DOCSLIB.ORG

Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path PRESIDENTIAL EXPERT COMMITTEE (PEC) Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path Presidential Expert Committee (PEC) Report on Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path January 2019 Chief Editor: Mohan Munasinghe Bureau: Saman Kelegama | Dushni Weerakoon | Hemanthi Ranasinghe W. L. Sumathipala | Siri Hettige | Savithri Goonesekere Lead Authors: Praveen Abhayaratne | S R K Aruppola | Abdul Azeez Gamini Batuwitage | Neloufer de Mel | Anura Ekanayake Shavi Fernando | Udan Fernando | P.A. Gooneratne Savithri Goonesekere | Siri Hettige | Saman Kelegama Amal Kumarage | Jagath Munasinghe | Mohan Munasinghe Hemanthi Ranasinghe | Kamal Ranatunge | Rohan Samarajiva W. L. Sumathipala | Asanga Tillekeratane | Mano Tittawela Dushni Weerakoon | Madhura Wehella Compilation: Presidential Secretariat i Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path TABLE OF CONTENTS Messages iv Chairman’s Foreword and Acknowledgements viii E. Executive Summary 1 2. EC. Introduction and Clusters 9. ES. Sectors 20. ET. Cross-cutting Themes 32. EV. 2030 Vision - Summary I. Introduction and Overview 37 38. I1. Background 39. I2. Scope and Structure 41. I3. Sustainable Development Vision and Balanced Inclusive Green Growth Path 45. I4. Structural breakdown and integration process 47. I5. Sri Lanka - Brief Overview C. Clusters: Economy, Environment, Society 50 51. C1. Current Status 55. C2. Economy: Critical Issues, Impacts and Solutions 73. C3. Environment: Critical Issues, Impacts and Solutions 82 C4. Society: Critical Issues, Impacts and Solutions 89. C5. Sustainability Perspective – 2020 and Beyond S. Sectors 95 96. S1. Agriculture and Food 102. S2. Education 112. S3. Energy 133. S4. Health 138. S5. Marine Resources 150. S6. Transport 162. S7. Urban Development and Physical Planning 177. S8. Water T. Cross-cutting Themes 189 190. T1. Climate Change, Disasters and Air Quality 199. T2. Ethics, Values and Citizenship 207. T3. Gender 214. T4. Governance 221. T5. Innovation, Industry and Technology 229. T6. International Relations 233. T7. Poverty and Inequality ii Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path 246. T8. Reconciliation, Security and Peace 258. T9. Youth Trans-generational Perspective R. Recommendations and Conclusions 267 268. RO. Overview 271. RC. Clusters 279. RS. Sectors 289. RT. Cross-cutting Themes Annexes 303 303. Annex A. Report Contributors 305. Annex B. Presidential Expert Committee on Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision iii Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path Message from the President I am pleased to issue this message to the report on Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path, prepared by the Presidential Expert Committee (PEC) appointed in January 2017. An earlier draft served as the base document in a public consultation process launched in August 2019 to formulate consistent national policies that will guide Sri Lanka to become a truly sustainable nation by the year 2030. The sustainable development path recommended by the PEC is unique to Sri Lanka. The 'Balanced, Inclusive, Green Growth' (BIGG) also goes hand in hand with our nation's long tradition of adhering to a 'middle- path' approach that has helped us remain a resilient nation for millennia. I applaud this innovative path suggested by the PEC, chaired by Professor Mohan Munasinghe, who is an internationally renowned expert on sustainable development. The painstaking work of the PEC is reflected in the report as it covers all aspects of sustainable development and highlights risks and suggests remedies. I am thankful to all members of the PEC for their commitment and dedication to this national endeavor. The commitment of Sri Lanka to make development more sustainable is exceptional. In September 2015, I stood in front of world leaders at the General Assembly of the United Nations and pledged to provide leadership for Sri Lanka to take the foundational steps necessary to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by the year 2030. Now, the Presidential Experts Committee on Sustainable Development has completed its report. My government is firmly committed to ensure that the country's growth is sustainable. To this effect, we have passed one of the first acts of Parliament in the world on sustainable development, which