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Chapter IV. Adaptation of Mandarin Loanwords Originating from English

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Chapter IV. Adaptation of Mandarin Loanwords Originating from English A study of Mandarin loanwords : Lexical stratification, adaptation and factors By Tae Eun Kim A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Chinese) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2012 Date of final oral examination: 12/10/2012 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Zhang, Hongming. Associate Professor, East Asian Language and Literature Li, Yafei. Professor, Linguistics Lim, Byung-Jin. Assistant Professor, East Asian Language and Literature Huntington, Rania A. Associate Professor, East Asian Language and Literature Macken, Marlys. Professor, Linguistics ⓒ Copyright by Tae Eun Kim 2012 All Rights Reserved i This dissertation is dedicated to my mother, Jung Ae Lee ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been completed without the esteemed counsel of the committee members, the invaluable support of my incredible family, and the unremitting love and guidance of the One and Almighty God. It is my privilege and honour to express my deepest gratitude to my academic advisor, Prof. Hongming Zhang, without whose valuable expertise, support, and devoted encouragement, this dissertation would certainly not have reached completion. In particular, he has been a constant source of inspiration in moments of difficulty and times riddled with obstacles. It is my privilege to express my sincerest gratitude to Professor B.J. Lim for his generous support and indispensible comments, which fuelled the progress of and provided critical feedback for this dissertation. It is my further honour to thank the other committee members: Professors Marlys Macken, Yafei Li, and Rania Huntington for their compassionate support and guidance. I am humbly obliged to Teresa Nealon and Cynthia Koerber, the coordinators in the department of East Asian Language and Literature. I truly appreciate their kind help and constant cooperation during the period of my Ph.D. courses. It is my privilege to express exceptional gratitude to my friends: Ae Ree Nam, Mi Ok Kang, Jimi Kim, Youyong Qian, Shuxiang You, Lu Lu, Henghua Su, Tianlin iii Wang, Huimin Dong, Xiang Lv, Yu-lin Chiu, Natasha Eslami, and Karen Best, for their unselfish and unwaivering support. I cannot begin to adequately express my gratitude to Hee Sun Kwon and her family. Their consistent support alleviated any stress or difficulties that threatened my success or perseverance. My time in Madison would have certainly been lacking in thoughtful companionship and fond memories. I truly appreciate their kind concern and warm encouragement. I am also humbly indebted to my many professors: Sohee Shim, Jae Don Lee, Wooseok Kim, whose unremitting support in Korea contributed to the completion of this dissertation. Their sincere compassion and earnest support led me through difficult times and contributed to my resolve. It is my honour and privilege to express my tremendous gratitude to my friends in Korea: Jiyeon Kim, Yoonkyung Han, Hye Sun Lee, Hyun A Kim, Jooyeon Son, Jin Young Lee, Joo Young Lee, Sooyoung Shin, Sunja Choi, Mi Young Kim, Myung Hee Hyun. Despite the distance, they always sent me their warmest messages of support and encouragement. Whenever I visited Korea, they always greeted me with warm hugs and bright big smiles. Their friendships hold a valuable and esteemed place in my heart. It is also my joy and privilege to express my sincerest and deepest gratitude to my parents and sisters. Without their endless love and prayers, I would never have been able to finish my dissertation. It is my further joy and honour to express my gratitude to iv my husband, Young Sun Kong. He was always there cheering me up and bearing with me. I am also deeply indebted to my precious daughters, Daisy and Claire. They always stood by me through the good times and bad times. Their beautiful smiles and words of encouragement and love always give me hope and meaning to life. Their bright eyes and beautiful spirits served as the most amazing source of inspiration and the greatest reason to wake up every morning Last but the least, it is my honour to thank God, who always answers my prayers and always gives me strength whenever I fall into despair. Without you, this dream would have remained only that, and not become a reality. Thank you so much Dear Lord. v Table of Contents Dedication Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of figures, tables, and lists Abstract Chapter I. Introduction 1.1 Loanwords in Chinese 1.1.1 Language contact and lexical borrowing into China 1.1.2 Terminology of loanwords in Chinese 1.1.3 Influence of loanwords on Chinese language 1.1.4 Previous studies of loanwords in Chinese 1.2 Organization of