15780 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS GSA HEAD HELPS ADVANCE FAIR agreement whereby Crystal City would rent action program to control the :flow of nar­ HOUSING to Negroes who worked for an agency housed cotics between the two countries; and in the complex. And this limited agreement Whereas, in 1959, the Board of Supervisors was interpreted as narrowly a.s possible. of t he County of Los Angeles requested Presi­ HON. HUGH SCOTT For example, although the Food and Drug dent Eisenhower to establish a control com­ Administration had offices in Crystal City, mission to which he responded by sending a OF PENNSYLVANIA a Negro FDA employe was denied opportunity f act-finding team to Los Angeles and other IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES t o rent an apartment there because he cit ies to in vestigate the drug traffic problem; Thursday, June 12, 1969 worked at another locat ion. and Kunzig's recent decree may help to avoid Whereas, in 1962, President John F. Ken­ Mr. SCOT!'. Mr. President, I am that kind of nonsense. It m ay also help to n edy called the first White House Conference pleased to invite the attention of desegregate the suburbs. The people who a-re on Narcotics and Drug Abuse, and, while Congress to an article that commends developing the office building complexes there was much discussion and debat e, little the effort on equal opportunity and fair around the Beltway know that the Govern­ action resulted; and ment makes a very good tenant, and they Whereas, in March, 1968, Supervisor Ken­ housing that is being conducted by Rob­ can be expected to do what they can to con­ n eth Hahn urged President Lyndon B. John­ ert L. Kunzig, head of the General Serv­ vin ce GSA that they are wort hy landlords. son to continue to seek at the presidential ices Administration, who was formerly GSA thus could strike the same kind of level the establishment of a joint commis­ my administrative assistant and long­ blow for fair housing as the Pentagon did sion with, but he could not include it in his time friend. with its 1967 order that placed off limits to program at that time; and As William Raspberry writes in the all servicemen apartment s that refused to Whereas, in 1947, a joint presidential com­ Washington Post of June 11, 1969: rent to Negro servicemen. mission was established to set up controls for The GSA rule change goes even furt her hoof and mouth disease which was plagu ing GSA thus could strike the same kind of than the Pentagon edict. The latter was con­ cattle on both sides of the border, such a blow for fair housing as the Pentagon did cerned primarily with racial discrimination. commission is even more needed for the with its 1967 order to place off-limits to all GSA's order speaks not only to the avail­ health of our young people whose lives are servicemen apartments that refused to rent ability of housing without regard to race but daily in:fiuenced by the ready supply of to Negro servicemen. also to the availability of housing within the marijuana, barbituates and other danger­ I ask unanimous consent that the price range of the affected employes. ous drugs which must be cut off by striking article be printed in the REcORD. Kunzig said his order is in line with at the steady stream of illicit traffic across President Nixon's directions to "provide the border with Mexico. There being no objection, the article maximum job opportunities for persons in Now, therefore, be it resolved that the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, less advantaged groups." He thereby indi­ City Council of the City of Lomita respect­ as follows: cates his awareness that housing opportunity fully requests the President of the United NEW GSA CHIEF CuRBS AGENCIES' TREND TO is an integral part of job opportunity. States, the Honorable Richard M. Nixon, to ''DECENTRALIZE'' establish with the President of Mexico, the (By William Raspberry) Honorable Gustave Diaz Ordaz, to halt the illicit :flow of narcotics and dangerous drugs For several years, the General Services Ad­ HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION 486 between our two countries, and ministration-partly unthinkingly and part­ Be it further resolved that copies of this ly a.s a. result of an old Eisenhower edict­ resolution be forewarded to Secretary of State has been "decentralizing" low-level govern­ William P. Rogers, Attorney General John N. ment employees out of work. HON. GLENN M. ANDERSON OF CALIFORNIA Mitchell, Secretary of Health, Education and The decentralization trend was in some Welfare Robert H. Finch and to California measure the outgrowth of an official preoc­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES U.S. Senators and Representative Glenn An­ cupation with atomic war. The idea was to Thursday, June 12, 1969 derson in the Congress. make it difficult for a single enemy attack Approved and adopted this 5th day of May, to immobilize the government. Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. 