WHII.12 World War II Objectives p. 113

WHII.12 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the worldwide impact of World War II by a) explaining economic and political causes, describing major events, and identifying leaders of the war, with emphasis on Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, George C. Marshall, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, , Hideki Tojo, and Hirohito; b) examining and other examples of genocide in the twentieth century; c) explaining the terms of the peace, the war crimes trials, the division of Europe, plans to rebuild and Japan, and the creation of international cooperative organizations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Essential Understandings p. 114

12a Many economic and political causes led to World War II. Major theaters of war included Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Leadership was essential to the Allied victory. 12b There had been a climate of hatred against in Europe and Russia for centuries. 12b Various instances of genocide occurred throughout the twentieth century. 12c The outcomes of World War II included the war crimes trials, the division of Europe, plans to rebuild Germany and Japan, and the establishment of international cooperative organizations. 12c The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was issued in 1948 to protect the “inherent dignity and…the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family….” Essential Questions p. 114

12a What were the causes of World War II? 12a What were the major events of World War II? 12a Who were the major leaders of World War II? 12b Why did the Holocaust occur? 12b What are other examples of genocides in the twentieth century? 12c What were the outcomes of World War II? 12c What were the war crimes trials? 12c How did the Allies promote reconstruction of the defeated powers? 12c What were the international cooperative organizations created after World War II? Why do I need to know this? p. 114

1. Hitler’s actions set off WWII. The results of the war still affect the politics and economics of today’s world. 2. WWII established the role of the U.S. as a leading player in international affairs. 3. The violence against Jews during the Holocaust led to the founding of Israel after WWII. 4. The Allies’ victory in WWII set up conditions for both the and today’s post-Cold War world. Major Leaders of the War

p. 115 Allies p. 115

1. United States a. Franklin D. Roosevelt – US president •Harry Truman became president when FDR died in April 1945 b. Generals •Dwight D. Eisenhower – supreme Allied commander in Europe •Douglas MacArthur – US general in the Pacific •George Marshall – Army Chief of Staff during WWII 2. Britain – Winston Churchill – prime minister 3. U.S.S.R. – Joseph Stalin Axis p. 115

1. Germany – Adolf Hitler – dictator of Germany a. Erwin Rommel – the “Desert Fox” 2. Italy – – dictator of Italy 3. Japan a. Hideki Tojo – Japanese general; directed the whole Japanese war effort b. Isoroku Yamamoto – Japanese admiral – planned c. Hirohito – emperor of Japan Causes of World War II

p. 115-117 Aggression by Totalitarian Powers p. 115

1. Japan overran in September 1931 a. invaded China in summer of 1937

2. Italy invaded in October 1935

3. Germany – March 1936: Hitler invaded the a. March 1938 – Hitler marched troops into , known as the Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931 Japan Expansion Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

Emperor The Austrian Anschluss, 1938 The “Problem” of the Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939 Nationalism p. 115

1. Hitler’s desire to unite all German-speaking people in one country 2. Mussolini’s desire to expand Italy’s influence and make it a world power 3. Japanese desire to unite all Asians under one empire and expel the European influence The p. 115 1. harsh sanctions against Germany caused resentment of the other European nations Weakness of the p. 115

1. Europe had looked to the US to take a lead role in the League of Nations 2. the League was unable to militarily help China and Ethiopia p. 117

1. Great Britain and France were desperate to avoid another global war 2. September 12, 1938 – Hitler demanded the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) be given to Germany a. Britain and France let him have it in the Munich Pact Appeasement: The , 1938

British Prime Minister

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. Major Events of the War

p. 117-119 Just Before the War p. 117

1. August 23, 1939 – Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact a. Hitler and Stalin agreed not to attack one another and agreed to split up The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939

Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov September 1, 1939 p. 117

1. Germany invaded Poland (beginning of World War II) 2. – lightning war 3. Poland fell in about 2½ weeks Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939

Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”] Blitzkrieg (Air)

Blitzkrieg (Land)

Fall of Poland European Theater of Operations April 9, 1940 p. 117

1. Germany invaded and took Norway 2. gave Germany access to the Atlantic Ocean Fall of France p. 117

1. May 10, 1940 – Germany invaded France

2. snuck into France through the Ardennes Forest

3. allies were caught off guard and evacuated from Dunkirk on May 26, 1940 a. 338,000 soldiers over nine days – one of the largest evacuations of all time

