DOCSLIB.ORG

Phd Final Version with Corrections

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phd Final Version with Corrections Finding an ecomuseum ideal for Hainan Province: Encouraging community participation in intangible cultural and natural heritage protection in a rural setting in China Katharina Massing A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Arts & Cultures Newcastle University April 2016 i ABSTRACT Initiated in France by Hugues de Varine and George Henri Rivière in the late 1960s, the ecomuseum ideal represents a locally-based, holistic approach to heritage protection and sustainable development. China established its first ecomuseums in 1998 in Guizhou Province, as a tool to balance rural development and heritage protection in the economically-weaker ethnic-minority areas . Since then several variations of an ecomuseum-like ideal have been employed in different provinces. This research project analyses one of the newer approaches to ecomuseology in China, examining the current establishment of ecomuseums in Hainan Province, China. The focus of the ecomuseum ideal in Hainan, the strong connection between ICH and its ecological environments, is new in the Chinese ecomuseum approach. This research analysed the opportunities and challenges of this new ecomuseological approach in China with regards to the safeguarding of ICH within its natural environments; sustainable tourism and ecotourism development; and, community participation. Two of the six proposed future ecomuseums were chosen as case studies; namely Baili Baicun in Ding’an County and Binglanggu in Boating Li and Miao Autonomous County. The data collection process included a combination of literature review, the analysis of laws and guidelines, observation and qualitative interviews with the three main stakeholders of the ecomuseum establishment in Hainan Province: government officials; experts; and, the local population composed of members of the local Hainanese community and Li ethnic-minority members associated with the two case studies. This research makes a contribution to the field in several respects. It examines the ecomuseum in terms of safeguarding ICH within its natural environments in China. While there is already some literature that investigates ecomuseums and ICH protection in the country, their role in protecting ecological environments in China is largely ignored. This research concludes that a stronger interpretation and focus on natural environments is essential for ecomuseum-like approaches in China. In addition, this research argues that the current ecomuseum principles concentrate on a Western understanding of the ecomuseum ideal and are not applicable to the top-down developmental context of China. Therefore, the research suggests new ecomuseum principles for Hainan, placing a stronger emphasis on education and benefit-sharing. i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisors, Gerard Corsane and Aron Mazel, for their constant support, guidance, time, motivation and feedback throughout the project. I am particularly grateful to Gerard whose expertise guided this research and who helped to facilitate the most important contacts for the field work. Thank you to all the government officials, experts and local community members who agreed to participate in this research, who were incredibly welcoming and patient with my sometimes awkward Chinese. Without you, this research would not have been possible. I am particular grateful to Hainan Normal University and to Professor Zhang Yiping and Professor Hu Suping for collaborating with me on this research, for their overall support, their kindness and their advice on organising interviews and case-study visits. I would also like to thank my research assistant, Jiang Man, who was a big support in leading me around the case studies and helping to formulate follow-up questions. Huge thanks go to Chunzi and her parents for their invaluable friendship, for making me feel welcome in Hainan and also for the countless support regarding my research from prep talks through translation and transcription help. I am grateful to my fellow PhD researchers at Newcastle University, who provided a stimulating research environment and made working in the basement a lot more fun. To my amazing friends, thank you for listening to all my anxieties and plans for this PhD over the last four years and providing much needed distractions. Ola and Nicola, thank you for our regular ‘club meetings’. Jona, Nanine, Birte and Patrick, thank you for the Skype calls, visits, constant encouragements and being there for me. Last but not least, I’d like to thank my parents and my brother, who supported me in every possible way and always believed in my ability to finish