the dissertation 1.3 Research goals Chapter II. Lexical stratification and types of Chinese loanwords 2.1 Core-periphery structure 2.2 Three major issues of Chinese loanwords 2.3 The scope of Chinese loanwords 2.3.1 Japanese graphic loans 2.3.2 Semantic loans 2.3.3 Alphabetic loans 2.3.4 Summary vi 2.4 Types of Chinese loanwords 2.4.1 Phonetic loans 2.4.2 Semantic loans 2.4.3 Graphic loans 2.4.4 Hybrids 2.5 Summary Chapter III. Comparative study of Mandarin phonology and English phonology 3.1 Mandarin phonology 3.1.1 Mandarin consonants 3.1.2 Mandarin vowels 3.1.3 Mandarin syllables 3.1.4 Mandarin phonotactic constraints 3.1.5 Mandarin tones 3.2 English phonology 3.2.1 English consonants 3.2.2 English vowels 3.2.3 English syllables 3.2.4 English stress 3.3 Comparison and contrast between Mandarin and English 3.3.1 Consonants 3.3.2 Vowels 3.3.3 Syllable structures 3.3.4 Suprasegmentals vii 3.3.5 Writing systems 3.4 Summary Chapter IV. Adaptation of Mandarin loanwords originating from English 4.1 Main targets for the analyses of Mandarin loanwords originating from English 4.2 Data collection 4.3 English consonant adaptation in Mandarin loanwords 4.3.1 Faithful mappings and adjustments for non-Mandarin consonants 4.3.2 Treatment for Mandarin phonotactics 4.3.2.1 Adaptation of English coda consonants in Mandarin loanwords 4.3.2.2 Adaptation of English initial clusters in Mandarin loanwords 4.3.2.2.1 Treatment for double initial consonants 4.3.2.2.2 Treatment for triple initial consonants 4.3.2.3 Adaptation of English final clusters in Mandarin loanwords 4.3.2.3.1 Treatment for double final consonants 4.3.2.3.2 Treatment for triple final consonants 4.3.2.4 Summary for the preservation and deletion of English consonant inputs in Mandarin loanword adaptation 4.3.2.5 Minimal saliency and minimal modification of the quality of epenthetic vowels in Mandarin loanword adaptation 4.3.3 Summary for English consonant adaptation in Mandarin loanwords 4.4 English vowel adaptation in Mandarin loanwords 4.5 English stress adaptation into Mandarin tones 4.6 Summary viii Chapter V. Important factors affecting Mandarin loanword adaptation 5.1 Loanword phonology 5.1.1 The perception approach 5.1.2 The phonology approach 5.1.3 The phonetics-phonology approach 5.2 The phonetics-phonology approach for Mandarin loanwords originating from English 5.2.1 The nature of input 5.2.2 The role of phonology in loanword adaptation 5.3 Discussion of other factors in Mandarin loanword adaptation 5.3.1 Semantic functions of Mandarin characters 5.3.2 Orthography 5.3.3 The influence of dialect, source language, and bilingualism 5.4 A proposal of a model for Mandarin loanword adaptation 5.5 Application of MMLA 5.6 Summary Chapter VI. Conclusion 6.1 Summary and discussion 6.2 Limitations and future studies 6.3 Contributions References Appendix ix List of Figures, Tables, and Lists Figures Figure 1. Core-periphery organization------------------------------------------------------p.25 Figure 2. Partitioning of the lexicon into distinct sublexica------------------------------p.25 Figure 3. Constraints depending on the four Japanese lexical groups-------------------p.26 Figure 4. J-Lexicon-----------------------------------------------------------------------------p.26 Figure 5. Lexical stratification of Chinese loanwords-------------------------------------p.39 Figure 6. Traditional description of Mandarin syllable structure-------------------------p.59 Figure 7. Mandarin syllable structure--------------------------------------------------------p.61 Figure 8. Mandarin pitch contours------------------------------------------------------------p.66 Figure 9. English syllable structure-----------------------------------------------------------p.73 Figure 10. English segmental components in each part of a syllable--------------------p.73 Figure 11. Phonemic positions of /p/ and /pʰ/ in Mandarin and English----------------p.81 Figure 12. Vowel comparison between Mandarin and English---------------------------p.86 Figure 13. Adaptation considering the mapping of [±voice] and [±aspiration]-------p.110 Figure 14. Adaptation ignoring the mapping of [±voice] and [±aspiration]-----------p.110 Figure 15. The ratio of the faithful mapping of English fricatives in Mandarin loanwords-------------------------------------------------------------------------p.119 Figure 16. Faithful mapping between English /ʧ, ʤ/ and Mandarin /ʨ, ʨʰ/----------p.123 Figure 17. Considering the mapping of English /ʧ, ʤ/ and Mandarin /tʂ, tʂʰ/ as a faithful mapping---------------------------------------------------------------------------p.123 Figure 18. Adaptation of the affricates, considering the mapping between English x [±voice] and Mandarin [±aspiration]------------------------------------------p.123 Figure 19. Adaptation of the affricates, regardless of the
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