provides for the appointment of the Sustainable Development Council, which has now been established. Further, Sri Lanka is the first country in the world to appoint a Parliamentary Select Committee on Sustainable Development. All these initiatives equip Sri Lanka well to meet the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. While the first draft was a concise, accurate report written by a panel of credible experts, I believe that for this to be a truly consensual national vision, it needed to be owned by the people, politicians of different parties, civil society, and the business community. For this, we provided all stakeholders the opportunity to comment, criticize and provide constructive feedback on the draft document, through the National Sustainability Discourse. Following the discourse, the draft document was revised to produce a truly consensual national vision based on citizen’s feedback. I sincerely hope that everybody will actively engage in the implementation of this Report to shape our nation's collective future and make Sri Lanka a sustainable, upper middle-income Indian Ocean hub that is economically prosperous, competitive and advanced, environmentally green and flourishing, and socially inclusive, harmonious, peaceful and just. Maithripala Sirisena President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka iv Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path Message from the Prime Minister I must take this opportunity to thank Prof. Mohan Munasinghe and his team of experts for painstakingly writing this document. Making this document accessible to the citizens and opening up a discourse to encourage public feedback on it, is commendable and is a sign of the participatory democracy we have rebuilt in the past 3 years. For this vision to become a reality, our activities should join hands with the external world. Sri Lanka is a small island right in the middle of a large world. For thousands of years we have benefitted from being located strategically. Unfortunately, we seem to have forgotten this competitive advantage of the location. Our vision is to reclaim that mantle of international connectivity. We have to leave behind decades of inward-looking policies that restricted our capacity to grow. Sri Lanka is a nation that prizes the values of democracy, and the National Sustainability Discourse helped to bring all its citizens together in a spirit of unity and strength. Just as everyone stood together to set the country free from the grip of colonialism back then, on January 8, Sri Lankans came together to set the nation free from the tyranny of dictatorship, corruption, nepotism and familial rule; ensuring our return to the hallowed community of democratic nations that assure its people freedom and justice. And now, the task before us is to ensure that the hard-won freedom retains its meaning and significance, and faces the biggest natural crisis at our hands, climate change, with courage and preparation. It is a task that calls for all of us to be united, irrespective of religious, ethnic and political affiliations. This indeed is the vision of the Government. In the eyes of the world, Sri Lanka has been restored to its position as a country that abides by the revered principles of democracy. Yet, before us is a formidable task of ensuring lasting peace and co- existence for all citizens while building on the concept of sustainable social economic development for the country. The National Sustainability Discourse has helped us strive to understand the challenges before us as a nation and to be determined to give ourselves wholeheartedly to the noble vision of taking our country forward. Ranil Wickremesinghe Prime Minister of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka v Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision and Strategic Path Message from the Chairman of the Sustainable Development Council As the Chairman of the Sustainable Development Council, it gives me great pleasure to issue this communique on the publication of the National Sustainable Development Vision. This document, a draft of which served as a basis on which citizens engaged in a policy discourse on how to shape Sri Lanka's path up to year 2030, was prepared by the Expert Committee of H.E. the President with a great deal of commitment and I take this opportunity to appreciate their efforts in this regard. I believe this