonas, Harris, 122 Reid Commission, 144, 145 religious nationalism, 7 Najib Razak, 133, 149, 155, 158 in Israel, 78 rhetoric of, 157–8 institutional features of, 7–8 Nandy, Ashis, 192, 229 rise of, 5–6 National Operations Council, 140 variables in development of, 14–16 National Prayer Breakfast, 50, 70 religious transnationalism, 3, 14, 28, 29 National Religious Party (in Israel), 84 and Orthodoxy, 112, 120 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 13, 187 Revisionist Zionism, 77, 78 and British colonialism, 187 Rieffer, Barbara-Ann, 4, 8, 12, 21 and Hindu Code Bill, 201 Rodó, José Enrique, 171, 170–1 secular nationalism of, 4, 5, 17, 189, Roman Catholic Church, 7 218 and religious nationalism, 6, 15 tryst with destiny speech, 195 clergy in Uruguay, 164, 165 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 73 conlict with state, 4 religious nationalism of, 108 in the United States, 42–3, 69 New Economic Policy (in Malaysia), 141 in Uruguay, 165–6 Noll, Mark, 35, 36, 44 political weakness in Uruguay, 167, Noonon, John, 45 170 RSS. See Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Obama, Barack, 52, 53 Rukun Negara, 140, 141–2, 142, 147, religious rhetoric of, 54 153, 160 Onn bin Jaafar, 136 Russian Revolution, 1 Orthodox Church and Greek Constitution, 110 Samaras, Antonis, 131 religious nationalism of, 110 Sansón Corbo, Tomás, 165, 166, 167, 170 Orthodox Church of Greece, 16, 116 Sarawak and Sabah, 137 autocephalous status of, 120–1 Communist insurgency in, 147

Index 267

Sarawak Communist Organization, 147 United States Saudi Arabia, 7 1950s, 50–1 Savarkar, V. D., 190, 206 culture war in, 52 Secco Illa, Joaquín, 170 immigration to, 22, 42 Second Great Awakening, 39, 40, 42 Know Nothing Party, 44 Second Malayan Emergency, 147 lack of anti-clericalism in, 36 secular nationalism, 3 religious minorities in, 34, 41 institutional features of, 4–5 religious nationalism in, 52–3 rise of, 3–4 secularization in, 53, 230 variables in development of, 16–17 United States Conference of Catholic secularization theory, 6 Bishops settlements, 74 and Iraq War, 68–9 and Likud Party, 91 United States Constitution, 18, 25 Arab attitudes toward, 102 religion clauses of, 194–5 in the Occupied Territories, 96–9, 104 Uruguay Orthodox Jewish attitudes toward, 105 anti-clericalism in, 166, 171 Shamir, Yitzhak, 107 constitution of, 17 Shapira, Anita, 87 Constitution of 1830, 173–4 sharia, 133, 143 Constitution of 1918, 172, 174–5 Shelef, Nadav, 20, 92 controversy over pulp mills, 162, 177, Simitis, Costas, 123 178, 179 Singapore, 137 Declaration of Independence, 164 Singh, Manmohan, 221, 222 divorce laws in, 161, 169 Smith, Anthony, 5 immigration into, 166 Smith, Goldwin, 44 independence struggle of, 162–4 Smith, Rogers, 225 military dictorship in, 175 Soler, Archbishop Mariano, 169, 170, 172 public attitudes toward Argentina, 177–9 Southern Baptist Convention, 64, 67, 68 religious demographics of, 167 resolutions on Iraq War, 67–8 role of Thirty-Three Heroes, 164 Sri Lanka, 203 secularization in, 166–7, 169 Status Quo Agreement, 93 separation of church and state, 172–3 Strong, Josiah, 43 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 204, 217 Tan Chee Khoon, 136 Hindu nationalism of, 220–1 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 33, 46, 230 Van der Veer, Peter, 187 Treaty of Lausanne, 24, 115 Vassallo di Torregrossa, Papal Nuncio Trump, Donald, 229 Alberto, 170, 183 religious nationalism of, 22, 55 threat to American civil religion, 32, 52 Wald, Kenneth, 78, 89 Tsipras, Alexis, 110, 111, 118, 119, 123, Wales, Samuel, 34, 37 130 Walzer, Michael, 6, 20 participation in Orthodox ceremonies, Washington, George, 39, 52 131 Witherspoon, John, 36 Tunku Abdul Rahman, 136, 145, 155, World Zionist Organization, 77, 86 156 Yang di-Pertuan Agong, 142, 143 UMNO. See United Malays National Organisation Zionism, 75 Unión Civica. See Civic Union (in Arab attitudes toward, 79 Uruguay) historical divisions within, 75–7 United Malays National Organisation, in the United States, 75–7 133, 139 Zubrzycki, Geneviève, 24