Free Copy

In This Edition: Page Page  Welcome to the Otways! 2  Jesse James 20  John Landy 4  22  The Piano 6  “A Calendar of Crime” 24  Lions 8  Goal—Haunted? 25  Serendip Wildlife Sanctuary 10  Ernest Borgnine 26  Willem Janszoon 12  Recipe—Beef Casserole 28  Asthma 14  Word Search—Cricketers 29  The Ambulance Service 16  Shipwrecked! The 30  The Hair Dryer 18  150 Years Ago 31  Royal Flying Doctor Service 19  Then… & Now 32

The Otway Ranges feature magnificent cool temperate rainforest that require lots of water to survive. The average rainfall for Weeaproinah in the Otways is 2m per year! In recent years the annual rainfall has been much higher resulting in numerous and often quite spectacular waterfalls—Erskine Falls at Lorne, Marriners Falls in Apollo Bay and Triplet Falls next door to Otway Fly Tree Top Adventures. Two other magnificent waterfalls located close to the Otway Fly are Beauchamp Falls and Hopetoun Falls. Winter will produce masses of thunderous water at these falls while during summer they can be just the place to cool off. The Otways is home to some extraordinary beauty and the best way to take advantage of it is on foot. There are numerous tracks scattered throughout the Ranges, some of which will take you along the coast while others will enable you to walk deep into cool temperate rainforests. Located only a short 1.5 hours from Geelong, you can immerse yourself in some of 's best rainforest scenery amongst tall trees, ancient plant life and lush ferns. Walk among giant tree ferns at Maits Rest or experience the full beau- ty of the rainforest on the Otway Fly Tree Top Walk. View the dramatic cliffs and secluded beaches along the shore at remote and beautiful . Make the most of your stay with a variety of family activities such as: Paddle with the Platypus, the Cape Otway Light Station, Forrest Mountain Bike Paths and the Great Ocean Walk to name a select few. For those of you adventurous enough to brave the cold, there are excellent camping opportunities throughout the Parks. Whether you are looking for a

2

family friendly place to park your caravan or a solitary night under the stars there's something to cater to every need. Picnic opportunities abound, with love- ly settings at many of the waterfalls as well as Blanket Leaf, Sheoak, Distillery Creek, Moggs Creek, Paradise, Melba Gully, Shelly Beach, Triplet Falls and Blanket Bay to name a few. The Otways are nestled between the Great Ocean Road and the coastal townships of Apollo Bay and Port Campbell, magnificent tourist destinations in themselves. You may want to explore the greater region and stay nearby over- night. There’s plenty on offer from plush hotels and quality serviced apartments to more affordable options.

The Otway Fly is open every day (except for Christmas Day) from 9am to 5pm with last entry to the walk at 4.00pm. 360 Phillips Track Beech Forest VIC 3250

The Otway Fly Treetop Walk is a 1 hour rainforest walk experience that is approx 2km in total and features a 600m long and 30m high steel structured treetop canopy walkway that takes you right into the treetops. It’s the longest and tallest walkway of its type in the world! Included in this walk is the kids Prehistoric Path – where there is a dinosaur around every corner! The Otway Fly Zip Line Tour is a 3.5 hour experience and includes 2.5 hours of Zip Line activity (including training and sim- ulation), 8 cloud stations, 6 flights and 2 suspension bridges and 1 hour for the Treetop Walk. This Zip Line Tour is the only Zip Line Tour for !

3

John Michael Landy was born on April 12, 1930. As an Australian track athlete he was the second man to break the four-minute mile barrier in the mile run, and he held the world records for the 1500 metre run and the mile race. He was also the 26th from 2001–2006. Born in , John Landy attended school at Malvern Memorial Grammar School and Geelong Grammar School. He graduated from Melbourne University in 1954, receiving a Bachelor of Agricultural Science. During his school years, Landy enjoyed watching 1500 metre track events. He became a serious runner during his college years, joining the Geelong Guild Athletic Club in 1949. He was a member of Olympic teams at both the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki and 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. He took the Olympic Oath in behalf of all participating athletes at the 1956 Olympics. On June 21, 1954, at an international meet at Turku, Finland, Landy became the second man, after Roger Bannister, to achieve a sub-4-minute mile, recording a world record time of 3:57.9, ratified by the IAAF as 3:58.0 owing to the rounding rules then in effect. That record held for more than three years. Worldwide, Landy is probably best known for his part in a mile race in the British Empire Games at Vancouver, British Columbia, in August 1954. Landy ran his second sub-4 minute mile in the race, but lost to Roger Bannister, who had his best-ever time. This meeting of the world's two fastest milers was called "The Miracle Mile", the "Race of the Century" and the "Dream Race"; it was heard over the radio by 100 million people and seen on television by millions more. On the final turn of the last lap, as Landy looked over his left shoulder, Bannister passed him on the right. A larger-than-life bronze sculpture of the two men at this moment was created by Vancouver sculptor Jack Harman in 1967. In Australia, Landy is remembered for his performance in the 1500 metres final at the 1956 Australian National Championships prior to the Melbourne Olympic Games. In Bannister and Landy the race, Landy stopped and doubled back to check on 4

