Masaryk University

MASARYK UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

BACHELOR THESIS

Brno 2018 Jakub POSPÍŠIL

MASARYK UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Education Department of Geography

MAPPING OF SUBURBANIZATION IN VYŠKOV DISTRICT BY USING AERIAL PHOTOS

Bachelor thesis

Jakub POSPÍŠIL

RNDr. Hana Svobodová, Ph.D. ______

Brno 2018

BIBLIOGRAFICKÝ ZÁZNAM

Autor: Jakub Pospíšil Masarykova univerzita Pedagogická fakulta Katedra geografie

The title of the work Mapping of suburbanization in Vyškov District by using aerial photographs Název práce: Mapování suburbanizace v okrese Vyškov pomocí leteckých snímků

Studijní program: PdF B-SPE Specializace v pedagogice, bakalářský studijní program

Studijní obor: PdF AJ3 Pedagogické asistentství anglického jazyka a literatury pro základní školy a PdF ZE3 Pedagogické asistentství zeměpisu pro základní školy

Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Hana Svobodová, Ph.D.

Akademický rok: 2017/2018

Počet stran: 52

Key words: suburbanization, Vyškov District, mapping, remote sensing, aerial photographs, comparation

Klíčová slova: suburbanizace, okres Vyškov, mapování, DPZ, letecké snímky, komparace

ABSTRACT

This bachelor thesis "Mapping suburbanization in Vyškov District by using aerial photographs" consists of two parts. In the first part - theoretical, there is basic information about remote sensing, about the company that took the aerial photographs for the map portal mapy.cz and information about suburbanization. There are described the methods, the process of creation, division and modification of aerial photographs, the technology which is used to take the photos as well as development and types of suburbanization. The second part – practical part, deals with the comparison and description of aerial photographs of municipalities in Vyškov District, which were selected on the basis of the 2006/1996 and 2016/1996 index of change. In this section, there are two cartograms showing indexes of changes on the basis of which the criteria for selection of municipalities were chosen.

ABSTRAKT

Tato bakalářská práce „Mapování suburbanizace v okrese Vyškov pomocí leteckých snímků“ se skládá ze dvou částí. V první části – teoretické se nacházejí základní informace o dálkovém průzkumu Země, o firmě, která pořizuje letecké snímky pro mapový portál mapy.cz a o suburbanizaci. Jsou zde popsány metody, vznik, dělení a úpravy leteckých snímků, zařízení, které jsou využívány k tvorbě snímků stejně jako vývoj i druhy suburbanizace. Druhá část – praktická se zabývá samotným porovnáním a popisem leteckých snímků obcí v okrese Vyškov, které byly zvoleny na základě indexu změny 2006/1996 a 2016/1996. V této části se nacházejí dva kartogramy, znázorňující indexy změn, na základě kterých byla zvolena kritéria pro výběr obcí.

PROHLÁŠENÍ

„Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů.“

Ve Vyškově dne: ...... Jakub Pospíšil

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor RNDr. Hana Svobodová, Ph.D. for her guidance, support and helpful comments on this thesis. Secondly, I would like to also thank my family and close friends for their help and support.

TABLE OF CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 9

2 AIMS AND METHODS ...... 10

2.1 Aims of the thesis ...... 10

2.2 Methods of the thesis ...... 10

3 CHARAKTERISTICS OF VYŠKOV DISTRICT ...... 11

4 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF REMOTE SENSING ...... 12

4.1 Methods of remote sensing ...... 12

4.2 Aerial photography ...... 13

4.2.1 Creation of aerial photographs ...... 14

4.2.2 Types of aerial photographs ...... 15

4.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of vertical and oblique aerial photos ...... 15

4.2.4 Editing of aerial photos ...... 16

5 AIRCRAFT MAP BACKGROUND MAPY.CZ ...... 17

5.1 TopGis Company ...... 18

5.1.1 Aircrafts ...... 18

5.1.2 Sensing systems ...... 19

6 SUBURBANIZATION ...... 21

6.1 Development phases of suburbanization ...... 23

6.2 Types of suburbanization ...... 24

6.2.1 Residential suburbanization ...... 24

6.2.2 Commercial suburbanization ...... 24

6.3 Consequences of suburbanization ...... 25

6.4 Suburbanization in the Czech Republic ...... 26

7 DATA IN METHODOLOGY ...... 27

7.1 Acquisition of data ...... 27

7.2 Data processing ...... 27 7

7.2.1 Population data processing ...... 27

7.2.2 Cartograms of indexes of changes ...... 30

8 RESULTS ...... 33

8.1 Comparison of aerial photos ...... 33

8.1.1 Comparison of the village of Heršpice ...... 34

8.1.2 Comparison of the village of Hodějice ...... 35

8.1.3 Comparison of the village of Holubice ...... 36

8.1.4 Comparison of the village of Kobeřice u Brna ...... 37

8.1.5 Comparison of the village of Lovčičky ...... 38

8.1.6 Comparison of the village of Lysovice ...... 39

8.1.7 Comparison of the villages of Luleč a Nemojany ...... 40

8.1.8 Comparison of the village Nevojice ...... 41

8.1.9 Comparison of the village Olšany ...... 42

8.1.10 Comparison of the village Pístovice ...... 43

8.1.11 Comparison of the village Račice ...... 44

8.1.12 Comparison of the village Rostěnice-Zvonovice ...... 45

8.1.13 Comparison of the village Velešovice ...... 46

8.1.14 Comparison of the village Zbýšov ...... 47

8.1.15 Comparison of the village Zelená Hora ...... 48

9 CONCLUSION ...... 49

10 REFERENCES ...... 51

10.1 Literature ...... 51

10.2 Internet sources ...... 52

1 INTRODUCTION This bachelor thesis deals with comparison to aerial photographs of selected municipalities in chosen years in Vyškov district. Vyškov district is a well-known area to me and nobody has written a work which concern with similar topic. One day this thesis can be used at lower and higher secondary schools in Vyškov district, because topic “Vyškov District” is taught at both of these schools, which has geography in their Framework Educational Programmes for Basic Education. Later in my studies I would like to continue my dissertation with the same topic. The thesis consists of two parts – theoretical and practical.

The theoretical part is focused on summarization of already existing knowledge and findings which are connected with the topic of the thesis. In this part the reader is familiarized with remote sensing, particularly with aerial photos and terms connected with this topic as well as with suburbanisation, its types and so on. This part also includes description of process how I worked in practical part.

The practical part includes aerial photos of selected municipalities in Vyškov district, whose selection was based on index of change in last 20 years. These photos from 2006 and 2016 are compared one to another and completed with a brief description of changes, which happened during these 10 years.

2 AIMS AND METHODS This chapter defines the main goal of the work and sets out partial goals along with the methods that have been used.

