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Faa Ac 43.13-1B 9/8/98 AC 43.13-1B CHAPTER 8. ENGINES, FUEL, EXHAUST, AND PROPELLERS SECTION 1. ENGINES 8-1. GENERAL. Consult the manufac- pencil mark has not turned to a grayish-white turer’s manuals, service bulletins, and instruc- or ash color. This is the cold cylinder. tion books regarding the repair and overhaul, inspection, installation, and maintenance of (2) The probable cause of the cold cyl- aircraft engines, for that particular make, inder is either a defective spark plug or igni- model, and type of engine. This section lists tion lead. Switch spark plugs to another cylin- acceptable inspection and repair procedures der and run the test again. If the problem stays that may be used in the absence of an engine with the original cylinder, the problem is either manufacturer’s maintenance information. the ignition lead or the magneto. 8-2. SPECIAL INSPECTION. A visual b. Piston Engine Sudden Stoppage In- inspection is needed to determine the condition spection. Sudden stoppage is a very rapid and of the engine and its components. An annual complete stoppage of the engine. It can be or 100-hour inspection should include the en- caused by engine seizure or by one or more of gine and nacelle group as follows. the propeller blades striking an object in such a way that rpm goes to zero in less than one a. Cold Cylinder Check. If an engine is complete revolution of the propeller. Sudden running rough the cause may be a bad ignition stoppage can cause internal damage to con- lead, a spark plug not firing, a partially clogged stant-speed propellers; reduction drive; gear fuel injector, or a bad magneto. The dead cyl- train damage in the accessory section; crank- inder will be colder than the surrounding cyl- shaft misalignment; or damage to accessories inders and can be quickly determined by using such as magnetos, generators, vacuum pumps, the recommended cold cylinder checks. This and tach generators. should be done using a thermocouple probe which is very sensitive to small differences in (1) Every engine that suffers a sudden temperature, which is the case with a partially- stoppage must be inspected in accordance with clogged injector. For a carbureted engine, the the manufacturer’s maintenance instructions following check may be helpful: before being returned to service. (1) Using experienced personnel, run (2) If the engine manufacturer does not the engine on the bad magneto for approxi- provide the required information, then the en- mately 30 seconds at 1200 rpm. Without gine case must be opened and every major switching the magneto switch back to both component part must be inspected using visual shut off the engine. Have another mechanic and/or nondestructive inspection (NDI) proce- use a grease pencil (non-carbon), and quickly dures as applicable. mark each exhaust stack approximately 1 inch from the flange that holds the exhaust stack to (3) The sudden-stoppage inspections the cylinder. Next, check the exhaust stacks include: checking for cowling, spinner, and and look for the exhaust stack whose grease airframe cracks and hidden damage; and alignment of the engine mount to the airframe, Par 8-1 Page 8-1 AC 43.13-1B 9/8/98 the mounting hardware, isolation mounts, and particular attention to the propeller thrust- bushings. The aircraft’s firewall must also be bearing area of the nose case section. checked for distortion, cracks, and elongated bolt holes. The damaged propeller must be (8) Inspect cylinders and cylinder hold- sent to an FAA-certificated repair station for down area for cracks and oil leaks. Thor- complete NDI and repair. oughly investigate any indication of cracks, oil leaks, or other damage. (4) Engine accessories such as: magne- tos, starters, fuel pumps, turbochargers, alter- d. Internal Inspection Requirements. nators, or generators must be inspected in ac- cordance with the manufacturer’s maintenance (1) On engines equipped with crank- manual on sudden stoppage or overhaul proce- shaft vibration dampers, remove and inspect dures to determine the product’s airworthiness. the cylinders, and inspect the crankshaft damp- ers in accordance with the engine manufac- c. Reciprocating Engine (Direct Drive). turer’s inspection and overhaul manual. When Preliminary inspection before tear down. engine design permits, remove the damper pins, and examine the pins and damper liners (1) Remove the engine cowling and ex- for signs of nicks or brinelling. amine the engine for visible external damage and audible internal damage. (2) After removing the engine-driven accessories, remove the accessory drive case (2) Rotate the propeller shaft to deter- and examine the accessory and supercharger mine any evidence of abnormal grinding or drive gear train, couplings, and drive case for rubbing sounds. evidence of damage. (3) With the propeller removed, inspect (a) Check for cracks in the case in the crankshaft flange or splines for signs of the area of accessory