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Essays in the History of Civilization

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Essays in the History of Civilization THE LIFE OF SCIENCE BOOKS IN THE LIFE OF SCIENCE LIBRARY THE LIFE OF SCIENCE Essays in the 'History of Civilization BY GEORGE SARTON VICTORY OVER PAIN A History of Anesthesia BY VICTOR ROBINSON BENJAMIN SILLIMAN Pathfinder in American Science H. THOMSON BY JOHN F. FULTON and ELIZABETH SUN, STAND THOU STILL Jhe Life and Work of Copernicus the Astronomer BY ANGUS ARMITAGE K • -J> <£& * THE LIFE OF SCIENCE Essays in the Tlistory of Civilization BY GEORGE SARTON Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Professor of the History of Science, Harvard lAniversity FOREWORD BY MAX H. FISCH HENRY SCHUMAN • NEW YORK > Copyright i94 8 by "Henry Schuman, Inc. Manufactured in the V. S. A. by H. Wolff, New Jork Designed by Stefan Salter and JAaurice Xaplan FOREWORD There is in the making a movement of thought toward a new focus in the history of science. Though interrupted by two world wars and a great depression, it has been steadily taking shape and gath- ering strength. It has drawn to itself a considerable number of our more thoughtful scientists, historians, and educators. So far, it has spoken the language of scholars. In 7be Life of Science Library, it is beginning to speak the language of lay men and women, girls and boys. Among the scholars, George Sarton, who holds the chair of the History of Science at Harvard University, is respected and loved as the leader of the movement. It was he who conceived and fash- ioned its two basic tools: the Introduction to the History of Sci- ence, which he has now brought through the fourteenth century, and the journal Isis, with its systematic and critical bibliographies of current publications in the field. Dr. Sarton has not only led in developing a sound scholarly basis for the movement, but he has been the most eloquent voice of its ideals as a new form of humanism which is needed to do for our time what an older humanism did for the Renaissance. Many of the essays in which he has expressed these ideals can be read with understanding and enjoyment by the wider circle of readers for whom Ibe Life of Science Library is intended. It has seemed to the publisher and sponsors of 7be Life of Science Li- brary that its purposes could not be better conveyed than by gath- ering together in the present volume a selection from these essays. The essays chosen, though far apart in time of composition, are united by spirit and intent. They were not planned with a view to being collected here. Yet, when read together, they have vir- tues a more formal treatment would lack. By their very diversity of subject and method, they give the beginner and the layman v : , VI FOREWORD a livelier sense of the range of forms the history of science may take, and of the values that may be expected from it. They show by varied and lucid examples, both topical and biographical, that it is no narrow specialty but a liberating approach to human cul- ture as a whole. They are linked, moreover, by certain recurring themes: 7he unity of mankind; 7he unity of knowledge; 7he international character of science; 7he kinship of artists, saints, and scientists as fulfillers of human destiny, as creators and diffusers of spiritual values; Jhe history of art, religion, and science as the essential history of mankind, which has so far been largely "secret history" Science as progressive in a way in which art and religion are not; 7he dependence of other forms of progress upon scientific prog- ress; 7he history of science as, therefore, the leading thread in the history of civilization, the clue to the synthesis of knowledge, the mediator between science and philosophy, and the keystone of education. The reader learns to recognize and welcome the variations on these themes. They end by becoming signposts for his own thinking. Since reading these essays in proof, I have been turning over again the pages of the thirty-eight volumes of Jsis, and re-reading Dr. Sarton's contributions to them—especially his prefaces. In an essay, 'The Faith of a Humanist/' which did duty in 1920 as preface in Volume III, he quoted a sentence from the classical scholar Gilbert Murray: "One might say roughly that material things are superseded but spiritual things not; or that everything considered as an achievement can be superseded, but considered as so much life, not." Dr. Sarton added It is true that most men of letters, and, I am sorry to add, not a few sci- entists, know science only by its material achievements, but ignore its spirit and see neither its internal beauty nor the beauty it extracts con- tinually from the bosom of nature. Now I would say that to find in the works of science of the past, that which is not and cannot be superseded, is perhaps the most important part of our quest. A true humanist must know the life of science as he knows the life of art and the life of religion. FOREWORD VII When I suggested to my friend Henry Schuman that the phrase I have italicized be used as title for the series in which this vol- ume appears, I did not have this passage in mind, but it might well serve as a motto for the series. ni . .. t n11 . Max H. Fisch University of Illinois . CONTENTS FOREWORD BY Max H. FlSCH V part one: THE SPREAD OF UNDERSTANDING 1 The Spread of Understanding 3 2. The History of Medicine versus the History of Art 15 3. The History of Science 79 part two: SECRET HISTORY 4. Secret History 61 5. Leonardo and the Birth of Modern Science 65 6. Evariste Galois 83 7. Ernest Renan 101 8. Herbert Spencer 116 part three: EAST AND WEST 9. East and West in the History of Science 131 part four: CASTING BREAD UPON THE FACE OF THE WATERS 10. An Institute for the History of Science and Civilization 169 11. Casting Bread upon the Face of the Waters 175 EDITORIAL NOTE, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, AND SOURCES 187 INDEX 191 63^ PART ONE THE SPREAD OF UNDERSTANDING ^»* ^ 1. THE SPREAD OF UNDERSTANDING N/u^ AR "How impatient you are!" He pats my shoulder with his heavy hand while he repeats: "How impatient you are!" But his kind eyes belie the severity of his voice and he hastens to add, as if fearing that he had been too harsh: "Of course that is just as it should be. Though they have so much more time before them, we must expect the younger people—especially full-blooded ones—to be in more of a hurry, to be less patient. It would be a sadder world if the young were tolerant. Yet, listen to me. You say the world is out of joint. I have heard that before. Has it ever been otherwise? The tree-dwellers and the cave men, I am sure, had already denounced the out-of-jointedness of their own jungle. So put it that way, if you please, but I believe it is wiser to conceive mankind as an organism, as yet undeveloped but moving steadily from chaos to order. The progress is very slow but undeniable. "And should we call it slow? How can we measure its speed? Think of it and you will realize that to speak of the slowness of evolution is nonsense. What we really mean is that our own span of life is very short. We can see but an absurdly small part of the play. How dare we criticise it, how dare we decide whether the action is slow or not? The great war was terrible enough, the wounds it made in millions of hearts may never be healed, but who can say how much of a scar it will leave on the fair face of the earth? It is considerably easier to de- stroy than to build. Why should we expect the reconstruction to be completed faster than the devastation? Why should we imagine that the world can be transformed—or improved, as you say—within our lifetime? Is that not foolish? . The world is not out of joint, my dear, but your telescope and your clock are out of order." Uncle Christiaan is one of the most lovable old gentlemen 3 4 THE LIFE OF SCIENCE that the generous soil of Flanders has ever produced, but as the years go by, he becomes ever more opinionated and more tyrannical. Once he is well started, I know that my chances of escaping are very small. As he had now made up his mind to prove that I was wrong to expect the world to move as if its own life were hardly longer than my own, I knew that he would not let me go on until he had labored his argument at least ten times over and I resigned myself meekly to my fate—for I love Uncle Christiaan, even if he drives me mad. And then his knowl- edge and his wisdom are very great and it is worth while to record at least the gist of what he said; but as he is hopelessly discursive and as I could not possibly reproduce the saving hu- mor of his tone, and his smiles and gestures, it will be best to tell the story in my own way. Not one story, but three stories, for the old man is nothing if not thorough. As a matter of fact he told me seven, and he would have told as many more but that I admitted he was right and promised that I would be more patient in the future.
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