4. June 14, 1940 – Germany captured Paris

5. France was divided into two sections a. northern part was controlled by Germany b. southern part was a puppet government sympathetic to the Nazis •called – headed up by Marshall Philippe Petain •assisted in some operations and finding Jews Hitler in Paris France 1940

Battle of Britain p. 117

1. battle for air control over Britain 2. August 1940 – Germany bombed airfields and aircraft factories 3. September 7 to November 3, 1940 – Germany bombed London a. tried to damage the morale of the people – did not work

Battle

Battle of Britain: The “Blitz” The London “Tube”: Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz The Royal Air Force (RAF) The United States p. 119

1. 1937 – Congress passed Neutrality Acts enforcing a “cash and carry policy”

2. 1940 – Destroyers for Bases Agreement FDR agreed to give Britain 50 destroyers for bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda and the British West Indies

3. 1940 – Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act which authorized FDR to lend war equipment to any country deemed vital to the national security of the US U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941

Great Britain...... $31 billion ...... $11 billion France...... $3 billion China...... $1.5 billion Other European...... $500 million South America...... $400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000 Neutrality Acts Lend Lease Act German invasion of the Soviet Union () p. 119

1. June 22, 1941 – Hitler attacked the USSR a. Hitler claimed he needed the “living space” vital to Germany’s future b.Ukrainian wheat and Caucasian oil

2. caught Stalin off guard

3. Stalin ordered a scorched-earth policy

4. captured over half a million Soviet soldiers

5. December 2, 1941 – the were just outside a. The Soviet Union began pushing the Germans back Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

Prisoners of War

p. 119 The Holocaust p. 119

1. Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s problems 2. The Aryan – tall, blond hair, blue-eyed Nordic 3. mid-1940 – Nazis began putting Jews in ghettoes and concentration camps 4. June 1941 – Nazis began the mass murdering of Jews, especially in the USSR a. in Kiev, 35,000 were shot in two days 5. “The Final Solution” a. Nazi program for the elimination of the Jewish race (genocide) b. most Jews were sent to concentration camps and executed 6. the Nazis tried to keep the executions secret 7. little was done to help the Jews g. by the end of the war, 6 million Jews executed and another 6 million “undesirables” executed Ghettos Concentration Camp All Jews are Executed Auschwitz Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed Bramabirkenau Auschwitz Final Solution Bataan Death March p. 121

1. were captured by the Japanese in March 1942 2. the Japanese forced the POWs to march over 100 miles in a week 3. out of 140,000 US POWs, about 50,000 died 4. Japanese soldiers often committed suicide rather than surrender Bataan Death March: April, 1942

76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the Philippines. Major Events of the War

p. 121-123 The “Big Three”

Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin in 1942 Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor p. 121

1. July 1941 – the US placed an embargo on Japan for its taking of China and other southeast Asian countries a. oil, food and seized Japanese assets in the US

2. Japan decided the US stood in its way to expand in Asia

3. December 7, 1941 – the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor a. “a date which will live in infamy” b. sunk or disabled 19 American ships; destroyed 188 planes; killed 2,400 people Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941

A date which will live in infamy! Hawaii Pearl Harbor Map Pearl Harbor 1 Pearl Harbor 2 USS Arizona President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War Pearl Harbor Memorial

2,887 Americans Dead! : Winter of 1942-1943

German Army Russian Army 1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men 10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns 675 tanks 894 tanks 1,216 planes 1,115 planes Turning Points p. 121

1. July 1942 – February 1943: Battle of Stalingrad a. Germans laid siege to Stalingrad b.February 1943 – Russians defeated the Germans – turning point in the East

2. July 1943 – Allies invaded Italy

3. June 4, 1944 – Allies took Rome

4. June 4-7 1942 – the US defeated the Japanese at the – turning point against Japan in the Pacific

5. November 1943 – the Japanese began using kamikaze pilots against the US Navy Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad Kamikaze Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“”] 6. D-Day – June 6, 1944 – turning point in a. Operation Overlord – planned invasion of Normandy b. 176,000 soldiers, 600 warships and 10,000 aircraft left England c. Opened up a second front in Europe d. August 25, 1944 – the Allies took Paris D-Day Invasion Storming the Beach Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944)