2.1 Aims of the thesis The aim of the thesis is to compare spatial growth of the building of villages and towns in Vyškov district by aerial photos taken in 2006 and 2016, in which the suburbanization is in progress and where the index of change in population between 1996 and 2006 is bigger than 100 and between 1996 and 2016 than 120.

Partial goals  Processing and evaluation of demographic statistical information  Comparison of aerial photos  Take photos of selected municipalities

2.2 Methods of the thesis In the first place I had to find the relevant data on the website of the Czech Statistical Office (https://www.czso.cz/) that was necessary for the creation of this bachelor thesis.

It was followed by data analysis of the data which were obtained before. In this part a lot of data, which were useless, were sort out, so that only key data about the number of inhabitants in 1996, 2006 and 2016 in the municipalities of Vyškov district remained. These data were used to calculate the index of change according to which the criterion was made. On the basis of the criterion the number of municipalities with which I subsequently worked was reduced.

To compare aerial photos, I used a comparative method, which lay in looking for the differences that arose within the growth of municipalities. I followed a comparative method with a descriptive method. In this part I wrote down the differences between selected aerial photos.

A detailed description of the methods is provided in Chapter 6 - Data in Methodology.

3 CHARAKTERISTICS OF VYŠKOV DISTRICT Vyškov District is located in the eastern part of the South Moravian Region (in Czech Jihomoravský kraj, an abbreviation is JMK). It is adjacent to 6 districts (Hodonín, Břeclav, Brno-venkov, Blansko, Prostějov, Kroměříž). With its area of 869 km2 it is the third smallest district. There are 80 municipalities, 5 of which have a status of a town (Bučovice, Ivanovice na Hané, Rousínov, Slavkov u Brna “Austerlitz” and Vyškov), 3 municipalities have the status of the market-towns (in Czech “městys”) – Brankovice, Hvězdlice, Švábenice and 3 municipalities with extended power (in Czech: “obce s rozšířenou působností”, an abbreviation is ORP) – Bučovice, Austerlitz and Vyškov. Compared to other districts of the South Moravian Region, there is the lowest number of inhabitants – 91 133 (1. 1. 2017). (www.czso.cz, 2016)

Fig. 1: Vyškov District, own source

Tab. 1: Comparison of Vyškov District according to the South Moravian Region, 1.1. 2017 Municipalities Population With Age Population Number of Number Cadastral Region/ the growth parts of of area in District Total status Total 65 and 2001-2016 municipalities cadastres km2 0 - 14 of more in % town South Moravian 673 49 905 892 7 188 1 178 812 182 280 224 044 3,9 Region Vyškov 80 5 118 109 869 91 133 14 572 16 456 5,8 District Source: https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/index.jsf?page=vystup- objekt&pvo=RSO0717&katalog=32225&z=T&f=TABULKA&&pvokc=100&pvoch=3115&&str=v 308#w= 11

4 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF REMOTE SENSING Remote sensing is a modern geoinformatics method of exploring, measuring and displaying objects and phenomena in the landscape sphere without direct physical contact with them. Results of the remote sensing are usually aerial and satellite image records processed in analogue or digital form. (Svatoňová, 2010)

It deals with exploration of the earth's surface especially with its processes and phenomena that take place remotely. For this, one or several wavelength intervals, called electromagnetic radiation, are used. A device that records the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is placed on different types of carriers, most often on aircraft and satellites. Remote sensing consists of two subsystems. The first subsystem deals with data collection and transmission. The second subsystem deals with analysis and interpretation of the data. Image materials taken from an aircraft or satellite record two kinds of information. First information is about the position of displayed objects and their shape, size, distance from other objects etc. Second information is thematic information – type of vegetation on a given area, depth of water, health state of the forest or surface of the displayed road. Geometric or photometric properties of the images are concerned with the process of photogrammetry. (Dobrovolný, 1998)

Today, data is freely available on the internet, for example on websites https://mapy.cz, www.google.cz/maps, https://geoportal.gov.cz/web/guest/map also it is widely used by a large number of applications. The first link is a key one to this work. The portal mapy.cz provides both current and archived orthophotomaps. The orthophotomap is a cartographic work that as a main background uses positionally located aerial photo, where it retains further requirements scale, coordinate system and directional orientation. (http://www.ortofotomapa.cz/)

4.1 Methods of remote sensing Remote sensing distinguishes two basic methods according to the character of data collection – conventional (conventional) and unconventional.

 Conventional methods Conventional methods prevailed in the past and their result is photography. The main carriers for taking photos are mainly aircraft, earlier it was balloons. Their

12 quality and value depend on technical parameters of photographic chambers (optical, focal length, luminosity), on use of coloured or black and white materials, their sensitivity and processing. (Svatoňová, 2010)

 Unconventional methods By unconventional methods the earth's surface is scanned by spacing using radiometers and scan decomposition devices – scanners on Earth satellites, although many systems can also be used on aircraft. Unlike photography, they can be acquired in a wide range of electromagnetic spectrum; however, they are characterized by a lower spatial detail. At present, digital transmission methods are used to allow automatic processing of satellite recordings. (Dobrovolný, 1998)

According to a source of electromagnetic radiation, Remote sensing methods can be divided into active and passive.

 active methods Radiation is not of natural origin but is transmitted from a source located on the carrier. Backlight is captured again on the carrier (radar).

 passive methods Passive methods use a natural source of radiation and are further divided into direct and indirect. Direct passive methods use solar radiation reflected from the Earth's surface. Indirect passive methods use radiation emitting objects themselves on the earth's surface (thermovision).

4.2 Aerial photography “Aerial photographs are mostly a collection of photographs taken by a camera located at a high altitude. They are taken as panchromatic (black and white or in grayscale), in true or false colours. False colours here show intervals of electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be captured by the human eye, however, it is possible to record them by the photographic technique.” (Cohen and col., 1996 according to Moucha 2015 p. 14)

They are created in a scale from 1: 2 000 to 1: 30 000. Images are captured from heights larger than 600 m above the terrain. They are used, for example, in cartography

13 for the creation and maintenance of map works, in spatial planning, military, archaeology and many other disciplines.

