Former HM Prison Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 1 CONTENTS

3 SECTION 1: HERITAGE INTERPRETATION 31 Target markets MASTERPLAN 34 The market value of heritage at Pentridge 40 The non-market value of heritage at Pentridge 4 Executive summary 5 Acknowledgements 43 PART FOUR: RECOMMENDATIONS 44 Public realm interpretation 6 PART ONE: PLANNING OVERVIEW 51 Adaptive reuse of buildings: A & B Divisions 7 Brief 51 Adaptive reuse of buildings: cells 8 Background 53 Adaptive reuse of buildings: H Division 11 Review of current situation 54 Adaptive reuse of buildings: E Division & Chief Warder’s 12 Assessment of current interpretation residence 55 New buildings: C Division 6 PART TWO: INTERPRETATION 56 New buildings: Car park and apartment foyers 17 ‘Best practice’ interpretation 20 Interpretive vision 57 ENDNOTES 21 Theme 1: The establishment of HM Prison Pentridge 63 APPENDIX: GRID OF THEMES AND STORIES 22 Theme 2: The history of penal reform at Pentridge 23 Theme 3: Peopling Pentridge 24 Theme 4: Life behind the walls 70 SECTION 2: INTERPRETIVE DESIGN 25 Theme 5: Uncovering the foundations: archaeology CONCEPTS

29 PART THREE: BUSINESS CASE FOR UNDERTAKING 93 SECTION 3: INTERPRETIVE SIGNAGE INTERPRETATION STYLE GUIDE & TEMPLATES 30 Overview

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan SECTION 1 Heritage Interpretation Masterplan

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

‘This history-laden VHR imposes mandatory requirements not only for the retention of some built fabric bluestone complex has and archaeology but also for heritage now begun a new interpretation by the site developers.

chapter in its very public Heritage interpretation, however, can do life’. much more than fulfil permit requirements. This Interpretation Masterplan will The Pentridge Market demonstrate how heritage interpretation can deliver social, economic, cultural and The former HM Prison Pentridge (known as environmental benefits as well as providing ‘Pentridge’ in this document) is a famous engaging and profitable tourist experiences. landmark and heritage site located in Coburg, The Plan includes a business case, ‘best Victoria. From its beginnings as a stockade practice’ principles, recommendations for in 1850, when it held 16 prisoners from the interpretation in built and digital formats overcrowded Old Melbourne Gaol, Pentridge and recommendations for branding and had been transformed into a Pentonville- interpretive concepts. It is accompanied style Prison by 1864 and went on to become by a series of briefs for tendering the Victoria’s longest-running prison. At different interpretation. stages in its history Pentridge was home to women and children, condemned men and some of Victoria’s most notorious criminals.

Pentridge closed in 1997 and the site was sold to private developers in 1999. After its sale, the site was divided into two separate sites, Pentridge Piazza (known here as ‘Pentridge’) and Pentridge Village.1 The Pentridge site is the subject of this Heritage Interpretation Plan.

The former Pentridge Prison complex is on the Victorian Heritage Register (H1551) and is part of the City of Moreland’s Heritage Overlay (HO47). The site’s listing on the

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS MASTERPLAN AUTHORSHIP

Robert Cogoi, Shayher Group P/L Authors Shirley Hsieh, Shayher Group Felicity Coleman John Lin, Shayher Group Sue Hodges Anna Martiniello, Shayher Group P/L Scott Tseng, Shayher Group P/L Design concepts Peter Brookes, Heritage Victoria Joe Calvert Brandi Bugh, Heritage Victoria Felicity Coleman Jeremy Smith, Heritage Victoria Sue Hodges Jhana Pfeiffer-Hunt Angela Arango, Aspect Studios P/L Kirsten Bauer, Aspect Studios P/L Interpretive design Andrew Chau, Aspect Studios P/L Joe Calvert Heath Gledhill, Aspect Studios P/L Ian Rooney, Aspect Studios Erwin Taal, Aspect Studios P/L

Carolynne Baker, Bryce Raworth P/L © SHP (Sue Hodges Productions) Bryce Raworth, Bryce Raworth P/L for Shayher Group 2013

Ben Cubby, NH Architecture P/L Sarah Delamore, NH Architecture P/L

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 5 PART ONE: PLANNING OVERVIEW

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 6 THE BRIEF

In 2013 Shayher Group commissioned SHP implementation; that is, Shayher is seeking to 6. Liaison (Sue Hodges Productions Pty Ltd) to develop understand how value for money can be a Heritage Interpretation Masterplan for derived through the implementation of the Necessary liaison with relevant authorities. Pentridge. The Project Brief states that HIM. This could be achieved via the inclusion the aim of the plan is to ‘not only meet of updated target audiences, volumes of legislative requirements governing the visitors, average spend for each visitor group, site, but also to demonstrate how heritage cost plans, etc. interpretation can enhance urban amenity and provide marketable tourist experiences.’2 3. Integration with built form A key aim of the plan is to ensure that the interpretation of the site’s former use can The Heritage Interpretation Masterplan ‘be carefully managed to ensure negative should seek to package up the interpretation connotations are played down or treated initiatives into trade packages for initiatives more subtly’ in order to position the site as that can be integrated into the built form an urban precinct for people to work, live and fabric; ie. Soft and hard landscaping play.3 treatments, public lighting effects, architecture, signage etc. The Scope of Works was as follows: 4. Theming and branding 1. Visioning workshop A discussion around unifying the heritage A visioning workshop with key stakeholders interpretation themes for the site with the seeking to establish a vision for the site’s future brand thereby giving it meaning. precinct; the desired objective of the heritage interpretation elements; and 5. Integration with an events examples around the world established as a management program benchmark. An aspect of the heritage interpretation 2. Business case initiatives could include its integration with an events management programme. This A Heritage Interpretation Masterplan which should be explored in context of possibly seeks to demonstrate a business case for its making a separate business case for it to be separately sold off.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 7 BACKGROUND

THE SITE BRIEF SITE HISTORY enclosed...every opportunity is offered to confinement, influenced this belief, as did them to run away.6 the design of the 1829 Eastern Penitentiary in Philadelphia, America. It was in America The site of the former Pentridge Prison is Pentridge Prison was established in 1850 The most notorious area of this moveable that the system of solitary confinement was located eight kilometres from the Melbourne when Victoria’s separation from the Colony stockade was the ‘Crystal Palace,’ devised by fully developed. Prisoners were left alone CBD in the suburb of Coburg, City of of New South Wales, combined with the Pentridge’s second Inspector-General, John for years, without seeing anyone other Moreland. The precinct has been divided population explosion caused by the gold Giles Price, to control the most troublesome than the prison warden, in the hope that into two sites, with the northern prison being rush, increased pressure on the already- prisoners in the complex.7 Conditions here solitude would produce moral reformation. developed by Shayher Group Pty Ltd and stretched penal system..4 Coburg (originally were appalling, reflecting Price’s concept of With this belief in mind, Champ oversaw the the remainder by Pentridge Village Pty Ltd. known as ‘Pentridge’) was chosen as the punishment as a means of deterrent rather construction of A Division (c.1858) which The prison complex is bounded by Champ location due to the potential for prisoners than an agent of reform. It was during this he called the ‘Panopticon’: a model prison Rd to the west, Gaffney St/Murray Rd to to work on the construction of Sydney Road. early phase that the boundaries of the prison based on the design of Pentonville Prison in the north and Stockade Avenue to the east, The prison began its life as a stockade made complex were also established, although Britain.11 A panopticon enables prisoners with Pentridge Boulevard forming the divide of log huts on wheels surrounded by a low none of these buildings survives today.8 to be stationed around the perimeter of the between the two separate sites. 1.2 metre fence, leading outraged residents circle while prison officials are stationed at to complain about inadequate security. Soon As Victoria’s population continued to an ‘inspection house’ at the centre.12 From The precinct is 6.8 hectares in size. It retains these same residents forced a change of increase, so too did its criminal population. this position, prison staff have a ‘birds-eye’ a number of heritage-listed structures, suburb name from ‘Pentridge’ to ‘Coburg’, in This led to a need for a more permanent view of the inmates. Prisoners housed in A including two of the original cell blocks, order to distance themselves from the prison. complex of prison buildings and a second Division were isolated in their cells for 23 A Division and B Division, and the outer phase of construction was undertaken hours a day, with just one hour’s exercise perimeter bluestone walls. The early On 5 December 1850, 16 prisoners were between 1857 and 1864. Set in motion under direct supervision in a segregated yard. buildings were mainly developed in the marched to the site from the Melbourne by Price’s successor, William Champ, this Talking was forbidden, and the prisoners’ eventually became the most concentrated 1860s when the original moveable stockade Gaol.5 An article in The Argus comments on names were not used; instead, they were was converted to a more permanent the poor construction of the Stockade: gaol building campaign in Australian history. addressed only by their cell numbers. complex. A number of archaeological Its outcome was the permanent complex, which would remain in operation for more features are also present throughout the site, Upon inquiry as to the condition of the Pentridge continued to expand after than 100 years.9 The still-standing perimeter which chiefly comprise the foundations of Stockade we found everything just about this initial construction phase, reflecting walls, Entrance building, A, B and D Divisions demolished original structures. as complete as could be expected. A man developments not only in penal reform and the Warders’ residences were all of ordinary strength could push out the but also in the justice system. The most constructed during this period. Plans now underway for the site include weatherboards with a single thrust of his significant impact upon the prison system residential housing, shops and offices, an arm. The shingles may be poked off the roof was the Stawell Royal Commission in William Champ believed that silence and open space Piazza and a complementary with a stick from the inside. If the flooring 1870. Headed by Sir William Stawell, the solitude were the best methods of reforming events management program. boards are lifted, the whole gang could walk Commission enquired into the workings of prisoners. British social reformers, Jeremy out, for the building in on piles some feet the present penal system, hearing evidence Bentham, inventor of the model prison, from the ground and below the floor is not mainly from people concerned with the and John Howard, the father of solitary

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 8 BACKGROUND

management of the prison. After observation punishment to an emphasis on rewards for the closure of the Melbourne Gaol in 1929, quality plays were staged and Christmas of the Divisions at Pentridge, the Report good behaviour.17 which saw the relocation of its prisoners events held where orphaned and refugee recommended the formation of a female to Pentridge. Five years earlier, Pentridge children received handmade toys.23 penitentiary and the provision of industrial By the 1880s most of the recommendations had superceeded Melbourne Gaol as the employment for the prisoners.13 As a result made by the 1870 Royal Commission had main remand and reception prison for the The 1970s were a time of unrest at Pentridge. of the Commission, Duncan implemented been incorporated into the Pentridge’s penal metropolitan area. In 1929, the bodies of At a time of political and social radicalism, an extensive work program and oversaw system. Between 1860 and 1865, Pentridge 33 prisoners executed at the Melbourne the rights of the individual gained increased the construction of a number of industries became the main prison for Victoria’s Gaol, including Ned Kelly, were exhumed importance and the spotlight was on the on the site including a woollen mill, tailor’s female offenders when A Division was built, and reinterred at Pentridge. Following this treatment of criminals and the concept of shop, blacksmith, carpenter’s workshop and a although this structure was superseded in transferral—and to the horror of Coburg prison reform. Calls to close the antiquated timber yard.14 1884 when a new female prison opened residents—Pentridge became the site for all prison found renewed vigour and in 1995, at the complex that provided separate executions until 1967 when the last prisoner 150 years after its conception, Pentridge was The Royal Commission also initiated the accommodation for women.18 Pentridge then to receive the death penalty, Ronald Ryan, downgraded to a medium-security prison implementation of the Crofton system, an served as the main female prison until 1956, was hanged.20 before being completely closed two years Irish penal system that provided prisoners when a specialised female prison, HM Prison later.24 with incentives for good behaviour. The Fairlea, opened. In the first half of the 20th century two Commissioners were impressed by this great educationalists were engaged to system since it combined elements of Other major developments at Pentridge in work at Pentridge. Joseph Ackeroyd, who SIGNIFICANCE the silent system with the concept of the 1870s and 1880s were the expansion observed the prison system through the productive labour, thereby reducing the of the workshops and the establishment eyes of a teacher, attempted to dissolve the prison’s operational costs. 15 Implemented in of reformatories for boys and girls. During psychological barriers between the world The former HM Prison Pentridge is listed on August 1873 by George Duncan, the Crofton this time a number of new workshops were outside and the world inside the bluestone the Victorian Heritage Register (H1551) and system allowed nine ‘marks’ to be awarded constructed near B Division, with a tannery walls through community projects and is part of the City of Moreland’s Heritage to prisoners by the warders. Prisoners could constructed in 1874, alongside a kitchen sport.21 Ackeroyd considered that education Overlay (HO47). The VHR listing states that be awarded three marks for their efficiency and bakery (now known as B Annexe), was the key to reform, not only for prisoners, the site is significant as follows:25 at work, three for their conduct while at and later a boiler house that replaced the but also for prison officers. Alexander work and three for their conduct after original woollen mill.19 These industries all Whatmore was also a strong advocate The complex is of both architectural work. These ‘marks’ could be increased or assisted in increasing the prison’s income. for education. He devoted his efforts to and historical significance as a decreased according to prisoner’s effort and G Division was also purpose-built to house preventing recidivism by engaging prisoners nineteenth century set of buildings behaviour.16 The intention of this system was the Jika Reformatory for Protestant Girls, in community service and establishing youth demonstrating various stages in the to reward prisoners with various indulgences while the Jika Reformatory for Boys was training.22 This focus on community work development of penal reform. The and its implementation at Pentridge was the accommodated in the existing F Division continued into the late 20th century and largely intact nature of the site further first occasion in Victoria that payment was building. education and recreational programmes increases its significance, with the made to prisoners as a reward for labour. contributed immensely to the engagement diverse range of cell blocks, workshops On a broader level, this system transformed The early to mid-1920s witnessed extensive of Pentridge prisoners with the public. High- and other buildings demonstrating the penal system from an obsession with buildings works at Pentridge, due largely to

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 9 BACKGROUND

the unique character of Pentridge. The aesthetic significance due to its monumental size and Classical style imposing bluestone walls and towers. of the nineteenth century buildings These are important landmark features contribute to their architectural within the suburb of Coburg. significance. Pentridge is also of historical significance in the history of Due to the Prison’s outstanding significance, child welfare in Victoria. Heritage Victoria permit approval is required for any work on the site.

HM Prison Pentridge is of archaeological significance due to its extant features, deposits and artefacts that relate to both the construction and the use of the site. The burial area adjacent to F Division includes the burial sites of 33 prisoners relocated from the Old Melbourne Gaol after its closure in 1929, and the burials of nine prisoners executed at Pentridge between 1928 and 1951. The area adjacent to D Division is significant as the former burial site of Ronald Ryan, the last person to be hanged in Victoria.

Pentridge is significant for scientific and technological reasons. These include the original ventilation systems in A, B, and D Divisions, the surviving original cisterns and other water supply elements in B Division, and the intact thermo-ventilation system in B Division.

The Pentridge Prison complex is of

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 10 REVIEW OF CURRENT SITUATION

GOVERNANCE understood by a sequence of collecting Article 25. Interpretation contexts and settings. and analysing information before A suite of national, state and regional making decisions. Understanding cultural The cultural significance of many places Principle 4: Authenticity legislation and strategies governs the significance comes first, then development of is not readily apparent, and should be The Interpretation and presentation of management of the Pentridge development. policy and finally management of the place explained by interpretation. Interpretation cultural heritage sites must respect the basic This section of the Interpretation Masterplan in accordance with the policy. should enhance understanding and tenets of authenticity in the spirit of the identifies how the site sits within a legislative enjoyment, and be culturally appropriate. Nara Document (1994). and policy context and recommends the 6.2 necessary actions for positioning the The policy for managing a place must be ENAME CHARTER27 Principle 5: Sustainability Pentridge as a vibrant, multi-purpose hub based on an understanding of its cultural The interpretive plan for a cultural heritage within Coburg. significance. The most important recent development site must be sensitive to its natural and in interpretation is also by ICOMOS, which cultural environment, with social, financial, 6.3 ratified the international Charter for the and environmental sustainability among its KEY GUIDELINES Policy development should also include interpretation and Presentation of cultural central goals. consideration of other factors affecting (the ) in 2008. The Burra Charter (The Australia ICOMOS heritage sites ENAME Charter the future of a place such as the owner’s Principle 6: Inclusiveness Charter for Places of Cultural Significance) Key principles of the Charter relating to the needs, resources, external constraints and its The interpretation and presentation of is considered the best practice standard for Prison Complex are: physical condition. cultural heritage sites must be the result of cultural and natural heritage management meaningful collaboration between heritage in Australia. The ENAME Charter, recently Principle 1: Access and understanding Article 24. Retaining associations and professionals, associated communities, and developed by ICOMOS in relation to Interpretation and presentation meanings other stakeholders. interpretation, is also relevant to the Coburg programmes, in whatever form deemed Prisons Complex. appropriate and sustainable, should facilitate 24.1 physical and intellectual access by the public Principle 7: Research, evaluation and BURRA CHARTER26 Significant associations between people to cultural heritage sites. training The governing document for all heritage and a place should be respected, retained Continuing research, training, and practitioners in Australia is the Burra Charter and not obscured. Opportunities for the Principle 2: Information sources evaluation are essential components of the (1999; republished 2004 as the Illustrated interpretation, commemoration and Interpretation and presentation should interpretation of a cultural heritage site. Burra Charter). Sections of the Charter celebration of these associations should be be based on evidence gathered through relevant to the Coburg Prisons Complex are: investigated and implemented. accepted scientific and scholarly methods as The principles of the ENAME charter have well as from living cultural traditions. guided the development of this document in Article 6. Burra Charter process 24.2 respect to the need to develop authentic and Significant meanings, including spiritual Principle 3: Context and setting respectful interpretation for the built history 6.1 values, of a place should be respected. The Interpretation and Presentation of of Pentridge. The cultural significance of a place and Opportunities for the continuation or revival cultural heritage sites should relate to their other issues affecting its future are best of these meanings should be investigated wider social, cultural, historical, and natural and implemented.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 11 ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT INTERPRETATION

HERITAGE CONTROLS AIR APARTMENTS ALLOM LOVELL, ‘PENTRIDGE • Brief interpretive signage that is CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN’ unobtrusive but recognisable The Victorian Heritage Register listing Planning permit MPS2002-0677 dated (1997) • A guidebook or information sheet that governs all aspects of development on the 04/12/08. The permit allows for 290 covers both daily life in the prison sand Pentridge site. Structures protected under the apartments and 347 car spaces over 19 Allom Lovell’s ‘Pentridge Conservation the built form Register include: levels. The permit was extended on 13/09/13 Management Plan’ (CMP) uses historical • The recording of oral history from staff, and the planning permit now expires if the research to assess the significance of each prisoners and even local people to • The Main Gate and works are not commenced by 05/11/17 and structure within the former prison complex gain various perspectives of the prison Administration Building completed three years after that date. and provides a comprehensive report on complex. • The former Chief Warders and ‘Overseer the significance of the entire complex. of Works’ residences Heritage permit P13250 dated 02/09/08 Assigning levels of significance to each EVALUATION OF ALLOM LOVELL’S • The former Hospital (E Division) supports the same development. It was structure, the CMP considers options for RECOMMENDATIONS • B Division extended 30/08/10. The permit expires if the the viable future operation of the complex, • B Division annexe works are not commenced by 02/09/11 and acknowledging that redevelopment is Allom Lovell’s CMP is highly beneficial in • A Division the completion date two years hence. necessary. This CMP was written before the its low-level approach to interpretation. • Industry buildings full closure of the prison and before a vision Although sections of the report are now • H Division RELEVANT PLANS AND for the site was developed, but its conclusion outdated, the CMP in general provides • Walls, gates and lookout towers. that redevelopment needs to respect the a meticulous management plan for the POLICIES significance of the site still applies. A number ongoing conservation of Pentridge. PERMITS S173 AGREEMENT AB176451A of the assessed buildings have since been Detailed response: demolished. Permits for the site are as follows: This covenant obligates the requirement to produce a Heritage Interpretation CMP RECOMMENDATIONS (a) SHP’s Heritage Interpretation Masterplan B DIVISION PRECINCT Strategy, which was endorsed in 2003 (Boyce does not promote the development of a Pizzey Strategic, ‘Pentridge Interpretation The CMP outlines a number of key museum given that Pentridge will be a Planning permit 2009/11414 dated Strategy—Coburg Prisons Complex, 2002’). recommendations for the interpretation of commercial and residential hub and that museums, as a rule, are not commercially 25/11/09. The permit was extended The Covenant further states the Owner ‘will Pentridge. These include: viable. Moreover, a museum is part of 20/08/12 and the planning permit now at its expense implement, maintain and the permit requirements for the adjacent expires if works are not commenced by manage the HIS to the extent that to do so • The creation of a museum Pentridge Village development. In the 24/11/14 and completed two years after is not inconsistent with the Strategy insofar • The promotion of the significant absence of a museum, Allom Lovell suggests that date. as the implementation, maintenance and buildings as the major exhibition feature that items could be transferred on permanent management of the Strategy…’ • Public access in the form of a potential Heritage permit P13892 dated 28/04/09. tourist trail loan to the Old Melbourne Gaol since this The permit is open-ended with no expiry. • Open inspection of the interior of some site is already accessible to the public and the of the structures Gaol’s strong links to Pentridge make it an ideal location to accommodate such items.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 12 ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT INTERPRETATION