German Prisoners

Higgins Landing Crafts

D-Day July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot

Major Claus von Stauffenberg July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot

1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von Below 10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss 11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant 12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured) 13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend 14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured) The : Hitler’s Last Offensive

Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1945 Victory Over Germany p. 121 1. Summer 1944 – the Soviets had forced Germany out of the USSR

2. December 1944 – Germany tried a last ditch effort at the Battle of the Bulge

3. April 1945 – US and Soviet troops met at the Elbe River

4. May 8, 1945 – V-E Day a. the Germans surrendered

5. July 1945 – Potsdam Conference a. Allies decided what to do with Germany b.issued an unconditional surrender to Japan •“unconditionally surrender or face prompt and utter destruction” V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

General Keitel Potsdam Conference Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945

Cyanide & Pistols

The Führer’s Bunker

Mr. & Mrs. Hitler

Mussolini & His Mistress, Claretta Petacci Are Hung in Milan, 1945

Pearl Harbor Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle: First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942 Victory Over Japan p. 123

1. the US adopted an "island-hopping" campaign to get to Japan

2. used captured islands to launch bombers against Japanese cities

3. Nov. 1943 - Battle of Tarawa Island a. of the 5,000 Japanese soldiers, only 17 were captured alive

4. early 1945 – Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa a. of 110,000 Japanese defenders, only 11,000 survived Pacific Theater of Operations Allied Counter-Offensive: “Island-Hopping” Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle: First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942 Battle of Midway Island: June 4-6, 1942 Japanese Kamikaze Planes: The Scourge of the South Pacific

Kamikaze Pilots

Suicide Bombers US Marines on Mt. Surbachi, Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945] The : Los Alamos, NM

I am become Major General Lesley R. Groves death, the shatterer of worlds! Dr. Robert Oppenheimer Tinian Island, 1945

Little Boy Fat Man

Enola Gay Crew Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

© 70,000 killed immediately. © 48,000 buildings. destroyed. © 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later. 5. August 6, 1945 – 1st atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima 6. August 9, 1945 – 2nd atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki 7. August 14, 1945 – Japan formally surrendered Island Hopping Atomic Bomb Atomic Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hiroshima Hiroshima Japanese A-Bomb Survivors Radiation from the Atomic Bomb Outcomes of World War II

p. 123 Casualties p. 123

1.50 million people died a. USSR – 13.7 million soldiers and 7 million civilians (20.7 million total) b. Germany – 3.5 million soldiers and 2.8 million civilians (6.3 million total) c. Japan - 1.3 million soldiers and 672,000 civilians (2 million total) d.France – 210,000 soldiers and 350,000 civilians (560,000 total) e. Britain – 264,000 soldiers and 93,000 civilians (357,000 total) f. U.S. – 292,000 soldiers 6,000 civilians (298,000 total) g. China – 2 million soldiers and 7.8 million civilians (9.8 million total) h.Poland – 123,000 soldiers and 5.7 million civilians (5.8 million total) establishment of two major powers p. 123

1. The US and the USSR

2. Created a fierce rivalry between the two countries War Crimes Trials p. 123

1. November 1945 – September 1946 – Nuremburg Trials for Nazi leaders

2. Japanese military leaders were also tried for war crimes p. 123

1. replaced the failed League of Nations 2. quickly drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government Division of Europe – the Iron Curtain

1. the USSR took control of many Eastern European countries and established communist governments there

2. western Europe remained democratic Postwar Germany and Japan

p. 125 Efforts for reconstruction of Germany p. 125

1. democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin 2. Germany and Berlin divided among the four Allied powers 3. West Germany soon became an economic power in postwar Europe Efforts for reconstruction of Japan p. 125

1. US under MacArthur’s administration a. kept the emperor as a figure head b. set up a democratic government 2. helped rebuild Japanese cities and economy a. Japan soon became an economic power in Asia 3. elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities 4. United States’ guarantee of Japan’s security Times Square, NYC