4.2.1 Creation of aerial photographs An airplane, as one of the instruments for creating aerial photographs, provides ample space for the placement of test apparatus and for personnel who operate the apparatus. During the flight, it is under constant human control; therefore it is possible to adapt the conditions, so that this process can be effective and without technical difficulties. (Halounová, 2008)

Aerial photography is created by a central projection, when the centre of the projection is the lens of the darkroom. In most cases, this is not a flat surface but it is usually a wavy surface with relative elevation. The points on aerial photography are not reflected into displaying plain after perpendicular as with the map but they are moved over radial spokes which come from the main point. Only one point is not displayed in a distortion and that is the main point (“Tracepoint”). It is an undistorted point, because it is perpendicular to a frame plane. (Svatoňová, 2010)

Warner, 2009 says that 23 x 23 cm formats are normally utilized. Svatoňová, 2010 adds that 30 x 30 cm format is also used; however in the past, the format of the aerial image used to be 18 x 18 cm. A Significant overlap occurs when images are created. The images overlap to show the entire territory. Photographing takes place in parallel rows. The overlap may be fore and aft (forward) and lateral. The fore and aft overlap is in the direction of flight and is usually 60 %; the lateral overlap is in the range between 20 – 30 %. Great emphasis is placed on detail, because aerial photos are used as the basis for topographic maps. (Dornič, 1992 according to Chládková, 2014)

However, mistakes and distortions occur during the aircraft movement. Factors that affect the movement of an aircraft include rotational movements, wind drag, non- observance of altitude, etc. In order for the errors to be repaired, it is necessary to perform precise registration of location data. (Halounová, 2008)

Fig. 2: Image Overlap Sequence for Attaining Stereoscopic Aerial Photography Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w0615e/W0615E30.gif

4.2.2 Types of aerial photographs Aerial photos can be divided into three categories depending on the axis of the shot. Vertical (perpendicular) aerial photos are the first category. The axis is exactly vertical or slightly deflected by an angle of maximum ± 3 °. Oblique aerial photos are the second category. In this case, the axis is deflected by an angle of 3°–85°. We can divide them into High-oblique (shows the surface, the horizon, the sky) and Low-oblique (shows only the surface). In the last case the axis is deflected by angle of 85°–90° and it is called horizontal photos. (Svatoňová, 2010 and https://www.e- education.psu.edu/geog480/node/444)

Fig. 3: Camera orientation and scale effects for vertical and oblique aerial photographs source: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog480/node/444

4.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of vertical and oblique aerial photos Among the benefits of vertical aerial photos can be included the unforgettable similarity of a flat surface and a plan of the given area in which the measurements can

15 be make just like on a map. Perspective distortion of the image is negligible (the scale is approximately the same across the photo). Due to the similarity of the vertical photo with the map of the territory it is easier to make a continuous image of the photographed territory – photoschema. (Svatoňová, 2010)

The disadvantage of vertical aerial photos can be interpretation and reading from the image content, caused by an extraordinary vertical view of the territory; therefore, perception of height and the actual shape of the object perishes there. (Chládková, 2014)

The advantage of oblique aerial photograph is that it reveals exact relief of landscape, the observer better recognizes the subject through a more natural view. The photo area is considerably larger than in the vertical photo. The disadvantage is a considerable distortion; therefore, objects cannot be precisely located.

4.2.4 Editing of aerial photos For aerial pictures that have not been edited yet, it is not possible to measure areas or distances because the images do not have the same scale. Therefore, it is important to make geometric corrections, which removes the inaccuracies that cause, that the photos do not entirely match the reality. At the same time, the images must be transformed into a selected coordinate system. One of the many reasons, why geometric corrections are made, is to compare multiple image records taken in time series; however, the main reason is that it is possible to use the image as a map after editing. (Dobrovolný, 1998)

Before evaluating the aerial photos, it is necessary to arrange them correctly, which consists of two phases. The first phase is a free set of images, which means that the images are laid on themselves with their overlaps, so they move smoothly from one to the other. It follows photoschema, which is, done on the computer. It has the task of accurately identifying the same objects in the overlapping parts. Gradual assignment of the photos of a given territory will result in so-called photomosaic, which is a coherent picture of the whole territory. (Svatoňová, 2010)

5 AIRCRAFT MAP BACKGROUND MAPY.CZ A background image for aerial photos (vertical and oblique) on mapy.cz portal is created by a combination of aerial and satellite shootings. In the territory of the Czech Republic and territories which are close to the border is used orthophoto of aerial photography. This photography is held annually with a resolution of 10 cm / pixel, while photographing half the territory, it means that the whole territory is updated after two years. (napoveda.seznam.cz)

Mapy.cz provides current aerial photos from 2014 and 2015 (written in the lower- left corner of the map). There are also archived photos from 2010 to 2012 (map set Letecká 12'), from 2004 to 2006 (Letecká 06') and from 2001 to 2003 (Letecká 03'). (napoveda.seznam.cz)

On January 25, 2016, the map layer from 2010 to 2012 was replaced by an orthophoto, which is composed of exactly 96,374 high-quality photos and covers the entire territory of the Czech Republic and the nearby border area. These photos were taken between 2014 and 2015; they are more up-to-date and sharper with higher contrast. The image data after processing occupies 2, 1 terabytes. The creation of a new ortho-photo map was handled by TopGis Company; nonetheless the final stage (“pyramidation and tiling”) was done by the employees of Mapy.cz. (blog.seznam.cz, 2016)

Petr Hofman, a GIS specialist for Mapy.cz, in an interview for blog.seznam.cz, says: “First, a flight plan is being prepared. It is determined how high the aircraft will fly, how far the flight rows will be, with which density the images are taken and the territory is divided into blocks. Then we simply have to wait for favourable weather, which can take several weeks. Aerial photography demands a cloudless sky. Once the planes fly, they cross over a particular block and in regular intervals they take photos. For each photo they record the position and tilt of the camera, from which the position of the image I calculated on the ground. After taking the photos, the measured position will be accurate by differential GPS and also aerotriangulation, in other words another improving of the photos’ position through Ground Control Points and connecting points. In the first case, these points are on the ground in a known location, in the second the same points are on overlapping images.”

This process is followed by an orthorectification, when the photo in the centre projection is recalculated to the photo perpendicular at each point. Orthorectification is followed by a tessellation, which means that the photo is cut off in places, where it is least evident and at the same time it is color-tuned so that the cut is not nearly visible. When the tessellation is over it is followed by joining the photos into one huge image and it is sent to Mapy.cz Company where the finishing follows. Experts here transform the picture from the original Křovák's projection into Mercator's projection. Finally pyramidation and tiling are done. Pyramidation should avoid unnecessarily downloading big files by reducing the resolution when zoomed out the map and cutting orthophotos on small tiles prevents downloading of unwanted areas. (blog.seznam.cz, 2016)

5.1 TopGis Company TopGis is a company that represents one of the major leaders in the field of geoinformatics. It ensures the creation of maps backgrounds for the mapy.cz portal as well as the panoramic views of the municipalities. On their website, they share the following information about aircraft and scanning systems:

5.1.1 Aircrafts The company has three own aircraft and one dron. The type of aircraft used at work depends on the parameters of the order and the customer's needs.