1969. But it also stemmed from GSA's efforts Speaker, I would like to bring to the CLYDE S. BERNHARDT, to meet growing demands for modern, well­ Mayor. appointed office space with parking and attention of my colleagues a resolution greenery. And since the building growth by another city in my district, the City of Attest: Lomita, Calif., urging the creation of a DAwN R . ToMrrA, was heaviest in the suburbs, GSA started City Clerk. looking in that direction, unmindful, one Presidential Commission between the supposes, of the hardships it was working United States and Mexico to help control H.J. RES. 486 on th.: government's low-grade black em­ the fiow of narcotics and dangerous drugs ployes for whom transportation was inade­ between our two countries. Joint Resolution to request the President to quate and moving was out of the question. negotiate with the Mexican Government The trend continued, however, long after This resolution asks thr President to for the purpose of setting up a. jo1nt these hardships had been called to GSA's at­ set up a joint commission with the Mexi­ United States-Mexican commission to in­ tention. GSA kept pointing to the Eisen­ can Govttrnment as Congressman DICK vestigate the :flow of marihuana, narcotic hower decree as its justification. HANNA and I proposed in House Joint drugs, and dangerous drugs between the Now GSA's new administrator, Robert Resolution 486. United States and Mexico L. Kunzig, has moved to stop the agency from Mr. Speaker, it is my hope and that of Whereas Mexico is the primary source of riding roughshod over the poor folk. He has many people in-California, that Pr~sident supply for narcotic drugs and dangerous done so by ordering revisions in the Federal Nixon can be persuaded to take the nec­ drugs brought into the southwestern part of property management regulations. essary steps to set up such a commission. the United States; and Rules apply both to construction of public Whereas these narcotic drugs and danger­ buildings and the leasing of privately held This is vital in order to halt the abusive­ ous drugs are subsequently distributed space now include this provision: use of harmful drugs. If we ignore this throughout the United States; and In selecting sites for building or leasing threat to our society, then the future Whereas 100 per centum of the marihuana office space, "GSA will avoid locations which cost to society will be immense in terms seized by the enforcement officials in the wlll work a hardship on employes because of crime, and human degradation. I am southwest part of the United States comes ( 1 ~ there is a lack of adequate housing for including in the RECORD a copy of the from Mexico; and low and middle income employes within a resolution by the city of Lomita and a Whereas the smuggling of narcotic drugs reasonable proximity and (2) the location is copy of the bill which we have intro­ and dangerous drugs into the United States not readily accessible from other areas of the poses the largest single problem for collectors urbaL center." duced: of the customs and for the Federal courts in The new rule, which became effective upon RESOLUTION No. 69- 24 the southwestern part of the United States; its publication in the May 29 Federal Regis­ A resolution of the city council of the and t er, represents a major advance in GSA's city of Lomita Whereas the use of narcotic drugs and thinking. Whereas, the most effective way to stop the dangerous drugs by juveniles has great ly in­ Less than two years ago, the agency was illicit t raffic in narcotics and dangerous drugs creased due to the easy accessibility of such locating Federal agencies in such com­ into our community is to cut off' the supply drugs from Mexico: Now, therefore, be it plexes as Arlington's Crystal City which were at its source, there should be established a. Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep­ refusing to rent apartments to Negroes. After joint presidential commission between the resentatives of the United States of America some official pressure, GSA worked out a.n United States and Mexico to undertake an in Congress assembled, That the President is June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15781 requested to initiate negotiations with the was going to feed my family. And only until Revolution, and Peace at Stanford Government of Mexico for the purpose of Ben made certain of that did his thoughts University. setting up a joint United States-Mexican turn to his own needs-that was the Ben commission to investigate and to recommend Levine way back in 1926-and he never This well-conceived and illuminating appropriate solutions concerning the flow changed from that moment on. analysis of the Soviet Union's alterna­ of marihuana, narcotic drugs, and dangerous He became an elected representative of the tives and capabilities is all the more im­ drugs between said countries. Union in June of 1932 and served the Union portant, coming as it does, at a time and its membership with honor, with pride­ when concerted efforts are being made with distinction and with love. For each and in this country to depreciate external every day of these past 37 years he loved his military threats and to debilitate the EULOGY OF BEN LEVINE BY JOSEPH Union and his members and they returned that love with full and total devotion. efforts of this Nation to maintain a BELSKY How can anyone forget his speech at the strong defensive posture. I strongly rec­ 60th Anniversary of his Union held at the ommend this fine article to my colleagues HON. JACOB K. JAVITS · Americana Hotel-he came from a sick bed to and invite their attention to the fallow­ attend. His speech that evening was a great, ing quotation which in the original ar­ OF NEW YORK glorious speech tinged with the famous Ben ticle appeared with a photograph not IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Levine wit and humor. How few of us really reproduced below: Thursday, June 12, 1969 appreciated the pain that wracked his great body. But he neither sought nor accepted STRATEGIC PoWER OF THE U.S.S.R. Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, on April sympathy or pity-for that was not his way (By Lt. Col. Richard F. Staar) 11, 1969, Mr. Ben Levine, a long-time of life. (NoTE.-The views and conclusions ex­ leader in the trade union movement in Ben always was interested in the "other pressed herein are those of the author and person". His own personal needs came last­ should not be interpreted as representing the New York City, passed away. Mr. Levine if at all. During the days of his illness, a official opinion or policy of the Department was business representative for the He­ fund raising affair was held at this very of Defense.) brew Butcher Workers Union for over Community Center. Ben Levine telephoned "The Soviet Army is educated in the spirit 40 years. countless friends from his sick bed to secure of friendship of peoples and of proletarian I ask unanimous consent that a eulogy their contributions to this love of his heart internationalism. That spirit of proletarian of Mr. Levine delivered by Mr. Joseph and light of his eyes. That his friends of the solidarity, friendship, and mutual aid com­ Belsky, international vice president of Community Center esteemed him is self­ prises the very essence of our army." Chief­ the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and evident in their naming their ballroom the of-Staff Marshal M. V. Zakharov, Sovetskaya Ben Levine Auditorium. Rossiya, (February 23, 1969). Butcher Workmen of North America, be Ben's mind was keen and sharp to the very According to an official Soviet definition, printed in the RECORD. end. My colleague Phil Borus visited him military doctrine represents a conceptual There being no objection, the eulogy daily at the hospital and then at Ben's home. framework which provides the means and was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Philip gave daily reports to Ben. And if Philip methods for solving military tasks in the as follows: couldn't call for an hour or two, Ben would interest of politics. Its basic principles are Ben Levine was a big man! Big in many quickly call Philip at the office to find out if determined by the political leadership 1 i.e., ways. Large of stature but of far greater any problems had been encountered. in reality by the Communist party. Doctrine importance was the bigness of his heart, his There were four. Then there were three. is influenced by geographic location, the na­ compassion and his spirit! And now there are but two. Two who will tional characteristics of the people, economic This loved and loving husband-father­ never ever forget the love, the faith, the resources, ideology and foreign policy. grandfather was my friend and colleague courage and the total dedication of a great, Strategy remains dependent upon doctrine, through all of the 43 years that we shared wonderful, delightful giant of a man. because the latter formulates overall policy together. He had unlimited energy, a genial, It would not be a fitting service to recall and basic principles. delightful personality and possessed of the Ben Levine with words of sadness or sorrow Starting out from these general guidelines, generous instincts of a fine, gracious gen­ for his goodness, his humor and his com­ Soviet military strategists then work on prob­ tleman. passion recall moments upon moments of lems concerning the nature of war in the Ben was a fine family man-he loved to proudful happenings brought about because future, preparation for different types of be with his family. He was a devoted hus­ of his having been such an important part of conflict, organization of the armed forces, band to Tibie. He was an affectionate father us all. and methods for conducting warfare. Marshal to Marsh and Sylvia. He maintained a close Words are futile and inadequate at a time of the Soviet Union V. D. Sokolovskii and relationship with his sons-in-law Teddy and like this. We can but bow our heads to the the co-authors of Voennaya strategiya (3rd Mel. He adored his 4 grandchildren and they will of God, who is the Father of us all, and edition, 1968) certainly exaggerate, however returned that love in full measure. but say in our hearts and mind: Is there when they claim that !!__ During his illness, his children and grand­ beyond the silent night an endless day? Is "Soviet military strategy is guided by the children were with him continuously-all of death a door that leads to light? We cannot progressive, rational, and completely scien­ them. Tibie, Marsha, Sylvia, Mel and Teddy say! The tongueless secret locked in fate! tific theory of Marxism-Leninism, by the were daily visitors to his hospital bedside­ We cannot know! We can-but watch-and philosophy of dialectic and historical ma­ and when he returned home, they saw to wait. terialism, which makes possible scientific in­ his every need and desire-not out of any We pray that his beloved family will derive vestigation and appropriate utilization of the sense of duty but with full proud hearts a great measure of comfort in the knowledge objective laws determining victory in mod­ bearing their love with great, great dignity. that we, too, share their loss of a great, ern war." No one whose privilege it was to know great, wonderful ntan. The well-known and often repeated dictum him is likely to forget the candor of his that "war represents a continuation of faith, the warm and glowing brightness of politics by other [violent) means" derives his friendship. from Karl von Clauaewitz (1780-1831) and What he preached, he practiced. What