is the first national effort of Sri Lanka to create a blue print to set out its long term economic, social and environmental goals for the next 12 years reflecting the country's strengths and capabilities. This is a sign of a true participatory democracy and an effort that ensures people's engagement in policy making. The six-month nationwide discussion on the contents of the first draft of the Vision 2030 document helped create consensus on where citizens stand on particular issues. The Sustainable Development Council supports this long-awaited effort, as sustainable development can only be achieved through true citizen participation. The Sustainable Development Council will build on the public consensus on the Sustainable Sri Lanka 2030 Vision document, in order to inform our way forward to make Sri Lanka a truly sustainable country by 2030. Udaya R. Seneviratne
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ABBN-Final.Pdf
    RESTRICTED CONTENTS SERIAL 1 Page 1. Introduction 1 - 4 2. Sri Lanka Army a. Commands 5 b. Branches and Advisors 5 c. Directorates 6 - 7 d. Divisions 7 e. Brigades 7 f. Training Centres 7 - 8 g. Regiments 8 - 9 h. Static Units and Establishments 9 - 10 i. Appointments 10 - 15 j. Rank Structure - Officers 15 - 16 k. Rank Structure - Other Ranks 16 l. Courses (Local and Foreign) All Arms 16 - 18 m. Course (Local and Foreign) Specified to Arms 18 - 21 SERIAL 2 3. Reference Points a. Provinces 22 b. Districts 22 c. Important Townships 23 - 25 SERIAL 3 4. General Abbreviations 26 - 70 SERIAL 4 5. Sri Lanka Navy a. Commands 71 i RESTRICTED RESTRICTED b. Classes of Ships/ Craft (Units) 71 - 72 c. Training Centres/ Establishments and Bases 72 d. Branches (Officers) 72 e. Branches (Sailors) 73 f. Branch Identification Prefix 73 - 74 g. Rank Structure - Officers 74 h. Rank Structure - Other Ranks 74 SERIAL 5 6. Sri Lanka Air Force a. Commands 75 b. Directorates 75 c. Branches 75 - 76 d. Air Force Bases 76 e. Air Force Stations 76 f. Technical Support Formation Commands 76 g. Logistical and Administrative Support Formation Commands 77 h. Training Formation Commands 77 i. Rank Structure Officers 77 j. Rank Structure Other Ranks 78 SERIAL 6 7. Joint Services a. Commands 79 b. Training 79 ii RESTRICTED RESTRICTED INTRODUCTION USE OF ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND INITIALISMS 1. The word abbreviations originated from Latin word “brevis” which means “short”. Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms are a shortened form of group of letters taken from a word or phrase which helps to reduce time and space.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Sri Lanka's Readiness to Attract Investors in Aquaculture With
    A Study on Sri Lanka’s readiness to attract investors in aquaculture with a focus on marine aquaculture sector Prepared by RR Consult, Commissioned by Norad for the Royal Norwegian Embassy, Colombo, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka’s readiness to attract investors in aquaculture TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents .................................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................................................. 6 Background and scope of study .............................................................................................................. 8 Action plan - main findings and recommendations ................................................................................ 8 Ref. Annex 1: Regulatory, legal and institutional framework conditions related aquaculture ...... 9 Ref. Chapter I: Aquaculture related acts and regulations ............................................................... 9 Ref. Chapter II: Aquaculture policies and strategies ..................................................................... 10 Ref. Chapter III: Aquaculture application procedures ................................................................. 10 Ref. Chapter IV: Discussion on institutional framework related to aquaculture ......................... 11 Ref. Chapter V: Environmental legislation ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rearticulations of Enmity and Belonging in Postwar Sri Lanka