fellow runner Ron Clarke after another runner clipped Clarke's heel, causing him to fall early in the third lap of the race. Clarke, the then-junior 1500 metre world champion, who had been leading the race, got back to his feet and started running again. Landy followed. Incredibly, in the final two laps Landy made up a large Landy helping up Clarke deficit to win the race, something consid- ered one of the greatest moments in Australian sporting history. It was a sponta- neous gesture of sportsmanship and it has never been forgotten. A bronze sculpture of the moment when Landy helps Clarke to his feet is situated on the lawns adjacent to Olympic Park on Olympic Boulevard, Melbourne. On January 1, 2001, Landy was sworn in as the 26th Governor of Victoria, succeeding Sir James Gobbo. On March 15, 2006, in the final month of his term as Governor, John Landy was the final runner in the Queen's Baton relay during the 2006 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony at the MCG stadium in Melbourne, presenting the baton to the Queen by placing it in its specially constructed holder. Upon his retirement he was succeeded by David de Kretser. Geelong’s Landy Field The John Landy Athletics Field is situated at the corner of Swanston Street and Barwon Terrace, South Geelong and was formerly known as Riverside Reserve. It sits adjacent to the Barwon River to the south and the Godfrey Hirst Pty Ltd carpet factory to the east. At the conclusion of the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, the Geelong City Council held a dinner on January 15, 1957 to honour the six Geelong Guild athletes—Ron Blackney, John Chittick, Bob Joyce, John Landy, Don MacMillan and John Vernon who had represented Geelong and Australia at these games. During the dinner, where most of the neighbouring Cities and Shires were represented, John Landy made a speech on behalf of the honoured athletes, in which Landy compared the extensive overseas facilities available to athletes to the modest facilities in Australia. Geelong, at that stage had no dedicated athletic field of any kind. As a result, Landy Field became a project of the Geelong Guild Athletic Club and was constructed in 1961. It still remains Geelong’s premier athletic facility today.

5

Today many pianos sit stoically in the corner of living rooms collecting dust, their sole purpose now nothing more than entertainment for children who bang indiscriminately over its keys during their infrequent visits to grandma's house. But for decades the piano was considered the premier musical instrument, with many households gathered around the large box-like structure for an evening of singing and entertainment. The invention of the piano is credited to the Italian, Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731). Cristofori was a keyboard instrument designer in Florence. At this time, the most popular keyboard instruments were the harpsichord and the clavichord. However, a major drawback of the Why called “Piano?” harpsichord was the inability to control the loudness The instrument played of each note, and composers for this instrument were both piano (soft) and forte unable to evoke emotion through its design. Techni- (loud). Thus the new cally more advanced, the clavichord still plucked at keyboard became known wire strings with wire hooks like the harpsichord, but as the “pianoforte,” which allowed the strings to continue vibrating as long as the over the years has short- key was depressed. Although it permitted expressive- ened to “piano.” ness from its players, it was too delicate in tone and was frequently drowned out by other instruments. Eventually Cristofori came up with the brilliant idea of replacing the wire hooks of the two instruments with leather padded hammers. Initially, his new invention received little applause. Johann Sebastian Bach found the keys too heavy to the touch, and many harpsichord players dismissed the new feel of the piano as too difficult to master. Luckily Cristfori's design was not lost due to lack of popular demand. By the late 1770's, Johann Christian Bach (of the same famous family) played a newly redesigned pianoforte in public, and the piano's popularity began to soar. Two-coloured keys, more sturdy frames, and more precise stringing techniques also added to the piano's new found fame.

6

The piano's popularity rose sharply by the mid 18th century. Composers began to write more music for the piano, and solo piano performances were held in sold out concert halls. Franz Liszt is perhaps best known for his extraordinary piano performances in front of hundreds of adoring females, embodying what would come to be known in the 20th century as the musical superstar. The Americans were responsible for bringing the piano to the homes of middle class families. Jonas Chickering started his successful piano manufacturing firm in the United States in 1823, and was soon followed by Heinrich Steinweg of Steinway & Sons fame. The new assembly-line techniques and standardized piano parts significantly reduced the cost of pianos. Pre- made piano parts aided quick assembly, and mail order catalogs with generous installment plans left few excuses for not buying a piano. The functional upright design also made for easier home storage. Feminine advice guides for this era encouraged wom- en to learn the piano. Musical ability with the piano was the mark of a refined women, and along with her cooking and needlepoint skills would catch her a hus- band in no time. The piano also permitted many 18th Century ‘superstar’ pianist- women to respectably earn money for the first time Franz Liszt through piano lessons. By the early 1900's African Americans began to experiment with the instrument. Composers such as Scott Joplin created new musical styles such as ragtime and jazz, both of which became the basis for American popular music in the latter half of the century. But the piano's popularity was eventually threatened by the invention of the radio and phonograph. These easier forms of entertainment began to replace the piano, as did the advent of the movie industry; and the Great Depression of the 1930's did little to help sales. Manufacturers used various methods to stimu- late sales, including Player Pianos (using punch cards fed through the piano) along with "baby grand's" and "spinets" which boosted interest for a time. Today, the internet, video games, DVDs and CD players make it harder for the piano to compete for the affection of family entertainment desires. However, overseas fast food restaurants are starting to employ pianists to entertain customers while they eat, discovering that many shoppers are drawn to the music. Perhaps we may see it happen here in Australia. If not, the versatility of the piano is sure to endure through recordings that still reach the soul, decades after being performed live to rapt audiences throughout the world.

7

Lions are in the group of cats known as the 'big cats'. They are different from other cats because they live in large social groups, and are the only cats to do so. Other cats are generally solitary animals that only come together to breed. Most lions to- day are in Africa, although there is a lesser-known species in India, and two kinds that are now extinct. A group of lions is called a pride, the pride consisting of up to around fifteen lions, mostly females that are related. One male, or sometimes two or three males, join a pride and stay for a period of time, usually about three years until another male or group of males take over the pride. A pride is territorial, and the males mark the ter- ritory with scent and by roaring. Roaring is also a way for members of a pride to stay in touch when they are in different parts of their territory. A lion's roar can be heard up to 8kms away. Since the early 1950s, the lion population in Africa has been reduced by half. Today there are less than 21,000 in Africa. Threats to lions include loss of habitat because of human population growth and development, as well as hunting and poisoning by farmers whose livestock are threatened by lions. Lions generally are not considered endangered, although becoming vulnerable in some areas Lions live for about 15 years in the wild, and about 24 years in captivity. Habitat In the wild, the African lion is found generally protected in reserves, but hunting by humans still occurs. Their habitat is grasslands and open woodlands where there are trees, bush and rivers. Lions are often called 'King of the Jungle' but they live on grasslands! The Asiatic Lion, which was once found all over India, the Middle East and Southern Asia, is today only found in the Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat,