 OK-GIS, VulcanAir P68C TC It is a new ultramodern twin-jet high-wing monoplane with Lycoming piston engines. Thanks to economic parameters and performance, it is one of the most advantageous aircraft for aerial photo shooting and scanning.

 OK-TGS, Cessna 404 A twinjet is a plane which has high productivity in data collection. It is the only aircraft of this type that is used for aerial photography in our county. It is used to collect large amounts of data in medium to lower resolution.

 OK-NJM, Čmelák Z-37 It is most often used together with a five-camera system that is capable of capturing both vertical and oblique views. With the most convenient flight speed, the aircraft is used for aerial laser scanning of the area.

 Drone It is used to quickly and efficiently capture small locations and specific objects.

5.1.2 Sensing systems Sensing systems are absolutely necessary for collecting geospatial data. The company realizes the importance of the systems and their high-quality outputs; therefore they invested in the best techniques and they even created their own technology.

 Large format camera UltraCam Eagle This is the third generation of aerial measurement cameras, designed to take high-resolution images. In the panchromatic band, the photo may have a resolution of more than 20,000 x 13,000 pixels. In this band, the camera takes a focal length of 1:100 mm, RGBNir bands of 1:27 mm. Every single photo has 260 megapixels and 842 megabytes of data.

 Large format camera UltraCam XP The size of the panchromatic image is 17,310 x 11,310 pixels and the NIR size is 3,770 x 5,770 pixels. The camera is able to create an orthophotomap to a maximum resolution of 3 cm/pixel.

 Own five-camera system It is used for vertical and oblique imaging. One of the cameras takes perpendicular photos (leading to the orthophotomap); four more cameras are used for taking oblique photos (3D city models can be created).

 LiDAR Riegl Q608i After the scanned data is evaluated, the result is a digital surface model (DSM) or a digital terrain model (DTM). Models are then used to delimit flood areas, passports and other measurements can be done.

 Panorama system This system was developed in collaboration with Seznam.cz for the purpose of global mapping of communications. The system is a combination of high resolution and high position accuracy (for mapping and digitization). Panorama system is used on cars, boats and trains.

6 SUBURBANIZATION A term “suburbanisation” derives from the English word suburb, which in Czech means “předměstí”. Originally, it is a composite of two Latin words; urbs marks the city and the prefixes sub, which indicates the location below, behind, next. (Koutná, 2013 according to Ouředníček, 2008)

There are many definitions that describe and define suburbanization. For example, web suburbanizace.cz defines suburbanization as the process when commercial, residential and other functions, along with the population, move from the core of the city to its outskirts.

V. Šilhánková according to Pásková (2007) defines suburbanization as “A process of expanding the suburbs spatial change of settlement characterized by mass migration of the population from central parts of urban agglomerations and conurbations at their edges and beyond the administrative boundaries of urban areas, while preserving the close functional relationships of newly populated areas with settlement cores."

Sýkora (2002) states that it is a spatial expansion of cities that affects the countryside and the natural landscape and at the same time surround the city itself.

Suburbanization arises when new human activities move from the core area of the city to the locations outside; however, a large number of these locations can be absorbed by a growing city. Suburbanization is mostly built near major communication axes their intersections and population centres concentrating basic public amenities. This is a complex process which is conditioned and caused by many interconnected factors. (Sýkora, 2002)

"There is also a change in the overall appearance of the urban cities – residential, industrial and commercial areas are concentrated along major transport routes around the city and urban agglomerations are shaped into so-called star-shaped shapes." (Trhlínová, 2008)

Suburbanization is one of the phases of urbanization process, which in 1982 defined Van Den Berg et al. It consists of four phases: urbanization, suburbanization, desurbanization and reurbanization.

Urbanization is a process of concentration of population and human activities into cities. The accompanying processes of urbanization include, for example, population growth, increasing the political and economic influence of cities, area expansion and others. Desurbanization means the process of population leaving metropolitan areas and moved to the countryside while rural areas in the wider metropolitan area are transformed into urban settlements. Re-urbanization is the opposite of suburbanization and desurbanization. In re-urbanization people return to the core areas of cities, at the same time housing returns, all this is linked to various programs aimed at restoring these areas. (Dnešní svět, 2017)

In the suburbanization zone, there is not only housing functions, but also retail, sports centres, leisure facilities and administrative buildings are emerging. Urban sprawl (in Czech “sídelní kaše”) is one of several exhibition of suburbanization. (Šilhánková, 2007) Ouředníček (2013) says that it is: “An uncoordinated and spontaneous suburban development without respecting the principles of a proper management of the environment (landscape). For urban sprawl is typical development of isolated islands with residential or commercial functions without connection to the technical, transport or social infrastructure and with severe impacts on the physical and social environment of metropolitan regions." Journal Dnešní svět (2017) defines urban sprawl as "Uncontrolled and spontaneous suburban development, where unpremeditated placement of residential or commercial premises takes place in the country."

V. Šilhánková herself and according to Koutny (2007) mentions a few negative consequences of urban sprawl:

 lack of public funds and private capital for renovation of already existing buildings  urban housing developments become ghettos, which is associated with an increase in crime in these areas  near to towns colonies of family houses are created without any connection to public amenities  dependence on passenger car transport

Suburbanization is associated with migration (more commonly “moving”), which indicates the movement of people from one area to another in order to settle there for a shorter or longer period.

For settlements, which were suburbanization, present some typical characteristics:

 population growth is higher than in core areas  new construction growth is also higher than in core areas  population growth is mainly due to immigration, partly also a natural increase  commuting to work exceeds commuting to these locations and forms a considerable proportion of the working population  a large part of the services (mainly specialized) is provided by the central city  higher share of young people (those who set up families) - the corresponding age structure of the population (Wokoun, 2008)

6.1 Development phases of suburbanization The development phases of suburbanization can be divided according to Ouředníček (2002) into:

1) Primary suburbanization Primary suburbanization is a designation for the growth of the suburbs in ancient times and the middle Ages. As already mentioned in Chapter 5, suburb after translation to Czech means “předměstí”, however for that time an alternative “settlement around the castle“ in Czech “podhradí” can be used, which is a typical growth of ancient and medieval cities, when the area was packed around the castles.

2) Classical (modern) suburbanization This part of the development of suburbanization is associated with greater use of means of transport, building new public transport routes and the growing interconnectedness of the facilities because of train connections. Improving transport and accessibility has the effect of moving people to the edges of cities, where they are looking for a healthier life. At the same time, industrial production is shifted to places where the factories are not in difficulty and, at the same time, have good transport accessibility. In the Western world, the impact of individual car transport is outweighed, on the contrary, in the socialist countries it is public transport.

3) Current (postmodern) suburbanization In recent decades, the United States of America has been developing new cities, which are located at the edges of metropolitan cities. These cities, which are beginning called edge cities, are unlike the suburbs almost independent of the core city of the metropolitan area. A typical example is Los Angeles.