While this would be a strategic alliance, and the requirements involved in future DIG’S RECOMMENDATIONS part of a requirement from Heritage Victoria, material from the site is governed by Public development of the site. which stated that prior to any development, Record Office of Victoria (PROV) legislation, DIG International proposes that the best a full-scale archaeological excavation of the so any deaccessioned material would first During the excavation five significant conservation outcome for the site is to previously identified areas was required. need to be sent to PROV for assessment. archaeological sites were discovered: conserve all the archaeological remains These excavations found that the A and of the three former Airing Yards and C B airing yards were very well preserved, as (b) This HIM endorses Allom Lovell’s • A Division airing yards Division by avoiding these areas during were sections of the C Division cell block recommendation for unobtrusive signage, • B Division original stockade redevelopment. However, DIG also recognises foundations. The warders residence had which demonstrates both an informed features (not conclusive) that development requirements for space been damaged over time and were poorly understanding of the future use of the site • B Division eastern airing yards render this unlikely. To compensate, DIG preserved. A program of interpretation has and of ‘best practice’ heritage interpretation. • B Division western airing yards recommends that the above areas must been suggested by SHP, which is outlined • C Division cell blocks. be fully excavated prior to development later in this master plan. (c) The inclusion of a guidebook or to allow for the preservation of the information sheet is also an appropriate One other area, the Gate House and Officers archaeological date ‘in the record’ if not in NH ARCHITECTURE, ‘PENTRIDGE COBURG method of communication, although this Quarters near A Division, was identified as situ. If any other archaeological material DESIGN GUIDELINES AND MASTERPLAN’ would now sit within a proposed suite of having archaeological potential but this area is uncovered during development that is (2009) digital and print communication for the site. was not tested due to access restrictions. either extensive or corresponds to the age of the other archaeological sites described This document produced by NH Architecture (d) This HIM also supports recording of oral Expanding upon the Allom Lovell’s CMP, in DIG’s report, work must cease and not builds upon Allom Lovell’s Conservation histories in order to allow people with strong this archaeological report concludes that recommence until assessment has been Management Plan and earlier development links to the former prison to be given a the five archaeological sites are both highly undertaken by the project archaeologist. strategies and suggests a number of new voice in the future interpretation of the site, significant and well preserved. Therefore, it In light of the archaeological findings, approaches to the redevelopment of the site although this may be now better undertaken establishes that permits are required for any Heritage Victoria requires an interpretation to enhance the economic viability of the using video history. future developments intending to impact, scheme that enables the presentation of the Coburg Prison Complex. Conscious of the disturb or remove any elements of these results of the historical and archaeological fact that minimal impact upon significant DIG INTERNATIONAL, ‘PENTRIDGE sites. However, since other areas of the site investigations. This should include a variety structures is required, NH Architecture also PIAZZA ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION have little or no archaeological potential, of elements, including the conservation emphasises the importance of recognising REPORT’ (2009) DIG International stated that development of original site fabric, signage and historic that a degree of development is necessary in in these areas could proceed without further images. order to make the complex a vibrant urban DIG International undertook archaeological archaeological work. location. excavations of the former HM Prison DIG INTERNATIONAL ‘ARCHAEOLOGICAL Pentridge complex in 2008/9 and produced INVESTIGATIONS’ (2014) NH Architecture’s recommendations the ‘Pentridge Piazza archaeological are examined in detail throughout this evaluation report’, which outlines the results In 2014, DIG International conducted Interpretation Plan. of fieldwork, the assessment of the cultural further archaeological investigations at the significance of the archaeological finds Pentridge Prison site. These took place as

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 13 ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT INTERPRETATION

BOYCE PIZZEY, ‘PENTRIDGE AIMS OF 2003 STRATEGY There are a number of well-developed to the public, but this is a consequence of INTERPRETATION STRATEGY—COBURG concepts within the thematic outline the status of the site at the time his strategy The aims of Pizzey’s strategy were to provide: of Pizzey’s Interpretation Strategy that was produced. It is now necessary for the PRISONS COMPLEX’ (2003) could be expanded upon, most notably his continued and renewed use of Pentridge as a • An overall philosophy for public research into the sub-themes of ‘creativity’ commercial and residential hub that a more BACKGROUND interpretation based on the and ‘stigma, myth, memory’. At a sensitive subtle, discreet approach to interpretation is heritage significance of the site and difficult site such as this, these sub- adopted. In 2001 Tract Consultants, on behalf of • An understanding of market themes would focus attention upon a Pentridge Piazza and Pentridge Village, issues, particularly in respect to number of positive aspects of prison life. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS prepared a heritage interpretation strategy audience ‘Creativity’, in particular, would be a highly of the former Coburg prisons complex. • A basis for detailed interpretation evocative subject for interpretation. The Key recommendations in Pizzey’s interpreta- Due to be transformed into a ‘vibrant measures prison was home to a number of artists, tion strategy include: and dynamic urban environment open • A contribution to assessment of poets and playwrights, which provides to the public’, this development provided development proposals on the a great opportunity to interpret the site An on-site museum an opportunity to promote the historical site. subtly through the use of visual material Promoting the construction of an on-site significance of the site. Boyce Pizzey and individual quotations. In addition, the museum, Pizzey’s strategy focuses upon Strategic was chosen to undertake the To do so, Pizzey begins with an analysis sub-theme of ‘stigma, myth, memory’ raises visible displays to encourage people to learn work, and in 2002, produced the ‘Pentridge of visitor demographics, concluding that an interesting issue in its investigation of more, and create ‘hooks’ to draw people Interpretation Strategy—Coburg Prisons casual visitors and residents would comprise Melbourne’s real and imagined relationship in. This requirement is now superseded by Complex’ with the express purpose of the greatest percentage of visitors to the with the prison and provides an opportunity the permit requirement for a museum at improving awareness of the Pentridge penal site, followed by museum-goers/school to exhibit the ‘juxtaposition between Pentridge Village. complex. groups. As identified by Pizzey, these two Pentridge as feared ‘other’ in the 19th groups form a significant juxtaposition – century and Pentridge as the setting for a Provision of two key orientation points The ‘Pentridge Interpretation Strategy— casual visitors are categorised as having new community in the 21st century.’31 Pizzey discusses the intention of providing Coburg Prisons Complex’ offers a no premeditated desire to understand the two main orientation points: (1) a high- comprehensive study of the site’s history complex as it is not their reason for visiting, In summary, Boyce Pizzey’s interpretation impact display attached to a museum near and provides an impressive array of themes whereas museum-goers and school groups strategy provides a good starting point B Division and (2) a less intense overview at and sub-themes to be addressed at the attend for the express reason of learning for assessing the essential elements in the the public Piazza entry based on the idea site. However, although these themes are more about the site. This highlights the remembrance and recognition of Pentridge’s that the ‘audience needs to acquire some well-researched and provide an extensive difficulties involved in interpreting the prison past. He has provided a comprehensive and understanding of the state prison system as 32 overview of the cultural values of the site, complex and the necessity to balance low- generally well-conceived variety of themes a whole prior to exploring the site’. their planned execution does not suit the and high-impact interpretation throughout that provide a diverse insight into the contemporary identity of the Pentridge the complex. extensive and changing life of Pentridge. The While this approach is intended to cater for complex. Pizzey’s strategy needs to be main (and crucial) setback in his strategy is both museum-goers and casual visitors, it is adapted to create a new, more sensitive his advocating of a museum concept as the problematic because it forces all visitors to approach to heritage interpretation. main way to communicate information the site to be confronted directly by

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 14 ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT INTERPRETATION

Pentridge’s prison history. So, while this distracting audio environment for residents, 2. Prison Life approach is acceptable at a dedicated office workers and visitors and position the This highlights the experiences of those con- tourist destination such as Port Arthur or site as primarily a tourist destination. Having tained within the prison’s walls, encompass- Fremantle Prison, it is not a suitable method said that, Pizzey’s approach reflects the ing the daily routines of the prisoners, emo- of interpretation for the emerging mixed-use limited media available in 2002. Storytell- tions felt, work and industry, and creativity. residential and commercial precinct. ing can now take place through a variety of unobtrusive digital formats including 3. Melbourne Justice The utilisation of warders’ towers Smartphone Apps, podcasts, QR-codes and This seeks to address the transformation of Pizzey’s strategy also promotes utlising the Near Field Communication (NFC)-triggered the justice system from earliest settlement warders’ towers to offer ‘birds-eye’ views of audio and podcasts, all of which allow indi- to contemporary times. Issues addressed the prison complex for tourists. These were viduals to choose whether or not to engage include: intended as points of visitor orientation for in interpretation. both guided and self-guided tours. However, • Women’s incarceration this option will need to be reassessed in THEMES • Capital punishment order to comply with safety standards. • Rehabilitation Based on potential audiences, and also • Young offenders Interpretive elements, place naming, pub- the cultural significance of the site, Pizzey • Pentridge’s niche in the lic art and heritage overlays identifies four principal themes as the basis community psyche. Throughout the site Pizzey promotes the for interpretation, all of which are interesting use of many interpretive elements including and relevant to the site: 4. Penology graphic materials, sculptures, signage and This examines the development of Pentridge the naming of precincts and buildings. For 1. The Pentridge ‘Cast’ in the context of the history of prison example, he suggests using built overlays This looks into the lives of the various people development and its relationship to social to illustrate the former use of buildings and associated with the prison complex, includ- philosophies. This section highlights distinct using planting or paving to represent demol- ing: phases in the philosophy of punishment ished structures. He also suggests focussing involving: upon particular aspects in the landscape at • Penal philosophers who influenced the A and H Divisions, such as the rock-crushing form and function of Pentridge • Punishment as deterrent yards. • Warders • Punishment as reform • Inspector-Generals • Punishment to fit the crime These suggestions are appropriate for the • Social workers • Education as a key to reform site and part of the current HIM’s recom- • The prisoners. • Privatisation. mendations. However, SHP does not support Pizzey’s proposal to use audio to create an All of these themes are valuable and well- ‘ambient background’ and encourage story- considered, and form the basis of the them- telling, since this would create a ing in the current HIM.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 15 PART TWO: INTERPRETATION

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 16 ‘BEST PRACTICE’ INTERPRETATION FOR PENTRIDGE

INTRODUCTION ‘BEST PRACTICE’ PRINCIPLE 1: INTERPRETATION WILL at Pentridge. This methodology involves BE BASED ON THE MODEL OF THE researching and analysing audiences for The field of heritage interpretation comprises PRINCIPLES EXPERIENCE ECONOMY interpretation and using these to inform the many disciplines and applies to a wide range development of interpretive themes, stories Interpretation will follow the following ‘best of situations, including urban and rural Interpretation has its origins in the work of and media. practice’ principles: developments, museum and visitor centres, the US National Parks service in the 1950s cultural tourism projects and national and, for many years, was essentially site- This data will then be used not only to create parks, heritage sites, zoos, aquaria and Principle 1 based communication devised for parks, zoos, site-based interpretation for residents and Interpretation will be based on the model of wildlife destinations. Since its main role is museums, aquariums and other heritage workers at the former Prison complex, but ‘The experience economy’, with the aim of to communicate the values of cultural and sites without associated communities. This also to structure interpretation for tourists creating a set of interlinked experiences for natural heritage sites, interpretation is also interpretation was delivered primarily to the site, including pre- and post-visit residents, workers and tourists. implemented using a wide range of physical, through guided tours and media such as orientation. This stage of the planning will face-to-face and digital media. signs, displays, exhibitions, information include outlining the most appropriate media Principle 2 kiosks, films, brochures and so on. Since for communicating interpretive themes Interpretation will use the authentic values of This section of the Heritage Interpretation the 1990s, however, interpretation has and stories to particular audiences and the place to stimulate short- and long- term Masterplan will demonstrate how the also drawn from work undertaken in the communities. Proposed interpretive media economic growth. Shayher Group will adopt ‘best practice’ in entertainment, branding and marketing includes: environmental graphics, a heritage- heritage interpretation. The methodology industries, particularly the framework of The themed water feature, heritage-themed Principle 3 outlined in the Masterplan will incorporate experience economy, pioneered by Joseph installations, art-based interpretation, film, Interpretation will make use of a wide range of traditional tourist-based interpretation but Pine and Stephen Gilmore.33 This holistic signs, brochures, a Smartphone app, digital media. also encompass interpretation aimed at framework uses interpretation as a key driver and social media, a website and and an increasing property values, providing indirect for creating an holistic experience of a place, interpretive zone. economic returns through civic regeneration, Principle 4 structuring how people engage with a place Interpretation will create economic, social and creating social and cultural capital, and from the first moment they encounter it to Finally, interpretation will also be used cultural capital. creating a sense of place and identity for their ongoing post-visit interactions. to structure post-visit interactions with incoming residents. Pentridge, through social media, interactive Principle 5 Such interpretation, based on creating visitor media and web-based interactions. For Interpretation will create a sense of place and experiences, is highly focused on audiences instance, visitors will be invited to upload Interpretation at Pentridge will be contribute to community building for incoming and based on the principle of engaging their images and impressions of Pentridge to based on the model of ‘The experience residents. people’s emotions first and foremost to lead Instagram, Facebook and Twitter and also be economy’. It will provide a holistic them into powerful, ‘authentic’ experiences provided with regular updates on events and Principle 6 framework that extends from the of place. SHP has used the model of The programs via a dedicated website. Interpretation will focus on both tangible and visitor’s first encounter with the place to experience economy as the basis for the intangible history of the site. their post-visit interactions with it. ‘best practice’ interpretation methodology

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 17 ‘BEST PRACTICE’ INTERPRETATION FOR PENTRIDGE

PRINCIPLE 2: INTERPRETATION WILL USE sites – the objective, the constructed, and the PRINCIPLE 3: INTERPRETATION WILL THE AUTHENTIC VALUES OF THE PLACE personal.38 In this model, the former Pentridge MAKE USE OF A WIDE VARIETY OF MEDIA INTERPRETIVE MEDIA PRINCIPLES TO STIMULATE LONG-TERM ECONOMIC Prison complex is largely a place of objective GROWTH authenticity—authenticity strongly tied to Physical media (signs, exhibitions, books, The use of vertical signage for interpretation original artefacts, historic buildings and places brochures, wayfinding markers) are the will be minimised. 39 The concept of authenticity underpins where historical events occurred. However, most common forms of interpretive media both ‘best practice’ heritage interpretation the site will also have elements of constructed used in heritage interpretation. However, Digital media will be used to create a wide and the listing process for heritage sites. authenticity, which occurs when a number recent developments in digital and social range of visitor experiences, including pre- Authenticity also has a positive economic of devices, such as exhibitions, Smartphone media have led to dramatic improvements visit orientation, post-visit engagement and impact: a heritage site may have economic apps and so on, are used to interpret the past. in the kinds of interpretation possible at site-based experiences. value because it is real, not false, and Finally, the site will have personal authenticity, heritage sites. Digital and social media because it is unique. An important associated which allows a visitor to connect meaningfully extend the reach of interpretation and allow Where possible, interpretation will be characteristic is that the site has integrity with the experience of people from the past, the delivery of interpretation that appeals embedded in architectural and landscaping 34 that must be safeguarded. This is in line when the Interpretive Zone is implemented and to all the senses and to all ways of learning forms in the public realm. with the definition of ‘authenticity’ by various parts of the site are activated through (kinaesthetic, visual, auditory). leading American interpreters Ted Cable performance and interactivity. and Steve Hill, who state that authentic While print-based materials, such as PRINCIPLE 4: INTERPRETATION WILL interpretation ‘aims to reveal both real Taking this further, the authenticity of a site’s brochures, and a small amount of CREATE A SENSE OF PLACE life and sites with genuine history and heritage can create effective competitive vertical interpretive signage, will still be 35 traditions.’ positioning. In The economics of uniqueness, necessary at Pentridge, digital media Creating a sense of place and belonging John O’Brien comments that sensitivity will be used to create interpretation that for incoming office workers, residents and As early as 1976, the search for authenticity to cultural heritage in urban regeneration leaves minimal imprints on the place and consumers is a key role for interpretation at was recognised in tourist literature as a prime projects will ensure that ‘the (area) will have an reaches out to visitors before and after Pentridge. 36 motivator for ‘touristic consciousness’. authentic sense of place that contributes greatly they physically visit the site. This will be Findings published in The journal of to attracting talent on a sustainable basis and accompanied by interpretation embedded The term ‘sense of place’ represents a 40 interpretation research indicate that ‘a which, in turn, can be a magnet for business’. in the architectural forms and landscape collection of intangible values, such as great mass of visitors do not want to receive of the public realm. This will present the those relating to the physical environment, a lecture; they want to experience the … The strict development controls on Pentridge, interpretation in a low-key way that aids human behaviours, and social/psychological historical-heritage site on their own terms, on which have allowed it to retain its authenticity, appreciation of the site’s heritage assets processes.41 Creating a sense of place their own time, with an experience rooted in will therefore be of great benefit not only to its and authenticity. emerged in the 2000s as a key role for 37 authenticity.’ residents and workers, but also to the investors interpretation to take. Interpreters Knudson, in the site. Cable, and Beck (2003) believe that According to Cable and Hill, three types emotional attachments to cultural sites allow of authenticity can be applied to heritage people to understand a site’s character or essence.42 Similarly, research has shown that

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 18 ‘BEST PRACTICE’ INTERPRETATION FOR PENTRIDGE

an individual’s psychological investment in place and given recognition to intangible a place can be increased through structured histories and practices as components of activities and that attachment to place heritage sites. This gives formal recognition may also help create a sense of identity for to the importance of personal attachments individuals.43 to place and to the idea that places may be sources of identity for particular groups.44 Studies relating to the theory of place have The ENAME Charter for Interpretation shown the importance of creating a ‘big (ICOMOS) and the Burra Charter (ICOMOS picture’ so that people can locate themselves Australia, 1999; revised 2004) also prioritise within a place. The Masterplanning process intangible heritage values as a key element for interpretation at Pentridge will develop of the listing process for heritage sites and this ‘big picture’ by outlining key messages something that needs to be considered when and a narrative framework for the site. In undertaking heritage interpretation. turn, this will ensure that the interpretation of the buildings, archaeology, artefacts and intangible histories are placed within a coherent and readable framework for all who Interpretation will be based on the tangible encounter the site. and intangible histories of Pentridge.