8

western India. Life Cycle About 100-119 days after mating, the female lion gives birth to 2 or 3 cubs. Young cubs are marked with light spots which gradually disappear as they get older. The cubs stay near their mother for at least two years. They begin hunting at around 11 months old. Physical Features Male lions have manes on there heads, cheeks and throat, and often on their shoul- ders and belly, while females do not. The manes protect them while fighting. Lions are generally a light, yellowish-brown colour. On average, the males are about 3 me- tres long, and females about 2.5 metres long, both with tails about 100 cm long. There is a tuft of fur at the end of the tail. Male lions weigh about 250 kg and females about 180 kg. The male Asiatic lion has a smaller mane compared to the African male. Both males and females Asiatic lions have a long fold of skin running the length of there belly, which is a feature not found on the African lions. Diet Lions are carnivores. The females do almost all of the hunting, bringing down animals such as wildebeest, waterbuck, zebra, impala, and giraffe. Lions also feed on smaller animals such as birds and reptiles. Lions can run at about 35 km per hour but only in short bursts. They work as a team to stalk and capture prey. Lions have excellent vision and can spot prey at some distance. They stalk to get as close as possible be- fore having to chase. The pads on their feet enable them to move soundlessly. Their sharp, retractable claws are important for seizing and holding prey. Males eat first, then females and lastly the cubs—but hopefully not me!

Some Lion Facts

 Both males and females continue to grow until they are 6 years old.

 Male lions are the only members of the cat fami- ly to have a mane.

 Lions sleep up to 20 hours a day.

 Male lions can usually only hold on to a pride for 2-4 years before a younger, stronger male or co- alition of males overthrows him and take over. 9

Serendip Wildlife Sanctuary is a 250 hectare protected area in Victoria, originally used for farming and other purposes. It was purchased in 1959 by the State Government of Victoria for wildlife research and the captive management and breeding of species threatened in Victoria. It was opened to the public in 1991 and is now managed by Parks Victoria.

Serendip is situated in the foothills of the You Yang's and is a fantastic place to view some of our more special native animals. Being only 25 minutes from Geelong or just over half an hour from the centre of Melbourne, Serendip is a great place for a morning, afternoon or day activity. The sanctuary has an extensive breeding program that creates the opportunity to view rare and threatened species such as Brolgas, Australian Bustards and Magpie Geese. The centre features over 150 species of birdlife common to the western plains of Victoria. At the visitor centre there is a theatrette, activities room, a giant microscope for

10

a look at smaller life forms. An underwater world, plus several nature trails get visitors close to many native an- imals, including free ranging kangaroos and pademelons (marsupials). The sanctuary is more than a place for visitors to get close- up with Australian animals. It also plays an important role in conservation, research and the breeding of rare species. Serendip has received worldwide recognition for many of its breeding programs, including two of the states rarest birds—Australian Bustards and the Bush Thick-knee (or Bush Stone-curlew). For those interested in learning more, Bush Thick-knee especially school-aged children, rangers regularly conduct curriculum-based environmental activities. Getting There: To get there follow the freeway towards Melbourne. Take the turnoff to Lara (into Forest Rd) about 15 minutes drive from Geelong's city centre (follow the signposts for the You Yangs Regional Park). After a further 6km turn right into Windermere Rd. Australian Bustard The centre is open from 10 am to 4 pm daily. There are picnic areas with free electric BBQs. Disabled access is available.

11

Dutch navigator and colonial governor, Willem Janszoon* was born in 1570. He is the first European known to have seen the coast of Australia. Janszoon served in the Netherlands East Indies for several periods (1603–11, 1612–16), including a period as governor of Fort Henricus on Solor, an Indonesian island north of Timor. Nothing is known of Willem Janszoon's early life. He is first recorded as entering into the service of the Oude Compagnie, one of the predecessors of the Dutch East India Company, as a mate aboard the Hollandia, dispatched to the Dutch East Indies in 1598. On May 5, 1601, he again sailed for the East Indies as master of the Lam, one of three ships in the fleet of Joris van Spilbergen. Janszoon sailed from the Netherlands for the East Indies for the third time on December 18, 1603, as captain of the Duyfken (or Duijfken, meaning “Little Dove”), one of twelve ships in the fleet of Steven van der Hagen. When the other ships left Java, Janszoon was sent to search for other outlets of trade, particularly in "the great land of New Guinea and other East and Southlands". On November 18, 1605, the Duyfken sailed to the coast of western New Guinea. Janszoon then crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea, without seeing the Torres Strait, and on into the Gulf of Carpentaria. On February 26, 1606, he made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in , near the modern town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320km of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea. Finding the land swampy and the people inhospitable (ten of his men were killed on shore expeditions), south of Albatross Bay Willem Janszoon decided to turn back, and he arrived at Bantam on the island of Java in June 1606. He called the land he had discovered “Nieu Zeland” after the Dutch province of Zeeland, but the name was not adopted and was later used by Abel Tasman for . In 1611 Janszoon returned to the Netherlands believing that the south coast of New Guinea was joined to the land along which he sailed, and Dutch maps repro- duced this error for many years. Though there have been suggestions that earlier navigators from China, France, or Portugal may have discovered parts of Austral- ia, the Duyfken is the first European vessel definitely known to have done so. Later in life (1617/18) Janszoon was back in the Netherlands and appointed as a *Willem Janszoon’s name is sometimes abbreviated to Willem Jansz. 12

Council of India. He also served as admiral in the Dutch Defence Fleet. He was awarded a gold chain worth 1,000 guilders in 1619 for his part in capturing four ships of the British East India Company near West Sumatra. After being appointed vice-admiral he served as governor of Banda from 1623–27. He returned to Batavia (Jakarta, Indonesia) in 1627 and soon afterwards, as admiral of a fleet of eight vessels, went on a diplomatic mission to India, return- ing on July 16, 1629. He was probably now about sixty years of age and ready to retire. Nothing is known of his last days, though he is thought to have died in 1630.

Arafura Sea

The Duyfken chart provides us with the first map to contain any part of main- land Australia.