6.2 Types of suburbanization Dnešní svět (2017) divides suburbanization by function into two main groups: residential (living) and commercial (work and service).

6.2.1 Residential suburbanization Residential suburbanization still exceeds commercial suburbanization in the number of objects. This is mainly the construction of facilities on the city outskirts and moving residents out of their cores. Thanks to the developers, new complexes of family houses are being created not only on the outskirts of the city but also completely separate complexes (Czech name “satelitní městečka” is used, in English it means “satellite towns“). The differences are mainly in price, land size and architecture. The disadvantage is mostly dependence on the core of the city. It is caused by developers who are concerned especially about earnings, so there is often lack of social needs (playgrounds, shops, schools, doctors). (Hnilička 2005) Luxury villas, which their owners build in isolated locations, are unforgettable. These people particularly want to point out their financial options they use to build their homes.

In recent years the construction of blocks of flats on the outskirts of the cities has been expanding because of people who want to live “healthier” but do not want to lose some comfort which flat offers or cannot afford a family house. (Sýkora, 2010)

6.2.2 Commercial suburbanization Suburbanization of a non-residential character can include displacement or a new localization of secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities. Specifically, it is mainly about the suburbanization of retail, warehouses, manufacturing sites (industrial zones) and jobs. Commercial suburbanization is considerably younger than residential suburbanization. (Ouředníček, 2013) In short, this is a suburbanization of economic activities. (Ouředníček, 2002)

For economic reasons, there is a construction of commercial suburbanization, especially in the vicinity of middle cities, creating many new job opportunities. (Wokoun, 2008)

One of the forms of this type of suburbanization is shopping centres, which require not only a considerable area for the construction of the centre itself but also a large area for parking place which is an essential part. These centres mostly include both the supermarket itself and leisure facilities such as cafes, restaurants, bowling, cinema, etc. (Koutná 2013 according to Kunc, 2012)

6.3 Consequences of suburbanization The spread of cities and building of new buildings have several negative ecological and environmental consequences. Nowadays, many people dream about buying their own house in nature, which is now more realistic than ever before. Unfortunately, moving of people to newly built buildings creates a higher need for car use; this increases fuel consumption thereby increasing the emissions from traffic which affect the quality of the environment. Another negative factor is taking up too much land which was intended for agricultural and forestry use. Moving people to the outskirts of cities is linked to the construction of shops and services which is associated with high costs. With the construction of new suburban buildings, satellite towns, industrial and shopping complexes and shopping areas, the construction of new road infrastructure and large parking places is increasing. (Šilhánková, 2007)

The effects of suburbanization can also include spatial and social segregation. During the planning of suburban construction, the social aspect of the residence is often forgotten the emphasis is placed on one function – housing. However, people have the necessity of meeting their needs whether in the area of civic amenities or in the possibility of spending their free time. (Šilhánková, 2007) Social segregation also strengthens the arrival of a higher social class with higher incomes. (Smolová, 2009) The suburbs also create a new phenomenon – so-called Green Widows. A green widow is “a housewife living in one of the satellite towns; this designation origin in Western countries, the term green is derived from the fact that the husbands have exported women from cities to the greenery of the new settlements, the widow then identifies their lonely lives when they spend the days themselves, because the husbands are fully busy at work.”

(cestina20.cz, 2011) These women often fall into alcoholism, drug addiction or suicidal tendencies, even though they can be considered by society as happy because they have a dream life.

6.4 Suburbanization in the Czech Republic Until 1990 in the Czechoslovakia, migration was affected by central planning mechanisms and by a small degree of migration mobility. According to statistical data at the end of the 1980s, less than 2 % of the population per year changed their residence. Migration mobility was relatively low in the first half of the 1990s. However, at the end of the 1990s and early 21st century, this migration behaviour was increasingly influenced by suburbanization processes. Larger cities get into a negative migration balance and municipalities that are in their background, are growing. (Trhlínová 2008)

Moving to the outskirts of the city was started by warehouses, which were pushed out of the canters already at the beginning of the nineties by restitution and privatization of houses. Rapid and strong increase in rents of office spaces forced investors to look for new premises, which would be cheaper. These areas were located on the outskirts of cities. Later on, the multinational retail chains are starting to build suburban shopping centres on the green meadow and thus change the usual retail schemes. (Maier, 2002)

Although suburbanization in the Czech Republic is a relatively new trend, positive and negative consequences are already visible. The Czech Republic could find inspiration in solving problems in developed countries. The purpose should be to balance the functionally exploited landscapes and different types of settlements so that the landscape, which is located in the countryside and to a certain extent is the cultural heritage of the Czech nation, was not destroyed by warehouses, commercial zones and insignificant family houses. (Trhlínová 2008)

7 DATA IN METHODOLOGY

7.1 Acquisition of data In this bachelor thesis, data on population, which are publicly provided by the Czech Statistical Office, were used. The data source for the successful creation of the cartogram was the data of ArcČR 500 - administrative division available at https://www.arcdata.cz/produkty/geograficka-data/arccr-500.

7.2 Data processing 7.2.1 Population data processing Information about the population in the Vyškov district had to be sorted out so that only the data including the population in 1996, 2006 and 2016 would remain. Then it was necessary to calculate the index of changes of 2006/1996 and 2016/1996. The index of change is a relationship showing the increase or decrease of number of inhabitants in individual municipalities. The index of the change is calculated according to the formula:

, where Px represents the population of the final years of observation (i.e. 2006 and 2016) and Py in the initial monitoring year (in 1996). (Sobotová, 2008) If the index is higher than 100, it means that the population has increased if it is lower, so it has decreased.

