Peixes De Poças De Maré Da Província Brasileira: Sistemática, Ecologia E Aspectos Funcionais

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Peixes De Poças De Maré Da Província Brasileira: Sistemática, Ecologia E Aspectos Funcionais Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental Peixes de poças de maré da província brasileira: Sistemática, ecologia e aspectos funcionais Raphael Mariano Macieira Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental (Área de Concentração em Sistemas Costeiros e Marinhos) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Oceanografia Ambiental Vitória, ES Janeiro, 2013 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental Peixes de poças de maré da província brasileira: Sistemática, ecologia e aspectos funcionais Raphael Mariano Macieira Orientador: Dr. Jean-Christophe Joyeux Vitória, ES Janeiro, 2013 II Agradecimentos Aos meus pais José e Sônia por serem pais maravilhosos, e por todo o apoio aos meus projetos e sonhos. A minha irmã Fernanda pelo carinho, e constante incentivo. Aos meus familiares e amigos pela compreensão nos meus, vários, momentos de ausência. À Ivie pelo carinho, amor, paciência, compreensão e companheirismo ao longo desses anos. Ao Jean pela confiança, momentos de alegria e preciosos ensinamentos transmitidos. Ao querido Gaspa pela orientação durante todos esses anos, amizade, momentos de alegria e pela inestimável ajuda ao longo da minha formação profissional. Aos amigos Caio Ribeiro Pimentel, Pedro Sant’Ana de Jesus Júnior e Thiony Simon pela valiosa e indispensável ajuda durante o trabalho de campo. Ao Rory R. de S. Oliveira pela ajuda com amostras do Pará e pelas valiosas contribuições ao trabalho. Aos amigos pesquisadores Alfredo Carvalho-Filho, Benjamin Victor, Carlos Eduardo Leite Ferreira (Cadu), Cláudio Sampaio (Buia), Ivan Sazima, James Van Tassell, Peter Wirtz, Sergio Floeter e Tommaso Giarrizzo, pelas inúmeras contribuições no trabalho. Ao Dr. François Guilhaumon pela atenção, e por gentilmente esclarecer minhas dúvidas relacionadas script GDF. Ao Dr. José Lima de Figueiredo por autorizar o uso dos desenhos inseridos nas figuras. Aos amigos do Laboratório de Ictiologia, Ana, Camila, Eric, Luana, Lucas, Hudson e Maik pela agradável convivência e momentos de alegria. Aos amigos do Departamento de Oceanografia e Recursos Naturais, em especial a Caetano e Wallace, pelo apoio e pelos momentos de alegria. A todos os membros da banca e da qualificação, Dr. Agnaldo Silva Martins, Dr. Angelo Fraga Bernardino, Dr. Carlos Eduardo Leite Ferreira, Dr. Luiz Fernando Duboc da Silva, Dr. Maurício Hostim Silva e Dr. Tommaso Giarrizzo pela participação na banca e pela importante contribuição ao presente trabalho. À CAPES pela bolsa concedida, ICMBio - Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (21331-1) e ao IBAMA - Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e de Recursos Naturais Renováveis (02009.001875/03-08) pelas licenças de coleta de material biológico. III Sumário Introdução geral 13 Características e funcionamento do ecossistema poças de maré 13 Peixes de poças de maré brasileiros 15 Escopo dos estudos e metodologia 15 Biodiversidade, composição e padrões biogeográficos 18 Conservação 24 Referências 26 Capítulo 01: Grupos funcionais em peixes das poças de maré do Atlântico sudoeste: com 33 enfoque na introdução e na extirpação de espécies Resumo 34 Introdução 35 Material e Métodos 37 Área de estudo 37 Amostragens 38 Características ecomorfológicas 41 Informações sobre ecologia, etologia e hábito alimentar das espécies 44 Analises dos dados 47 Resultados 50 Grupos funcionais 50 Padrões de β-diversidade 61 Padrões de diversidade funcional 63 Discussão 66 Grupos funcionais 66 Efeitos da introdução de O. punctatus 70 Referências 74 IV Anexo 1 81 Anexo 2 85 Capítulo 02: Community structure of tidepool fishes at Trindade Island, southwestern 86 Atlantic, with biogeographic comments Abstract 87 Introduction 88 Methods 90 Study area 90 Tidepool characterization 90 Sampling and sample processing 90 Statistical analyses 91 Results 92 Tidepools characteristics 92 Fish community 93 Discussion 99 Literature cited 102 Capítulo 03: Redescription of Gobiosoma hemigymnum (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) 105 (Teleostei: Gobiidae) Abstract 106 Introduction 107 Materials and Methods 109 Material examined 113 Additional specimens 114 Results 116 Diagnosis 117 Description 118 Colour in life and in freshly dead specimens 121 V Colour in alcohol 122 Proposed common names 122 Distribution, habitat and natural history 123 Conservation 124 Phylogenetic relationships 124 Discussion 127 References 131 VI Lista de Figuras Introdução geral FIG. 1. Mapa com a distribuição das áreas de estudo ao longo da costa brasileira e Caribe. AS = Arquipélago de 16 São Pedro e São Paulo; BA = Barbados; CE = Ceará; ES = Espírito Santo; FN = Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha; LC = Little Cayman; MA = Maranhão; PA = Pará; PB = Paraíba; RJ = Rio de Janeiro; SC = Santa Catarina; TR = Ilha da Trindade. FIG. 2. Número de espécies de peixes de poça de maré por família no Brasil + Caribe (A), somente no Caribe 18 (B) e somente no Brasil (C). FIG. 3. (A) Distribuição da riqueza de espécie e (B) porcentagem de endemismo ao longo das áreas de estudo. 