Gulf of Carpentaria

Torres Strait Arafura Sea

Pennefather River

Weipa

Gulf of Carpentaria Queensland 13

September 1-7, 2012 The first week of spring each year is al- so National Asthma Week . According to National Asthma Council Australia chairman, Dr Noela Whitby, asthma prevalence in this country is relatively high and hundreds of people die unnecessary deaths from asthma each year. “We can’t cure asthma but we can work together to stop it in its tracks,” she said. And, Dr Whitby says the best way to help someone Over 2 million Australians you care about who has asthma is to encourage them have asthma – about 1 in to update their personal written asthma action plan. 10 adults and about 1 in 9 Asthma facts & figures or 10 children.  Australia's asthma prevalence is high by interna- In 2010 (the latest figures) tional standards 416 people died from asth-  The rate of asthma has declined in kids over the ma, with the risk highest past decade but it has remained stable in adults in the elderly.  More boys than girls have asthma, but after about age 15 it’s more common in women than men  Asthma is more common in Indigenous Australians, particularly adults, than in other Australians Living with asthma  Many people with asthma (around 80%) also have allergies like hay fever  People with asthma smoke at least as much as people without asthma, despite the greater impact  Around 8% of kids with asthma live with someone who smokes inside the house Common asthma sources 14

Many leading sports  People with asthma are more likely to take people have asthma, days off work, school or study than other including Australian people swimmers Dawn Fraser, Libby Trickett and Grant  People with asthma rate their health worse Hackett, and UK soccer than do people without the condition and superstar David Beckham. report more anxiety and depression – this is common for many chronic diseases  Hospital visits for asthma peak in February and May for children, and in winter for adults Taking control of your asthma With good management, people with asthma can lead normal, active lives. The key steps are:  Understand and avoid your asthma triggers  See your doctor for regular check-ups and work together to manage your asthma  Follow your personal written asthma action plan, developed with your doc- tor  Use your medications as prescribed, even when you feel well  Make sure you are using your inhaler (puffer) correctly  Live a healthy lifestyle – stop smoking, follow a balanced diet and exercise regularly

Donna writes: I have personally had two people close to me die from an asthma attack here in Geelong. Dale Foster died on November 23, 2000 at only 25 years of age. Tragically, his son Dylan (who is also my Godson) died from a severe asthma attack on April 23, 2012. He was only 11 years old. Both he and his father suffered from asthma since birth. As an asthma sufferer myself, I feel that there needs to be more awareness of asthma, especially in schools. A lot of people re- ally don’t understand how dangerous an asthma attack can be.

Information from: www.nationalasthma.org.au

15

“Would you like a cuppa dear?” No response. A glance at your husband sitting in his chair confirms that all is not right. He is breathing but appears unconscious. You quickly reach for the phone and dial 000. “Could I have an ambulance please!” By 1880 both townships of Melbourne and Geelong had established for over 40 years. Over 250,000 people live in Melbourne and about 19,000 in Geelong, but medical help was still very limited. Hospitals had been built, and doctors plied their professions, yet towns- folk had no transport facility to call on when they fell victim to sickness or injury. An Ashford Litter– early patient transport Social classes were strictly divided in the community. Medical attention was readily available to those who could afford to pay, but for the poor, the unemployed and the working class the situation was pitiful. It was common to see the sick or injured being carried through the streets on a wooden door unscrewed from the patient's house. Other patients were bundled into a Hansom cab or any other available transport to get them to hospital. Finally, in 1883, after a public meeting was held in Melbourne, a new branch of the St John Ambulance Association was formed. Its initial aims included teaching first aid and home nursing to as many people as possible. Four years later sufficient funds were raised for St Johns to purchase six Ashford Litters. These were placed at police stations—a step forward, but hardly quick transport. The first horse drawn ambulance began operation in 1899, again thanks to the fund raising of an association of ladies at St Johns. The first Melbourne Ambulance Station was a stable complex off Bourke St, at the rear of the Windsor Hotel. However, a fit person still had to run over to the station and alert the attendants to the emergency. It was only when Melbourne’s telephone service began in 1905, with the ambulance service being amongst the first subscribers, that a patient in need could quickly make contact. Call boxes were soon located on the docks and at city street corners. Meanwhile, at Geelong, residents were Geelong's Horse Drawn Coach: 1907-21 16

familiar with ambulance divisions associated with military units stationed nearby. From time to time the fire brigade and even the railways also performed ambulance services, but no separate reliable ambulance service was organised in Geelong until the 20th Century. In August 1907, at a cost of £71, 10s (about $143) Geelong finally got its own Geelong Ambulance 1935 horse-drawn ambulance coach, one of St Johns four horse drawn ambulances in Victoria. But the invention of the motor car was about to change all of that. In 1910 the first motor vehicle ambulance began operation in Melbourne. In its first year it responded to 700 of the 4,000 calls. By June 1916 the service was transporting 5,600 patients a year and travelling 60,000 miles. However, suffering from a lack of funds the ambulance division of St Johns (now called the Victorian Civil Ambulance Service) was by this time insolvent. The state govern- ment refused to provide funding, claiming that it was not a state-wide service. Rescue came in the form of the biggest health pandemic of the 20th century— the Spanish Flu! When the Spanish Flu reached Victoria in 1918 the ambulance service became an essential need for the community. Public Health Department funding for ambulance staff rose to 85 drivers and attendants, and the fleet increased to 16 cars and horse drawn ambulances across the State. By January 1919 they had carried 10,000 influenza patients to temporary hospitals, the staff working 18 hour shifts. Fear of the epidemic was so great ambulance staff were refused accommodation and slept in the service's Lonsdale St headquarters. Tragically 57 ambulance staff contracted the Spanish Flu and 4 died. Since then, the ambulance service has gone from strength to strength. Horse- drawn coaches were phased out in 1925. Two-way radios were installed in 1954. Vehicles were supported by an air ambulance service from 1962 and helicopters from 1986. Last year Ambulance Victoria received 786,588 calls for help. Over 77% were responded to within 15 minutes. “Ding Dong!” “That was quick! The trained paramedics have arrived. I know my husband is now in good hands.”