Tab. 2: Table of number of inhabitants in Vyškov district on 31st December 1996, 2006 and 2016 incl. index of change Number of inhabitants Index of Index of The number of The name of the st on 31 December change change municipality municipality 1996 2006 2016 (2006/1996) (2016/1996) 592897 Bohaté Málkovice 270 250 244 92.59 90.37 Bohdalice- 592901 849 792 853 93.29 100.47 Pavlovice 592919 Bošovice 1 034 1 050 1 218 101.55 117.79 592927 Brankovice 932 881 877 94.53 94.10 592935 Březina 11 5 0 45.45 0.00 592943 Bučovice 6 781 6 432 6 460 94.85 95.27 592978 Dětkovice 256 259 270 101.17 105.47 592986 Dobročkovice 199 213 212 107.04 106.53 592994 Dražovice 828 798 922 96.38 111.35 593001 Drnovice 2 193 2 275 2 377 103.74 108.39 593010 Drysice 516 533 570 103.29 110.47 593028 Habrovany 720 782 826 108.61 114,72 550213 Heršpice 648 662 825 102.16 127.31 593036 Hlubočany 498 491 492 98.59 98.80 593044 Hodějice 800 895 978 111.88 122.25 550825 Holubice 849 870 1 174 102.47 138.28 593052 Hostěrádky-Rešov 741 802 843 108.23 113.77 593061 Hoštice-Heroltice 547 580 603 106.03 110.24 593079 Hrušky 729 744 760 102.06 104.25 593087 Hvězdlice 662 631 579 95.32 87.46 593095 Chvalkovice 230 261 251 113.48 109.13 593117 Ivanovice na Hané 2 794 2 886 2 943 103.29 105.33 593125 Ježkovice 362 357 384 98.62 106.08 593141 Kobeřice u Brna 508 589 699 115.94 137.60 593150 Kojátky 344 341 297 99.13 86.34 593168 Komořany 630 677 693 107.46 110.00 550108 Kozlany 335 318 360 94.93 107.46 593184 Kožušice 116 106 114 91.38 98.28 593192 Krásensko 437 421 419 96.34 95.88 593214 Křenovice 1 766 1 779 1 925 100.74 109.00 593222 Křižanovice 675 722 808 106.96 119.70 Křižanovice u 593231 136 145 134 106.62 98.53 Vyškova 593249 Kučerov 478 470 495 98.33 103.56 593257 Letonice 1 404 1 411 1 394 100.50 99.29 593265 Lovčičky 513 566 676 110.33 131.77 593273 Luleč 602 747 924 124.09 153.49 593281 Lysovice 190 262 280 137.89 147.37 593290 Malínky 136 134 147 98.53 108.09

550141 Medlovice 278 324 302 116.55 108.63 593320 Milešovice 614 646 684 105.21 111.40 593338 Milonice 343 341 349 99.42 101.75 Moravské 593346 498 595 573 119.48 115.06 Málkovice 593371 Němčany 755 721 795 95.50 105.30 593389 Nemochovice 295 289 280 97.97 94.92 593397 Nemojany 504 606 690 120.24 136.90 593401 Nemotice 353 355 414 100.57 117.28 593419 Nesovice 1 133 1 140 1 077 100.62 95.06 593427 Nevojice 331 393 417 118.73 125.98 593435 Nížkovice 636 654 694 102.83 109.12 593443 Nové Sady 125 93 115 74.40 92.00 550132 Olšany 435 459 579 105.52 133.10 593460 Orlovice 323 312 315 96.59 97.52 593478 Otnice 1 351 1 399 1 553 103.55 114.95 550795 Podbřežice 229 232 247 101.31 107.86 593486 Podivice 185 185 193 100.00 104.32 550175 Podomí 438 429 420 97.95 95.89 593494 Prusy-Boškůvky 592 606 642 102.36 108.45 593508 Pustiměř 1 489 1 620 1 777 108.80 119.34 593516 Račice-Pístovice 1 005 1 053 1 216 104.78 121.00 593524 Radslavice 377 406 425 107.69 112.73 593532 Rašovice 669 623 691 93.12 103.29 Rostěnice- 554898 405 476 522 117.53 128.89 Zvonovice 593559 Rousínov 5 015 4 953 5 663 98.76 112.92 593567 Ruprechtov 553 558 611 100.90 110.49 553972 Rybníček 280 276 275 98.57 98.21 593583 Slavkov u Brna 5 919 6 143 6 597 103.78 111.45 593591 Snovídky 353 363 349 102.83 98.87 593605 Studnice 533 473 481 88.74 90.24 593613 Šaratice 874 961 1 048 109.95 119.91 593621 Švábenice 918 933 1 017 101.63 110.78 593630 Topolany 287 304 332 105.92 115.68 593648 Tučapy 485 505 560 104.12 115.46 550191 Uhřice 242 245 250 101.24 103.31 593656 Vážany 406 456 447 112.32 110.10 593664 Vážany nad Litavou 633 648 716 102.37 113.11 593681 Velešovice 876 1 081 1 281 123.40 146.23 592889 Vyškov 22 987 21 957 21 125 95.52 91.90 593699 Zbýšov 380 484 643 127.37 169.21 593702 Zelená Hora 177 227 282 128.25 159.32 Source: https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/databaze-demografickych-udaju-za-obce-cr

Based on this table, where the yellow colour represents the municipalities in which the index of change was higher or equal to 100 and blue colour represents the municipalities in which the index of change was higher or equal to 120, a criterion has been created, according to which the number of municipalities has been reduced only to those where the index of change 2006/1996 is equal or higher than 100 and at the same time the index of change 2016/1996 is equal or higher than 120.

The selected criterion was met only by 15 municipalities out of a total number of 79. Towns and villages meeting both requirements are:

1) Heršpice 9) Nevojice 2) Hodějice 10) Olšany 3) Holubice 11) Račice-Pístovice 4) Kobeřice u Brna 12) Rostěnice-Zvonovice 5) Lovčičky 13) Velešovice 6) Luleč 14) Zbýšov 7) Lysovice 15) Zelená Hora 8) Nemojany

7.2.2 Cartograms of indexes of changes When creating a cartogram, it was necessary to modify the attribute table provided by ArcČR 500 data. In this table, the municipalities were sorted out so that only the municipalities in the Vyškov district were left. Then was added information about indexes of change it all was followed by a creation of two cartograms that these indexes show.

Since each cartogram is for different time period, it was necessary to create two legends which would match the best. The legend in picture 3 consists only of five items since the highest index of change is not as high as the highest index of change as in picture 4, where it was necessary to create a legend containing six items.

Fig. 4: Index of change of population in the Vyškov District in 1996-2006, own source

Fig. 5: Index of change of population in the Vyškov District in 1996-2016, own source

8 RESULTS In this section there is a comparison of the aerial photographs of the aforementioned fifteen municipalities, when the essence is to find changes in the area of housing development, namely changes mainly in residential suburbanization which took place in the municipalities between 1996 and 2016. Each found change is shown in red. Each pair of photos is followed by a brief verbal description describing the major transformations that have taken place here.

It should be noted that some photos do not capture the entire municipalities. This is due to the fact that it was not possible to capture the entire municipality in the required scale, so that a comparison can be made; however, this factor did not affect comparison because there are no new constructions in the omitted parts.

8.1 Comparison of aerial photos

8.1.1 Comparison of the village of Heršpice

Fig. 6: Aerial photo of the village of Heršpice, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 7: Aerial photo of the village of Heršpice, 2015, source: mapy.cz

In the village of Heršpice, which is located south of Austerlitz near Brno, there have been many changes in terms of housing development in the selected time period. In Heršpice were built two completely new parts of the village (several dozen houses). These two main parts are located mainly in the north-eastern and western parts of the village. There has been a significant increase in houses that are spreading around newly built roads. The western part of the village has grown by about 19 new buildings, the northeast house subdivision of more than 20.