this PhD. Without their support I would not have been able to undertake this project and I am eternally grateful for this. iii iv RESEARCH MOTIVATION I have always been interested in China, in particular in Chinese cultural traditions. I registered for Chinese Studies as my undergraduate degree. I studied and worked in China for over two year. During that time I travelled the country extensively and visited many different heritage sites, examples include: the Great Wall of China; the Forbidden City in Beijing; and, Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. One topic that caught my interest during these visits was the seemingly different understanding of heritage protection, museology and tourism between China and western countries. Intrigued by this topic I analysed the problematic relationship between heritage protection and tourism development in Chinese towns and villages in my master’s thesis. This research led me to engage with the ecomuseum ideal that had been established in several villages in China. It seemed to offer a way to overcome the conflicts between heritage protection and tourism development in China that came from the top-down approach to heritage protection. I was therefore interested in investigating if the ecomuseum could indeed contribute to the protection of heritage and give the local population a stronger voice in heritage protection and tourism development in China. Hainan was chosen as a case study, because of the province’s relationship with Newcastle University, which made it easier to gain access to the relevant people. Hainan Province and the International Centre for Cultural and Heritage Studies (ICCHS) had cooperated successfully before in the En-compass Project, which worked with four different regions, namely China, North-East England, Guyana and Anglophone sub-Saharan Africa to work together in identifying and protecting examples of heritage resources under thread. v GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SPECIFIC TERMS Abbreviations CCP – Chinese Communist Party CNTA – China National Tourism Administration E – Expert ECPZ - Ecological cultural protection zones GO – Government Official HPICEC - Hainan Provincial International Cultural Exchange Centre ICH – Intangible Cultural Heritage ICHC - UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Heritage LH – Local Hainanese LICH - Intangible Cultural Heritage Law of the People's Republic of China LM – Li minority NCTZ – Nanshan Cultural Tourism Zone PRC – People’s Republic of China SACH – State Administration of Cultural Heritage SAR – Special Administrative Region SEZ – Special Economic Zone UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Chinese Terms baohu – preserve bayin - eight kinds of orchestral instruments nongjiale – ‘Happy Farm House’ peitong – Research assistant appointed by a Chinese University or government institution to accompany foreign researchers during their field work. Qilou – arcade architecture qiongju – Hainan Opera shengcun – survival shengtai – ecology vi shengtai bowuguan – ecomuseum yuan shengtai - original ecology zhenxing – revitalise ziran shengtai bowuguan – Nature ecological museum zongzi - glutinous rice stuffed with different fillings and wrapped in bamboo leaves Please note that the original spelling and grammar has been retained within quoted sources. vii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. iii RESEARCH MOTIVATION ................................................................................................. v GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SPECIFIC TERMS .............................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ......................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research question and themes ........................................................................... 1 1.2 Research aims and objectives .............................................................................. 2 1.3 An introduction to the ecomuseum ideal and the Chinese ecomuseum development ................................................................................................................ 5 1.4 The study area – China and Hainan ................................................................... 20 1.4.1 Geography and Population .......................................................................................... 20 1.4.2 Economy .............................................................................................................. 25 1.4.3 Case Studies: Baili Baicun and Binglanggu ............................................................. 27 1.5 Significance of the research..............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Heritage, Local Communities and the Safeguarding of 'Spirit of Place' in Taiwan