17

Before the invention of the hair dryer it was actually common for men and women to dry their hair using a vacuum cleaner. In fact, the first hairdryer was invented in 1890 by Alexandre Godefroy, who took his inspiration from the vacuum cleaner. Alexander invented it for usage in his hair salon in France. It was not portable nor handheld, but instead, but could only be used if the woman sat underneath it. Godefroy's blow dryer consisted in a metal bonnet, that attached to a chimney pipe of a gas stove, and blew hot air on the head. This system allowed women to dry their hair faster and to preserved designs of new kinds of hairstyles. The big size of those machines still made impossible its domestic use. In the 20th century the system was improved, adding an electrical resistance which allowed transforming the cold

air at the input into hot air at the output. Later thermostats were also added to regulate the temperature and to avoid the risk of burns.

It was not until the 1920s that the hair dryer began to go on the market in handheld form, thanks to inventions in the United States. The new hair dryers were often heavy, weighing up to 1kg and were difficult to use.

Since the 1920s development of the hairdryer has Inventions mainly focused on improving the voltage, exterior and material changes. In 1954 GEC changed the design of the dryer to move the motor inside the casing. In the 1960s better electrical motors were invented and, with the improvement in plastics, casings were dramatically reduced in weight. In the 1970s safety guidelines were tightened. By the year 2000 deaths by hairdryers dropped to less than 3-4 people a year, a stark difference to the hundreds of cases of electrocution accidents during the mid- twenty century. Today most models use coils of wire that have a high electric resistivity and heat rapidly with an electric current. A fan usually blows air past the hot coils resulting in heated air for drying. When travelling, many women wonder if they will be able to cope without their hair dryer. Their morning ritual in front of the bathroom mirror just won’t be the same!

18

Around the time of Australian Federation in 1901, people living in the outback had little communica- tion, transport or medical treatment available to them. Reverend John Flynn was the founder of the world’s first Aerial Medical Service, now known as the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS). Working as a minister in the bush, Flynn dreamed Reverend John Flynn—as he of making the outback a safe place to live. He appears on the back of the thought that instead of a patient travelling in tough Australian $20 banknote. conditions to get to a doctor, the doctor could go to the patient. World War I then prompted the idea of using planes to take doctors to where they were needed. How does it work? In May 1928, Dr St Vincent Welch made the first official flying doctor visit. Within the following year he saw 255 patients but people in very remote places still had no way of contacting the Service. In 1929 Alfred Traeger brought radio technology to the RFDS by inventing a pedal -powered wireless. He installed a base radio An ambulance meets the RFDS in for the Aerial Medical Service and travelled Queensland c.1935. to remote places to install pedal radios and teach people how to communicate using Morse code. Whole consultations and prescriptions for treat- ment could now be given over the radio. The vast network that had been created was used for the first School of the Air in 1950. The Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia is a not- for-profit charitable organisation. The Service is continuing in its efforts to improve the health of people living, working and travelling in remote regions of Australia although communications no A Pedal Powered Radio. Alfred longer rely on the pedal radio! Traeger invented a cost effective pedal radio in 1929. 19

Australia has . America has Jesse Woodson James— outlaw, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer. Born in Clay County, Missouri, USA, on September 5, 1847, Jesse James’ record of atrocities places him amongst the worst criminals in USA history. The American Civil War had a profound affect on the James household. About 75% of the population of Missouri was from the South or other border states. In fact, Clay County was in the region of Missouri later dubbed “Little Dixie.” In Clay County black slaves constituted 25% of the population. Jesse James hated blacks, reportedly vowing to shoot any black in Missouri not fulfilling the role of a slave. During 1861 a series of battles between armies in the American Civil War took place in Missouri. Then guerrilla warfare gripped the state, waged between secessionist “bushwhackers” and Union forces which largely consisted of local militia organiza- tions. A bitter conflict ensued, bringing an escalating cycle of atrocities by both sides. Guerrillas murdered civilian Unionists, executed prisoners and scalped the dead. Union forces enforced martial law with raids on homes, arrests of civilians, summary executions and banishment of Confederate sympathizers from the state. In the spring of 1864, 16-year-old Jesse James and his brother, Frank, joined a guerrilla squad of men led by Fletch Taylor. A few months later Taylor was severely wounded, losing his right arm to a shotgun blast. The James brothers then joined the bushwhacker group led by “Bloody Bill” Anderson. Jesse suffered a serious wound to the chest that same summer. While still injured, Jesse James took part in the Centralia Massacre in September, in which guerrillas killed or wounded some 22 unarmed Union troops, scalping and dismembering some of the dead. The guerrillas then ambushed and defeated the pursuing regiment of Major A. Johnson’s Union troops, killing more than 100 men who were trying to surrender. Jesse James did not become famous, however, until after the Civil War ended. After fully recovering from his chest wound, on December 7, 1869 he and Frank robbed the Daviess County Savings Association in Gallatin, Missouri. The robbery netted little money, but it appears that Jesse shot and killed the cashier, Captain John Sheets, mistakenly believing him to be Samuel P. Cox, the militia officer who had killed “Bloody Bill” Anderson during the Civil War. James’s self-proclaimed attempt at revenge, and the daring escape he and Frank made through the middle of a posse shortly afterward, put his name in the newspapers for the first time. The 1869 robbery marked the emergence of Jesse James as the most famous of the former guerrillas and the first time he was publicly labeled an “outlaw.” Then, on July 21, 1873, wearing Ku Klux Klan masks, the James brothers turned to train robbery, derailing the Rock Island train in Adair, Iowa and stealing approximately $3,000