mount pads and gear twisting, cracks, or other deformation. Re- shaft bosses. move the thrust-bearing nut and seal and thor- oughly inspect the threaded area of the shaft (b) Check the gear train for signs of for evidence of cracks. cracked, broken, or brinelled teeth. (4) Rotate the shaft slowly in 90-degree (c) Check the accessory drive shaft increments while using a dial indicator or an couplings for twisted splines, misalignment, equivalent instrument to check the concentric- and run-out. ity of the shaft. (d) Check connecting rods for cracks (5) Remove the oil sump drain plug and and straightness. check for metal chips and foreign material. e. Reciprocating Engine (Gear-Drive). (6) Remove the oil screens and inspect Inspect the engine, propeller, (refer to section 4 for metal particles and contamination. on propeller inspection), and components as described in the preceding paragraphs. (7) Visually inspect engine case exterior for signs of oil leaks and cracks. Give (1) Remove the propeller reduction gear housing and inspect for: Page 8-2 Par 8-2 9/8/98 AC 43.13-1B (a) Loose, sheared, or spalled cap h. Accessory and Drive Inspection. screws or bolts. Check the drive shaft of each accessory, i.e., magnetos, generators, external superchargers, (b) Cracks in the case. and pumps for evidence of damage. (2) Disassemble the gear train and in- 8-3. CRANKSHAFT INSPECTION AND spect the propeller shaft, reduction gears and REPAIR REQUIREMENTS. Carefully in- accessory drive gears for nicks, cracks, or spect for misalignment and replace if bent be- spalling. yond the manufacturer’s permissible service limit. Worn journals may be repaired by re- f. Engine-Mount Inspection. grinding in accordance with manufacturers’ in- structions. It is recommended that grinding (1) Examine the engine flex mounts operations be performed by appropriately-rated when applicable, for looseness of engine to repair stations or the original engine manufac- mount, distortion, or signs of wear. turer. Common errors that occur in crankshaft grinding are the removal of nitrided journal (2) Inspect the engine-mount structure surface, improper journal radii, unsatisfactory for bent, cracked, or buckled tubes. surfaces, and grinding tool marks on the jour- nals. If the fillets are altered, do not reduce (3) Check the adjacent airframe struc- their radii. Polish the reworked surfaces to as- ture firewall for cracks, distortion, or wrinkles. sure removal of all tool marks. Most opposed engines have nitrided crankshafts, and engine (4) Remove engine-mount bolts and manufacturers specify that these crankshafts mount hold-down bolts and replace. must be re-nitrided after grinding. g. Exhaust-driven Supercharger NOTE: Rapid deceleration or mo- (Turbo) Inspection. Sudden stoppage of the mentary slowing of a propeller may powerplant can cause the heat in turbine parts occur due to contact with tall grass, to heat-soak the turbine seals and bearings. water, or snow. If this occurs, the en- This excessive heat causes carbon to develop gine and propeller should be inspected in the seal area and varnish to form on the tur- in accordance with the manufac- bine bearings and journals. turer’s instruction or service bulletins. (1) Inspect all air ducts and connections 8-4. REPLACEMENT PARTS IN CER- for air leaks, warpage, or cracks. TIFICATED ENGINES. Engine replacement parts must be approved under Title 14 of the (2) Remove compressor housing and Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR), check the turbine wheel for rubbing or binding, part 21. Serviceable parts obtained from the and coke or varnish buildup. engine manufacturer, authorized service facil- ity, and those which are approved Federal NOTE: Turbine turbo supercharger Aviation Administration (FAA)/Parts Manu- disk seal rubbing is not unusual and facture Approval (PMA), or Technical Stan- may be a normal condition. Consult dard Order (TSO), and meet the requirements the engine manufacturer’s inspection of part 21 are acceptable for use as replace- procedures and table of limits. ment parts. Used engine parts can be installed Par 8-2 Page 8-3 AC 43.13-1B 9/8/98 if that part either conforms to new part toler- 8-7. CYLINDER HOLD-DOWN NUTS ances or meets the manufacturer’s service lim- AND CAP SCREWS. Great care is required its. Ensure that used parts are airworthy and in tightening cylinder hold-down nuts and cap properly identified as a PMA or TSO part. screws. They must be tightened to recom- mended torque limits to prevent improper 8-5. OIL SYSTEM LINES INSPECTION. stressing and to ensure even loading on the The inspection of the plumbing for an oil sys- cylinder flange. The installation of baffles, tem is similar to the inspection of any other brackets, clips, and other extraneous parts un- plumbing system. The tubing, hose, tube fit- der nuts and cap screws is not a good practice tings, hose fittings, hose clamps, and all other and is discouraged.
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