8.1.2 Comparison of the village of Hodějice

Fig. 8: Aerial photo of the village of Hodějice, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 9: Aerial photo of the village of Hodějice, 2015, source: mapy.cz

Hodějice village is located southeast of Austerlitz. The main increase in family houses is in the eastern part of the village, where a house subdivision of symmetrically opposite 20 family houses is located around the newly built road which is completed by another new building in the south. Another growth of houses is across the southern side of the village where separate houses are built as well as their colonies. Overall, the area has grown by more than 30 new buildings.

8.1.3 Comparison of the village of Holubice

Fig. 10: Aerial photo of the village of Holubice, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 11: Aerial photo of the village of Holubice, 2015, source: mapy.cz

Holubice is located about 10 km from Brno. The territory of the village passes the D1 highway with Exit 210, which certainly added to the lucrativeness of this village, since it is easily accessible from Brno. The village spreads in the southern direction, creating entirely new "quarters", which consist mainly of luxury homes. Over a given period of time, there were built mainly two large house subdivisions, which are consist of dozens of buildings as well as three smaller parts where there the increase is in the order of units. The total number of new buildings ranges between 20 and 30 buildings.

8.1.4 Comparison of the village of Kobeřice u Brna

Fig. 12: Aerial photo of the village of Koběřice u Brna, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 13: Aerial photo of the village of Kobeřice u Brna, 2015, source: mapy.cz

Although the village of Kobeřice u Brna falls into the chosen category, it is possible to observe that the growth of the new housing development in this village is not very significant. A small increase can be seen in the northwest and south-eastern parts of the village, where there are only a few buildings that are in the order of units (Do not exceed the number 10).

8.1.5 Comparison of the village of Lovčičky

Fig. 14: Aerial photo of the village of Lovčičky, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 15: Aerial photo of the village of Lovčičky, 2015, source: mapy.cz

Lovčičky is one of the villages where the population increase is already visible at first sight. In the northern part of the village a new large house subdivisions was created, consisting of about 23 new buildings. This significant increase is accompanied by a few buildings, which are located randomly in the central part of the village and one stand-alone building on the western border of the village.

8.1.6 Comparison of the village of Lysovice

Fig. 16: Aerial photo of the village of Lysovice, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 17: Aerial photo of the village of Lysovice, 2015, source: mapy.cz

The village of Lysovice is located about 10 km south of the district town Vyškov. Although this distance is relatively small, this village is probably not popular for building new houses because there were only two new buildings built between 2006 and 2016, located in the northern part of the village near the main road that passes through the village.

8.1.7 Comparison of the villages of Luleč a Nemojany

Fig. 18: Aerial photo of the villages of Luleč and Nemojany, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 19: Aerial photo of the villages of Luleč and Nemojany, 2015, source: mapy.cz

The villages Luleč and Nemojany are located very close to the district town and therefore they are popular for the construction of new houses. Since the municipalities are in the immediate vicinity, a photo, that captures both communities at the same time, was taken. There are two large house subdivisions, one in the north of the village Luleč and the other in the western part of Nemojany. Other houses are built randomly across both villages. The pictures show 11 places where one or more new buildings were built.

8.1.8 Comparison of the village Nevojice

Fig. 20: Aerial photo of the village of Nevojice, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 21: Aerial photo of the village of Nevojice, 2015, source: mapy.cz

The village of Nevojice is located a few kilometres from the town of Bučovice, near to a major arterial road – the E50 road. In this village, like in Kobeřice u Brna, there are not many new housing developments, even though it has the minimum required index of change. The village has expanded by 5 new buildings. One is located in the north of the village; the other 4 buildings are located in the southern part of the village.

8.1.9 Comparison of the village Olšany

Fig. 22: Aerial photo of the village of Olšany, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 23: Aerial photo of the village of Olšany, 2015, source: mapy.cz

The village of Olšany, which is famous in the Czech Republic thanks to the farm of the actor Bolek Polívka, has grown only in three places with just over 10 buildings. The largest increase in buildings is mainly in the north-eastern part of the village, where a new smaller house subdivision, reaching 7 buildings, was built. The second small group of buildings is on the southern edge of the village, where 5 new buildings were built. One new building was built in the centre of the village.

8.1.10 Comparison of the village Pístovice

Fig. 24: Aerial photo of the village of Pístovice, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 25: Aerial photo of the village of Pístovice, 2015, source: mapy.cz

Although it is Račice-Pístovice, it was necessary to divide the villages into two separated villages, since it was impossible to use one aerial photo that would be applied to both villages on a sufficient scale. The village of Račice is compared in pictures 26 and 27.

The village Pístovice, in which the popular garden colony is located, has spread mainly to the north of the village where two new house subdivisions was built. The eastern house subdivision, which spreads around the road, has six new buildings. The western subdivision, where the two communications were interconnected, consists of fewer newly built buildings than the eastern colony.

8.1.11 Comparison of the village Račice

Fig. 26: Aerial photo of the village of Račice, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 27: Aerial photo of the village of Račice, 2015, source: mapy.cz

The village of Račice, the second part of Račice-Pístovice, has slightly expanded. The growth of new buildings is in the north-eastern and south-eastern part of the village, in the part near Pístovice. There are very few new buildings; there are not more than 5.

8.1.12 Comparison of the village Rostěnice-Zvonovice

Fig. 28: Aerial photo of the village of Rostěnice-Zvonovice, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 29: Aerial photo of the village of Rostěnice-Zvonovice, 2015, source: mapy.cz

A major increase in the new building is located in the Zvonovice where the two new house subdivisions were built. Both subdivisions are located close to each other in the northern part of Zvonovice. The house subdivision located more to the west has more than 10 family houses, in the eastern subdivision there are about 5 new buildings. There is only one new building in the north of Rostěnice.

8.1.13 Comparison of the village Velešovice

Fig. 30: Aerial photo of the village of Velešovice, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 31: Aerial photo of the village of Velešovice, 2015, source: mapy.cz

The village of Velešovice is located on the E50 route, near the D1 highway and close to the Holubice exit. This village is in the last decade, like Holubice, popular for new residents, since it is also located a short distance from Brno. In the village mainly 3 large house subdivisions were built (1 in the east, 2 in the south). The Eastern subdivision counts about 10 new buildings. In each of the two southern house subdivisions, the houses are located symmetrically opposite each other and are created by more than 15 buildings.

8.1.14 Comparison of the village Zbýšov

Fig. 32: Aerial photo of the village of Zbýšov, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 33: Aerial photo of the village of Zbýšov, 2015, source: mapy.cz

Zbýšov village is located between Brno and Austerlitz. It is interesting that there are several villages in the vicinity of the village, which are closer to larger cities but people choose Zbýšov for living. In the eastern part of the village, along the roads, two larger house subdivisions were built, which together have more than 25 new buildings. In the north of the village, 4 new buildings were built 10 buildings in total.