20

(today worth about $52,000). In only two later train hold-ups did they rob passen- gers, with James focusing on the express safe in the baggage car. Such techniques reinforced the Robin Hood image created in pro-South newspapers, but the James gang never shared any of the robbery money outside their circle. Later in 1876, Jesse and Frank James surfaced in the Nashville, Tennessee area, where they went by the names of Thomas Howard and B. J. Woodson, respectively. Frank seemed to settle down, but Jesse remained restless. He recruited a new gang in 1879 and returned to crime, holding up a train at Glendale, Missouri. The robbery was the first of a spree of crimes, including the holdup of the federal paymaster of a canal project in Killen, Alabama, and two more train robberies. But the new gang did not consist of battle-hardened guerrillas. They soon turned against each other or were captured, while James grew paranoid, killing one gang member and frightening away another. With his gang nearly annihilated, James trusted only the Ford brothers, Charley and Robert (Bob). Although Charley had been on raids with James, Bob was an eager new recruit. However, James did not know that Bob had been conducting secret negotiations with Thomas Crittenden, the Missouri governor, to bring in the famous outlaw. Crittenden had made capture of the James brothers his top priority, announcing a $5,000 bounty for each of them. On April 3, 1882, after eating breakfast, the Fords and James prepared to depart on another robbery. As it was an unusually hot day, James removed his coat, and then declared that he should remove his firearms as well, lest he look suspicious. Noticing a dusty picture on the wall, he stood on a chair to clean it. Bob Ford shot James in the back of the head. James’ two previous bullet wounds and partially missing middle finger served to positively identify Jesse and Frank James 1872 the body. The of Jesse James became a national sensation. The Fords made no attempt to hide their role. Indeed, Bob Ford wired the governor to claim his reward. Crowds pressed into the little house in St. Joseph to see the dead bandit, even while the Ford brothers surrendered to the authorities; but they were dismayed to find that they were charge with first degree murder. In the course of a single day, the Ford brothers were indicted, plead guilty, were sentenced to death by , and two hours later were granted a full pardon by Governor Crittenden. Like Ned Kelly, Jesse James remains a controversial symbol. While his “heroic outlaw” image is still commonly portrayed in films, in real life Jesse showed little regard for authority or the welfare of his victims. In fact, he is more accurately described as a vigilante and terrorist, driven by hatred and greed.

21

Capital punishment has been formally abolished in Australia. It was last used in 1967, when was hanged in Victoria. Ryan was the last of 114 people executed in the 20th century. Prior to his execution Queensland and had already abolished the death penalty for murder. Brenda Hodge became the last person sentenced to death in August 1984. Her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and she was paroled in 1995. Between Ryan's execution and 1984 occasional death sentences were passed in Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia, but all were commuted to life imprisonment. On March 11, 2010 federal legislation prohibited capital punishment in all Australian states and territories. Capital punishment had been part of the legal system of Australia since British settlement in 1788, and during the 19th century, crimes that could carry a death sentence included burglary, sheep stealing, forgery, sexual assaults, murder and . There is even one reported case of someone being executed for "being illegally at large." During the 19th century, these crimes saw about 80 people hanged each year throughout Australia. (See page 24 for some examples) Before and after federation (in 1901), each state made its

22 own criminal laws and punishments. In 1973 the Death Penalty Abolition Act of the Commonwealth abolished the death penalty for any offence against a law of the Commonwealth, the Territories or under an Imperial Act. This new law stated that "[a] person is not liable to the punishment of death for any offence". This saw the death penalty replaced with life imprisonment as the maximum punishment. Neither the Commonwealth nor any of the states will extradite or deport a prisoner to another jurisdiction if they will face the death penalty. A recent case involving this was that of Gabe Watson, who was convicted of the manslaughter of his wife in North Queensland, and faced capital murder charges in his home state of Alabama. His deportation was delayed until the government received assurances that he would not be executed if found guilty. (He was found not guilty.) Victoria’s first executions occurred in 1842 Hanging in Australia when two natives were hanged outside the site Typically, would take of the Melbourne Gaol for the killing of two place at 8am on a Monday whalers in the Westernport district. morning. The condemned would A number of executions took place at Geelong. be woken at 5:30am, showered, The earliest were George Roberts and John transferred to the condemned Gunn, who were both hung on December 16, cell, given the services of a spir- 1854. Roberts had attempted to poison itual adviser, and offered a glass another man with arsenic. Gunn had murdered of whiskey. On leaving the con- a man with a sword at . James demned cell they would be taken Murphy was the first executed inside Geelong to the gallows. Usually only 60 se- Goal on November 6, 1863. He had crushed a conds elapsed before the trap policeman’s skull with a hammer. was pulled. Victoria was the state where the last woman was executed in Australia. was hanged in 1951. She was accused of being an accomplice in the murder of 73 year old William ('Pop') Kent. She was executed on February 19, 1951. It would be Victoria’s second last execution. Ronald Ryan was the last man executed, at Pentridge Prison and in Australia. Ryan was hanged on February 3, 1967 after being convicted of the shooting death of a prison officer during a prison escape from Pentridge prison in 1965. Ryan was the last of 186 executions in the state. While most Australians were glad to see the end of the death penalty, some shocking crimes in recent years have unsettled the feelings of some, who question whether victims, and their families, are really receiving justice under the current court system.