    80 Heritage, local communities and the safeguarding of ‘Spirit of Place’ in Taiwan Peter Davis* Newcastle University, UK, Han-yin Huang** National Chiao-tung University, Taiwan, Wan-chen Liu*** Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taiwan Abstract. After brief reviews of the theoretical concepts relating to place and ecomuseological processes this paper traces the changing relationships between people and place in Taiwan. Research carried out by the authors with local communities on Matsu (a group of Taiwanese islands off the coast of mainland China), and case study material collected from local cultural workshops in southern Taiwan provides a focus for the discussion. Both sets of data demonstrate the growing awareness of heritage by local communities in Taiwan; they recognize that heritage is significant because it reflects and builds local identities, aids community sustainability and provides a sense of place. An account is given about how these inclusive processes are applied and how they appear to benefit the heritage sector in Taiwan. By encouraging community-centred approaches, consultation, involvement and democratization, significant improvements to safeguarding natural resources, the cultural environment and intangible cultural heritage might be possible. However, striking a balance between the aspirations of local heritage activists and the wider community is difficult to achieve. Key words: Taiwan, heritage, community, sustainability, ecomuseum, Heritage and ‘sense of place’. Terms such as ‘belonging’, ‘identity’, and ‘community’ are frequently used when discussing ideas about place, and the more elusive ‘sense of place’ or ‘spirit of place’. Exploring place has been a research focus in several disciplines, including anthropology, ecology, geography, psychology, sociology and (to a lesser extent) cultural and heritage studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1. Hobsbawm 1990, 66. 2. Diamond 1998, 322–33. 3. Fairbank 1992, 44–45. 4. Fei Xiaotong 1989, 1–2. 5. Diamond 1998, 323, original emphasis. 6. Crossley 1999; Di Cosmo 1998; Purdue 2005a; Lavely and Wong 1998, 717. 7. Richards 2003, 112–47; Lattimore 1937; Pan Chia-lin and Taeuber 1952. 8. My usage of the term “geo-body” follows Thongchai 1994. 9. B. Anderson 1991, 86. 10. Purdue 2001, 304. 11. Dreyer 2006, 279–80; Fei Xiaotong 1981, 23–25. 12. Jiang Ping 1994, 16. 13. Morris-Suzuki 1998, 4; Duara 2003; Handler 1988, 6–9. 14. Duara 1995; Duara 2003. 15. Turner 1962, 3. 16. Adelman and Aron 1999, 816. 17. M. Anderson 1996, 4, Anderson’s italics. 18. Fitzgerald 1996a: 136. 19. Ibid., 107. 20. Tsu Jing 2005. 21. R. Wong 2006, 95. 22. Chatterjee (1986) was the first to theorize colonial nationalism as a “derivative discourse” of Western Orientalism. 23. Gladney 1994, 92–95; Harrell 1995a; Schein 2000. 24. Fei Xiaotong 1989, 1. 25. Cohen 1991, 114–25; Schwarcz 1986; Tu Wei-ming 1994. 26. Harrison 2000, 240–43, 83–85; Harrison 2001. 27. Harrison 2000, 83–85; Cohen 1991, 126. 186 • Notes 28. Duara 2003, 9–40. 29. See, for example, Lattimore 1940 and 1962; Forbes 1986; Goldstein 1989; Benson 1990; Lipman 1998; Millward 1998; Purdue 2005a; Mitter 2000; Atwood 2002; Tighe 2005; Reardon-Anderson 2005; Giersch 2006; Crossley, Siu, and Sutton 2006; Gladney 1991, 1994, and 1996; Harrell 1995a and 2001; Brown 1996 and 2004; Cheung Siu-woo 1995 and 2003; Schein 2000; Kulp 2000; Bulag 2002 and 2006; Rossabi 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Exploration of a Protection System for Historical and Cultural Towns and Villages in Hainan, China
    Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XV 297 INITIAL EXPLORATION OF A PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES IN HAINAN, CHINA WANG ZHENYU Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China ABSTRACT The long course of Chinese national history runs from a remote source. Since China has a vast territory, different regions formed a variety of regional cultures with different natural environments and era evolutions. Historical and cultural towns and villages not only exist as individual entities, but also as integrated urban and rural settlements and regional cultures. This paper presents the methodologies for the protection of historical towns and villages in the phase of systematic planning in Hainan Province. The research begin with looking at Hainan’s regional culture, adopting the research method of anthropology and regional heritage to retrace the culture of Hainan’s towns and villages, analysing the status quo, and on this basis, building a framework of Hainan historical towns and villages in promotion of its rational protection and development. Keywords: historical and cultural towns and villages, land use, Meso-scale space unit, non-motor- vehicle travel. 