20 AS = Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo; BA = Barbados; CE = Ceará; ES = Espírito Santo; FN = Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha; LC = Little Cayman; MA = Maranhão; PA = Pará; PB = Paraíba; RJ = Rio de Janeiro; SC = Santa Catarina; TR = Ilha da Trindade. FIG. 4. (A) Distribuição das categorias tróficas e (B) proporção de espécies residentes ao longo das áreas de 22 estudo. AS = Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo; BA = Barbados; CE = Ceará; ES = Espírito Santo; FN = Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha; LC = Little Cayman; MA = Maranhão; PA = Pará; PB = Paraíba; RJ = Rio de Janeiro; SC = Santa Catarina; TR = Ilha da Trindade. FIG. 5. A análise de parcimônia evidenciando a relação entre os 13 locais baseado na presença / ausência de 206 23 espécies de peixes de poças de maré. Os valores nos nós representam o suporte baseado na técnica de bootstrap (1.000 pseudo-réplicas). Capítulo 01: Grupos funcionais em peixes das poças de maré do Atlântico sudoeste: com enfoque na introdução e na extirpação de espécies FIG. 1. Localização das áreas de estudo no litoral brasileiro. Os pontos indicam, respectivamente, a localidade, 38 estado e latitude. Mapa gentilmente elaborado por João Batista Teixeira. FIG. 2. Medidas morfológicas feitas em cada indivíduo utilizando um paquímetro digital; espécie modelo 42 Stegastes variabilis (Castelnau 1855). (A) Visão lateral (B) Visão frontal. CP - comprimento padrão; A - altura do corpo; L – largura do corpo; AB – altura da boca; LB – largura da boca; DO – diâmetro do olho; AC – altura da cabeça; AO – altura do olho; AI – altura na inserção da nadadeira peitoral; AINp – altura da inserção da nadadeira peitoral; CNp – comprimento da nadadeira peitoral; ANp – altura da nadadeira peitoral; APc – altura do pedúnculo caudal; ANc – altura da nadadeira caudal. Outras medidas foram realizadas, porém não foram inclusas nessa figura: CRb – comprimento dos rastros branquiais; CTd – comprimento do trato digestório; M – massa; Ops – ângulo da boca. VII FIG. 3. Gráfico dos dois primeiros eixos da análise de componente principal (PCA) mostrando a relação entre as 51 13 características funcionais nas 46 espécies de peixes de poças de maré. (A) Correlação entre as 13 características funcionais; os desenhos inseridos na figura ilustram a morfologia típica resultante da interação dos vetores. * indica variáveis quantitativas suplementares. (B) Distribuição das espécies em relação às características funcionais. As espécies foram coloridas de acordo com os grupos funcionais propostos na figura 4. FIG. 4. Dendograma resultante da análise consensual de agrupamento entre as espécies de peixes de poças de 53 maré (ES+PA+TR). A matriz foi construída usando a distância Euclidiana e de Gower’s e os seguintes métodos de agrupamento: ligação simples, ligação completa, UPGMA, WPGMA e Ward. Os números demarcam os grupos funcionais propostos. FIG. 5. Espécime de Ahlia egmontis (Jordan 1884) durante atividade de forrageamento em uma poça de maré no 54 litoral do Espírito Santo, Brasil. FIG. 6. Espécime juvenil de Haemulon parra (Desmarest 1823), instante antes de abocanhar parte do substrato 55 em busca de pequenos invertebrados móveis, em uma poça de maré no litoral do Espírito Santo, Brasil. FIG. 7. (A) Dendograma resultante da análise consensual de agrupamento entre as espécies de peixes de poças 57 de maré do Pará (PA). A matriz foi construída usando a distância Euclidiana e de Gower’s e os seguintes métodos de agrupamento: ligação simples, ligação completa, UPGMA, WPGMA e Ward. (B) Detalhe do dendograma da simulação da extirpação de O. punctatus (†) da comunidade. Os números de 1-8 correspondem aos grupos da figura 04 enquanto as subdivisões 8.1 e 8.2 são exclusivas dessa figura. FIG. 8. (A) Dendograma resultante da análise consensual de agrupamento entre as espécies de peixes de poças 59 de maré do Espírito Santo (ES). A matriz foi construída usando a distância Euclidiana e de Gower’s e os seguintes métodos de agrupamento: ligação simples, ligação completa, UPGMA, WPGMA e Ward. (B) Detalhe do dendograma da simulação da introdução de O. punctatus (†) na comunidade. Os números de 1-8 correspondem aos grupos da figura 04 enquanto as subdivisões 4.1-4.2 e 8.1-8.4 são exclusivas dessa figura. FIG. 9. (A) Dendograma resultante da análise consensual de agrupamento entre as espécies
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