8.1.15 Comparison of the village Zelená Hora

Fig. 34: Aerial photo of the village of Zelená Hora, 2006, source: mapy.cz

Fig. 35: Aerial photo of the village of Zelená Hora, 2015, source: mapy.cz

The village of Zelená Hora is located a few kilometres north of Vyškov. The village has been neglected for many years, however, in recent years the number of inhabitants has increased, which is connected with the construction of several new houses. The new buildings are situated mainly in the south of the village, where a total number of 7 new buildings was built. In the north and west, one building was built in each part of the village.

9 CONCLUSION The results of this bachelor thesis show that only 15 municipalities out of a total number of 79 met the conditions, which required that the index of change 2006/1996 has to be equal to or higher than 100 while the index of change 2016/1996 has to be equal to or higher than 120, therefore these municipalities could be further explored in this work. These are mainly municipalities which are located near town such as Vyškov – the district town but also larger towns such as Rousínov or Austerlitz.

In many municipalities, it is obvious that there is a large population growth due to the large number of built houses. Heršpice, Holubice Lovčičky and Zbýšov are examples of these municipalities.

There is also an obvious connection with exit 210 on highway D1 (at Holubice). Near the exit there are two municipalities (Holubice and Velešovice) where a large increase in new buildings is. This is mainly due to the accessibility from Brno, which is located only a few kilometres away.

It is interesting that the conditions were fulfilled by the municipalities of Lysovice, Kobeřice u Brna, Olšany etc., where only a few new buildings were built. In theory, they should not pass the chosen criteria in comparison to other municipalities. The main reason, why these villages met the criteria, is probably that there are a small number of inhabitants and then it was enough to increase the population only by a few people to fulfil the conditions. Another reason may be that the old houses were probably renovated, in which the younger generations, which are starting families, live and thus the population increases.

The results as well as the whole work can be used in geography lessons at lower and higher secondary schools in where the topic “Vyškov district” is taught. It will also diversify process of teaching and it brings a different point of view about the district that may not only be theoretical, dealing with facts and figures. It can be one of the interesting ways to incorporate practical geography into classes, which is certainly much more fun, and where the pupils can try to work with maps and compare aerial photographs of their communities in different time periods.

During the literature survey, whether books or bachelor's and diploma theses, I did not find a work, which would only deal with the comparison of aerial photographs of selected municipalities. For this reason, the work could be interesting and educational for the reader, as it also contains information about the company that takes the aerial photos for the portal mapy.cz from which the photos for this work were taken.

This work could be followed by a diploma thesis, where it could be applied to practical use in the form of worksheets related to suburbanization and remote sensing.

10 REFERENCES 10.1 Literature Dnešní svět: Časopis pro moderní výuku. 2017, 2016/2017(3). ISSN 1801-4119.

DOBROVOLNÝ, Petr. Dálkový průzkum Země: digitální zpracování obrazu. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 1998. ISBN 80-210-1812-7.

CHLÁDKOVÁ, Vendula. Atlas leteckých snímků okresu Vyškov. Brno, 2014. Bachelor thesis. Masarykova univerzita.

HALOUNOVÁ, Lena a Karel PAVELKA. Dálkový průzkum Země. Praha ČVÚT, 2008.

KOUTNÁ, Daniela. Rezidenční suburbanizace v zázemí Olomouce. Brno, 2013. Bachelor thesis. Masarykova univerzita.

SVATOŇOVÁ, Hana a Lubomír LAUERMANN. Dálkový průzkum Země - aktuální zdroj geografických informací. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2010. ISBN 978-80-210-5162-1.

MAIER, Karel. 2002: Právní nástroje a reálné možnosti ovlivnit suburbanizaci. In: Sýkora, Luděk. (ed.): Suburbanizace a její sociální, ekonomické a ekologické důsledky. Praha, Ústav pro ekopolitiku, s. 39-54. 2002. ISBN 80-901914-9-5.

MOUCHA Jan. Historické letecké snímky a jejich využití při zkoumání fluviálních forem. Brno, 2015. Bachelor thesis. Masarykova univerzita.

OUŘEDNÍČEK, Martin, Petra ŠPAČKOVÁ a Jakub NOVÁK, ed. Sub urbs: krajina, sídla a lidé. Praha: Academia, 2013. ISBN 978-80-200-2226-4.

OUŘEDNÍČEK, Martin 2002: Suburbanizace v kontextu urbanizačního procesu. In: Sýkora, Luděk. (ed.): Suburbanizace a její sociální, ekonomické a ekologické důsledky. Praha, Ústav pro ekopolitiku, s. 39-54. 2002. ISBN 80-901914-9-5.

SMOLOVÁ, Kristýna. Zelené vdovy jako fenomén dnešní společnosti. Praha, 2009. Diploma thesis. Univerzita Karlova.

SOBOTOVÁ, Jana. Suburbanizační procesy ve vybraných aglomeracích České republiky. České Budějovice, 2008. Diploma thesis. Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích.

SÝKORA, Luděk. 2002: Suburbanizace a její důsledky: výzva pro výzkum, usměrňování rozvoje území a společenskou angažovanost. In: Sýkora, Luděk. (ed.): Suburbanizace a její sociální, ekonomické a ekologické důsledky. Praha, Ústav pro ekopolitiku, s. 39-54. 2002. ISBN 80-901914-9-5.

ŠILHÁNKOVÁ, Vladimíra. Suburbanizace - hrozba fungování (malých) měst. Hradec Králové: Civitas per populi, 2007. ISBN 978-80-903813-3-9.

ŠPAČKOVÁ, Monika. Suburbanizace Uherskohradišťska. Brno, 2013. Diploma thesis. Masarykova Univerzita.

TRHLÍNOVÁ KHENDRICHE, Zuzana. 2008: Urbanizace a suburbanizace. In: WOKOUN, René. Regionální rozvoj: (východiska regionálního rozvoje, regionální politika, teorie, strategie a programování). Praha: Linde, s. 307-313. 2008. ISBN 978-80-7201-699-0.

WARNER, Timothy A., M. Duane. NELLIS a Giles M. FOODY. The Sage handbook of remote sensing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4129- 3616-3.

WOKOUN, René. Ekonomika v prostoru - svět, střední Evropa, EU, OECD, ČR. Praha: Linde, 2008. ISBN 978-80-7201-698-3.

10.2 Internet sources ArcČR® 500 [online]. Retrieved February 2, 2018, from: https://www.arcdata.cz/produkty/geograficka-data/arccr-500

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