1 INTRODUCTION Hainan is a tropical island in southern China with beautiful scenery; its special natural environment has created an exotic culture. Today, most people see Hainan as an international scenic spot; however, less attention is paid to Hainan’s culture and traditions, which, to some extent, results in a lack of cultural construction. Historical and cultural villages and towns are important space carriers of Hainan culture; therefore, the construction of provincial-level historical and cultural towns and villages to protect the historical and cultural heritage of Hainan is essential.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Zircon U–Pb Ages to Constrain the Provenance and Transport of Heavy Minerals Within the Northwestern Shelf Of
    Accepted Manuscript Using zircon U–Pb ages to constrain the provenance and transport of heavy minerals within the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea Lifeng Zhong, Gang Li, Wen Yan, Bin Xia, Yuexing Feng, Li Miao, Jianxin Zhao PII: S1367-9120(16)30367-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.11.019 Reference: JAES 2857 To appear in: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences Received Date: 27 July 2016 Revised Date: 11 November 2016 Accepted Date: 20 November 2016 Please cite this article as: Zhong, L., Li, G., Yan, W., Xia, B., Feng, Y., Miao, L., Zhao, J., Using zircon U–Pb ages to constrain the provenance and transport of heavy minerals within the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.11.019 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Using zircon U–Pb ages to constrain the provenance and transport of heavy minerals within the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea Lifeng Zhonga,b,, Gang Lib, Wen Yanb, Bin Xiaa, Yuexing Fengc, Li Miaob, Jianxin Zhaoc a School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China b Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China c Radiogenic Isotope Laboratory, School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia ABSTRACT Numerous ore-grade heavy mineral placer deposits occur in the northern South China Sea region.
    [Show full text]
  • A Semantic Expansion Model for VGI Retrieval
    International Journal of Geo-Information Article A Semantic Expansion Model for VGI Retrieval Tao Sun 1, Hui Xia 2, Lin Li 1,3,4,* , Hang Shen 1 and Yu Liu 1 1 School of Resource and Environment Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (Y.L.) 2 Changjiang Spatial Information Technology Engineering CO, LTD, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] 3 The Key Laboratory for Geographical Information Systems, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China 4 Geo Spatial Information Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan 430079, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-138-7150-4963 Received: 19 October 2019; Accepted: 16 December 2019; Published: 17 December 2019 Abstract: OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a representative volunteered geographic information (VGI) project. However, there have been difficulties in retrieving spatial information from OSM. Ontology is an effective knowledge organization and representation method that is often used to enrich the search capabilities of search systems. This paper constructed an OSM ontology model with semantic property items. A query expansion method is also proposed based on the similarity of properties of the ontology model. Moreover, a relevant experiment is conducted using OSM data related to China. The experimental results demonstrate that the recall and precision of the proposed method reach 80% and 87% for geographic information retrieval, respectively. This study provides a method that can be used as a reference for subsequent research on spatial information retrieval. Keywords: geographical information retrieval; OSM ontology; sematic similarity; query expansion 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Guiyang Today