23

A CALENDAR OF CRIME Taken from the Guardian, 18 November 1880 p.1 (originally from the Melbourne Herald) The first execution in Australia was of a youth, aged 17, James Barrett, for robbery, and he was hanged at , 6th March, 1788. In 1803 Joseph Samuels was condemned to death, in Sydney, for larceny. He was actually thrice suspended from the gallows. The cord first broke in the middle. On the second attempt the rope unrove at the fastening, and he fell to the ground again. The third time the rope once more snapped short. No fourth attempt was made, but the Provost Marshal went to the Governor, who granted a reprieve, and the man was not hanged. . . A young desperado named Tierney, only 17, was executed at Sydney in 1830. While on the scaffold he seized the executioner, and flung that official so that he was severely bruised, and could hardly be persuaded to go on with the job. Half a century has passed since this larrikin of old times met his death, and if alive now he would only be 67. . . The public executions here used to attract great crowds, and were supposed to act as de- terrents from crime. The behaviour of the mobs, however, was by no means seemly. Boys and girls went, and were led to regard such awful events with indifference. George Waines was executed in 1860 for murdering Mr and Mrs Hunt, at Casterton. Waines was a well-to-do farmer, possessed of £1400, and murdered the Hunts to save £50 he owed them. He buried their bodies. Eight months afterwards he disinterred them, and burnt Mrs Hunt's body to cinders. Hunt's body he put in a sack, and threw it into a pond. Waines confessed to a detective, who had been put in a cell with him, and who persuaded the murderer he was a fellow prisoner. In 1863 James Murphy was executed at Geelong. The executioner was an old mate of the criminal, and was so much affected that he could hardly perform his duty. Elizabeth Scott was executed at Beechworth, 11th November, 1863, for being concerned in the murder of her husband. This being the first and only execution of a woman in Victoria (up to 1880), fears of a disturbance were entertained, leading to the execution of Mrs Scott and her two male associates taking place half an hour before the announced time. . . The first Chinaman who suffered the extreme penalty of the law here were Chong Sing and Hang Tzan, for the murder of Sophia Lewis, and they were hanged in 1857. . . Ritson was executed in 1869, for the murder of the Rev. Mr Hill, at Pentridge. Ritson had been sentenced to death for shooting at Market Inspector Kinsella, but the sentence was com- muted to imprisonment for life, while undergoing which he murdered Mr Hill. . . The whole number of executions in Victoria reaches about 100, in the thirty years since separation. Next to Kelly, Morgan is the most formidable bushranger who has appeared in Victoria. He was shot in 1865. The highest rewards ever offered were £8000 for the Kelly's. . . A man named Kelly, no relation of Edward Kelly, was executed at Beechworth about thirteen years ago. There was no railway to that town at the time, and Cobb and Co. refused to take Bamford, the executioner, on their coaches. Mr Castieau, then gover- nor of Beechworth gaol, offered £5 and some remission of sentence to any prisoner who would undertake the office, and one was forthcoming, who executed Kelly. . .

24

GEELONG GOAL—HAUNTED? Old Geelong Gaol is thought to be one of the most haunted places in Victoria, in fact, all Australia. The maximum-security jail was built in 1864 by a group of prisoners who would call it their future home. From 1864 until its closure in 1991, Old Geelong Gaol was a terrible place to be, even as Victorian-era prisons went. Inmates were often forbidden to speak about anything besides religion. Numerous hangings took place nearby, with the other prisoners gathered to watch. Inmates who died while in prison were buried within the walls, with their bodies facing inward so that even in death they would never know freedom. From 1865-1871, one wing of Old Geelong Gaol housed a school for homeless girls, but it was shut down when conditions became unsuitable. Since its closure as a prison in 1991, Old Geelong Gaol has been open to the public for tours. History fans and ghost hunters alike pay visits to the jail to see its tiny cells, and to see the place where, in 1863, James Murphy was hanged for beating a constable to death with a hammer. Old Geelong Gaol is certainly dark as tourist attractions go, but darker still is the fact that many have reported seeing apparitions walking up and down the hallways of the prison, and hearing the sounds of young girls crying. Quite a few ghost-hunting teams have investigated paranormal phenomenon within the walls. Ghost Research International found several orbs in the photographs they took while investigating the facility, and members of the Australian Ghost Hunters Society heard sounds of screaming and footsteps coming from an empty floor... Australian Ghost Adventures conduct regular tours—see there website: www.ausghosts.com

Old Geelong Goal is on the corner of Myers Street and Swanston Street in Geelong 25

Ernest Borgnine was an American film and television actor whose career has spanned more than six decades. Born in 1917 to Italian immigrants, he passed away recently on July 8, 2012. In 1935 Borgnine join the US Navy, after graduating from high school, and was discharged in 1941. However he re-enlisted after Pearl Harbour was attacked by the Ernest Borgnine as Commander Japanese and served until 1945, reaching the McHale from the television rank of gunner's mate 1st class. His military program McHale's Navy. decorations include the Navy Good Conduct Medal, American Defence Service Medal with Fleet Clasp, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal. After the war was over, Borgnine returned to his parents' home with no job and no direction. In a British Film Institute interview about his life and career, Borgnine said: “After World War II we wanted no more part in war. I didn't even want to be a boy-scout. I went home and said that I was through with the Navy and so now, what do we do? So I went home to mother, and after a few weeks of patting me on the back and, 'You did good,' and everything else, one day she said, 'Well?' like mothers do. Which meant, 'Alright, you gonna get a job or what?' “ Borgnine was noted for his As he was unwilling to settle for a dead-end outspokenness. For example, factory job, his mother encouraged him to in 1998 he stated: pursue a more glamorous profession and "I’m 81 years old and I like to suggested that his personality would be well speak my mind. As a legacy, suited for the stage. He surprised his mother on the day I die, I’d like to by taking the suggestion to heart, although have a newspaper publish all his father was far from enthusiastic. In 2011, the things that I find wrong in Borgnine remembered: the United States today. And “Mom said, `You always like getting in front my first would be to get rid of of people and making a fool of yourself, why the politicians."

26

don't you give it a try?' I was sitting at the kitchen table and I saw this light. No kidding. It sounds crazy. And 10 years later, I had Grace Kelly handing me an Academy Award.” Borgnine married 5 times, first to Rhoda Kemins (1949–1958), whom he met while serving in the Navy; they had one daughter, Nancee. Then he married actress Katy Jurado (1959–1963). Borgnine later married singer Ethel Merman (1964), the marriage lasting only 38 days. He then married Donna Rancourt (1965– 1972), with whom he had a son, Cristopher and two daughters, Sharon and Diana. His fifth and last marriage was to Tova Traesnaes (February 24, 1973), to whom he remained married until his death in 2012. ACTING CAREER Borgnine’s acting career began in 1951 when he appeared in China Corsair, The Whistle to Eaton Falls and The Mob. He appeared in over 140 movies from 1951 till 2012. In 1955 he was awarded an Academy Award for his performance in Marty. Marty also received Academy Awards for Best Motion Picture (Harold Hecht, producer), Best Director (Delbert Mann) and Best Writing- Adapted Screen- play (Paddy Chayefsky). TELEVISION CAREER In 1961, Borgnine appeared in his first television show The Blue Angle. He also had notable appearances in Little House on the Prairie, Magnum P.I., Airwolf, The Dirty Dozen (TV Series), Home Improve- ment, The Simpsons, JAG, Walker Texas Ranger and many others. Borgnine is best known for his perfor- mance as Lieutenant Commander Quin- ton McHale in the television show McHa- le’s Navy which ran from 1962-1966 (138 episodes in total). Brognine receiving his Oscar in 1956 from Grace Kelly for his role in Marty. 27

Ingredients

 2 tablespoons olive oil  1.5kg diced beef chuck or blade steak  2 large onions, cut into thin wedges  2 leeks, white part only, sliced  2 garlic cloves, crushed  4 sticks celery, trimmed, sliced  2 large carrots, peeled, cut into 3cm pieces  2 x 425g cans diced tomatoes  1/4 cup red wine  1 cup beef stock

Method 1. Heat 1 tablespoon oil in a large saucepan over high heat. Cook beef in 4 batches, stirring, until browned. Transfer to a plate.