PRINCIPLE 5: INTERPRETATION WILL FOCUS ON BOTH TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HISTORY

Intangible history, a key element of the history of the former Pentridge Prison complex, has only officially been recognised in the heritage field for around 20 years. Before that, interpretation was largely the domain of tourism and environmental resource professionals, who viewed heritage sites and assets as ‘commodities’ and ‘resources’. However, research after 1990 across the disciplines of history, place and sociology has placed ‘social value’ and ‘spiritual value’ as key elements of sense of

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 19 INTERPRETIVE VISION

INTERPRETIVE VISION We want visitors to leave Pentridge with:

AND METHOD • An understanding of the prison’s development and the role that it has played in Victoria’s history, Because Pentridge’s long-serving role as environment and collective social a prison has infused the site with difficult memory. and challenging narratives, a subtle and innovative approach to interpretation • An understanding of why the is essential. The approach proposed in prison is considered significant this Masterplan will divide interpretation at a state level: for its place into zones and respect the site’s nature as the largest prison complex as a mixed residential, commercial constructed in Victoria in the and tourist precinct. The stories of the 19th century (theme 1); for people associated with the site, and their providing tangible evidence of relationship to the built fabric, are central the development of penal reform to the narratives told in built form, digital (theme 2); for its role in the media, through tours and site activation reformation of women and and in the dedicated Interpretive Zone. children (theme 3); and as the site of rare archaeological remains Interpretation will reveal the tangible and (theme 5). intangible stories of Pentridge through the built environment. Some stories will • Respect for the history and the be embedded within the site’s urban people who inhabited the site. infrastructure to develop discreet, subtle interpretation for residents, office workers • A personal attachment to the and shoppers, while the more difficult site. aspects of the site’s past will be addressed in the dedicated Interpretive Zone. Here, interpretive media will assist visitors to read the site and its archaeology, so they can understand and imagine what occurred there.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 20 THEME 1: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HM PRISON PENTRIDGE

RATIONALE the overcrowded Melbourne Gaol. Four The colonial government built the Stockade at Pentridge. With so many prisoners months later, 16 prisoners were marched with the intention of protecting the new entering the penal system, the fragile and along Sydney Road to the site. All were Colony of Victoria from populace from impermanent stockade was no longer seen This theme explores the reasons for handcuffed, some were in leg irons and society’s most dangerous criminals and as a viable option for housing criminals. the establishment of Pentridge in outer all were clad in prison garb branded on simultaneously providing the labour for Melbourne and the ways in which the the back of the legs with P R 6-Pentridge building and repairing Sydney Road, which A second phase of construction began at complex transformed over the years. Road Gang. Arranged by the prison’s connected Pentridge with Melbourne. The Pentridge between 1857 and 1864, set first Inspector-General, Samuel Barrow, Stockade was originally built as a temporary in motion by William Champ, the third SUBTHEMES the procession was accompanied by the structure that could be moved along the Inspector-General of Pentridge, with the aim Stockade Superintendent in a cab, an road as necessary. This stockade, and of reform the chaotic nature of the original Armed Warder on each side, District Chief subsequently the prison that developed stockade.48 This was to become the most 1.1 ESTABLISHMENT, DECEMBER Constable Brodie on horseback, six armed from it, formed the basis of Victoria’s concentrated gaol building campaign in 1850 constables, a Sergeant and two Aboriginal penal system for the next 100 years. It Australian history of its time. It was during troopers.45 Within the month, 41 prisoners was located in what is now Division B east this period that the still-standing A and B KEY STORYLINES serving their sentences in Sydney were courtyard and Division B north. Divisions, and the bluestone perimeter walls returned to Melbourne and placed in were constructed: the beginning of the • The transfer of 16 prisoners Pentridge.4643 1.2 CONVERSION establishment of a permanent complex at from the Melbourne Gaol to the Pentridge, which would remain in operation newly established penal complex Pentridge Prison began life as a stockade KEY STORYLINES for more than 100 years. • The prison’s formation and the built of logs surrounded by a flimsy and reactions of the surrounding easily penetrable 1.2 metre fence. According • The conversion from a transient community to The Argus: site to a permanent settlement • The reasons for the prison’s • The need for a more organised establishment. Upon inquiry as to the condition of the prison structure. Stockade we found everything just about OVERVIEW as complete as could be expected. A man OVERVIEW of ordinary strength could push out the With the imminent separation of Victoria weatherboards with a single thrust of his The discovery of gold at Ballarat in 1851 from the Colony of New South Wales in arm. The shingles may be poked off the roof increased pressure on the penal system 1851, the colonial government determined with a stick from the inside. If the flooring as the colony of Victoria’s population that a new prison able to accommodate boards are lifted, the whole gang could walk almost doubled in the space of two years. serious offenders was needed. In out, for the building in on piles some feet As Australia’s population continued to August 1850 a flimsy wooden stockade from the ground and below the floor is not increase, so too did its criminal population, was established in the then-suburb of enclosed...every opportunity is offered to which led the demand for a permanent Pentridge to accommodate prisoners from them to run away.47 prison on the site of the temporary stockade

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 21 THEME 2: THE HISTORY OF PENAL REFORM AT PENTRIDGE

RATIONALE disposed’49 and acting as a strong advocate OVERVIEW prisoners were addressed only by their cell for the use of hulks as floating prisons. It number, not their names.55 Pentridge Prison played a significant role was Barrow who wrote the regulations for William Champ became Inspector-General in the history of penal reform in Victoria, the hulk President, establishing the rule following Price’s death in 1857. In direct Champ’s view was that: with many of its structures reflecting the that prisoners were to be kept in chains for opposition to Price, Champ was interested transformation from inhumane treatment their entire stay on board and in complete in the concept of reform for prisoners and Something is accomplished when a th of prisoners in the 19 century to a more silence.50 In Barrow’s mind, criminals were believed that silence and solitude were hardened and perhaps desperate ruffian th enlightened approach in the mid-20 so deeply disposed to villainy that it would the best methods of achieving this.52 He is completely subdued and is made to feel century. This theme explores the prison’s be impracticable to attempt to eradicate it. recommended the abolition of prison hulks unmistakenly that an irksome and tedious transformation, the psychology of penal and the erection of suitable, permanent punishment has at last overtaken him. reform and the associated social attitudes Barrow’s successor, John Giles Price, held buildings. Within weeks of appointment, Detain him then, in silence and solitude of the community. similar views, having spent seven years he had removed Price’s ‘Crystal Palace’ until he is thoroughly wearied of sheer overseeing the prison on Norfolk Island. from the ground of Pentridge and relocated idleness and want of companionship, and SUBTHEMES Price viewed punishment as a form of it to a quarry site where prisoners were he becomes desirous of employment as the deterrent, instigated purely to deter further placed to crush stone for the newly planned only means of relieving the monotony of his 2.1 PUNISHMENT AS DETERRENT individuals from committing crimes, buildings.53 existence.56 rather than a means reforming those KEY STORYLINES who had already committed felonies. By In building these new structures, Champ The Panopticon also contained a series of November 1854, he had constructed the was greatly influenced by the prison solitary confinement cells built below the • Samuel Barrow and the use of notorious ‘Crystal Palace’ at Pentridge to philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John standard cells that housed prisoners in hulks control the most troublesome prisoners. Howard. From 1857 he oversaw the complete darkness and silence. • John Giles Price and the ‘Crystal Conditions were appalling. Discipline was construction of A Division, the ‘Panopticon,’ During Champ’s administration, prisoner Palace’. unnecessarily cruel, with the purpose of a model prison based on the design of the numbers gradually decreased, but whether crushing out ‘the last spark of humanity.’51 circular model prison Pentonville in Britain, this was due to his techniques, or just a OVERVIEW Prisoners worked, slept and ate in chains, which sought to combine reformation sign of the times, is difficult to say. But and any misdemeanour, however small, was with punishment.54 Champ’s Panopticon perhaps Champ’s greatest legacy was the In 1850, Samuel Barrow Esq was appointed punished with either solitary confinement or contained 176 cells, each measuring just establishment of the permanent structures as Pentridge’s first Inspector-General. additional imprisonment. 3.2m x 2.8m, and an ‘inspection house’, that formed the basic shape of the prison Before this appointment, Barrow had from which prison offers could oversee the for the following 150 years. worked in Van Diemen’s Land and on 2.2 PUNISHMENT AS REFORM prisoners positioned at the perimeter of the Norfolk Island and arrived at Pentridge with circle. Prisoners housed in this building were a reputation for imposing floggings and KEY STORYLINES isolated in their cells for 23 hours a day, other forms of harsh discipline on prisoners. with just one hour’s exercise in a segregated Barrow continued his Pentridge practice • William Champ’s model prison yard under direct officer supervision. of cruelty at Pentridge, aiming to create a • The concept of silence, Communication was not allowed, and ‘wholesome terror in the minds of the evil surveillance and solitude.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 22 THEME 2: THE HISTORY OF PENAL REFORM AT PENTRIDGE

SUBTHEMES ‘Crofton’ system, an Irish penal system dissolving the psychological needy and destitute children. The products that offered prisoners incentives for good barriers between the of their labour were ceremonially displayed behaviour. This system was attractive world outside and the and distributed at Christmas events held 2.3 LABOUR AS REFORM because it combined elements of the silent world within the bluestone walls. in the gaols, attended by children from system already in place with the concept of refugee communities, orphanages and KEY STORYLINES productive labour, therefore reducing the OVERVIEW other institutions. prison’s operational costs.59 Implemented • The Industries – an extensive in August 1873 by George Duncan, nine In the first half of the 20th century two work program introduced at ‘marks’ were awarded to prisoners: three great educationalists were engaged to Pentridge as part of for work, three for conduct at work, and work at Pentridge. The first was Joseph the reformation of prisoners three for conduct after work. These marks Ackeroyd, who observed the prison system • George Duncan and the Marks could be increased or decreased according through the eyes of a teacher, aimed to System – incentives for work and to each prisoner’s effort and behaviour.60 dissolve the psychological barriers between the classification of prisoners. This ‘marks’ system, which aimed to reward the world outside and the world within prisoners by various indulgences, was the through community projects and sport.62 OVERVIEW first occasion in Victoria that payment was He considered that education was the key made to prisoners as a reward for labour. In to reform, not only for prisoners, but also for The most significant impact upon the prison doing so, it transformed the penal system prison officers. The second was Alexander system was the Stawell Royal Commission from an obsession with punishment to a Whatmore, who was also a strong advocate of 1870. Headed by Sir William Stawell, the stress on rewards for employment and good for education as a key to reform. Whatmore Commission enquired into the workings of behaviour.61 At this stage, the classification devoted his efforts to prevention through the present penal system, hearing evidence of prisoners, rather than punishment, community service, and the establishment mainly from people concerned with the became the central issue to advocates of of youth training, rather than punishment of management of Pentridge. After examining prison reform, leading a more enlightened prisoners.63 all the Divisions at Pentridge, the Report approach to penal policy to emerge at the recommended the formation of a female beginning of the 20th century. This focus on community engagement penitentiary and, most significantly, the continued into the late 20th century as provision of industrial employment for 2.4 EDUCATION AS A KEY TO education and recreational programmes the prisoners.57 Duncan implemented an REFORM contributed immensely to the engagement extensive work program by constructing a of Pentridge prisoners with the wider number of industries on the site, including KEY STORYLINES public. The Mess Room Players (a group a woollen mill, tailors shop, blacksmith, of A Division prisoners) staged numerous carpenter and a timber yard.58 • The employment of high-quality productions attended by large educationalists as governors of audiences, while the Pentridge Toy Makers The Stawell Royal Commission also Pentridge were founded in 1961 to produce toys for instigated the implementation of the • Community engagement –

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 23 THEME 3: PEOPLING PENTRIDGE

RATIONALE and reinterred at Pentridge. Following this was not until the 1990s that key evidence meant not only to keep prisoners in, but transferral, and to the horror of Coburg was re-examined using modern techniques also to keep free citizens out. In the 1980s, residents, Pentridge became the site for all that strongly demonstrated his innocence. Barry Ellem was given permission to walk Many people passed through the gates of subsequent executions. An appeal for mercy was subsequently within the walls and speak to the prisoners Pentridge throughout its 150-year history. lodged and on 27 May 2008 he was about their experiences. This resulted in Prisoners and officers played a vital role On Sunday 19 December 1965, Ronald pardoned, 86 years after being executed for a book, Doing Time, which describes the in the prison’s development, but so too Ryan broke out of Pentridge’s B Division a crime he did not commit.66 This petition prison experience based on the first-hand did a diverse range of outsiders, including with fellow prisoner, Peter John Waker.64 for his pardon was unique as it was on accounts of prisoners themselves. These teachers, chaplains, and friends and families While prison officers were taking turns behalf of the families of both Colin and his inmates spoke about the ways in which they of the inmates. This theme examines the attending a staff Christmas party, the two ‘victim.’ In a final letter to his family, written coped with and adapted to the monotony prisoners and staff of Pentridge, together prisoners scaled one of the prison walls with the night before they hanged him, Colin of prison routine, the frustrations of being with the outsiders, in order to provide an the aid of wooden benches and blankets, assured them: ’the day is coming that my cut off from family and friends, the attitude insight into the diverse and complex nature before overpowering a prison warder and innocence will be proved.’67 of the authorities, and their loss of freedom, of prison culture. taking his rifle. During this escape attempt, providing invaluable insights into life in this Ryan allegedly shot and killed George 3.2 ‘WORDS FROM WITHIN’ closed community. 3.1 INFAMOUS INMATES Hodson, a prison officer who was trying to prevent his escape. Ryan was on the run for KEY STORYLINE 3.3 WOMEN AND INCARCERATION KEY STORYLINES 19 days before he was recaptured by police in Sydney on 6 January 1966. He was tried Accounts from prisoners about life in prison KEY STORYLINES • The day Australia stood still – and found guilty of murdering Hodson and detailing the lack of privacy, going it alone, Ronald Ryan and the issue of sentenced to death by hanging.65 and other aspects of prison life • Finding a place for females – the capital punishment housing of women in Pentridge • Posthumously pardoned – the Ryan was hanged at Pentridge at 8.00am OVERVIEW • Opinions about female prisoners. pardoning of a prisoner, Colin on Friday 3 February 1967 and buried in Campbell Ross, 86 years after his an unmarked grave near the prison’s D Many prisoners passed through the OVERVIEW death Division. He was the last man to be hanged bluestone walls of Pentridge Prison • Ned Kelly. in Australia and is remembered as the man throughout its tenure. All have unique Before the opening of the Female Prison whose execution provoked such public stories to tell. Lack of privacy and the at Pentridge in 1894, there was no OVERVIEW outcry that no person ever again would be realisation that you had to find your own permanent accommodation for female executed in Australia. ways to cope were just some of the things prisoners in Victoria. Female prisoners were In 1924, Pentridge supplanted Melbourne prisoners were confronted with upon arrival. frequently moved about. Some women were Gaol as the main remand and reception Colin Campbell Ross was a wine bar owner, transferred from the Melbourne Gaol in prison for the metropolitan area. The Gaol’s executed in 1922 despite evidence that he What is it like to ‘do time’? Few outsiders the 1850s to the Eastern Gaol, the Western prisoners were relocated and the bodies of was innocent, and reburied at Pentridge in knew what went on inside the prison. For Gaol, then to the hulk Sacramento and later 33 prisoners executed at the Melbourne 1937. Following his execution, efforts were much of its life, Pentridge’s walls were the Success.68 In 1868 these women were Gaol, including Ned Kelly, were exhumed continuously made to clear his name, but it transferred to Pentridge, where a

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 24 THEME 3: PEOPLING PENTRIDGE

purpose-built structure, now known as A Division, was constructed to house them. But this was short-lived and the following year the female prisoners were sent back to Melbourne Gaol.69 The cycle was repeated in the 1880s, with some women housed at Pentridge before being returned to Melbourne Gaol. They remained there until the new female gaol finally opened at Pentridge in 1894. This became the principal female prison until HM Fairlea in Fairfield opened in 1956.70

Inspector-General William Champ had a very poor opinion of female prisoners, becoming so disgusted by them that he proposed all female prisoners should spend their entire sentence in solitary confinement—a suggestion he never entertained for men.

‘…they [female prisoners] are with very few exceptions the most depraved of their sex, frequenters of the pave and of the lowest dens of infamy, their constant association on board a crowded hulk precludes all hope that their imprisonment can produce any moral effect on themselves and society derives no advantage from it, except their temporary abstraction, for they are no sooner released than they return to their former course of life, to be again convicted and sentenced to a so called punishment of which they have no dread, and which has no beneficial effect whatsoever.’71

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 25 THEME 4: LIFE BEHIND THE WALLS

RATIONALE Rules included: o’clock. At five o’clock the tea bell sounds, Trobe University.75 He was an athlete. By announcing that the day’s toil is over. The the time he left Pentridge, he was also a ‘2. Prisoners are to rise immediately upon the prisoners retire for the evening, and may playwright. Mooney was first housed in A This theme examines the routines and first bell being rung, to wash their hands and read in their cells, books being supplied them Division which, by the 1960s, was where rituals that underlay prison life. faces, and to make up their bedding neatly, twice a week from the prison library, while first time offenders were sent. Later, after according to the form prescribed, and place a Bible is placed in very cell. At eight o’clock leading a riot, he was transferred to ‘H’ SUBTHEMES it upon the top of the cupboards. the silence-bell tolls six notes, when all retire, Division, the maximum security division 3. The cells are, as soon as the bedding and in winter the gas is extinguished.’74 where prisoners were set to work breaking is made up, to be swept, and, with the rocks; were feed inferior meals; and where 4.1 DAILY ROUTINE furniture, to be properly scoured, for which Such routines continued throughout the prisoners were subjected to violent acts purpose the necessary cleaning articles will duration of Pentridge’s history. by the warders. It was Mooney’s stay in H KEY STORYLINE be supplied at unlocking. Division that formed the basis of his famous 10. They will retire to rest as soon as the 4.2 CULTURAL PRODUCTION play Every night, every night. While in prison A typical day in the life of an inmate. silence bell rings.’ he also wrote the play A blue freckle, which 15. Every prisoner under separate treatment KEY STORYLINES focused upon the 1972 Jenkinson Inquiry, a OVERVIEW is to receive exercise for one hour daily, police inquiry which downplayed the extent weather permitting’.73 • A profile of one inmate’s of state-sanctioned violence in prisons.76 It A significant part of the running of prisons creativity was remarkable that, with its contentious is the application of a regimented daily Helen Davis of New Idea magazine visited • An outlet for emotions. theme, the prison administration permitted routine. Believing that prison should involve the prison in 1905 and witnessed this Mooney to produce this play with prisoners. ‘irksome and tedious punishment’, William severely regimented routine: Champ established a monotonous daily OVERVIEW Mooney’s plays reveal how prison granted routine from the outset. The day began and ‘..the rouse-bell sounds at ten minutes past some prisoners the opportunity to be ended with bells. Under Champ’s regime, six in the morning, summer and winter. By Joseph Ackeroyd was an advocate for both creative and produce works of art. The prisoners were required to be up at the half-past, the prisoners are washed and education and community involvement as subject matter of his plays also expose the sound of the first bell, washed and with dressed, and have put their cells in order, a form of rehabilitation and reform. As a influence that prison life had upon inmates, the bed made ready for inspection. They that is, the blankets are rolled up and result, Pentridge became a site of cultural and the ways in which creativity could be were to then stand in the middle of their placed nearly on the mats, which, with the production with inmates producing plays, used as an outlet of emotions. cell when the door was opened, with their exception of the first-convicted, they lie on writing poetry, and the establishment of hands by their side and heels close together. in place of a mattress. Then they breakfast. classes and creative workshops. Whenever a prisoner passed an officer of At seven o’clock they are drafted off to the the government, he was to touch his cap. different labour wards – laundries, sewing- Ray Mooney was one such inmate. Serving No conversation was to be carried out, and room, and kitchen. At five to twelve the a seven and a half year sentence, when prisoners were forbidden from looking out dinner-bell rings, and they muster and file Mooney entered Pentridge he had a the window.72 back to their cells for their meal and an bachelor degree in social science from La hour’s rest. They return to their work at one