    今日贵阳 GUIYANG TODAY October 2020 (the Seventeenth Issue) Guiyang Foreign Affairs Office Guiyang Daily Guiyang and Gui’an New Area Embark on the Journey of Integrated Development Huaxi University Town in Gui'an New Area (provided by the Office of the Administrative Committee) The 9th plenary session of the 10th CPC Guiyang Municipal Committee was held on August 7, 2020, during which new deployment was put forward to promote the integrated growth of Guiyang and Gui’an New Area. According to the session, we should follow new development concepts, strive for high-end, green and intensive development, uphold high standards and requirements and accelerate high-level opening up to promote high-quality growth. Following the main line of “building up the city, increasing its popularity, and attracting investment to develop industries”, with the vision of “introduction of quality products and brands for the prosperity of over 100 industries”, we endeavor to develop an economic growth pole in western China, a new highland for inland open economy and an ecological civilization demonstration zone. Why choose integrated development? Profile of Gui’an New Area Gui’an New Area features open development, boost the development of opening up, coordinated and concerted Gui’an New Area is the eighth state-level terrain and convenient location. It plays an its surrounding areas and bring into full reform and innovation, sharing of public new area approved by the State Council on indispensable role in promoting industrial play its leading role as the capital city services, joint protection and treatment of Jan. 6, 2014. Located between Guiyang and development of Guizhou Province.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
    Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115
    [Show full text]
  • A Conversation with Wu Jian'an, by John Tancock Yishu
    John Tancock A Conversation with Wu Jian’an John Tancock: Rather than write an essay on your development as an artist, I am going to ask you a series of questions so that you can speak for yourself. I hope we can clarify what you believe are the defining characteristics of your growth as an artist over the last decade. From looking at your biography, I know that you were born in Beijing in 1980 and graduated with a B.A. from the Beijing Institute of Broadcasting in 2002. I would like to know what happened in the first twenty-two years of your life to make you the artist that you are today. Could you please fill in that very large gap in our knowledge? Firstly, please tell me something about your family background and your interests as a child and teenager? Wu Jian’an: Thank you, John. My parents are from a background in the sciences; they are both mechanical engineers, and my father was outstanding in his field. They are both very clear thinkers and have a sincere belief in science. Even today, they still discuss mechanical engineering problems, many of which involve theoretical physics that I’ve never understood. Nevertheless, it has always fascinated me. Each time my father discusses these topics, he starts from simple phenomena that lead to abstract theory. I was always fascinated by simple things, precisely because I never thought such simple things could be queried, but when the discussion moved on to abstract theory, I was usually lost. Looking back, I was interested in a lot of things when I was young, but animals were always a major interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecomuseums and the Representation of Place
    PETER DAVIS ECOMUSEUMS AND THE REPRESENTATION OF PLACE Keywords: ecomuseums; representation; place; space; identity construction; community; sustainability. 1. INTRODUCTION. – In the modern world museums were regarded as places where the authority, knowledge and status of museum professionals were rarely challenged. The implications of such authority are that museums provide ‘true’ stories in their exhibitions, interpretations and activities. In other words the suggestion is that curators and exhibition designers can describe historical events and individual’s lives with certainty; accurately present place and capture local distinctiveness; and truthfully represent communities and local people. Postmodern approaches have led to significant changes in museum practices (see, for example, Knell, McLeod and Watson, 2007; Witcombe, 2003) and question whether museums can achieve all of these goals. Museums – by selecting specimens, artifacts and documentary evidence, and then using interpretive approaches and a variety of media - construct a version of truth for consumption by museum audiences. This process is especially pertinent when considering the geographical localities that museums represent, the ‘place identities’ that they construct. Museum curators may carefully choose specimens and fragments of material culture from their collections to create a narrative about a locality, its landscape, histories and peoples, but place itself lies outside the museum and needs to be experienced to begin to be fully understood. Museums can convey facts about objects of course – the scientific name of a reptile, the date of manufacture and origin of a piece of porcelain or the name of the maker of a telescope – but when curators step beyond these facts into the interpretation of place, historic events or current cultural life then the discourse becomes more problematical.