    BUDDHIST NATIONALISM AND CHRISTIAN EVANGELISM: REARTICULATIONS OF ENMITY AND BELONGING IN POSTWAR SRI LANKA by Neena Mahadev A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland October, 2013 © 2013 Neena Mahadev All Rights Reserved Abstract: Based on two years of fieldwork in Sri Lanka, this dissertation systematically examines the mutual skepticism that Buddhist nationalists and Christian evangelists express towards one another in the context of disputes over religious conversion. Focusing on the period from the mid-1990s until present, this ethnography elucidates the shifting politics of nationalist perception in Sri Lanka, and illustrates how Sinhala Buddhist populists have increasingly come to view conversion to Christianity as generating anti-national and anti-Buddhist subjects within the Sri Lankan citizenry. The author shows how the shift in the politics of identitarian perception has been contingent upon several critical events over the last decade: First, the death of a Buddhist monk, which Sinhala Buddhist populists have widely attributed to a broader Christian conspiracy to destroy Buddhism. Second, following the 2004 tsunami, massive influxes of humanitarian aid—most of which was secular, but some of which was connected to opportunistic efforts to evangelize—unsettled the lines between the interested religious charity and the disinterested secular giving. Third, the closure of 25 years of a brutal war between the Sri Lankan government forces and the ethnic minority insurgent group, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), has opened up a slew of humanitarian criticism from the international community, which Sinhala Buddhist populist activists surmise to be a product of Western, Christian, neo-colonial influences.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Brief
    ASIA-PACIFIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING NETWORK ON TRADE POLICY BRIEF BRIEF NO. 50 | July 2017 India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement: Sri Lanka reaping the benefits from preferential trade SAMAN KELEGAMA* Usage of the preferential tariffs in the free trade agreement The objective of a free trade agreement (FTA) is not to bring about a balance in trade, but to work out a ‘win-win’ situation for both producers and consumers in FTA member countries. In doing so, there can be instances where the trade deficit increases for one partner. For instance, the inflow of necessary consumer goods, machinery and spare parts for industrial activity, and intermediate goods like textiles and oil, to one trading partner can be huge while the supply capacity of the same trading nation may be limited and cannot immediately increase to expand its exports to match the import flow. If one looks at the composition of imports from India to Sri Lanka, the bulk of it comes mainly to fulfill consumer needs like vehicles, pharmaceuticals, sugar, etc. Some other imports are intermediate imports for the industry like textiles, vehicle parts, and oil. For example, Sri Lanka annually imports close to US$60 million worth of yarn and US$300 million of fabric from India for use as inputs in the apparel industry. All these items constitute, on average, nearly 80% of Sri Lankan imports from India and they are imported outside the provisions of the FTA. In other words, these items are subject to normal customs duties and do not benefit from any tariff concessions.
    [Show full text]
  • India FTA and the Sri Lanka – Pakistan FTA
    UNCTAD REGIONAL VALUE CHAINS BACKGROUND PAPER Experiences of Sri Lanka in the Sri Lanka – India FTA and the Sri Lanka – Pakistan FTA Saman Kelegama and Chandana Karunaratne Institute of Policy Studies BACKGROUND PAPER NO. RVC-10 1 This study was prepared for UNCTAD as a background paper for to the ECIDC Report 2012. The financial Experiences of Sri Lanka in the Sri Lanka – India FTA and the Sri Lanka – Pakistan FTA Saman Kelegama and Chandana Karunaratne UNCTAD JANUARY 2013 Executive Director, Institute of Policy Studies, Sri Lanka Research Officer, IPS 2 Experiences of Sri Lanka in the Sri Lanka – India FTA and the Sri Lanka – Pakistan FTA Saman Kelegama and Chandana Karunaratne Introduction Since the implementation of Sri Lanka’s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with India and Pakistan, there have been markedly different impacts on its bilateral trade with the two countries. The India – Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) was signed in December 1998 and was among the first attempts to promote trade liberalization in South Asia. It was India’s first bilateral