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 26 THEME 5: UNCOVERING THE FOUNDATIONS: ARCHAEOLOGY

‘Archaeology at Pentridge • A Division airing yard the 2009 excavations and fully excavated in the true nature, and thus understanding, of • B Division eastern airing yard 2014. The most recent excavation revealed its use. can inform on changing • B Division western airing yard that the A Division airing yard in particular social attitudes as well • C Division cell blocks is incredibly well preserved, and that all C Division, built just after A and B Divisions, • Warder’s residence three panopticons exhibited different was a throw back to an earlier prison as technological changes construction methods. It is possible that the design. Six two-storey blocks were arranged to penal reform and The preliminary excavations involved a yards were constructed by three separate parallel to one another and separated management of crime in simple testing phase to ascertain that building contractors who interpreted by three communal open air yards. The these sites existed. In 2014, these sites were the contract drawings differently, or it is archaeological investigations revealed the state of Victoria.’ excavated in their entirety. possible that William Champ wanted to that sections of the foundations are well try different construction methods to find preserved and provide visual evidence of the In light of the archaeological findings, the most efficient one. Excavation of the A individual cellblocks, entrances and gutter Dig Archaeology, 2009 Heritage Victoria requires an interpretation Division airing yard also revealed that the systems scheme that enables the presentation of the perimeter wall was not circular as shown in RATIONALE results of the historical and archaeological the plans but rather a 16-sided polygon. Warders residence investigations. This must include a variety The chief warden lived on site in the warders This theme explores the role of archaeology of elements, including the conservation These unexpected discoveries highlight the residence, a complex of buildings located to in uncovering the prison’s secrets. of original site fabric, signage and historic importance and benefits of archaeology in the west of A DIvision. Excavation revealed images. contributing to the understanding of the that these structures are poorly preserved. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BUILDINGS site. As part of the separate system constructed KEY STORYLINES by Champ in the 1860s, inmates housed in Very few airing yards exist around the world. RECOMMENDED A and B Divisions were given approximately The yards at Pentridge are therefore highly • The how and why of archaeology one hour a day to be ‘aired’ or exercised. significant due to their rarity and ability INTERPRETATION • What has discovered and what this This was carried out in silence and solitude to shed light on the activities involved in Airing yards explains about the history of the site. in individual wedge-shaped exercise the separate prison system. They provide It is recommended that the A Division airing yards called airing yards. Three of these important insights into the psychology of yard is retained in its entirety. This presents OVERVIEW circular segmented structures were built 19th century penal reform and the methods an excellent opportunity to integrate an at Pentridge and they are unique in design deemed necessary to ‘reform’ prisoners. archaeological feature into a modern DIG International undertook archaeological to the separate prison system. Designed Heritage Victoria proposes that the A development. By retaining the foundations excavations of the former HM Prison to imitate the Panopticon style of prison Division airing yard should be retained in its of this airing yard, a physical ‘window into Pentridge in 2008 and 2014. During design, these airing yards featured central entirety and exposed for display purposes the past’ can be observed and people are the excavation phases, five significant tower from which the gaolers could observe in some capacity. It should be noted that afforded tangible evidence of a unique and archaeological sites were discovered: the prisoners exercising. retaining only a section of the airing yard rare prison design in Australia. would diminish its significance and remove These airing yards were first located during

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 27 THEME 5: UNCOVERING THE FOUNDATIONS: ARCHAEOLOGY

Proposed interpretation involves overlaying will include a complex of cells, not just one archaeological excavations of historic archaeology. the foundations with clear window panels. individual cell. sites are relatively rare in Melbourne, with A similar project was undertaken at the the excavation of Casselden Place/Little Archaeology acts as a significant drawcard Conservatorium of Music in Sydney, which These reinterred foundations will be Lon being the most well-known example. at Pentridge by providing highly visual was once the site of the original stable accompanied by wall-mounted graphics. As such, excavation at Pentridge, with evidence of the historic nature of the site block for Government House. This kind of These graphics may be historic images its identity as a notorious site, had the disconnected from the confronting nature interpretation is also a feature of Hyde Park of C Division (so it feels as though the potential to generate high levels of public of the imposing stone buildings. Barracks, as well as the Parthenon Museum visitor is looking out onto the cell blocks), interest at the outset of the project, which in Athens, Greece. or archaeological plans and drawings will be beneficial to tourism there in the of the excavation. Information on the longer term. It is proposed that one of the B DIvision archaeological investigation should be airing yards will also be retained in situ, included in the interpretation of these Casselden Place, Melbourne, is a prime while the other will be re-interpreted as areas. Why was it undertaken? What were example of how archaeology can act as a a garden on the roof of a future building the archaeologists hoping to find? What tourist magnet. This became a high profile Retaining one of the B Division airing yards does it tell us about the site? Providing a dig, with many people visiting the site to means that the yard can form part of the narrative of the investigation itself balances watch the archaeologists work and see recommended Interpretive Zone. This out the grim realities of the site with what they uncovered beneath the streets would allow the presentation of images, ‘exciting’ discoveries. of Melbourne. It provided an incredible objects and the results of the archaeological opportunity for people to physically see into investigations to accompany other Warders residence the past and reach new understandings of interpretive material about the site. The excavations revealed that the 19th century Melbourne. foundations of the warder’s residence are C Division not well preserved and therefore retain little Pentridge provided a similar opportunity. The area where C Division was constructed significance. Rather than retain any of these At a site that was once so closed off to the is to be converted into a high-rise building foundations in situ interpretation will be public, these excavations were a chance for and consequently the foundations of the old embedded in the public realm and will focus people to watch the past become exhumed. cell block will be buried. In order to retain on oral history accounts of people who lived This scheme included: some features of this Division, interpretation in the warder’s residence for a period of will take place within the proposed retail time. • The use of volunteers concourse. The most striking features of this • The creation of a website – ‘live’ archaeology are the small scale of each cell Before any development can take streaming, ongoing reports; and the worn entry steps into each separate place, Heritage Victoria required a full images of objects being found, cell. It is proposed that cells will be removed archaeological investigation of C Division reports on building structures and reinstated within the retail concourse. and thr airing yards. This excavation was • an Open Day weekend where people This will involve a combination of reused large-scale and it was integrated into were given tours of the site and the bluestone and sympathetic materials, and the interpretation scope of works. Large

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 28 PART THREE: THE BUSINESS CASE FOR USING HERITAGE INTERPRETATION AT PENTRIDGE

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 29 OVERVIEW

‘Over the long term, places public use. Heritage interpretation and urban with strong, distinctive design are the main activities that will draw attention to the ‘authenticity’ of the site identities are more likely to and hence enhance its point of difference prosper than places without from surrounding residential and commercial them. Every place must developments. This is aligned with Valad’s proposal for development at Pentridge Piazza identify its strongest, most to ‘maintain and enhance the historical distinctive features and character of the site’.78 develop them or run the risk of being all things to all Good interpretation at Pentridge will articulate the values of the site through persons and nothing special a variety of means in the built and digital to any. […] Liveability is not environments, taking into account the wide a middle-class luxury. It is range of stakeholder needs and developing an economic imperative.’ forms and media suitable for a wide range of public and private audiences. Robert Merton Solow77

The business case for interpreting the heritage of the Pentridge site rests on understanding the value that its heritage brings to the site. This heritage consists of tangible heritage assets (buildings, fixtures, fittings, artefacts and archaeology) and intangible histories, which survive in records of its lost buildings, memory, folklore and the many stories attached to the site.

Pentridge will be a mixed-use site, with some retained heritage buildings devoted to commercial uses including office, retail and tourism activities, and other parts of the site devoted to residential, community and

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 30 TARGET MARKETS

TARGET MARKETS than average motor vehicle ownership.81 This population increase will create a However, although not visiting with the However, this is forecast to change with substantial retail spending market, forecast express reason to be educated about the RESIDENTS, SHOPPERS AND OFFICE the estimated $1 billion investment in the at $14,000 per capita in 2013 and $15,376 site, there is potential for their curiosity WORKERS Coburg Principal Activity Centre (‘CAC’), in 2016.89 Positioning Pentridge Piazza as a to be piqued upon arrival. Pentridge of which the Pentridge site is a part.82 unique attraction as opposed to a megamall Market, which takes place every Sunday is The former Pentridge Prison complex is The former Pentridge Prison complex is complex (Northland), Preston Market attracting the local community due to its part of a rapidly-changing municipality, described in the ‘Coburg Structure Plan’ as and standard supermarket-based retail unique location, which indicates that the whose demographics and population forming ‘a significant historical landmark in shopping strips at Campbellfield, Reservoir heritage character of the site enhances the characteristics will be similar to the current Melbourne’s north…the completion of the and Glenroy retail precincts will require experience for shoppers. characteristics of Melbourne’s inner redevelopment of the site will consolidate focusing on the ‘heritage atmosphere’ of suburbs. The Pentridge redevelopment Pentridge as a major architectural and the site. According to the ‘Economic Impact will be the lynch pin in the transformation historical landmark’.83 Assessment for Pentridge Piazza’, this will of Coburg and surrounds into a home for CASE STUDY reduce the impact on other retailers in the Melbourne’s artistic and creative classes Pentridge Piazza will have 12,018 sqm of catchment area, wind back escape spending and a destination for tourism and shopping. ABBOTSFORD CONVENT retail floorspace at the completion of Stage and generate sales from customers living 3, including components already granted 90 The City of Moreland covers 50.9 square beyond the catchment area. Abbotsford Convent is another heritage relevant permits by Moreland City Council kilometres and is one of Melbourne’s most site, but with a vastly different history and Heritage Victoria (Industry Lane, QM The unique heritage assets surrounding populous municipalities.79 This is a fast- and remit. This site does not feature Building and Sentinel/AIR Building.84 The Pentridge Piazza, and the site as a whole, growing urban area that comprises the heritage tours and is not set up as a catchment area for the Pentridge Piazza will consequently form a major component suburbs of: Moreland, Brunswick, Brunswick destination tourism attraction. However, development comprises a primary sector of the housing, commercial and retail East, Brunswick West, Pascoe Vale, Pascoe it has a range of themed events extending up to two kilometres from offers. Valad Property Group’s objective for Vale South, Coburg, Coburg North, Hadfield, and activities that activate the site, Pentridge Piazza and five secondary sectors Pentridge Piazza was to create a ‘vibrant Fawkner, Glenroy, Oak Park and Gowanbrae. together with tenants from all parts of extending up to 6 kilometres from Pentridge area to work, live and play’ combined In 2009, the estimated resident population the creative sector. Unfortunately no Piazza, with all residents in the secondary with a mix of retail, entertainment, for the City of Moreland was 149,122.80 The demographic information is available sectors being able to reach the Piazza site office, community and residential uses.91 2006 Census indicated that the area has about audiences who use the site in 10 minutes.85 The population of the According to JB Group’s ‘Economic Impact smaller than average household sizes, a although anecdotal information catchment area is forecast as 103,118 in Statement’, the Pentridge development significantly higher proportion of residents suggests that the concept is successful. 2013, rising to 108,793 by 2016.86 Office will result in a ‘unique shopping centre over 70, lower than average household development after Stage 3 will lead to format due to the site’s history, physical incomes, significant ethnic diversity with a the precinct being home to up to 3,434 context, likely tourism role and destination high proportion of Italian-born residents, residents and 860 office workers.87 The experience’.92 In this context, the main higher home ownership levels, a skew redevelopment of the Coburg Activity markets for the redeveloped prison complex towards single-person households and lower Centre will also create an additional 1,500 are (in order): residents, shoppers, office dwellings and 65,000 sqm of additional workers and tourists, with most visitors there retail and office floor space.88 for reasons unrelated to heritage tourism.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 31 TARGET MARKETS

TARGET MARKETS Consequently, the Business Plan suggested Victoria’s Melbourne Market profile 2012 Arts Victoria provides more detailed the offer of guided tours for national and provides an indication of potential tourist information on cultural tourism. In the TOURISTS international tours, as well as for schools visitation to the redeveloped site. Of the Year Ended June 2012, cultural tourism and educational institutions, which would 7 million domestic overnight visitors to According to JT Group’s ‘Economic Impact accounted for more than 60% of all provide a major market revenue. The Melbourne, 60% came from interstate, Statement’, tourism will bring ‘substantial international visitors to the state, with promotion of a museum was also cited 36% from regional Victoria and 4% from numbers of people from outside the area 65% of these visitors visiting museums as a ‘major drawcard’ and a mandatory Melbourne. Of the top 15 activities for these to visit the precinct and, in particular, or galleries and 60% visiting historical requirement for the site, which also means a visitors to Melbourne, 9% indicated they the interpretive centre which will form an or heritage buildings. The most popular museum is not necessary for the Pentridge would visit museums or art galleries, 6% integral part of the precinct’s offer’.93 This cultural attractions for Victoria’s domestic Piazza site.94 indicated they would visit performing arts section examines potential audiences for cultural tourists were museums and art or concerts, while 68% indicated they would galleries (48%) followed by historic buildings the redeveloped site in the light of this The heritage management plan for D eat out and 37% indicated they would 97 statement. and monuments (28%). Division reveals a significant attempt to go shopping. Melbourne also received 1.7 attract a tourist audience, and promote the PENTRIDGE VILLAGE MODELLING million international overnight visitors in historic value of the site, but the site has yet the Year Ended 2012 but no information is The adjoining Pentridge Village to be activated in this way. provided about the reason for their trip.96 development has established the former POTENTIAL AUDIENCES: DOMESTIC, D Division building as a wine cellar while INTERSTATE AND CULTURAL TOURISTS Domestic overnight visitors to Melbourne simultaneously promoting its use as a place Source: Tourism Victoria’s Melbourne Market Profile 2012 for corporate events and functions, and Consisting of a heritage-listed prison also as a museum. The Business Plan for converted into a mixed-use site, Pentridge this section, compiled in 2008, indicated is a unique heritage site in Australia. that the primary uses of the building would Therefore, no visitation modelling for be commercial and heritage. The Plan tourism exists. When Pentridge Prison was respects the Heritage Council of Victoria’s first closed in 1997, tours were offered that management plan for D Division that stated give an indication of the tourism potential that at least eight ground floor cells had of the prison. An estimated 100,000 visitors to be retained and used for interpretation, visited the prison, with audiences including as well as the single-storey bluestone entry ex-prisoners, their families, and the general 36% Regional visitors wing. Furthermore, display panels, audio- public.95 However, as mentioned above, this visual material, and re-creations of a 19th data cannot be regarded as predictive since and 20th century cell were a requirement of this was a unique situation. the plan. This management plan strongly 4% Melbourne visitors promotes the historic value of the site, and Estimating potential visitors to the redeveloped site involves amortising thus creates a market for tourism. 60% Interstate visitors the results of a variety of data. Tourism

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 32

Domestic overnight visitors to Melbourne

Source: Tourism Victoria’s Melbourne Market Profile 2012 TARGET MARKETS

POTENTIAL AUDIENCES: EDUCATION CASE STUDY There is great potential for school groups OLD MELBOURNE GAOL and educational institution visitation at Pentridge, particularly if experiences In 2010/2011, Old Melbourne Gaol relating to the new history curriculum are saw 174,684 visitors, representing an developed. Pentridge’s strong links to the income of $2,697,165. This record Old Melbourne Gaol, and its significant number represented a 7.9% increase role in Victorian penal reform could result on 2009/2010 numbers. These record in high visitation numbers but the size of numbers reflected significant program this audience will depend heavily upon the development that included taking development of the site, and in the way the a TAC-funded ‘Culpable Driving’ interpretation and heritage is promoted. courtroom drama to regional courts, POTENTIAL AUDIENCES: DIGITAL developing a new ghost tour and TOURISM working with Drama Victoria on new education programs.98 There is a significant opportunity for the Shayher Group to take the lead in providing School holiday periods saw the most tourism experiences based upon digital significant increase, with a 14% rise media, including an App with embedded over the combined four school holiday links to tourism and marketing information, periods. The Gaol also achieved record and content platforms for telling interactive education numbers, with nearly 30,000 stories about Pentridge’s cultural history. education visitors undertaking a total This form of indirect marketing has great of 42,859 programs. The National Trust potential to attract people to the site, even attributes this change to additional though it is difficult to quantify. programs and activities run during the holiday period.99

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 33 THE MARKET VALUE OF HERITAGE AT PENTRIDGE

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES • Proximity to Melbourne • Pentridge is not a dedicated heritage • Appeal to school groups tourism site • Fascinating site • Limitations on tourism infrastruc- • General public interest in prisons ture • Part of CAC • Site is primarily a residential and com- • Population growth mercial site • Located in exciting new development; commitment to heritage at the site by the developers

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS • Themed tours, events and activities • Old Melbourne Gaol • Dedicated Interpretive zone • Competition from Sovereign • Integration with schools curriculum Hill • Engagement with existing community • Competition from Melbourne attrac- and new residents tions (Zoo, Museum, Gallery) • Part of a vibrant hub, so tourism be • Heritage tourist market is relatively integrated with retail, food and bever- limited age offers • Mixed-use precinct

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 34 THE MARKET VALUE OF HERITAGE AT PENTRIDGE

PROPERTY VALUE site.103 enhance the heritage value of an area) on surrounding property prices. The first Most economists working with heritage However, the bulk of the Pentridge site is study of this kind in Baltimore in 1989 value distinguish between the market and being redeveloped, with new apartments, found a positive impact of designation of non-market value of heritage assets; that retail areas and offices being established a heritage site on property values. In 2006, is, between the direct value to consumers adjacent to the retained heritage fabric. a second study was undertaken in the old of the heritage services as a private good A model for estimating the impact of the Hanseatic town of Tiel in the Netherlands, (market value, or ‘use’ value) and the value heritage fabric and history at Pentridge which showed that the city’s historical accruing to those who experience the upon commercial and residential property characteristics had a positive impact of benefits of heritage as a public good (non- prices is provided by World Bank economist almost 15 per cent on housing value. The market value, or ‘non-use’ value).100 Market Martin Rama. His research indicates that: study showed that the ‘historic-cultural benefits promoted by cultural heritage ...property in areas with ensemble’ of the city as a whole, including sites include not only tourism returns but recognized architectural and historic buildings and cultural amenities, also consumer surplus based spillovers to cultural characteristics is was a key component in increasing the the hospitality and service sector. Non- typically more expensive than attractiveness and ambience of its inner- market benefits include greater liveability, similar property in non-heritage city neighbourhoods, leading to an increase enhancement of the local attraction and areas and, significantly, that the in the value of its real estate.108 the ability for the heritage to increase monetary value of the properties self-esteem and the open-mindedness of in proximity to the heritage the local population.101 In these models, assets can be amplified if the heritage interpreters are included in the increase in the heritage value of resource costs allocated to consultants the area is substantial.104 with the specialist knowledge to bring out the site values and authenticity. Other This finding is echoed by the outcomes of consultants include architects, heritage a study by economist David Throsby, who conservation specialists, urban planners and has identified that ‘heritage character’ archaeologists.102 contributes to the market value of residential and commercial properties.105 Heritage buildings at Pentridge designated for commercial use fall into the first Hedonic price analysis has further been category of ‘market value’. These include used to calculate the effect of heritage the restored A and H Division Buildings, at intervention on property values.106,107 the heart of the site, which will incorporate Hedonic price functions are estimated ‘a consolidation of diverse commercial, using econometric analysis, which simulates community and residential activities’, as the effect of a heritage intervention (such well as the other heritage buildings on the as heritage controls, which maintain or