2. Reduce heat to medium. Add remaining oil, onions, leeks, garlic, celery and carrots to pan. Cook, stirring often, for 5 minutes.

4. Return beef to pan with tomatoes, wine and stock. Bring to the boil. Reduce heat to low and simmer, covered, for 1 hour. Uncover and simmer gently, stirring occasionally, for 30 minutes or until beef is tender.

5. Divide half the casserole between 4 plates. Serve with mashed potato or bread.

For more recipes like this: See aww.taste.com.au 28 Word Search–Cricketers W W N Y R W A L E H A E E K A R E A H S L L B R O L Y A T N E E E W U I L A O O B E N A U D N O M E S G T A E K R A L C D W R D I O W N H N T H E D Y D E R A S L I P B E N E E E T E E D L W O L O I N O L S Y R H S R E I F F E L F N M N F T L J S I S O S O R U T N A K E H E A U O R J A F L E C N T A D O L M H G E H O H H F H H T A R G C M A L N E C N T C A O H O O K E S Y R G I L L E S P I E P F G C M N L S G T L I S P O W T S S A G I N L H B N I G E E S N N A M D A R B I S F O L L E N N O D O K E E F F E R E P L A H F P O E N L A N G E R H L E T N G I T K E H G L O L N O Benaud Hussey OKeeffe Blewett Johnson OReilly Boon Jones Ponsford Border Katich Ponting Bradman Langer Reiffel Chappell Lawry Siddle Clarke Lawson Slater Gilchrist Lee Spofforth Gillespie Lillee Taylor Haddin Marsh Warne Hassett Matthews Waugh Healy McGrath Whitney Hogg Miller Hookes ODonnell

29

Loch Ard The Loch Ard was a three-masted No.5 ship, 80m [263ft] in length, and of 1,693 tonnes which was wrecked at Mutton Bird Island, just east of Port Campbell on the Shipwreck Coast of Victoria in 1878. The name was drawn from Loch Ard, a lake in Scotland. Constructed in , the ship belonged to the Loch Line, which operated between Great Britain and Australia. The Loch Ard departed England on March 1, 1878, bound for Melbourne, commanded by Captain Gibbs and with a crew of 17 men. It was carrying 37 passengers and assorted cargo. On June 1, the ship was approaching Port Phillip Bay and expecting to sight land when it encountered heavy fog. Unable to see the Cape Otway lighthouse, the captain was unaware how close he was running to the coast. The fog lifted around 4am, revealing breakers and cliff faces. Captain Gibbs quickly ordered sail to be set to come about and get clear of the coast, but time was against them. When they ran aground on a reef the masts and rigging came crashing down, killing some people on deck and preventing the lifeboats from being launched effectively. The ship sank within 10 to 15 minutes of striking the reef. The only two survivors of the wreck were Eva Carmichael, who survived by cling- ing to a spar for five hours, and Thomas (Tom) R. Pearce, an apprentice who clung to the overturned hull of a lifeboat. Tom Pearce came ashore first, then heard Eva's shouts and went back into the ocean to rescue her. They came ashore at what is now known as Loch Ard Gorge, near the famous Twelve Apostles. The two sheltered there before seeking assistance. The Loch Ard's cargo included a range of luxury goods, including a large decorative porcelain peacock made by Minton in England, intended to be displayed in the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880. Remarkably, the peacock was recovered completely intact and was eventually able to be displayed a century later for the Victoria Pavilion at the Brisbane 1988 World Exposition. It is now on display at the Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum in Warrnambool, along with a number of other relics of the wreck.

30

Geelong– 150 years ago this month “A numerously-attended meeting was held last night at the Olive Branch Hotel, Moorabool street, for the purpose of organiz- ing a committee to collect subscriptions in aid of the distressed poor of Ireland*, and generally to co-operate with kindred commit- tees throughout the colony. Several subscrip- tions were collected in the room, and a committee, treasurer, and secretary were appointed.

I am informed that the public sales of rams and bulls at Skipton this week were a great success—not so much as establishing that locality as a first-rate depot for the sale of stock as for the gratifying fact that our colonial-bred rams are rapidly rising in reputation. There were over 3,000 rams sold...Mr Learmonth’s rams real- ized the highest price—an average of about £7. (The Argus Monday, September 8, 1862 p.5)

*The Great Potato Famine in Ireland occurred between 1845-52. Over 1 million people died and a similar number immigrated to other lands wiping out a quarter of the population. Ten years later, in 1862, Ireland was still recovering from the famine, with many widows and orphans needing to be cared for.

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future issues please write to: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000

31

c.1910

Courtesy: Geelong Heritage Centre Picture Library Moorabool Street—taken from the corner of Malop Street looking north-east. As early as 1851 the Victoria Hotel was located on the corner of Malop and Moorabool Streets. By the early 1900’s the original building (far right, on the corner) has had a two-storey addition with elaborate balconies built on the Moorabool Street side. The Victoria Hotel was purchased by the Commonwealth Bank in June 1951 for £90,000. A modern office building has now replaced the original hotel (now the home of K-Rock and 93.9 Bay FM radio stations), but the 6-storey building behind the bank is named Victoria House in memory of Geelong’s illustrious past.

32