free trade agreement and resulted in substantial growth in trade between the two countries after becoming operational in March 2000. An analysis of sectoral growth that follows below shows that within the first two years following implementation of the Agreement, several sectors experienced over 100% growth, including industries such as chemical product manufacturing, cement manufacturing, and pearl harvesting. Among Sri Lanka’s key exports, textile articles grew noticeably by 370%. Nonetheless, some industries did suffer negative growth. Nonetheless, the development-oriented impacts of the ISFTA have been fairly limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Jaffna College Miscellany
    YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 09912 4050 JAFFNA COLLEGE MISCELLANY AUGUST, 1030. Jaffna College Miscellany August, 1939. VOL. XLIX. No. 2. JAFFNA COLLEGE MISCELLANY M a n a g e r : K. Sellaiah E d it o r s : S. H. Perinbanayagam L. S. Kulathungam The Jaffna College Miscellany is published three times a year, at the close of each term of the College year. The rate of annual subscription is Rs. 2.00 including postage. Advertisement rates are sent on application. Address all business communications and remit all subscriptions to:— The Manager, Jaffna College Miscellany, Vaddukoddai, Ceylon. American Ceyioir Mission Press, Tellippalai. CONTENTS Page Origin of the Tamil Language - 1 A note on Modern English Poetry - 11 Some more popular fallacies 17 (g>) - - 23 Y. M. C. A. - - 26 The Academy - - 27 House Reports Abraham House - 28 Brown House - - 30 Hastings House - - 31 Hitchcock House - - 34 The Hunt Dormitory Union 36 The Athenaeum - - 36 The Scout Troop - 37 The All-Ceylon Boy Scout Jamboree - 39 Physical Director’s Notes - 43 Annual Field Day Sports Meet 1939 - 49 Principal’s Notes - - 56 The Jaffna College Alumni Association News and Notices - 59 The Jaffna College Alumni Association Alumni Day - 65 The Jaffna College Alumni Association Treasurer’s Announcement - - 77 Alumni Notes - - 78 Editorial Notes - - 82 Matriculation Results - 91 Notes from a College Diary - 92 The Miscellany File 102 Our Exchange List - - 103 ORIGIN OF THE TAMIL LANGUAGE (B y R e v . S. G n a n a P r a k a s a r , o . m . i .) Tamil ever Ancient and New Tamil is said to be the most ancient of the languages now spoken in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Country Assessment (CCA)
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 1 : The Development Context…………………………………………………...2 1.1: Overall challenges……………………………………...………………2 1.2: The impact of natural and man-made disasters on the development process………….………………………………………………………3 1.3: The framework of the CCA analysis: some underlying development issues……………….…….……………………………………………..4 1.3.1 Equity and inclusion………………………………………………5 1.3.1.1 Regional disparities……………...………………………5 1.3.1.2 Gender equality.…………………….………………..…..5 1.3.1.3 IDPs………………………………………………………5 1.3.1.4 Elderly and youth….…..…………………………………5 1.3.2 Participation and empowerment……..……….………………..…6 1.3.3 Protection of human security and human rights…….....………..6 Chapter II: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: Reducing Poverty, Generating Pro-poor Growth and Employment…………8 The contextual framework …………………………………………………..8 Part I 2.1.1 Poverty, income distribution and growth…………….……………8 2.1.1. a. Regional disparities …………………………………………9 2.1.1.b. Income distribution….……………………………………....9 2.1.1.c. Poverty and vulnerability……..………….…...……………..9 2.1.1.d. Correlates of poverty……..…………………………………9 2.1.2 The macroeconomic context…………………………………..11 2.1.2.a. GoSL’s Economic Strategy: accelerate economic growth and reduce regional disparities ..…………………….11 2.1.2.b. Macroeconomic framework………......……………..……...11 2.1.2.c. Fiscal sustainability and fiscal space ………...………… 12 (i) Enhancing revenue performance…………….……..………12 (ii) Expenditure rationalization ……..………….……..………12 (iii) Reducing the public debt burden…..……….……..………12 2.1.3 The investment climate ..……………………………………12 2.1.3.a. Infrastructure..….…………………………………………13 Power…………...………………………………………13 Roads…………...………………………………………13 2.1.3.b. Financial sector……….....………………………………13 Banks………….....………………………………………13 Microfinance………...……..……………………………14 2.1.3.c. Labour markets and regulation………………………….14 2.1.4 Trade and investment……………………………………………16 2.1.5 Rural development……....………………………………………17 .