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 35 THE MARKET VALUE OF HERITAGE AT PENTRIDGE

HERITAGE AS A POINT OF identifies that the unique heritage qualities of the Division B building from various has a crucial role to play in adding to the of the site would make the centre appear angles (more constrained views between legibility of the site and its readability as a DIFFERENCE attractive to potential tenants from a sales Building 12 and Building 9 looking south former prison.115 Heritage interpretation will be a crucial perspective, since it would allow all tenants and less constrained, open Piazza views component in differentiating the Pentridge to trade ‘in an environment markedly available from adjacent to Building 18). site from competing developments different from that found in typical Less expansive but more intimate views including the Northland Shopping Centre, supermarket-based centres and, indeed, are provided of the cruciform layout of the Preston Market and the Campbellfield, elsewhere in the catchment area would also Division A, in particular as viewed from the Reservoir and Glenroy retail precincts. be attractive to retailers seeking a ‘point of site entrance between buildings 1 and 2. 109 The heritage controls governing the difference’. Alterations to the ground levels, to excavate site will be one of its greatest assets in and reveal hidden buildings particularly guaranteeing that the site will offer an around Division A, and the partial removal authentic and unique environment for HERITAGE of heritage walls (largely for access points) residential, commercial and community use. INTERPRETATION AND have been included to ‘improve view access Based on the economic modelling below, and the appreciation of the heritage URBAN DESIGN 111 heritage interpretation will be a key driver assets’. A lesser building scale around in increasing the heritage character, and Importantly, heritage interpretation will the main heritage buildings will provide 112 hence the market and non-market value, also form a key part of the urban design opportunities for activated spaces. response to the site by creating a variety of the site. It will be undertaken through a NHA’s Masterplan also provides a legible of urban and landscape forms that draw series of built and digital formats including hierarchy of publicly accessible spaces attention to the heritage fabric, values and interpretation embedded in urban and located adjacent to surrounding the history of the site and thereby reinforce its landscape design, environmental graphics, heritage assets. These include the large significance. This fits with NHA’s ‘Pentridge heritage-themed installations, digital Ceremonial Piazza space between Divisions Design Guidelines and Masterplan, August media such as a Smartphone App and a B and E to the smaller courtyards around 2009’, which uses a combination of urban dedicated Interpretation Zone. Each form of Division A and the Forecourt/Entries design methods to reinforce the importance interpretation will be aligned with the range around the Administration and B Division of the heritage fabric and create ‘a new of audiences expected at the site. Building.113 Finally, the Masterplan proposes identity for Pentridge’.110 Within the site, a number of public wall entry points to The site’s authenticity also will also provide these include accessible views towards the increase interaction between the internal a key driver for branding and marketing, important building entries and prominent and external environments.114 All of these since this is the aspect of the site that Division buildings, which allow legibility urban design principles optimise the links gives it its Unique Selling Point (USP) of the overall heritage form (such as between the former prison complex and the and competitive edge over non-heritage cruciform layout of Divisions A & B). The surrounding community, thereby adding to properties in the area. This is supported large Piazza space comprises a series of the site’s value to the community. Within by the findings of the ‘Economic Impact linked spaces providing important views Statement’ for Pentridge Piazza, which this framework, heritage interpretation

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 36 THE MARKET VALUE OF HERITAGE AT PENTRIDGE

CASE STUDY: ENGLISH HERITAGE

The use of both urban design and heritage existing buildings.125 Although there is visitors come from outside the local district, interpretation to enhance the heritage no information available to indicate the with three-quarters of staying visitors character of the Pentridge site, and thereby direct returns on expenditure on heritage travelling to Bexhill specifically to see the increase its economic, social and cultural interpretation, it can be assumed that Pavilion. It is estimated that the pavilion value to stakeholders and the community, heritage interpretation that contributes has resulted in regional employment of is supported by two sets of findings. The to the site’s aesthetics and atmosphere is 36 staff and Gross Value Added (GVA) of first is the research of Martin Rama, which one component in positioning the site as a £465,000. When the effect of supplier, highlights the importance of sensitive and valuable commodity for both stakeholders visitor expenditure and multiplier effects appropriate urban design in contributing and the community. are taken into account this impact to good economic returns in properties increases by 57 FTE jobs and £735,000 adjacent to heritage buildings with EXAMPLE: THE ECONOMIC IMPACT GVA respectively, creating 93 jobs in total architectural value. Rama cites the example OF THE HERITAGE LOTTERY FUND and over a £1 million GVA in the regional of how creating aesthetically pleasing INVESTMENT IN THE DE LA WARR economy.126 surroundings between heritage buildings PAVILION and other buildings in a redeveloped area that include open layouts, good sight lines The pavilion was the UK’s first Modernist and ‘pleasant views’ can improve property public building, opening in 1935. At the prices within and near heritage sites. start of this century the building was rundown and refurbishment was seen as a Within the series of investments by the way of restoring it to its original condition Heritage Lottery Fund in the UK, as at and purpose. The Heritage Lottery Fund’s Pentridge, heritage interpretation is part £2.3 million investment created a new of mix of heritage-related expenditure gallery space complementing the existing to improve the site and its amenities exhibition areas, while the original 1,000- including conservation and restoration seat auditorium was updated. A new studio works, archaeology and urban planning. space was also created accommodating According to this data, the value of the modern education facilities. The pavilion creating sensitive and ‘readable’ urban received over half a million visits in the first design and interpretation at the heritage year of completion – a 60% increase on buildings at Pentridge will be far more the pre-refurbishment figure. likely to deliver economic returns than a crowded layout that would choke the Visitor surveys indicate that over 70% of

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 37 THE MARKET VALUE OF HERITAGE AT PENTRIDGE

Key Findings - Heritage Counts National Report 2010

£1 of investment in the historic environment generates £1.6 of additional economic activity over a 10-year period. 116

Investment in the historic environment attracts businesses, with one in four businesses agreeing that the historic environment is an important factor in deciding where to locate.117

Investment can increase business turnover, with 26% of businesses surveyed stating that historic environment investment directly led to an increase in turnover.118

Investing in the historic environment brings more visitors to local areas and encourages them to spend more, with approximately one in five visitors to areas which have had historic environment investment spend more in the local area than before, and one in four businesses has seen the number of customers increase.119

Historic environment attractions generate local wealth, with half of all jobs created by historic environment attractions in local businesses.120

The historic environment creates distinctive and desirable places, attracting independent businesses.121

Investment in the historic environment improves the way people feel about places. Almost every person surveyed in areas where investment had occurred agreed that the investment raised local pride in the area (92%), improved perception of the area (93%) and helped to create a distinct sense of place.122

On average, half of the jobs created by historic visitor attractions are not on the site, but in the wider economy.123

For every £1 invested in heritage attractions an extra £1.70 is generated in the wider economy.124

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 38 THE MARKET VALUE OF HERITAGE AT PENTRIDGE

has a crucial role to play in adding to the Tourism will also have multiplier effects in legibility of the site and its readability as a the additional retail and accommodation former prison.115 expenditure. The value of land and dwellings in the area should increase by the present TOURISM value of additional tourism revenue over the years. However, the value of properties will Assessment of the non-market (or non- also increase due to the provision of better monetary value) of heritage buildings urban infrastructure, while the restoration and landmarks uses modelling from of properties with interesting architecture environmental economics to attach a and creation of a ‘sense of place’ by using consumer utility to heritage, where heritage built heritage will make the area a more is defined as something that is inherently attractive place to live and work. This, in unique and therefore has no market turn, will lead to higher property prices even reference point.127 Frequently this technique in the absence of tourism revenue.129 is used to model the tourism returns from a dedicated heritage site, such as Fremantle Prison, but some aspects of this modelling will relate to the proposed tourism uses at the Pentridge site.

In the parts of Pentridge to be visited by tourists, the market value of investing in heritage interpretation will be reflected in the individual benefits that tourists enjoy as a result of their visit. This value can be measured both directly, in terms of the entry price paid by tourists and the fees paid to attend tours and specific events, and indirectly by measuring the tourists’ consumer surplus. The latter will be determined by revenue from the commercial exploitation of the site via the Interpretation Zone, digital media, heritage- themed public realm commercial areas such as cafes, restaurants and shops.128

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 39 THE NON-MARKET VALUE OF HERITAGE AT PENTRIDGE

OVERVIEW CATEGORIES OF NON- relate to both the construction and the has significant value to the community in use of the site. The burial area adjacent which it is located. Heritage assets are one Retained cultural heritage yields public MARKET VALUE to F Division includes the burial sites of the resources cities need to leverage for good benefits. Three types of non-rival and The significance of the former Pentridge of 33 prisoners relocated from the Old aims such as job creation, since these are non-excludable public-good benefits are Prison complex, as defined in the site’s Melbourne Gaol after its closure in 1929, the unique features that differentiate them presumed to exist for a cultural heritage listing on the Victorian Heritage Register, is and the burials of nine prisoners executed from other cities.132 Creative industries, in asset, relating to: at the core of the site’s non-market value. at Pentridge between 1928 and 1951. The particular, are far more likely to be located area adjacent to D Division is significant in liveable urban areas.133,134 Urban Studies • Its existence value (people value the The former prison complex is not only an as the former burial site of Ronald Ryan, theorist Richard Florida has found that existence of the heritage item even economic asset for investors, but also an the last person to be hanged in Victoria. the creative class is a key driving factor in though they may not consume its important asset at State and local level. Heritage interpretation tailored to all the modern economic development and that services directly themselves) Scientific and technological: These stakeholders is the element that will bring ‘such people’ want to live in an interesting • Its option value (people wish to elements include the original ventilation these different kinds of value together. and authentic place. Similarly, Arts NSW preserve the option that they or others systems in A, B, and D Divisions, the identifies that Arts Revitalisation Projects might consume the asset’s services at surviving original cisterns and other water The former Pentridge Prison complex have the ability to ‘breathe positive life into some future time) supply elements in B Division, and the is included in the Heritage Overlay for an area, stimulate business and activity • Its bequest value (people may wish intact thermo-ventilation system in B the City of Moreland (Heritage Overlay for surrounding enterprises, contribute to a to bequeath the asset to future Division. Number HO 47). Its significance is: desirable neighbourhood and help increase generations).130 commercial interest’.135 Within NSW, Architectural and historical: as a Aesthetic: due to its imposing bluestone Arts Revitalisation Projects are supported World Bank economists have also outlined nineteenth century set of buildings walls and towers. These are important within Sydney Metropolitan and Regional the following benefits: demonstrating various stages in the landmark features within the suburb of Strategies as they have the potential to development of penal reform. The largely Coburg. contribute to the revitalization and renewal • Efficient generation of material intact nature of the site further increases The key function of heritage interpretation of centres and precincts’.136 and non-material well-being for its significance, with the diverse range of at Pentridge will be to articulate these stakeholders cell blocks, workshops and other buildings heritage values in a variety of built and NH Architecture recognizes the role of • Ensuring equitable participation in demonstrating the unique character of digital forms in order to generate non- heritage-sensitive urban design within the the benefits of the heritage among Pentridge. The monumental size and market benefits for stakeholders, future Pentridge complex in their planning in their members of the present generation Classical style of the nineteenth century generations, the present generation and statement that ‘rejuvenating the former • Its value in providing cultural buildings contribute to their architectural tourists as indicated in the economic prison complex with the introduction of new experiences for tourists.131 significance. Pentridge is also of historical modelling above. These non-market values building formats and uses ‘has been widely significance in the history of child welfare are summarized below. recognized as the most practical means in Victoria. for integrating the site into the adjoining COMMUNITY AND LIVEABILITY community’.137 The company uses marker Archaeological: due to its extant designs positioned adjacent to the four features, deposits and artefacts that The World Bank acknowledges that heritage corners of the site to identify the north and

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 40 THE NON-MARKET VALUE OF HERITAGE AT PENTRIDGE

south extent of Pentridge and assist the group is exhibiting industry ‘best practice’ • Developing and supporting creative special events for the private, corporate and legibility of the original prison domain. by enhancing the existence value of the site spaces and cultural assets in Moreland government sectors’.144 and thereby providing a valuable amenity • Identify and develop appropriate The use of heritage interpretation in This economic modelling for Pentridge for local residents as well as a lasting outdoor festival sites association with urban design will assist Village attempts to link improving the contribution to the heritage of Victoria. • Pursue opportunities to activate in creating an authentic sense of place aesthetics of the site with economic Recent economic theory highlights the disused privately-owned spaces at Pentridge and therefore providing value. The ‘D Division Pentridge Village importance of integrating heritage policies with arts and cultural activities.141 an enabling environment for attracting Information Memorandum’ reports that, within a wide range of initiatives designed creating jobs and attracting talent and as of March 2010, the D Division Precinct to enhance precincts featuring tangible Heritage interpretation also aligns with the business.138 In this model, heritage had had nearly $2 million spent on its heritage. These include urban regeneration ‘Pentridge Coburg Activation Strategy’s’ interpretation will not only enhance and aesthetics (which were defined as cells, strategies, tourism activities, community aim of making the site a ‘place’ where complement proposed urban and landscape flooring, interior painting, power, water education, events and public programs. people want to be through site activation as designs but also draw on personal stories part of a wider events strategy that builds etc) so that it could become a ‘tourist relating to the site in order to create up broad market awareness of the site by attraction and entertainment venue within emotional and visceral connections between 145 ALIGNMENT WITH holding events, then encouraging the event the Pentridge Village Development’. the present-day community and the holders/participants to take up a lease.142 This expenditure does not appear to inhabitants of the past. Given that the site EXISTING STRATEGIES These ongoing relationships then designate include heritage interpretation or theming, falls in the realm of ‘dark history’—history Intended activation of the Pentridge site the site as a ‘place’ and precinct to work, although the document refers to the that is difficult, painful or unpleasant— also has clear synergies with the City of live and play and will simultaneously create ‘heritage listed pedigree’ becoming one the more difficult stories relating to the Moreland’s ‘Moreland Arts and Culture demand for leasing space.143 half of the equation in creating solid cash site will be told through off-site media, Strategy 2011-2016’.139 Over 160,000 flows (the other is the commercial aspect themed heritage tours and in the dedicated people participated in arts and culture COMMENTS ON EXISTING BUSINESS of wine storage, promotion and sales). This Interpretive Zone. strategies in 2010, with over 60% of PROPOSALS RELATING TO THE WIDER seems a missed opportunity to use heritage Moreland’s residents attending an arts and PENTRIDGE SITE interpretation to draw out the values of OPTION VALUE culture event at least every two months. The the site that align with the branding and D DIVISION (PENTRIDGE VILLAGE) Option value is where cultural heritage City of Moreland states that arts and culture marketing of the wine cellars. delivers outcomes to investors, local activity ‘influences and facilitates many Modelling for D Division at Pentridge Village Further, JT Group’s business case for residents and even visitors who may not strategic areas of Council’ and that the arts has been undertaken by the JT Group (Vic). D Division is based on the unfounded see the site but value the fact it is there. have been internationally recognized as key The business case for D Division is based assumptions that ‘The unique heritage and This is symbolised by the site’s listing on the ‘drivers of change’ and critical enablers of on creating a diverse range of services history of the project has the potential for Victorian Heritage Register. place making with both social and economic that attract cross-functional revenue the site to become a major tourist attraction benefits.140 streams including: Wine, storage, sales and EXISTENCE VALUE/BEQUEST VALUE in Victoria and Australia’ and that ‘the study, tastings; events and functions; historical Pentridge Piazza will fulfil key initiatives of research and construction of the Museum guided tours and a Museum (interactive By considering a broad and meaningful this strategy by: would expect to attract government grants’. role for heritage at Pentridge, the Shayher and educational). This range of services is These second assumption is false, since intended to create ‘a unique destination for

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 41 THE NON-MARKET VALUE OF HERITAGE AT PENTRIDGE

federal and state government grants for heritage are very limited. In the 2013/2014 CASE STUDIES FY, only $600,000 overall was allocated by the Federal Government for community LONDON’S HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT Themes for the site emphasise ‘the heritage grants (not for profit). In Victoria, creation of a precinct that the whole the majority of Arts Victoria funding goes London’s ‘Historic Environment’ initiative community can access and use as a to large and medium-sized government provides a framework for action containing resource, and which respects the cultural bodies. This is an important reminder a tourism and cultural strategy, aimed at and natural heritage of the site’.149 that heritage alone does not deliver enhancing the sustainability of the natural Reports indicate that this has been an financial sustainability, but has a symbiotic and built environment (see above).147 exceptionally successful strategy. In 2012, relationship with other product and service the Abbotsford Convent Foundation offers on a heritage site. ABBOTSFORD CONVENT undertook its first tenant survey to find that 98% of the tenants enjoy being at HERITAGE TOURS Abbotsford Convent is another heritage the Convent, with 89% believing it benefits Having said that, heritage tours are are an site, but with a vastly different history and their business and 98% collaborating with extremely viable option for the site. These remit. The Foundation is a not for profit a fellow tenant in the previous year.150 would not only increase the appreciation company established to develop a centre of the site for both residents and the local at Abbotsford Convent for ‘the promotion, Revenue for the Convent for the Year community but also fit with the wider development, creation and display of 2011/12 was derived from rental income interpretation program of interpretation culture and the arts’.148 The Foundation’s ($1,121,182), followed by events and embedded into the landscaping and public objectives are: room hire ($440,811) and car parking realm works, as tours would not need ($399,059).1 These areas would also be infrastructure such as signs. Recommended • To be financially viable and self- strong potential revenue streams for interpretation to support heritage tours sufficient in regards to annual Pentridge, particularly when enhanced by includes face-to-face tours using scripts operating costs heritage interpretation. and a tourist app that brings the site to • To build a precinct offering the life through the use of film, oral histories, public a wide range of arts, cultural images and audio.146 and educational opportunities and experiences • To support and strengthen ties between individuals, groups and organisations and increase the level of community interaction.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 42 PART FOUR: RECOMMENDATIONS

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 43 PUBLIC REALM INTERPRETATION

OVERVIEW LANDSCAPE AND BUILT prison’s history. planes of the site. REALM FORMS Interpretation of the public realm at Cavities, impressions and shadows across PICTOGRAMS Pentridge will draw from the key idea of the site, including a sculpture that casts PEEPHOLES AND WINDOWS IN THE shadows across the site at different times Pictograms in the style of 19th century line hidden histories. The intent is to draw WALLS OF THE SITE attention to the built fabric of the site of the day, the impression of a rope, and drawings that will sequence the rituals and recessions in the shape of footprints. processes of prison life. These will be based and then reveal the historical narratives These will be cut into the vertical planes on authentic site objects where possible. through a series of physical and symbolic of the site, including the prison walls and Markers and interpretive flaps containing devices. This plays upon the concepts interior and exterior walls of buildings on some first-person quotes and interpretive of discovery, reveal and ‘unlocking’ the the site. They will be positioned to draw SITE INSERTIONS AND text that will be embedded in the horizontal past. Interpretation will be discreet and attention to historical issues at different and vertical planes of the site. ARTWORKS embedded within the site, rather than periods in the site’s history. The peepholes Pictograms in the style of 19th century line delivered through ‘stand alone’ media and windows will highlight: KINETIC SCULPTURE such as interpretive signs. This will be drawings that will sequence the rituals and processes of prison life. These will be based accompanied by information of how to • Materials and techniques used in the This would be a commissioned multimedia on authentic site objects where possible. ‘read’ the site in the form of digital media, construction of the prison over time, installation, similar to Bunjil the eagle in print material and a limited amount of specific to particular areas such as walls the redeveloped First Peoples exhibition at DATES orientation signage. and paving areas Melbourne Museum. Representing the idea • The different kinds of labour used of imprisonment, a kinetic sculpture would Dates embedded across the site to Interpretation of the built fabric will consist in building the prison (e.g. prisoners’ appear in with visual content dynamically symbolise key historical events in the of a series of forms that focus attention labour vs stonemasons’ labour and mapped onto the moving form. It would be prison’s history. on the heritage buildings, accompanied by other forms of professional labour) accompanied by an ambient soundscape small interpretive markers containing first- • The influence of macroeconomic and narrative. The visual and audio CAVITIES, IMPRESSIONS AND SHADOWS person quotes and short-form interpretive historical events, such as the 1850s content would represent the different sides text. The social history of the site will gold rush, the 1880s boom, the 1890s of the prisoner’s stories, discussing the These include a sculpture that casts involve subtle designs and markers that depression, the 1930s depression, on concepts of crime and punishment, solitary shadows across the site at different times communicate the stories of the people who the prison confinement, loss of identity and loss of of the day, the impression of a rope, and once populated the complex. • Intersections between the built fabric freedom, prisoners and society and victims recessions in the shape of footprints. and social history (e.g. a view onto an of crime. area of the prison that was the subject MARKERS AND INTERPRETIVE FLAPS of a famous event or incident, or connected with a particular prisoner). These will contain some first-person quotes and interpretive text. They will be Dates embedded across the site to embedded in the horizontal and vertical symbolise key historical events in the

