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Μορφολογική Ποικιλότητα Της Quercus Trojana Subsp. Trojana Στην Ελλάδα

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Μορφολογική Ποικιλότητα Της Quercus Trojana Subsp. Trojana Στην Ελλάδα ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΑΣ, ΔΑΣΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΥΣΙΚΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΔΑΣΙΚΗΣ ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗΣ – ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑ ΔΑΣΩΝ – ΦΥΣΙΚΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ ΔΑΣΙΚΗΣ ΒΟΤΑΝΙΚΗΣ – ΓΕΩΒΟΤΑΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΕΥΘΥΝΤΗΣ ΓΕΡΑΣΙΜΙΔΗΣ ΑΧΙΛΛΕΑΣ, ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΗΣ Μορφολογική ποικιλότητα της Quercus trojana subsp. trojana στην Ελλάδα Μιχάλτση Μαρία Δασολόγος – Περιβαλλοντολόγος Εξεταστική Επιτροπή: Ελευθεριάδου Ελένη, Αναπλ. Καθηγήτρια Θεοδωρόπουλος Κωνσταντίνος, Αναπλ. Καθηγητής Παναγιωτίδης Σαμψών, Επικ. Καθηγητής Θεσσαλονίκη 2014 ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ ....................................................................................................................1 ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ ......................................................................................................................2 1. Το γένος Quercus ..................................................................................................2 Γενικά ...................................................................................................................2 Μορφολογία ........................................................................................................3 Συστηματική ταξινόμηση ......................................................................................6 2. Οι δρύες της Ελλάδας ...........................................................................................9 3. Η Quercus trojana ...............................................................................................11 4. Ανασκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας .........................................................................13 Χωρολογία .........................................................................................................13 Χλωρίδα και βλάστηση .......................................................................................13 ΣΚΟΠΟΣ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ .......................................................................................................15 ΠΕΡΙΟΧΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ ......................................................................................................16 1. Γεωγραφική και Πολιτική θέση ...........................................................................16 2. Γεωμορφολογία – Φυσιογραφία – Υδρολογία.....................................................17 3. Γεωλογία – Πετρογραφία ....................................................................................17 4. Έδαφος ...............................................................................................................20 5. Κλίμα ..................................................................................................................20 6. Βλάστηση ............................................................................................................24 ΜΕΘΟΔΟΣ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ ....................................................................................................26 1. Περιοχές δειγματοληψίας ...................................................................................26 2. Σχεδιασμός και εκτέλεση δειγματοληψίας ..........................................................27 3. Φυτικό υλικό και μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά .................................................27 4. Στατιστική Ανάλυση Δεδομένων .........................................................................28 ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΑ .........................................................................................................30 1. Περιγραφικά στατιστικά .....................................................................................30 Μήκος ελάσματος φύλλου - LL (cm) ...................................................................30 Πλάτος ελάσματος φύλλου - LW (cm).................................................................33 i Απόσταση βάσης φύλλου από το μέγιστο πλάτος - BW (cm) ..............................36 Μήκος μίσχου φύλλου - PL (cm) .........................................................................39 Συνολικό μήκος του φύλλου - TL= PL + LL (cm) ...................................................42 Απόσταση βάσης φύλλου από το μέγιστο πλάτος/Μήκος ελάσματος φύλλου - BW/LL ...........................................................................................................45 Πλάτος ελάσματος φύλλου/Μήκος ελάσματος φύλλου - LW/LL.........................48 Μήκους μίσχου/μήκος ελάσματος φύλλου - PL/LL .............................................51 Αριθμός πλευρικών νεύρων - UN .......................................................................54 Αριθμός δοντιών - TE .........................................................................................57 2. Εύρος διακύμανσης των χαρακτήρων .................................................................61 3. Ανάλυση κύριων συνιστωσών (Principal Component Analysis - PCA) ..................62 ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ.........................................................................................................69 ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ ..................................................................................................................71 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................72 ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ.............................................................................................................73 Ξενόγλωση ..............................................................................................................73 Ελληνική .................................................................................................................74 ΕΙΚΑΣΤΙΚΟ ΛΕΥΚΩΜΑ .................................................................................................76 ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ ............................................................................................................. 101 ii ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ Η επιστήμη των φυτών περιλαμβάνει έναν τεράστιο όγκο γνώσεων και πληροφοριών, που τεκμηριώνονται και αυξάνονται συνεχώς, δεδομένης της αλληλεπίδρασης αυτών με τις ανάγκες του ανθρώπου. Οι σύγχρονες επιστημονικές μέθοδοι παρέχουν εξαιρετικές δυνατότητες μελέτης των φυτών. Όλα αυτά βέβαια στα πλαίσια του πρακτικά εφικτού, καθώς η απεραντοσύνη, ποικιλομορφία και μεταβλητότητα του φυτικού κόσμου είναι αδύνατο να χωρέσουν οπουδήποτε, παρά μόνο συνεχίζουν να γοητεύουν τους ερευνητές και να θέτουν νέες προκλήσεις. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος σπουδών της Σχολής Δασολογίας και Φυσικού Περιβάλλοντος του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης, τη χρονική περίοδο 2010-2014. Θερμά ευχαριστώ την κ. Ελευθεριάδου Ελένη, Αναπληρώτρια Καθηγήτρια, επιβλέπουσα της παρούσας εργασίας. Χωρίς τη πολύτιμη βοήθεια και καθοδήγησή της, χωρίς τη συνεχή συμπαράσταση και στήριξή της, δεν θα ήταν δυνατή η ολοκλήρωση της εργασίας αυτής. Επίσης, θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω τον κ. Παναγιωτίδη Σαμψών, Επίκουρο Καθηγητή, για τη βοήθεια που πρόθυμα μου προσέφερε στη στατιστική ανάλυση της παρούσας εργασίας, τον κ. Θεοδωρόπουλο Κωνσταντίνο, Αναπληρωτή Καθηγητή, για το ενδιαφέρον και τη στήριξή του και τον κ. Γερασιμίδη Αχιλλέα, Καθηγητή, για την βοήθειά του σε όλη τη διάρκεια των σπουδών μου. Τέλος, θερμά ευχαριστώ την οικογένεια μου για την αγάπη τους και την ενθάρρυνσή τους σε αυτή τη προσπάθειά μου. Στο σύζυγό μου, Κωνσταντίνο και τη μητέρα μου, Νικολέττα αφιερώνω αυτή τη διατριβή, χωρίς τη βοήθειά τους δεν θα ήταν δυνατή η πραγματοποίησή της. 1 ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ 1. Το γένος Quercus Γενικά Το γένος Quercus ανήκει στην οικογένεια Fagaceae και στην τάξη Fagales. Τα είδη του γένους εμφανίζονται κυρίως στη βόρεια εύκρατη ζώνη. Αριθμεί περί τα 531 είδη, κυρίως στο Β Ημισφαίριο (Govaerts & Frodin 1998), με την πλειονότητα αυτών στη Βόρεια Αμερική, ενώ ένας μεγάλος αριθμός εντοπίζεται στην Ευρώπη, στην παραμεσόγεια περιοχή και στη δυτική και ανατολική Ασία. Στη Νότια Αμερική εμφανίζονται μόνον στις Άνδεις της Κολομβίας. Η σχετικά μικρή εμφάνισή τους στις τροπικές περιοχές περιορίζεται στα ψηλά βουνά. Εμφανίζονται σε υπερθαλάσσιο ύψος που κυμαίνεται από την επιφάνεια της θάλασσας μέχρι 4.000 m στα Ιμαλάϊα και προτιμούν σχετικά πλούσια εδάφη, όχι πολύ αμμώδη ή πολύ ξερά (Hora 1981). Περιλαμβάνει είδη μεγάλης οικονομικής και όχι μόνο αξίας, είδη που μπορούν να θεωρηθούν απόλυτα συνυφασμένα με την ανθρώπινη εξέλιξη. Παρέχουν το καλύτερο ξύλο από άποψη δύναμης και αντοχής. Δεν είναι εύκολο να διακρίνει κανείς τις διαφορές στα εμπορικά ξύλα δρυός. Μια διάκριση γίνεται μεταξύ λευκών (π.χ. Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa, Q. robur, Q. sessiliflora) και κόκκινων δρυών (π.χ. Q. rubra, Q. velutina, Q. palustris) με τις πρώτες να είναι κάπως πιο σκληρές και πιο ανθεκτικές. Και οι δύο ομάδες ειδών χρησιμοποιούνται για τους ίδιους σκοπούς: έπιπλα, γέφυρες, πλοία, επενδύσεις τοίχων – δαπέδων και πολλά άλλα είδη κατασκευών. Η Q. virginiana θεωρείται ότι έχει το πιο ανθεκτικό ξύλο από όλα τα είδη δρυός. Από το φλοιό της Q. suber λαμβάνεται ο φελλός, ενώ κάποιες δρύες θεωρούνται βαφικές. Οι καρποί τους (βελανίδια) θεωρούνται σημαντικοί στη χοιροτροφία. Επιπλέον, πολλές από αυτές χρησιμοποιούνται για καλλωπιστικούς σκοπούς, λόγω κυρίως των εξαιρετικών φθινοπωρινών χρωματισμών του φυλλώματός τους. Δικαίως λοιπόν οι δρύες αποτιμώνται ως εκ των πολυτιμότερων ειδών παγκοσμίως (Hora 1981). Σε πολλούς μεγάλους πολιτισμούς της Ευρώπης η δρυς χαίρει μεγάλης εκτίμησης. Για τους Έλληνες, τους Ρωμαίους, τους Κέλτες, τους Σλάβους, τους Τεύτονες ήταν η σημαντικότερη από τα τιμώμενα δέντρα και σε κάθε περίπτωση σχετίζονταν με τον υπέρτατο θεό του πάνθεόν τους, όπως ο Δίας για τους Έλληνες. Κάθε ένας από αυτούς τους θεούς είχε επίσης την κυριαρχία πάνω
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