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of Ports China's Investments in Pakistan, Sri Lanka & Bangladesh
    Politics of ports China’s investments in Pakistan, Sri Lanka & Bangladesh Thilini Kahandawaarachchi A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Studies: South Asia University of Washington 2015 Committee: Sunila Kale Anand Yang Program Authorized to Offer Degree: The Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies © Copyright 2015 Thilini Kahandawaarachchi ii University of Washington Abstract Politics of ports China’s investments in Pakistan, Sri Lanka & Bangladesh Thilini Kahandawaarachchi Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Dr. Sunila Kale South Asia Studies Department Over the last decade China has heavily invested in deep-water ports in Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Many scholars explain these investments in light of China’s economic expansion and long-term strategic goals. However, scholars have not paid enough attention to the rationale for recipient countries to encourage and even actively seek Chinese investments. This thesis will examine the rationale behind the governments of Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh for involving China to build their maritime infrastructure. Firstly, I argue that these countries consider China to be a favourable alternative to funding from international financial institutions and Western donors that usually have numerous conditionalities when extending development loans. Secondly, I argue that South Asian countries around India perceive China as a counter balance against the regional hegemony of India. Further, China is also a useful friend to these South Asian countries to resist the influence of external powers and international organizations such as the UN. Thirdly, I argue that Chinese funding for these projects is used to achieve local development agendas and to increase regional connectivity in South Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Clustering of Rural Poverty and Food Insecurity in Sri Lanka
    Spatial clustering of rural poverty and food insecurity in Sri Lanka Upali Amarasinghe∗, Madar Samad, Markandu Anputhas International Water Management Institute, 127, Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatta, Battaramulla, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Tel: 94-11-2787404. Fax: 94-11-2786854. E-mail addresses: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract We mapped poverty, with reference to a nutrition-based poverty line, to analyse its spatial clustering in Sri Lanka. We used the Divisional Secretariat poverty map, derived by combining the principal component analysis and the synthetic small area estimation technique, as the data source. Two statistically significant clusters appear. One cluster indicates that low poverty rural areas cluster around a few low poverty urban areas, where low agricultural employment and better access to roads are key characteristics. The other indicates a cluster of ∗ Corresponding author. 1 high poverty rural areas, where agriculture is the dominant economic activity, and where spatial clustering is associated with factors influencing agricultural production. Agricultural smallholdings are positively associated with spatial clustering of poor rural areas. In areas where water availability is low, better access to irrigation significantly reduces poverty. Finally, we discuss the use of poverty mapping for effective policy formulation and interventions for alleviating poverty and food insecurity. Keywords: Spatial clustering; food poverty line; subdistrict level; water and land resources; geographical targeting; Sri Lanka Introduction Historically, Sri Lanka has placed a high value on basic human needs, channelling assistance to rural areas to promote food security and employment, and to assure that the poor have access to primary health care, basic education and an adequate diet.