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 44 PUBLIC REALM INTERPRETATION

3-D WIRE-FRAMED INSTALLATIONS SOUND AND LIGHT DISPLAYS ab

We suggeset commissioning one or two These will be developed as part of the next three-dimensional wire-framed sculptures stage of works. that symbolise the different identities of the people who inhabited Pentridge: prisoner, warder and chaplain. GUIDED TOURS

2-D WIRE-FRAMED INSTALLATION Hosted tours and heritage trails can be used to capture the imagination and find These would be silhouette-style forms that creative ways to present the history of perform two functions: Pentridge. Trails will be a key part of the prison’s planned program of events and • Tracing vanished buildings at the site, public events. These could be run by a such as the rock-breaking yard cells professional tour company and integrated • Stand-alone sculptures representing the with the events program. vanished social history of the site. TOURS BY FORMER WARDERS, The forms for these sculptures are PRISONERS, CHAPLAINS AND PRISON ephemeral and light, as they are meant to STAFF indicate the intangible history of the site. Inspiration for these forms has been drawn Many ex-warders have valuable experiences from Hyde Park Barracks, where wire is of the site to share. Tours hosted by used to trace the outline of a staircase was former prisoners, warders and other removed. prison staff would also be an excellent way of generating interest in the history INTERPRETIVE WATER FEATURE of Pentridge. This strategy was adopted during the Pentridge open day after the A themed interpretive water feature is prison’s closure with great success. recommended for the Piazza area. The intent of the water feature is to interpret For many years, Maitland Gaol has run the routines of prison life through water jets former warders’ and prisoners’ tours, which that spurt at the times of day certain events are extremely popular. This provides a occurred. The themed feature would be Above: Deer, by Tomohiro Inaba accompanied by interpretive text panels.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 45 PUBLIC REALM INTERPRETATION

precedent for similar tours at Pentridge SELF-GUIDED TOURS Prison. These tours have now been translated into audio tours. ESCAPEES’ TRAIL

We recommend that filmed interviews Similar to the Yellow Brick Road trail at using studio-standard facilities with former the Royal Melbourne Show, ‘Follow in the prison staff are conducted as part of the footsteps of an escapee’ will be in the form next stage of the interpretation. Material of embedded shoe prints in the concrete, from these interviews can then be used in following the line of an attempted prisoner many ways for the interpretation, including escape. The footsteps could be literal or in self-guided audio tours in the future highly stylised, using a silhouette of a shoe. (when the former prison staff are no longer A suggested escapee the ‘Building Society available), in a Smartphone App and for Bandit’, Gregory David Roberts, who is the interpretation in B Division. author of Shantaram.

Many escapes took place throughout GHOST TOURS Pentridge’s long history, and a number of these have been documented in detail. The adjacent Pentridge Village This proposed trail would provide an development has launched ghost tours opportunity to create a highly unobtrusive as part of its public programs and events but eye-catching feature to lead people strategy. Developing similar ghost tours for into the Interpretive Zone, where the story the current site would be an excellent way behind the footprints would be revealed. of engaging the public with the macabre Brochures could also be used to detail the aspects of the site, which would ideally lead specific escape chosen, accompanied by to repeat visitation for other, less dramatic, further information regarding prisoners and aspects of the site’s history. escapes at Pentridge. Such a trail would also appeal to children. .

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 46 PUBLIC REALM INTERPRETATION

precedent for similar tours at Pentridge SELF-GUIDED TOURS Prison. These tours have now been translated into audio tours. ESCAPEES’ TRAIL

We recommend that filmed interviews Similar to the Yellow Brick Road trail at using studio-standard facilities with former the Royal Melbourne Show, ‘Follow in the prison staff are conducted as part of the footsteps of an escapee’ will be in the form next stage of the interpretation. Material of embedded shoe prints in the concrete, from these interviews can then be used in following the line of an attempted prisoner many ways for the interpretation, including escape. The footsteps could be literal or in self-guided audio tours in the future highly stylised, using a silhouette of a shoe. (when the former prison staff are no longer A suggested escapee the ‘Building Society available), in a Smartphone App and for Bandit’, Gregory David Roberts, who is the interpretation in B Division. author of Shantaram.

Many escapes took place throughout GHOST TOURS Pentridge’s long history, and a number of these have been documented in detail. The adjacent Pentridge Village This proposed trail would provide an development has launched ghost tours opportunity to create a highly unobtrusive as part of its public programs and events but eye-catching feature to lead people strategy. Developing similar ghost tours for into the Interpretive Zone, where the story the current site would be an excellent way behind the footprints would be revealed. of engaging the public with the macabre Brochures could also be used to detail the aspects of the site, which would ideally lead specific escape chosen, accompanied by to repeat visitation for other, less dramatic, further information regarding prisoners and aspects of the site’s history. escapes at Pentridge. Such a trail would also appeal to children.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 47 PUBLIC REALM INTERPRETATION

WARDERS’ TRAIL as part of the reformation of the prisoners. ORIENTATION MATERIAL This complex was known as ‘The Industries’ Whereas prisoners were confined to cells, and encompassed a timber yard, woollen DIGITAL MEDIA warders patrolled the whole site. This tour mill, carpenters, blacksmith, tailors and would explore the whole prison through bootmakers. The lane where you now stand A Smartphone App, which is for orientation, the eyes of several different warders, was once where these industries were marketing and interpretive purposes. It using material generated from the filmed located and the brick-faced buildings are the would include wayfinding information, interviews mentioned above. The idea original structures built to house them. ‘What’s on?’ marketing material that would be to use the warders’ stories as is pushed to the App, a Near Field a ‘hook’ for exploring both the social Whatmore Avenue Communication triggered tourist walks history and built fabric of the site, and the Alexander Whatmore was a great linked to filmed and audio interpretation. connection between the two. Chaplains and educationalist who worked at Pentridge other prison staff could also be characters th in the 20 century. Influenced by his BOOKLET on this tour. background, he devoted his efforts to prevention rather than punishment through This would provide an overview of the site’s STREET NAMES TRAIL community service, and the establishment history and a guide to the interpretation of youth training. Whatmore was highly on site. The streets around and within Pentridge all influential in transforming and diminishing bear strong connections to the prison. the negative connotations associated with Pentridge. Industry Lane, Warders Walk, Sentry Lane, and even Champ St, Whatmore Avenue and Success Lane Success Lane all have rationales for their The discovery of gold in 1851 brought an names that people visiting Pentridge may influx of people to Victoria. This in turn not know and that will shed light on the caused a dramatic rise in prisoner numbers, history of a prison. The proposed trail could which forced the government to resort to be featured on a Smartphone App and a unusual methods of confinement. Ships brochure. known as hulks were purchased and fitted out as floating prisons. Conditions on board Sample text: were extremely harsh. The worst offenders were housed below deck and only allowed Industry Lane out for one hour a day for exercise. One of Following the Stawell Royal Commission these prison hulks was the Success. Her life in 1870 (an investigation into prisons and as a prison hulk extended from 1852 to 1890 their treatment of inmates), an extensive after which she was sold at auction and work program was introduced at Pentridge became an exhibition ship.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 48 ADAPTIVE REUSE OF BUILDINGS: A DIVISON AND B DIVISION

OVERVIEW quotations and minimal interpretive text. story of Pentridge are evoked. This will be DISPLAYS AND INSTALLATIONS through sound and light, digital media, Conveying the intangible and social history The potentially disturbing nature of the sculptural interpretation, video projections Displays and installations about particular of Pentridge is a challenging task, due to content will make it necessary to inform onto walls, performance and the use of bold prisoners and their stories. These include the dark and often disturbing narratives visitors about the content housed within and evocative physical markers that employ a wall-mounted display featuring a that play a role in its history. We therefore this zone before they enter. This will involve the technique of ‘text as graphic’. These timeline of the prison’s history and a visual recommend that a dedicated Interpretive a cautionary sign detailing the purpose markers will act to elicit an immediate representation of the prisoner population Zone be situated within B Division to tell of the interpretive zone and its content at emotional response, which can then be over time, showing increases and decreases these stories. the entrance. We recommend that this be supplemented with text to provide a in numbers. This would be linked to national situated alongside a sign that lists the rules confrontational and challenging experience and world events (ie. The 1851 gold rush, B Division was one of the first permanent that once governed B Division in order to that fully represents Pentridge’s past. and the world wars) to demonstrate the structures built at Pentridge. Based on the provide visitor orientation. impact of these events on crime rates. penal philosophy of silence and solitude, Interpretive techniques across the two even today its interior space emanates an INTERPRETIVE buildings include: PERFORMANCES imposing atmosphere. Combined with the TECHNIQUES integrity of the architecture, this building SCULPTURAL INTERPRETATION Themed performances, productions of plays such as Doing time. This would link is a highly suitable location for a dedicated This interpretive zone will encompass Sculptural interpretation featuring wire- with the proposed tourism itinerary for the interpretation zone. the history of the site as a whole, rather framed silhouettes, to link with the entry site. than focusing solely upon B Division as treatment and interpretation in the physical Interpretation in both A Division and B a site. We therefore recommend that realm. These would be lit theatrically and Division will follow the style guide of the the story of Ronald Ryan and the story accompanied by audio/video or text-based public realm interpretation. Interpretation of the development of penal reform be interpretation. will be discreet and embedded within demonstrated within this zone. This zone the structure rather than delivered as will display narratives including the horrific SPACES ‘stand alone’ media. The concepts of conditions of the original stockade and the discovery, reveal and ‘unlocking’ the past forms that punishment took. Subtle visual Spaces within the buildings will tell parts of will be utilised here to ensure visitors are interpretation is not necessary within this the prison’s history through text, graphics given the choice to learn about the site. zone; the aim is for emotions to be evoked. and art-based installations. Peepholes, markers and pictograms, and The most effective way to do this is to view interpretive flaps will be located within the the space as a theatre, with a number of FILMS two structures. Pictograms will involve line sections where different parts of the drawings that sequence the rituals and processes of prison life and will be based Films featuring key footage from the on authentic site objects where possible. prison’s history and interviews with ex- Markers and flaps will feature primary prisoners and warders (these would also be featured on the accompanying App for the site). Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 49 Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 50 ADAPTIVE REUSE OF BUILDINGS: CELLS

OVERVIEW that an almost complete skeleton found fabric. It could be accompanied by a sensor- Cell 4: Night in the prison buried in a wooden axe box were those of triggered soundscape. We would select up to 24 cells across the famous outlaw, who was executed in This is a darkened cell featuring a sound the two buildings as focal points for 1880. This cell will examine the story of Ned Cell 3: Women in Pentridge installation of different noises heard interpretation. Kelly from the perspective of the search for within the prison: a rat scuffling, muffled Ned Kelly’s remains. This will link with the ‘…the rouse-bell sounds at ten minutes voices, the sound of a bell ringing, warders’ TIMELINE CELLS X 12 archaeological interpretation planned for past six in the morning, summer and winter. footsteps along the corridor. This could also the area adjacent to B-Division. By half-past, the prisoners are washed and feature a discussion between prisoners. Within any historic site there is a need for an dressed, and have put their cells in order, overarching narrative of the prison’s history. A day in the life of an inmate: 4 cells that is, the blankets are rolled up and Cells 5, 6, 7 & 8 This could be told in cells themed around This display will feature the daily routines of placed nearly on the mats, which, with the particular eras: 1860s, 1880s, 1900s, 1930s the life of a particular prisoner in the 1860s, exception of the first-convicted, they lie on We recommend at least one cell be etc. We suggest dedicating 12 cells to this early 1900s 1950s and 1980s. in place of a mattress. Then they breakfast. furnished in its original form, with kind of narrative display, each devoted to a At seven o’clock they are drafted off to the accompanying interpretation. Historic particular era. Cell 2: The Panopticon different labour wards – laundries, sewing- records provide detailed information about room, and kitchen. At five to twelve the the layout of the cells and the items that Interpretation within each cell would link ‘Such is prison life at Pentridge. Cleanliness, dinner-bell rings, and they muster and file prisoners were provided with including a the prisoner’s life and conditions to the and generally robust health, intervals for back to their cells for their meal and an bible, a sink, a bed and a mask. We suggest social history of the time, similar to the reflection, and opportunities for learning hour’s rest. They return to their work at one that the door of the cell remain closed interpretation in the ship in Melbourne’s useful labour, with the additional advantage o’clock. At five o’clock the tea bell sounds, so visitors view the room through the cell Immigration Museum. This would provide of being taught to bear restraint, and announcing that the day’s toil is over. The door flap, the same way wardens would historical context for the prisoner’s life in an becoming thoroughly and practically prisoners retire for the evening, and may have looked in on prisoners. This concept interesting and enjoyable way. acquainted with the steady outages of losing read in their cells, books being supplied them would offer visitors a tangible, tactile honest freedom – these are all forced upon twice a week from the prison library, while image of both prisoners’ and warders’ INDIVIDUALLY-THEMED CELLS X 12 the condition and mind of all the prisoners...’ a Bible is placed in very cell. At eight o’clock lives within B Division. The physicality of The Argus, 28 April, 1863 the silence-bell tolls six notes, when all retire, this interpretation would allow visitors to Each of these cells would feature an specific and in winter the gas is extinguished.’ comprehend the tough conditions to which aspect of prison life or the story of a former This cell draws from elements embedded Helen Davis, New Idea, 1905. the prisoners were subject. prisoner, warder, chaplain or social worker. in the public realm to trace the hours in the Suggested theming is: day of a prisoner’s life. It uses the concept This installation would feature sensor- of a sundial to denote the movement of the triggered bells and light that traces a line Cell 1: Finding Ned sun across the space during the day. Hour of women, in silhouette forms, around the by hour, the sun casts light upon one aspect walls of the cell. The female figures move After an exhaustive 20-month investigation, of the prisoner’s routine. This may be in the as the bell rings using dual projectors and in 2011 scientists and doctors revealed form of a focus on an historical object, on a the time of day is projected onto the celling, word or image or on an aspect of the built floor or walls. A voiceover could accompany this installation. Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 51 ADAPTIVE REUSE OF BUILDINGS: CELLS

Interactive interpretation could also be used to enhance this experience. This could include:

• An intact cell used for solitary confinement. • Linking items people currently use on a daily basis with items prisoners used. This would be through a ‘then and now’ physical reveal’ of historic and modern items (e.g. a knife, a fork, a table, a spoon and towel). • A striking visual display of the words ‘SOUND. SIGHT. IDENTITY’. This would create an evocative experience about the prisoners’ absence of identity once they entered the gaol.

• ‘Choose your destiny’:

(a) People receive a card inscribed with a Roman numeral on entry into the building. This denotes their new identity. During their time within the confines of the interpretive zone, visitors must be addressed, and address each other, solely by their numbers. This could be accompanied by a performance. (note that numbering will be based on how prisoners were actually numbered). (b) People are branded on their hands (like a tattoo) or receive as sticker.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 52 ADAPTIVE REUSE OF BUILDINGS: H DIVISION

H Division is the site of the original rock breaking yards, which were converted into a maximum security in 1958. Heritage Victoria has issued a permit stating that seven or eight of the cells within this division must be retained. Interpretation therefore needs to be consistent with this. The interpretive intent is to draw attention to the built fabric of the site, both retained and vanished, as well as focus upon the personal stories of those prisoners housed within its walls.

Interpretation will include paving that indicates the location of demolished walls of the labour yards, as well as engraved plaques and crosses inset at ground level. These will carry quotes about H Division. Interpretation within the retained cells will be discrete, allowing for the spaces to speak for themselves. Proposed interpretation includes soundscapes and sculptural echoes of prisoners. Some signage will be incorporated to provide an overview of this Division. The text will be written in an evocative manner to provide visitors with a responsive experience.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 53 ADAPTIVE REUSE OF BUILDINGS: E DIVISION & CHIEF WARDER’S RESIDENCE

We envision that E Division will be used as a location for the theme ‘Peopling Pentridge.’ Barry Ellem produced a book in the 1980s, Doing time, that provided insight into the lives of the prisoners at Pentridge. Prisoners offered their views about privacy, freedom, work, and going it alone, thus opening up the once shuttered site to the public. We recommend that this be incorporated into the interpretation of E Division, along with information about female prisoners. These are stories that often remain hidden - the notion of female prisoners is not often acknowledged – and thus should be told to enrich the history and heritage of the site.

Community engagement will be further communicated within both E Division and the former Chief Warden’s Residence through references to the Pentridge Toy Makers and the Pentridge Mess Players. These groups highlight the more positive aspects of prison life and how the prison became a site of cultural production and artistic outlet. Recommended interpretation includes the reproduction of Mess Players brochures, toys and quotes from Doing time about engagement with the community.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 54 NEW BUILDINGS: C DIVISION

The site of the former C Division has sheen white paint, could be used. been allotted as the site of a retail and commercial building. Before construction We recommend that the Marks ‘Crofton’ works can be carried out, an archaeological System be incorporated into this investigation was required. This uncovered commercial/residential building too. Nine the foundations of the former C Division, marks were awarded to prisoners for their allowing for an understanding of this conduct before, during and after work, and archaic 1860s structure. Recommendations these were divided into three groups of for the incorporation of archaeological three. The simplicity of the imagery of three discoveries are included in the or nine strokes provides an opportunity to documentation of archaeology. Further embed further subtle interpretation into this interpretive recommendations involve commercial realm. references to the daily routine of prisoners.