    [Show full text]
  • NMAC Presentation Ilmolahti
    Oona Ilmolahti University of Eastern Finland Where are the Borders? Helsinki 30.8.2018 Möhkö Ironworks Museum, Ilomantsi, Finland Research project Lively Border. Nature Tourism and History Politics in the Finnish-Russian-Norwegian Border Region (UEF, Kone Foundation) New ways of seeing the human – nature relationship in the fields of ecotourism and public remembrance in the Green Belt of Fennoscandia Culture, nature and human existence are intertwined, and they all cross national borders One ”branch”: Green Museum – how the museums in the Finnish Karelia have represented their (cultural) relationship with nature ”Borders separate. Nature unites!” (European Green Belt Association) In 1970 satellite pictures revealed a green belt of forest along the Finnish- Russian border Cooperation in the area of nature conservation Green Belt of Fennoscandia, a network of protected areas near the borders of Finland, Russia and Norway Irony: European Green Belt exists because of the iron curtain and national border zones Picture © SuomiDesign / Ministry of Environment “The European Green Belt, our shared natural heritage along the line of the former Iron Curtain, is to be conserved and restored to function as an ecological network connecting high-value natural and cultural landscapes, whilst respecting the economic, social and cultural needs of local communities.” The vision of the European Green Belt Association, http://www.europeangreenbelt.org/association.html Two nations (a 1300- kilometer-long treeless line in the forest) 1. Nature /culture 2. Intangible & living heritage / tangible heritage 3. Political borders / cultural connectivity 4. Experts / local communities Urbanisation, feeling of losing a way of life New museology: towards communities Environmental thinking United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972) “The air we breathe is not the property of any one nation, we share it.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring of the Chinese Furniture Sector
    MONITORING OF THE CHINESE FURNITURE SECTOR March 2000 Union Européenne de l'Ameublement in cooperation with ID Consulting Co-funded by the Asia-Invest Programme Asia-Invest Furniture Project Monitoring of the Chinese Furniture Sector Table of contents Index of Tables Executive Summary Objectives and methodology Chapter 1 Introduction Page 4 1.1 Economic and political outlook 4 1.2 Background 5 Chapter 2 Regulation structure and policy Page 8 2.1 Key government policies 8 2.2 China National Furniture Association - CNFA 9 Chapter 3 The furniture industry Page 10 3.1 Natural resources 10 3.2 Local & foreign manufacturers 11 3.3 Wooden furniture 15 3.4 Metal furniture 16 3.5 Plastic furniture 17 3.6 Other furniture 18 3.7 Geographic location 19 3.7.1 Guangdong province 20 3.7.2 Shanghai 20 3.8 Foreign trade 22 Chapter 4 The furniture market Page 33 4.1 Construction plans 33 4.2 Office furniture 34 4.3 Household furniture 36 4.3.1 Living room furniture 40 4.3.2 Dining room furniture 40 4.3.3 Bedroom furniture 41 4.3.4 Kitchen furniture 41 4.3.4 Children furniture 42 4.4 Contract furniture 42 4.5 Hotel furniture 43 4.6 Marketing of furniture in China 43 4.6.1 Wooden furniture 43 4.6.2 Metal furniture 45 4.7 Design 45 © U.E.A. Asia-Invest Furniture Project Monitoring of the Chinese Furniture Sector Index of tables Table 1-1 Population in Asian countries Table 1-2 China GDP growth Table 1-3 Some economic indicators for China Table 2-1 The key actors of China furniture industry Table 3-1 The legal status of Chinese furniture manufacturers Table
    [Show full text]
  • Apr 2018 02.Indd
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by UKM Journal Article Repository Sains Malaysiana 47(4)(2018): 651-659 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4704-02 Distribution and Behaviour of Nitrogen Compounds in the Surface Water of Sungai Terengganu Estuary, Southern Waters of South China Sea, Malaysia (Taburan dan Perlakuan Sebatian Nitrogen di Permukaan Air Muara Sungai Terengganu, Perairan Selatan Laut China Selatan, Malaysia) SUHAIMI SURATMAN*, AZYYATI ABDUL AZIZ, NORHAYATI MOHD TAHIR & LEE HIN LEE ABSTRACT A study was carried out to determine the distribution and behaviour of nitrogen (N) compounds (nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, dissolved and particulate organic nitrogen) in Sungai Terengganu estuary (TRE). Surface water samples were collected during ebb neap and spring tides for the longitudinal survey along the salinity gradient. The results indicated that all N compounds behave non-conservatively with addition during both tidal cycles, except for nitrate which exhibited removal behaviour during spring tide. In general, higher concentration of N compounds was observed during spring tide compared to neap tide. It is suggested that during spring tide, stronger water turbulence resulted in resuspension of nutrients in bottom sediment and lead to the increase in N compounds concentrations in the surface water. The diurnal survey for the freshwater station showed that the concentrations of N compounds follow the ebb and flood variations, whereas for the coastal station the reverse trend was observed. Comparisons with a previous study under similar tidal conditions show there was an increase in nitrite and ammonia concentrations in TRE, which was probably due to increase in discharge from the rapid development activities around this area.
    [Show full text]