    [Show full text]
  • People's Development Justice Report on National Review
    PEOPLE’S DEVELOPMENT JUSTICE REPORT ON NATIONAL REVIEW AND MONITORING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN SRI LANKA COLOMBO June 2019 PEOPLE’S DEVELOPMENT JUSTICE REPORT ON NATIONAL REVIEW AND MONITORING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN SRI LANKA Colombo Centre for Women’s Research (CENWOR) Sri Lanka 2019 ii Acknowledgements The Centre for Women’s Research extends its appreciation to Asia Pacific Women in Law and Development (APWLD) for giving it the opportunity to participate in monitoring the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals in Sri Lanka from a people’s, especially women’s point of view. We are particularly grateful to Diyana Yahaya and her team for the guidance and encouragement we received during the study process. The inputs of the women, civil society organisations and officials we interacted as also the with at ground level as also officials and women’s groups that participated in the validation workshop provided invaluable insights. We thank them all. CENWOR June 2019 iii Abbreviations BPFA Beijing Platform for Action CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CKDu Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown Aetiology CSOs Civil Society Organisations DCS Department of Census & Statistics EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment FTA Free Trade Agreement GCE (AL) General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level) GDP Gross National Product GOSL Government of Sri Lanka GSP Generalised System of Preferences GSP+ Generalised System of Preferences Plus HDI Human Development Index IFC International
    [Show full text]
  • The Nexus Between Religions and Federalism in Asia
    0010.1177/0032321717731660Political StudiesHe et al. research-article2017 Article 1 Political Studies 1 –18 2 The Covenant Connection © The Author(s) 2017 3 Reprints and permissions: Reexamined: The Nexus sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav 4 https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321717731660DOI: 10.1177/0032321717731660 5 between Religions and journals.sagepub.com/home/psx 6 7 Federalism in Asia 8 9 10 11 1 2 Baogang He , Laura Anne Allison 12 and Michael Breen2 13 14 15 16 Abstract 17 The covenant connection thesis forms an important basis from which to understand the religious 18 source of federalism. Yet with its Judeo-Christian roots, to what extent does it apply to Asian 19 countries that have different religious traditions? In this article, we explore whether the covenant 20 connection thesis is relevant to Asian federalism in the context of Muslim-, Hindu-, and Buddhist- 21 majority countries. We find that while the presence or absence of a covenantal tradition within a 22 religion can partially explain acceptance of, or resistance to, federalism, there are other religious features that also play a role. These include the extent to which traditional religious organizations 23 are internally centralized, the extent to which religion and state governance are intertwined or 24 separate from each other, and the extent to which a religion that constitutes the core national 25 identity is threatened by other religions that are or may be empowered by federal arrangements. 26 27 28 Keywords 29 comparative federalism, covenant connection, religious traditions, federalism in Asia, religious perspective on federalism 30 31 Accepted: 23 August 2017 32 33 34 35 Introduction 36 In Asia, the correlations between religions and federalism are puzzling and reveal some 37 striking patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Humanitarian Operation Factual Analysis July 2006 – May 2009
    HUMANITARIAN OPERATION FACTUAL ANALYSIS JULY 2006 – MAY 2009 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA HUMANITARIAN OPERATION FACTUAL ANALYSIS JULY 2006 – MAY 2009 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE JULY 2011 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA Humanitarian Operation—Factual Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 A. Overview of this Report 1 B. Overview of the Humanitarian Operation 1 PART ONE II. BACKGROUND 4 A. Overview of the LTTE 4 B. LTTE Atrocities against Civilians 6 C. Use of Child Soldiers by the LTTE 10 D. Ethnic Cleansing Carried out by the LTTE 10 E. Attacks on Democracy by the LTTE 11 F. The Global Threat posed by the LTTE 11 G. Proscription of the LTTE 12 III. SIZE AND SCOPE OF THE LTTE 13 A. Potency of the LTTE 13 B. Number of Cadres 14 C. Land Fighting Forces 14 D. The Sea Tiger Wing 17 E. The Air Tiger Wing 20 F. Black Tiger (Suicide) Wing 22 G. Intelligence Wing 22 H. Supply Network 23 I. International Support Mechanisms 25 J. International Criminal Network 27 – iii – Humanitarian Operation—Factual Analysis Page IV. GOVERNMENT EFFORTS FOR A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT 28 A. Overview 28 B. The Thimpu Talks – July to August 1985 29 C. The Indo-Lanka Accord – July 1987 30 D. Peace Talks – May 1989 to June 1990 32 E. Peace Talks – October 1994 to April 1995 33 F. Norwegian-Facilitated Peace Process – February 2002 to January 2008 35 G. LTTE Behaviour during 2002–2006 37 PART TWO V. RESUMPTION OF HOSTILITIES 43 VI. THE WANNI OPERATION 52 VII.
    [Show full text]