Bells tolled throughout the day to inform INTERPRETATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGY prisoners of specific daily proceedings. For example: DIG International’s 2009 and 2014 archaeological investigations determined 6:10 Rouse bell that C Division’s foundations are well 6:30 Washed and dressed preserved. They provide visual evidence 7:00 Start work of the cellblock floors, gutter systems, and 11:55 Dinner bell exercise areas. We recommend that this 1:00 Return to work be interpreted within a retail concourse. 5:00 Tea bell Original bluestone will be retained and 8:00 Silence bell re-interred. This create’s a window into the site’s history. Similar work has been We recommend that these regimes be successfully undertaken at Casselden Place embedded in the walls of the new building, in Melbourne’s CBD. either in sequence or spread sporadically across the precinct. At the ground-level commercial area, noticeable materials such as metal or glazing decal will be utilised. This interpretation could also filter through to the residential public corridors on the upper levels where more subtle materials, such as gloss white paint stencilled on low

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 55 NEW BUILDINGS: CAR PARK AND APARTMENT FOYERS

CAR PARK: APARTMENT FOYERS: GUIDELINES FOR INTERPRETATION GUIDELINES FOR INTERPRETATION

The car park is a three storey complex. We Each foyer could have images relating to the recommend that each level is attributed theme of penology, divided into different a different image or theme. This would sub-themes. Each theme would provide an allow distinction between levels, and effective overview of the entire site’s history a simple way for visitors to remember within the wider context of penal reform: where they parked. 1850s -- Punishment as deterrent Interpretative concepts include: 1860s -- Silence, surveillance and solitude; 1870s -- Work and industry; Large format images, possibly backlit, of: 1920s -- Education as reform; A Division 1950s -- Community engagement. B Division C Division Images could include:

Dates and words, cut from metal or recessed • The prison ship hulks and lit. • The Panopticon – cells and airing yards 1850s -- PUNISHMENT • The workshops – mat makers’ yard, 1860s -- SILENCE; carpenters’ shop 1870s -- WORK. • The ‘prisoners school’ illustration • Mess Hall Players brochures. Pictograms embedded in columns. Foyer installations would utilise large- These could be cut from metal or recessed format images, possibly rendered in pic-perf and highlighted. or backlit, to convey key periods in the Rock-breaking hammer; prison’s 19th and early 20th century histories. Key Architectural details could utilise the icons Handcuffs. used around the site, including locks and keys, chains, and the rock-breaking hammer. Daily routine times. Cut from metal or recessed and lit up. 6 AM – WAKE UP; 11:55 AM – DINNER; 8 PM – SILENCE.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 56 ENDNOTES

1 SHP (Sue Hodges Productions P/L), ‘Re- Victoria’s prisons from solitude to socia- 19 Allom Lovell & Associates, Pentridge: 29 DPCD, HM Prison Pentridge, Permit turn Brief, Scope of Works, Fee Proposal bility, Jesuit Social Services, 1998, p.4 Conservation Management Plan, 1997, P13892, 2009 and Timeframe’, 2013, p.1 p.39 11 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville 30 DPCD, Planning Permit 2009001141 2 SHP (Sue Hodges Productions P/L), ‘Re- to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- 20 Allom Lovell & Associates, Pentridge: Extension of time request, 2012 turn Brief, Scope of Works, Fee Proposal ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, p.53 Conservation Management Plan, 1997, and Timeframe’, 2013, p.1 p.52 31 Pizzey, B, ‘Heritage Interpretation Strat- 12 Jeremy Bentham, Panopticon or the ‘In- egy for the former Coburg Prisons Com- 3 Shayher Group, ‘Pentridge Interpreta- spection House’…,Lincoln’s Inn, London, 21 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville plex’, Convergence Design, 2002 tion Consultants Scope of Works’, 2013, 1787, np to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- p.2 ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, p.127 32 Pizzey, B, ‘Heritage Interpretation 13 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Penton- Strategy for the former Coburg Prisons 4 Allom Lovell & Associates, ‘Pentridge: ville to Pentridge: a history of prisons in 22 Whatmore, A, Annual Report, Penal Complex’, Convergence Design, 2002, Conservation Management Plan’, 1997, Victoria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, Establishments, Gaols and Reformatory p.34 p.7. p.94 Prisons, 1954 33 Pine, J and Gilmore, J, The experience 5 The Argus, 6 December 1850 14 Illustrated Australian news, 27 August 23 Ellem, Barry, Doing time: the prison expe- economy, Harvard Business School Press, 1867, p.6 rience, Fontana/Collins, 1984, p.161 Boston, 1999 6 The Argus, 22 August, 1850 15 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville 24 llom Lovell & Associates, Pentridge: Con- 34 David Throsby, ‘Heritage economics: 7 Finn, WM, Glimpses of north-eastern to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- servation Management Plan, 1997, p.63 a conceptual framework’, in Guido Lic- Victoria, and Albury, New South Wales, ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, p.95 ciardi and Rana Amirthahmasebi, The Catholic Bookselling and Printing Depot, 25 Heritage Victoria, Former HM Prison economics of uniqueness: investing in Melbourne, 1870, p.3 16 Duncan, G, Annual Report, Penal Estab- Pentridge Statement of Significance historic city cores and cultural heritage lishments and Gaols, 1871, para.4 assets for sustainable development, The 8 Heritage Victoria, Former HM Prison 26 Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Word Bank, 2012, p.56 Pentridge Statement of Significance 17 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Penton- natural heritage charter for the conserva- ville to Pentridge: a history of prisons in tion of places of natural heritage signifi- 35 Steve Hill and Ted Cable, ‘The concept of 9 Allom Lovell & Associates, ‘Pentridge: Victoria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, cance, Canberra, 2002 authenticity: implications for interpreta- Conservation Management Plan’, 1997, p.104 tion’, Journal of interpretation research, p.20 27 ICOMOS, Charter for the interpretation 11, 1, 2006, p.59 18 Allom Lovell & Associates, Pentridge: and preservation of cultural Heritage 10 Vinson, T, Pentridge Prison unlocked: Conservation Management Plan, 1997, Sites (‘ENAME Charter’), Paris, 2008 36 Steve Hill and Ted Cable, ‘The concept of p.43 authenticity: implications for interpreta- 28 DPCD, Moreland Planning Scheme Per- tion’, Journal of interpretation research, mit Application 2009/1141, 2009 11, 1, 2006, p.59

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 57 ENDNOTES

Map Theory’, Journal of interpretation 53 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- 37 David Saxe, ‘Living heritage: and ex- research, 14,1,2009, pp 48-49 to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, p.127 perimental model mixing heritage and ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, p.48 entertainment’, Journal of interpretation 44 Mark Morgan, ‘Interpretation and place 63 Whatmore, A, Annual report, penal es- research, 14, 1, 2009, p.33 JIR 14, p. 33 attachment: Implications for Cognitive 54 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville tablishments and gaols, Gaols and Refor- Map Theory’, Journal of interpretation to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- matory Prisons, 1954 38 Steve Hill and Ted Cable, ‘The concept of research, 14,1,2009, p 48 ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, p.53 authenticity: implications for interpreta- 64 Richards, M, ‘Ronald Joseph Ryan’, tion’, Journal of interpretation research, 45 Quoted in E Finn, Chronicles of Early 55 Champ, W, ‘Penal Department report’, (1925–1967), Australian Dictionary of 11, 1, 2006, p.59 Melbourne, 1835-1852, p.199 26 October 1859, p.10 in Victorian Par- Biography, National Centre of Biography, liamentary Papers Australian National University, http:// 39 Steve Hill and Ted Cable, ‘The concept 46 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ryan-ronald- of authenticity: implications for inter- to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- 56 William Champ in J. Atkinson’s Mary joseph-11592/text20695, accessed 14 pretation’, Journal of interpretation ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, p.27 Proctor: Convict, Pioneer and Settler, October 2013 research, 11, 1, 2006, p.58 Rosenburg Publishing Pty. Ltd, 2005, 47 The Argus, 22 August 1850 p.158 65 Richards, M, ‘Ronald Joseph Ryan’, 40 John O’Brien, ‘Liveable historic city cores (1925–1967), Australian Dictionary of and enabling environment: a successful 48 Allom Lovell & Associates, Pentridge: 57 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville Biography, National Centre of Biography, recipe to attract investment to cities’, in Conservation Management Plan, 1997, to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- Australian National University, http:// Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirthahmase- p.20 ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, p.94 adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ryan-ronald- bi, The economics of uniqueness: invest- joseph-11592/text20695, accessed 14 ing in historic city cores and cultural heri- 49 Barrow, S, ‘Penal Department Report’, 58 Illustrated Australian news, 27 August October 2013 tage assets for sustainable development, 1852, para. 25, Parliamentary Papers 1867, p.6 The Word Bank, 2012, p.6 (Vic) 66 Lack, J & Morgan, K, ‘Ross, Colin Camp- 59 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville bell Eadie (1892-1922)’, Australian 41 Mark Morgan, ‘Interpretation and place 50 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Penton- to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- Dictionary of Biography, National Centre attachment: Implications for Cognitive ville to Pentridge: a history of prisons in ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, p.95 of Biography, Australian National Uni- Map Theory’, Journal of interpretation Victoria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, versity, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ research, 14,1,2009, p 48 p.33 60 Duncan, G., Annual report, penal estab- ross-colin-campbell-eadie-13175, ac- lishments and gaols, 1871, para.4 cessed 14 October 2013 42 Mark Morgan, ‘Interpretation and place 51 White, H.A., Crime and criminals, Berry, attachment: Implications for Cognitive Anderson & Co., Ballarat, 1890, p.40 61 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Penton- 67 The Age, 28 May 2008 Map Theory’, Journal of interpretation ville to Pentridge: a history of prisons in research, 14,1,2009, p 47 52 Vinson, T, Pentridge Prison unlocked : Victoria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, 68 Allom Lovell & Associates, ‘Pentridge: Victoria’s prisons from solitude to socia- p.104 Conservation Management Plan’, 43 Mark Morgan, ‘Interpretation and place bility, Jesuit Social Services, 1998, p.4 attachment: Implications for Cognitive 62 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 58 ENDNOTES

Melbourne, 1997, p. 35 Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, 92 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- Melbourne, 2008, p.5 85 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge 69 Allom Lovell & Associates, ‘Pentridge: erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, Conservation Management Plan’, 78 The JT Group Pty Ltd, ‘D Division Pen- Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, Melbourne, 2008, p.73 Melbourne, 1997, pp.36-39 tridge Village information memoran- Melbourne, 2008, p.15 dum’, June 2010, p.22 93 The JT Group Pty. Ltd, ‘D Division Pen- 70 Allom Lovell & Associates, ‘Pentridge: 86 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- tridge Village Information Memoran- Conservation Management Plan’, Mel- 79 The JT Group Pty Ltd, ‘D Division Pen- erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge dum’, 2010, p.72 bourne, 1997, p. 43. tridge Village information memoran- Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, dum’, June 2010, p.23 Melbourne, 2008, p.7 94 Pizzey, B, ‘Heritage Interpretation Strat- 71 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville egy for the former Coburg Prisons Com- to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- 80 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- 87 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- plex’, Convergence Design, 2002, p.2 ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996 erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, 95 Tourism Victoria, Melbourne Market 72 Lynn, P & Armstrong, G, From Pentonville Melbourne, 2008, p.27 Melbourne, 2008, p.9 Profile final, pdf, http://www.tourism.vic. to Pentridge: a history of prisons in Victo- gov.au/research/domestic-and-regional- ria, State Library of Victoria, 1996, p.54 81 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- 88 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- research/regional-visitation.html, ac- erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge cessed 13 October 2013 73 – Penal Establishment, Pentridge regula- Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, tions ‘A’ Division Panopticon Melbourne, 2008, p.15 Melbourne, 2008, p.8 96 Arts Victoria, Cultural data: cultural tourism, http://www.arts.vic.gov.au/ 74 Mooney, R, ‘Freedom dawns after the 82 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- 89 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- Research_and_Resources/Cultural_Data/ Pentridge night’, The Age, August 26 erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge Snapshots/Cultural_Tourism, accessed 1975 Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, 13 October 2013 Melbourne, 2008, p.15 Melbourne, 2008, p.9 75 Mooney, R, ‘Freedom dawns after the 97 The National Trust of Australia (Victo- Pentridge night’, The Age, August 26 83 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- 90 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- ria), Annual Report 2010-2011, p.36 1975 erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, 98 The National Trust of Australia (Victoria), 76 Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtah- Melbourne, 2008, p.7 Melbourne, 2008, p.15 Annual Report 2010-2011, p.36 masebi (eds), The economics of unique- ness: investing in historic city cores and 84 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- 91 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- 99 David Throsby, ‘Heritage economics: cultural heritage assets for sustainable erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge a conceptual framework’, in Guido Lic- development, The World Bank, 2012, p.2 Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, ciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), Melbourne, 2008, p.7 Melbourne, 2008, p.16 The economics of uniqueness: investing 77 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- in historic city cores and cultural heritage erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge assets for sustainable development, The

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 59 ENDNOTES

World Bank, 2012, p.52 World Bank, 2012, p.47 erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge 119 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, land 2010, 2010, p.2 100 Peter Nijkamp, ‘Economic valuation of 105 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of Melbourne, 2008, p.71 cultural heritage’, in Guido Licciardi and place: the economics of urban upgrading 120 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), The econom- projects with a cultural dimension’, in 110 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and land 2010, 2010, p.2 ics of uniqueness: investing in historic Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi Masterplan August 2009’, p.2 city cores and cultural heritage assets (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- 121 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- for sustainable development, The World vesting in historic city cores and cultural 111 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and land 2010, 2010, p.2 Bank, 2012, p.77 heritage assets for sustainable develop Masterplan August 2009’, p.24 ment, The World Bank, 2012, p.23 119 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- 101 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of 112 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and land 2010, 2010, p.2 place: the economics of urban upgrading 106 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of Masterplan August 2009’, p.24 projects with a cultural dimension’, in place: the economics of urban upgrading 120 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi projects with a cultural dimension’, in 113 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and land 2010, 2010, p.2 (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi Masterplan August 2009’, p.25 vesting in historic city cores and cultural (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- 121 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- heritage assets for sustainable develop- vesting in historic city cores and cultural 114 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and land 2010, 2010, p.2 ment, The World Bank, 2012, pp.36-37 heritage assets for sustainable develop- Masterplan August 2009’, p.31 ment, The World Bank, 2012, p.23 122 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- 102 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and 115 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of land 2010, 2010, p.2 Masterplan August 2009’, p.24 107 Peter Nijkamp, ‘Economic valuation of place: the economics of urban upgrading cultural heritage’, in Guido Licciardi and projects with a cultural dimension’, in 123 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- 103 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), The econom- Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi land 2010, 2010, p.2 place: the economics of urban upgrading ics of uniqueness: investing in historic (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- projects with a cultural dimension’, in city cores and cultural heritage assets vesting in historic city cores and cultural 124 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi for sustainable development, The World heritage assets for sustainable develop- land 2010, 2010, p.2 (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- Bank, 2012, p.96 ment, The World Bank, 2012, pp.36-37 vesting in historic city cores and cultural 125 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of heritage assets for sustainable develop- 108 Peter Nijkamp, ‘Economic valuation of 116 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- place: the economics of urban upgrading ment, The World Bank, 2012, p.21 cultural heritage’, in Guido Licciardi and land 2010, 2010, Introduction projects with a cultural dimension’, in Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), The econom- Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi 104 David Throsby, ‘Heritage economics: ics of uniqueness: investing in historic 117 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- a conceptual framework’, in Guido Lic- city cores and cultural heritage assets land 2010, 2010, Overview vesting in historic city cores and cultural ciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), for sustainable development, The World heritage assets for sustainable develop- The economics of uniqueness: investing Bank, 2012, p.96 118 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- ment, The World Bank, 2012, pp.38 in historic city cores and cultural heritage land 2010, 2010, Introduction assets for sustainable development, The 109 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- 126 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng-

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 60 ENDNOTES

128 David Throsby, ‘Heritage economics: development, The World Bank, 2012, vesting in historic city cores and cultural 124 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- a conceptual framework’, in Guido Lic- p.xxiii heritage assets for sustainable develop- land 2010, 2010, p.2 ciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), ment, The World Bank, 2012, pp.36-37 The economics of uniqueness: investing 108 John O’Brien, ‘Livable historic city cores 125 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of in historic city cores and cultural heritage and enabling environment: a successful 116 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- place: the economics of urban upgrading assets for sustainable development, The recipe to attract investment to cities’, in land 2010, 2010, Introduction projects with a cultural dimension’, in World Bank, 2012, p.52 Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- 117 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- 129 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of vesting in historic city cores and cultural land 2010, 2010, Overview vesting in historic city cores and cultural place: the economics of urban upgrading heritage assets for sustainable develop- heritage assets for sustainable develop- projects with a cultural dimension’, in ment, The World Bank, 2012, p.5 118 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- ment, The World Bank, 2012, pp.38 Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi land 2010, 2010, Introduction (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- 109 Deep End Services Pty Ltd, ‘VALAD Prop- 126 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- vesting in historic city cores and cultural erty Group & Abadeen Group: Pentridge 119 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- land 2010, 2010, pp.12-13 heritage assets for sustainable develop- Piazza Economic Impact Assessment’, land 2010, 2010, p.2 ment, The World Bank, 2012, p.21 Melbourne, 2008, p.71 127 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of 120 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- place: the economics of urban upgrading 130 David Throsby, ‘Heritage economics: 110 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and land 2010, 2010, p.2 projects with a cultural dimension’, in a conceptual framework’, in Guido Lic- Masterplan August 2009’, p.2 Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi ciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), 121 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- The economics of uniqueness: investing 111 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and land 2010, 2010, p.2 vesting in historic city cores and cultural in historic city cores and cultural heritage Masterplan August 2009’, p.24 heritage assets for sustainable develop- assets for sustainable development, The 119 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- ment, The World Bank, 2012, pp.21-22 World Bank, 2012, pp.52-53 112 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and land 2010, 2010, p.2 Masterplan August 2009’, p.24 128 David Throsby, ‘Heritage economics: 131 David Throsby, ‘Heritage economics: 120 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- a conceptual framework’, in Guido Lic- a conceptual framework’, in Guido Lic- 113 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and land 2010, 2010, p.2 ciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), ciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), Masterplan August 2009’, p.25 The economics of uniqueness: investing The economics of uniqueness: investing 121 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- in historic city cores and cultural heritage in historic city cores and cultural heritage 114 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and land 2010, 2010, p.2 assets for sustainable development, The assets for sustainable development, The Masterplan August 2009’, p.31 World Bank, 2012, pp.52-53 World Bank, 2012, pp.52-53 122 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- 115 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of land 2010, 2010, p.2 129 Martin Rama, ‘Investing in the sense of 132 Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtah- place: the economics of urban upgrading place: the economics of urban upgrading masebi (eds), The economics of unique- projects with a cultural dimension’, in 123 English Heritage, Heritage Counts Eng- projects with a cultural dimension’, in ness: investing in historic city cores and Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi land 2010, 2010, p.2 Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi cultural heritage assets for sustainable (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 61 ENDNOTES

129 vesting in historic city cores and cultural masebi (eds), The economics of unique- May 2012, p.1 151 Abbotsford Convent Foundation, General heritage assets for sustainable develop- ness: investing in historic city cores and purpose financial report for the year ment, The World Bank, 2012, pp.22-23 cultural heritage assets for sustainable 143 ‘Pentridge Coburg Activation Strategy’, ended 30 June 2012, p.6 development, The World Bank, 2012, May 2012, p.1 130 David Throsby, ‘Heritage economics: p.xxiii a conceptual framework’, in Guido Lic- 144 The JT Group Pty Ltd, ‘D Division Pen- ciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), 135 NSW Planning, Arts Revitalisation Proj- tridge Village Information Memoran- The economics of uniqueness: investing ects and the Planning System, January dum’, June 2010, p.9 in historic city cores and cultural heritage 2010 Guideline, p.1 assets for sustainable development, The 145 The JT Group Pty Ltd, ‘D Division Pen- World Bank, 2012, pp.52-53 136 NSW Planning, Arts Revitalisation Proj- tridge Village Information Memoran- ects and the Planning System, January dum’, June 2010, p.18 131 David Throsby, ‘Heritage economics: 2010 Guideline, p.1 a conceptual framework’, in Guido Lic- 146 The JT Group Pty Ltd, ‘D Division Pen- ciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), 137 NHA, ‘Pentridge Design Guildelines and tridge Village Information Memoran- The economics of uniqueness: investing Masterplan August 2009’, p.24 dum’, June 2010, p.16 in historic city cores and cultural heritage assets for sustainable development, The 138 John O’Brien, ‘Livable historic city cores 147 David Throsby, ‘Heritage economics: World Bank, 2012, p.50 and enabling environment: a successful a conceptual framework’, in Guido Lic- recipe to attract investment to cities’, in ciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi (eds), 132 Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtah- Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi The economics of uniqueness: investing masebi (eds), The economics of unique- (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- in historic city cores and cultural heritage ness: investing in historic city cores and vesting in historic city cores and cultural assets for sustainable development, The cultural heritage assets for sustainable heritage assets for sustainable develop- World Bank, 2012, p.51 development, The World Bank, 2012, ment, The World Bank, 2012, p.5 p.xxiii 148 Abbotsford Convent Foundation, General purpose financial report for the year 133 John O’Brien, ‘Livable historic city cores 139 City of Moreland, Moreland, ‘Arts and ended 30 June 2012, p.2 and enabling environment: a successful Culture Strategy 2011-2016’, p.1 recipe to attract investment to cities’, in 149 Abbotsford Convent Foundation, General Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtahmasebi 140 City of Moreland, Moreland, ‘Arts and purpose financial report for the year (eds), The economics of uniqueness: in- Culture Strategy 2011-2016’, p.1 ended 30 June 2012, p.2 vesting in historic city cores and cultural heritage assets for sustainable develop- 141 City of Moreland, Moreland, ‘Arts and 150 Abbotsford Convent Foundation, General ment, The World Bank, 2012, p.5 Culture Strategy 2011-2016’, pp.7-8 purpose financial report for the year ended 30 June 2012, p.3 134 Guido Licciardi and Rana Amirtah- 142 ‘Pentridge Coburg Activation Strategy’,

