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AS FORTALEZAS E a DEFESA DE SALVADOR Mário Mendonça De Oliveira Mário Mendonçadeoliveira Fortresses Anddefensesofsalvador a a D S F EFESA ORTALEZAS

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AS FORTALEZAS E a DEFESA DE SALVADOR Mário Mendonça De Oliveira Mário Mendonçadeoliveira Fortresses Anddefensesofsalvador a a D S F EFESA ORTALEZAS AS FORTALEZAS E A DEFESA DE SALVADOR Fortresses and Defenses of Salvador Mário Mendonça de Oliveira Este terceiro guia da série Roteiros do Mário Mendonça de Oliveira Patrimônio convida os leitores a conhecer os monumentais fortes e fortalezas que no passado ajudaram a garantir a defesa de Salvador. Mais do que uma proposta de visitação a essas impressionantes edificações militares, o autor apresenta um universo desconhecido para a maioria de nós: a terminologia envolvida, a arquitetura e funcionalidade dos equipamentos de cada fortificação, bem como o contexto histórico de seu surgimento. ALVADOR S DE ATRIMÔNIO This third guide of the Heritage Itineraries EFESA series invites readers to get acquainted with D A P the monumental forts and fortresses that, in E the past, helped guarantee the defense of the city of Salvador. More than just a suggestion to visit those impressive military buildings, the author DO presents us with a universe unknown to most ORTALEZAS F of us: the terminology, architecture and S functionality of equipments in each A fortification, as well as their historical contexts. OTEIROS R AS FORT A LEZ A S E A DE F ES A D E SA LV ad OR Fortresses and Defenses of Salvador Mário Mendonça de Oliveira I R ATMÔNIO P DO O R OTEIS MONUMENTA | IPHAN R Forte de Santo Antônio da Barra. Fort of Santo Antônio da Barra. APRESENT A ÇÃO Foreword haja today hoje needed p/ for tanto all that hontem yestoday Paulo Leminski Paulo Leminski* O Programa Monumenta/ The Monumenta/Iphan Iphan publica mais um de seus Program publishes another Roteiros do Patrimônio com one of its Heritage Itineraries, o objetivo de fazer presentes aimed at introducing new para novos apreciadores os appreciators the to fortresses fortes e as fortalezas que o and forts that the past left passado deixou encravados ingrained in many of the em muitas das paisagens de landscapes of Salvador and its Salvador e de seus arredores. surroundings. O professor Mário Professor Mário Mendonça Mendonça de Oliveira nos de Oliveira guides us not conduz não apenas em visita just through a visit to those a esses peculiares edifícios peculiar buildings cast upon que se lançam sobre o mar, the sea, but also through mas no universo da história the universe of history and e da arquitetura em que se architecture that produced inserem. Da rica pesquisa them. From the abundant que envolveu este guia, o research that involved this autor nos oferece mapas, guide, the author offers us fotos, plantas e a história em maps, photographs, blueprints detalhe da construção de and a detailed history of the cada um dos monumentos construction of each of the em destaque. featured monuments. Luiz Fernando de Almeida Luiz Fernando de Almeida Presidente do Iphan President of Iphan * Translator’s note: this is a free translation of a poem. The typo is intentional. CRÉ D ITOS Credits Presidente da República do Brasil President of Brasil LUIZ INÁCIO LU L A DA SI L VA LUIZ INÁCIO LU L A DA SI L VA Ministro de Estado da Cultura Minister of Culture JOÃO LUIZ SI L VA FERREIRA (JUCA FERREIRA ) JOÃO LUIZ SI L VA FERREIRA (JUCA FERREIRA ) Presidente do Instituto do President of the National Historic and Artistic Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional Heritage Institute Coordenador Nacional do Programa Monumenta National Coordinator of the Monumenta Program LUIZ FERNANDO DE AL MEIDA LUIZ FERNANDO DE AL MEIDA Coordenação editorial Editorial coordination SY L VIA MARIA BRAGA SY L VIA MARIA BRAGA Edição Editor CARO L INE SOUDANT CARO L INE SOUDANT Copidesque Copy desk ANA LÚCIA LUCENA ANA LÚCIA LUCENA Revisão e preparação Revision and preparation DENI S E FE L IPE /GI L KA PINTO DE LEMO S DENI S E FE L IPE /GI L KA PINTO DE LEMO S Versão para o inglês English version MAÍRA MENDE S GA L VÃO MAÍRA MENDE S GA L VÃO Revisão do inglês English revision GEORGE AUNE GEORGE AUNE Design gráfico Graphic design CRISTIANE DIA S CRISTIANE DIA S Diagramação Layout development RONA L D NERI RONA L D NERI Fotos e ilustrações Photos and illustrations CAIO REI S EWITZ CAIO REI S EWITZ ARQUIVO DO AUTOR AUTHOR ARCHIVE S ARQUIVO DO IPHAN (MÁRCIO V IANNA ) IPHAN ARCHIVE S (MÁRCIO V IANNA ) www.iphan.gov.br | www.monumenta.gov.br | www.cultura.gov.br O482f Oliveira, Mário Mendonça de. As Fortalezas e a Defesa de Salvador / Mário Mendonça de Oliveira. – Brasília, DF : Iphan/Programa Monumenta, 2008. 228 p. : il, 13 x 22 cm. – (Roteiros do Patrimônio). ISBN – 978-85-7334-098-3 1. Salvador – História. 2. Arquitetura - Salvador. 3. Patrimônio Histórico - Salvador. I. Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional. II. Programa Monumenta. III. Título. IV. Série. CDD 981 SUMÁRIO Contents APRESENT A ÇÃO 5 Foreword INTRO D UÇÃO 9 Introduction A POÉTICA DA S FORTI F ICAÇÕE S 9 The Poetic Appeal of the Fortifications UMA HISTÓRIA DE TRÊ S SÉCU L O S 15 Three Centuries of History A DE F ES A da NOV A CA PIT A L 31 The Defense of the New Capital OS PRIMEIRO S MURO S 31 The First Walls OS REDUTO S CON S TRUÍDO S Redoubts Built by POR LUÍ S DIA S 35 Luís Dias AS PRIMITIVAS TORRE S 41 The First Walls DO FIM D O SÉ C ULO XVI From the Late 16th Century À INV A SÃO HOL A N D ES A 49 to the Dutch Invasions AS CONDIÇÕE S DE DE F E S A DA CIDADE 49 The City’s Defenses Conditions A TORRE DE SANTO Alb ERTO 57 The Tower of Santo Alberto FORTE DE SANTO ANTÔNIO DA BARRA 61 Fort of Santo Antônio da Barra FORTIM DE MON S ERRATE 71 Fort of Monserrate FORTIM DA “LAGARTIXA ” 81 Fort of “Lagartixa” AS FORTI F I ca ÇÕES DEPOIS D E 1625 91 Fortifications After 1625 AS DE F E S A S DO PORTO DA BARRA 91 The Defenses of Porto da Barra O FORTE DO MAR OU DE NO ss A The Fort of Mar or Fort of Nossa SENHORA DO PÓPU L O E SÃO MARCE L O 103 Senhora do Pópulo e São Marcelo AS FORT A LEZ A S D O SÉ C ULO XVIII 123 18th Century Fortresses FORTE DE SÃO PEDRO 123 Fort of São Pedro BATERIA DE SÃO PAU L O DA GAM B OA 139 Battery of São Paulo da Gamboa FORTE DE SANTO ANTÔNIO Fort of Santo Antônio AL ÉM -DO -CARMO 145 Além-do-Carmo FORTE DO BARO B A L H 157 Fort of Barbalho FORTE DA JIQUITAIA 173 Fort of Jiquitaia IL U S TRE S DE S APARECIDO S 177 Vanished Forts APÊN D I C ES 179 Appendices GL O ss ÁRIO DE TERMO S TÉCNICO S 179 184 Glossary of Technical Terms GL O ss ÁRIO DE ONOMÁ S TICA Glossary of Onomastics E TOPONÍMIA 189 207 and Toponymy Forte de Santo Antônio da Barra. Fort of Santo Antônio da Barra. INTRO D UÇÃO Introduction A POÉTI ca da S FORTI F I ca ÇÕES The Poetic Appeal of Fortifications Nada mais importante, na It is the historic buildings memória de Salvador, do que of Salvador that preserve os edifícios históricos. Entre its memory. Among the eles, estão as fortificações, que most picturesque of such se tornaram obrigatórias nas buildings, which feature imagens dos cartões postais, nas prominently on postcards peças da propaganda turística and in tourism promotion e em outros documentos sobre literature, are its ancient a cidade. Segundo o militar e fortifications. According to historiador inglês Charles Boxer, English military historian a presença de uma só fortaleza Charles Boxer, a town that é item que justifica uma visita a can boast even one fortress qualquer cidade. Salvador ainda is worth a visit. Salvador has pode exibir muitas delas, em many forts in reasonable estado razoável de conservação, state of repair, capable capazes de evocar o passado of evoking memories of e as memórias de sobressaltos, upheavals, revolts, and revoltas e invasões do foreign invasions. nosso solo. Paradoxically, it is the Embora pareça paradoxal, backdrop of past violence 9 por terem como pano de fundo and combat, dating back a violência dos combates, to the Middle Ages or as fortificações exercem um even earlier, that imbues grande apelo poético desde a fortifications with poetic Idade Média, e mesmo antes appeal. They captivate and dela. Cativam e fascinam o fascinate modern observers, observador dos nossos tempos, independently of the chain of independentemente do historical events that intenso cabedal histórico que they embody. acumulam e que, por si só, já The preeminence of encerraria enorme apelo. fortifications in the cityscape O destaque das fortificações of Salvador owes much na paisagem da cidade to tactical and strategic certamente representa a imperatives, especially imposição da necessidade commanding positions on and Defenses of Salvador Fortresses tática e estratégica do seu high points, with a good posicionamento em local view over the surrounding As Fortalezas e a Defesa de Salvador As Fortalezas elevado, com visibilidade terrain. It can hardly be privilegiada para as áreas denied, however, that the circunvizinhas. Mas não se military engineers who pode negar ao engenheiro drafted plans and built militar que as projetava e these forts displayed construía a sensibilidade esthetic sensibilities which estética que assimilava da assimilated contemporary cultura do seu tempo e dos cultural perceptions and textos dos mais destacados the wisdom of outstanding teóricos da arquitetura do Renaissance and Baroque Renascimento e do Barroco. architects. The writings of Os tratados desses engenheiros these engineers constantly estão eivados de citações dos evoke references to master mestres da arquitetura do architects of the past, whose passado, cujos ensinamentos teachings unquestionably contribuíram, sem sombra de contributed toward their dúvida, para a formação da training and creative sua sensibilidade criativa.
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