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 62 APPENDIX: GRIDS OF THEMES AND STORIES

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 63 GRID OF THEMES AND STORIES

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 64 GRID OF THEMES AND STORIES

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 65 GRID OF THEMES AND STORIES

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 66 GRID OF THEMES AND STORIES

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 67 GRID OF THEMES AND STORIES

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 68 GRID OF THEMES AND STORIES

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 69 SECTION 2 Interpretive Design Concepts

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 70 Guiding principle

Heritage interpretation at Pentridge will follow the ‘best practice’ principles of interpretation outlined in SHP’s ‘Former HM Pentridge: Heritage Interpretation Masterplan’ by using historical content to drive interpretive forms and media.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 71 Responses to key issues at the site

The following statement outlines SHP’s response to interpreting the site. Given the complexity of the site, we have developed a set of interpretive languages, each depicted through a distinct yet interrelated set of forms. Vision Interpretive response

The design of the interpretation draws from The interpretive response to the site draws Detail: the values and significance of the site itself. from the key idea of hidden histories that at Interpretation of the built fabric of the site times became public. The former HM Prison Pentridge was a place This consists of a series of forms that focus of ‘hidden histories’ expressed through The response has two distinct interpretive attention on the heritage fabric and are power relationships, boundaries between self languages that intersect but differ in form accompanied by small interpretive markers and other, boundaries between inside and and content. The interpretive intent is to draw containing first-person quotations and short- outside and rituals of reform, discipline and attention to the built fabric of the site and form interpretive text. punishment. The complex’s bluestone walls, then reveal the history through a series of former Panopticon prison, rock breaking yards, physical and symbolic devices, playing on the airing yards and cell blocks all symbolically concepts of discovery, reveal and ‘unlocking’ Interpretation of the social history of the site represent the power relationships and rituals the past. This consists of a series of subtle, elegant and that shaped daily life for the prisoners, Interpretation will be discreet and embedded discreet designs and interpretive markers that warders and officials who occupied the site. in the site rather than delivered through ‘stand indicate the stories of the people who once At times, life behind the walls of Pentridge alone’ media such as interpretive signs, although occupied the site. These interpretive designs and broke through to the world outside. These are there will be many indications of how to ‘read’ the forms respect the built fabric of the site and will the stories of the hangings of Ronald Ryan and site through digital media, printed material and a be ‘discovered’ by the public. They will provide Ned Kelly, of riots and escapes, and of the recent limited amount of orientation signage. interesting and intriguing vantage points disinterment and reburial of Ned Kelly and 33 and perspectives on the history of the prison Indicating the intangible and social history other prisoners. While some of these incidents complex. of Pentridge is the most challenging part of occurred in D Division, they are still a part of the the interpretation, since it involves stories broader historical narrative of the former prison that are sometimes dark and disturbing. This that interpretation needs to cover. history will therefore be told in a dedicated Interpretive Zone, to be located in B Division at this stage.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 72 Themes and stories Linked to ‘Heritage Interpretation Masterplan’

Theme 1 The establishment of HM Prison Interpretive concepts Pentridge

Establishment of the prison Stylised footprints 16 prisoners were marched to the site from the These deep-etched footprints indicate where the prisoners stood Old Melbourne Gaol in the stockade, depicting the vanished history of the site

Protecting the populace Stockade playground From stockade to penitentiary Forms for general social history The need for a penitentiary

William Champ embarks on a building program Embedded

Embedded interpretive plaques across the horizontal and vertical planes of the whole site.

Interpretive Zone (B Division) Digital media

Smartphone and Tablet Apps

Brochure, booklet, book

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 73 Themes and stories Linked to ‘Heritage Interpretation Masterplan’

Theme 2 The history of penal reform in Interpretive concepts Forms for general social the context of Pentridge history

Punishment as deterrent ‘Under lock and key’ Samuel Barrow and the hulks; John Giles Use of motifs such as lift-up flaps, levers Embedded Price (Pentridge’s first superintendent) and and keys to reveal key parts of the history Embedded interpretive plaques across the the ‘Crystal Palace’ of the site. These draw their form from horizontal and vertical planes of the whole physical markers still located on cell block site. Punishment as reform: the model doors. prison/separate prison The underside of prison life Interpretive Zone (B Division) Champ’s model prison and the concept of silence, surveillance and solitude: Use of cavities, impressions and shadows to Digital media A Division (the Panopticon) indicate both the non-recorded histories of the site and the darker sides of prison life. Smartphone and Tablet Apps Labour as reform These are suitable for the public realm as Brochure, booklet, book The Industries; George Duncan and the they are intriguing and subtle. They include Mark System a sculpture that casts shadows across the site at different times of day, the shadow or Education as key to reform impression of a rope, recessions in the shape of footprints, handcuffs, locks and keys in ‘The College of Knowledge’; Community certain parts of the public realm. engagement

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 74 Themes and stories Linked to ‘Heritage Interpretation Masterplan’.

Theme 3 Peopling Pentridge Interpretive concepts

Infamous inmates The most obvious expression of boundaries Text as graphic Use of first-person quotations embedded The day Australia stood still: the death of and confinement is the prison walls, so within the horizontal and vertical planes Ronald Ryan perhaps bluestone and even stylized barbed wire could be included here. These could of the site. Posthumously pardoned – Colin Campbell be indicated in the paving areas. Another Ross concept is for a square in the public realm to Forms for social history indicate how closely prisoners stood to each Words from within other. Going it alone Embedded Obey but don’t co-operate Lines Embedded interpretive plaques across the Rituals of prison life A set of lines across the site, in different forms, that indicate the concepts of how horizontal and vertical planes of the whole Privacy site. Freedom prisoners became instruments of the state and identified as ‘the other’. Interpretive Zone (B Division) Women and incarceration Demarcations Finding a place for females Digital media The last female – Jean Lee The boundary where the stockade stood; boundaries of demarcation and Smartphone and Tablet Apps confinement in key places at the site. These indicate boundaries between prison Brochure, booklet, book life and warders’ lives; between life on the inside and life on the outside.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 75 Themes and Stories Linked to ‘Heritage Interpretation Masterplan’

Theme 4 Life at ‘Bluestone College’ Interpretive media for social history A site of cultural production Embedded A profile of inmate creativity An outlet for emotions Embedded interpretive plaques across the horizontal and vertical planes of the whole Daily routine site. A day in the life of an inmate: how it differed between divisions and over time Interpretive Zone (B Division) Digital media

Smartphone and Tablet Apps

Brochure, booklet, book

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 76 Themes and Stories Linked to ‘Heritage Interpretation Masterplan’

Theme 5 Beneath these walls: The Archaeology and vanished history of Pentridge

The Airing Yards Interpretive media How excavation uncovered the remains of the A and B airing yards, the foundations Next stage of contract. of C Division, and the site of the original stockade A, B & C Divisions

Finding Ned The story the excavation of the skeletal remains of one of Australia’s most infamous outlaws, Ned Kelly.

Vanished buildings Rock breaking yards Building footprints

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 77 dangerousInsubordinate characters. and

Insubordinate and dangerous characters.

What have you done to be sent to Pentridge Town?

What have you done to be sent to Pentridge Town?

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 78 Interpretation of the social history of the site: Peepholes and windows

D D

D

D

Peepholes that experiment with scale. The intention is to show surprising perspectives of the built fabric of the site by inserting small viewing holes in the landscaping, retaining walls and urban form elements.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 79 Interpretation of the social history of the site: Dates

E

E

E

E

E

E

E E

E Dates and times across the public realm. E These will symbolize: Times of day where rituals took place. Location: water feature, cells, public realm (needs siting). Sample: 1pm – Lunch/6 pm – confinement in cell. E Dates when key events occurred.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 80 F Interpretation of the social history of the site: Cavities, impressions and shadows F

Use of cavities, impressions and shadows to indicate both the non-recorded histories of the site, and the darker sides of prison life. These are suitable for the public realm as they are intriguing and subtle. They include a sculpture that casts shadows across the site at different times of day, the shadow or impression F F of a rope, recessions in the shape of footprints, handcuffs, locks and keys in certain parts of the public realm.

F

F F

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 81 Interpretation of the social history of the site: Cavities, impressions and shadows ((continued)

6.00am Assemble in the yard to be counted

7.00am Labouring begins

14.00pm Return to cell

14.30pm Rock breaking

Pentridge - Interpretive Concepts

Shadows could act in the way the prison bell would have done, but silently, like a giant sundial pointing to the different activities Shadows could act in the way prisoners would have done the prison bell would have done, throughout a day. but silently, like a giant sundial Shadows could act inpointing the way to the different activities prisoners would have done the prison bell would have done, throughout a day. but silently, like a giant sundial pointing to the different activities Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 82 prisoners would have done Shadows could at certain times throughout a day. of the day form symbols before distorting into just shadows.

Shadows could at certain times of the day form symbols before distorting into just shadows.

Shadows could at certain times of the day form symbols before

distortingPentridge - Interpretive into just Concepts shadows.

Pentridge - Interpretive Concepts

Pentridge - Interpretive Concepts Interpretation of the social history of the site:

Markers and G pictograms G

These are simple markers that contain some G first-person quotations and interpretive text. These will be embedded in the horizontal or vertical planes of the site. These would sit near the interpretive forms and carry a primary source G quote and sentence of explanation. G G G G

G

G G

G

G

G

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 83 Interpretation of the social history of the site:

Markers and pictograms (continued)

Pictograms will be based on from Keys and locks are a recurring Different drawing styles of authentic site objects wherever motif and emphasise notions pictograms are yet to be explored, possible. of inside/outside in a non- confronting way.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 84 Interpretation of the social history of the site:

Markers and pictograms (continued)

Small marker with introductory text: 1-2 sentences – bronze/metal embedded in pavement

Pictograms in the style of 19th century line drawings that sequence the rituals and processes of prison life, as well as more abstract notions: • Series of hands using hammers to break rocks in the rock-breaking yard • Series of feet moving across the site from place to place • ‘Lock up’- sequence showing handcuffs being put on prisoners • ‘Scales’ – weighing value of gold against Example: Plaques to commemorate murdered Jews in Germany prisoners (etc)

The above can also be used in “B” Division

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 85 Interpretation of the social history of the site: Interpretive flaps

‘This building campaign is remarkable as the most concentrated gaol building campaign in Australian history’. H William Champ

The use of motifs such as lift-up flaps, levers and keys to reveal key parts of the history of the site.

These are physical markers still located on cell block doors that can be used to ‘reveal’ the interpretation of the hidden histories of the site.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 86 Specific Areas: Piazza pathway/Building 9

Metal or glazing decal versions at ground-level commercial and more subtle (e.g. gloss white paint stencilled on low sheen white paint) in residential levels.

References to the daily routine times (e.g 6 a.m. – wake up call) could be located here in sequence:

A DIVISION 6:10 Rouse bell 6:30 Washed and dressed 7:00 Start work 11:55 Dinner bell 1:00 Return to work 5:00 Tea bell 8:00 Silence bell

This could also filter through into the residential public corridors on the upper levels of building 9.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 87 Specific Areas: Walls penetrations, archways and other entries to the site

Interpretation will take place in an archway (based on Aspect’s recommended wall penetration) clad in metal on both sides to indicate that it is an insertion into the site and not part of the original design of the building Inside the archway (on both vertical planes):

• Side one of arch: Metal cladding (your choice of material) with traced outline of the shape of a prisoner, at scale, in a thin silver line (metal). Image will be drawn from historical material if possible.

•  Side two of arch: Metal cladding inscribed with: Relevant date and event, e.g. ‘1850’. This will be accompanied by a symbol (e.g. Keyhole) and a sentence indicating the nature of the event, e.g. ‘- Former HM Prison Pentridge established’. A quote from a contemporary historical source could also be included.

Each archway will feature a different date and event to indicate a different period in the site’s history. An interpretive sign will be located near each archway to tell residents and visitors how to ‘read’ the site. We suggest limiting these signs to as few as possible and leaving the interpretation Artwork envisaged to be jet The illustrated figure walking with If the thin lines are problematic cut stainless steel recessed into their head down is taken from this to inset then other processes can subtle and discreet across the site. the surface material. The above photograph of prisoners returning be considered like this milled/cast example is an example of how the from labour 1896. bronze effect. text might appear.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 88 1850

Former HM Prison Established

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 89 Specific Areas: Courtyards

We suggest theming these with particular dates and times (on the paving surfaces), to reflect the different occupation periods of the site.

Burial area

The Conservation Management Plan suggests a plaque. This could also be an opportunity for artistic/sculptural interpretation.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 90 Specific Areas: Rock breaking yards

‘Over the years I’ve been in the boot shop, I’ve been in the brush shop, and on the rocks of course. You know, rock crushing, breaking big ones down into little ones, and little ones into smaller ones. But the hardest thing that I’ve ever done in my life is nothing’. Barry, 54, cited in Doing Time

‘Reformers protest that there is no rehabilitation value at all in this treatment’. Canberra Times, 1974

We propose sculptural interpretation accompanied by a short-form interpretive plaque (on horizontal or vertical plane) containing a primary source quotation (as above) and 1-2 sentences of explanation of the functions of Pentridge - Interpretive Concepts the yard. The heritage-themed art/sculpture will be developed as part of Stage 2 of the interpretation.

Pictograms, in the style of 19th century line drawings but stylised, will accompany the sculpture to show the sequence of breaking rocks. These pictograms will be used throughout the site to depict movement, rituals and actions.

Playing with scale. A group of The movement of rock breaking A sculptural use of repeated boulders are actually a huge hand could be depicted through a hammers into a single form when viewed from a distance. series of hammers inscribed into (the prison). Shows the repetition the rock face. of the manual tasks.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 91

Pentridge - Interpretive Concepts Specific Areas: Rock breaking yards (continued)

M

Pentridge - Interpretive Concepts

Using the same rock that the prisoners had, and creating something new from it.

Glass stripe through a large section Key wind chime. Both beautiful of rock. Suggests light through a and cruel. The same number as cell window. Also shows contrasts of locks there would have been on rough and smooth.. the site.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan 92 SECTION 3 Interpretive Signage Style Guide and Templates

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 93 Overview

Interpretive signage at the former Prison complex is designed around the concept of Pentridge being a site of ‘hidden histories’for the visitor to uncover. Rather than being didactic, the signage encourages audiences to interrogate the site. Each interpretive sign tells part of the wider Pentridge story, which also depicted through landscaping and urban forms, in the dedicated Interpretive Zone and through digital media, events, lighting and public programs.

The signage simulaneously draws attention to the heritage fabric of the site and links to embedded, wall-mounted and stand-alone sculptural interpretive forms. It is designed to be discreet, unobtrusive and distinctive in look and feel from the wayfinding signage. It is something that will lead to further interpretation and understanding of the site, create emotional experiences of the past through form and content, be playful at times and stimulate curiosity in the residents, visitors and tourists who come to the redeveloped site. It is not intended to tell the whole story, even if that were possible. Rather, it will provide tantalising glimpses into a slice of Melbourne’s hidden history.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 94 Colour and palette

The graphic design look and feel employs a strong colour palette to reflect the character and identity of the site. Since the graphic design will be used in a variety of situations, the colour palette is fliexible and can be adapted to suit particular sites within the complex.

PANTONE 7620C

PANTONE 4655C

PANTONE 7620C

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 95 Typography

A suite of fonts has been selected for interpretive media:

This is a bold, emphatic font that references the heritage of the site. It can work in both graphic and embossed formats. HEADINGS Rockwell Bold font

Personal quotations are in an italic font, which is a standard form of referring to citations. Quotes Georgia Italic font

The body font continues the heading style and can work in both graphic and embossed formats. Body Copy Introduction Rockwell Bold font

The font for the body copy is easily readible. Body Copy Rockwell Regular font

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 96 Orientation signs

Orientation signs will be positioned at each key entry point to the site. Their aim is to provide a ‘hook’ into the site and explain how the public realm interpretation works.

The graphic design look and feel employs a bold colour palette that contrasts with the heritage fabric of the site.

The background and other graphic elements will utilise bronze in order to complement the heritage fabric, if funds permit, or polycure as an alternative

Option 1: Interpretation Orientation Sign, featuring embossed title. Material: Bronze fascia with polycure inset. Positioning: Wall-mounted or on pedestal.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 97 Orientation signs

Option 2: Graphic version of Interpretation Orientation Sign. Option 3: Bronze or graphic version of Orientation sign. This option could also be used for interpretive signage. In Positioning: Wall-mounted or on pedestal. this case, the graphics would feature an image. Positioning: Wall-mounted.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 98 Site-specific signs

These signs are located at key zones in the complex. They can be scaled down for smaller points of interest. They complement embedded, wall-mounted and sculptural and interpretation.

The background and other graphic elements will utilise bronze in order to complement the heritage fabric, if funds permit, or polycure as an alternative.

The decal on the bottom right of each sign links to the entry statements for the site.

Option 1: Site-specific sign, featuring embossed title. The detail on the right echoes the treatment of the entry statement. Material: Bronze fascia with polycure inset. Positioning: Wall-mounted or on pedestal.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 99 Site-specific signs

Option 2: Site-specific sign. Option 3: Site-specific sign. Material: polycure. Material: Bronze fascia with polycure inset. Positioning: Wall-mounted or on pedestal. Positioning: Wall-mounted or on pedestal.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 100 Site-specific signs

Option 3: Site-specific sign. Option 3: Site-specific sign. Material: Polycure Material: Bronze with polycure inset. Positioning: Wall-mounted or on pedestal. Positioning: Wall-mounted or on pedestal.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 101 Small interpretive signs

Interpretive signs employ mechanisms such as lift-up flaps, levers and keys to reveal elements of the history of the site.

Either text or images can be ‘This building campaign positioned on the signs. The is remarkable as the most concentrated gaol building purpose of the signs is both to campaign in Australian history’. interpret the heritage fabric of William Champ the site and to link to pieces of embedded interpretation and sculptural installations. They are not didactic but instead use personal voices and stories from the history of the site to create an emotional experience for visitors.

Material: Bronze with polycure inset. Postion: Wall-mounted.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 102 Children’s interpretation

These simple interactive flaps engage children through riddles, questions, rhymes and ‘amazing facts’ about the prison’s ‘Horrible History’.

Material: Bronze with polycure inset. Material: Bronze with polycure inset. Positioning: Wall-mounted. Positioning: Wall-mounted.

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 103 Plinth signage base

Bluestone and bronze or powder-coated aluminim have been chosen as signage bases to reinforce the historic character of the site.

Material: Bluestone

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 104 Lectern signage base

Material: Bronze or powder-coated aluminium

Pentridge Heritage Interpretation Masterplan Signage Style Guide 105