he not Marx or Lenin, although the latter bor­ believed, he believed fully and completely STRATEGIC POWER OF THE U.S.S.R. rowed it. The concept of an "international with all of his heart and soul. He fought very duty" for the Soviet military has been pub­ hard for every cause in which he enlisted­ licized by Western journalists as something for they were good and right. And others HON. DAVID E. SATTERFIELD Ill relatively new. Five days prior to the invasion learned to know the rightness of these causes OF VIRGINIA of Czechoslovakia, however, the dr.ily news­ for Ben never gave mere "lip" service to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES paper of the USSR defense ministry quoted such circumstance. We were proud to join from a 1920 speech of Lenin standing before with Ben and he rejoiced in the sharing of Thursday, June 12, 1969 troops departing for Poland about their his causes with others. "international obligation." 3 I first met Ben Levine in September of Mr. SATTERFIELD. Mr. Speaker, the June issue of the Marine Corps Gazette The same newspaper only three weeks later 1926 some 43 years ago when I became Sec­ printed a photograph of Soviet tanks and retary-Treasurer of Local 234. At that time contains an article by Lt. Col. Richard crewa on the front page, with the caption Ben Levine had already become a member of F. Staar on "The Strategic Power of the that they were "fulfilling their international the Union back in 1922 when he was a worker U.S.S.R." The author, who is on active duty to assist the brotherly Czechoslovak in a kosher butcher shop. duty with the U.S. Marine Corps, has people in maintaining Socialist achievements Our Union was far from what it is today. authored several articles and books and against attempts by counterrevolution­ We had no money in our treasury. So Ben has been a professor of fordgn affairs aries." 4 Over the past 50 years many such Levine who worked 14 hours a day brought examples can be found. There also has ap- his wages to· the union office and shared at the National War College since 1967. them with me. Since I was married and had On July 1 he will become associate di­ a small son, Ben's first concern was how I rector of the Hoover Institution on War. .Footnotes at end of article. 15782 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969 peared an editorial statement in Pravda (26 where NATO crosses the invisible line as a sarily coordinated) efforts to infiuence the September 1968) to the effect that formal result of a perceived threat to its prestige; East European countries to leave WTO and to ideas of sovereignty and national independ­ (3) escalation from a local war, due to a con­ revive latent territorial claims against the ence will not present USSR interven­ flict between vital interests; (4) an accident USSR. Already as far back as 1964, Mao T~e­ tion in Communist-ruled countries, threat­ based on misinterpretation of an order, a tung, in reply to a question about the Kunle ened by "counter-revolutionaries" (the so­ mental breakdown, or a military coup d'etat. Islands posed by visiting Japanese parliamen­ called Brezhnev Doctrine) . A surprise Western attack under any of tarians from the Socialist Party, had enumer­ CATEGORIES OF WAR the foregoing conditions assumes extra~r~U­ ated Karelia, the three Baltic Republics, for­ nary importance, since it may be decisive Other than the Czechoslovak type of police mer East Prussia, the eastern part of Poland, for the outcome of the war. Therefore, ac­ Subcarpathian Ruthenia, Bessarabia, and action, rarely mentioned as a contingency, cording to this Soviet logic, one should writers on Soviet military affairs envisage the Northern Bukavina as lands that should be possibility of three categories of wars: (1) anticipate a surprise attack in the form of returned by Russia in addition to the Kuriles. general or world war; (2) a local or geo­ a nuclear strike by the United States. Not He mentioned his own, as yet unspecified and graphically limited war; and (3) national only must USSR armed forces be prepared unsettled, claim to territories seized from liberation or civil war. Depending upon its to respond through their second strike capa­ China by both tsarist and bolshevik Russia. nature, a conflict may be described as just or bility but according to certain military Five years later, in Aprill969, the comm~nist writers ev~n break up an American attack Chinese embassy in London began distnbut~ else unjust. Both adjectives have been ap­ 8 plied to at least one and the same war. Thus, by lau~ching a preemptive strike. ing a map which shows 400,000 square miles during the Hitler-Stalin Pact (1939-1941) Since there will be tremendous pressure of land inside the USSR as having been de­ for decisive action in an attempt to seize tached from China on the basis of "unequal the world conflict was defined as having been 13 "unjust" and the Western allies as imperialist the strategic initiative, some Soviet military treaties." aggressors. Over-night, on 22 June 1941, the writers believe that it is vitally important LIMITED WAR war suddenly became "just" with the Anglo­ for the USSR to strike first. The following Obviously, no commentator in the USSR French (after Pearl Harbor, also the Ameri­ priorities in targeting would seem probab~~: has suggested the possibility of a national cans) henceforth and until May 1945 helping (1) the main region with the greatest ~ili­ liberation war to recover any of the above So­ to defend Russia. tary and economic potential, i.e., the Umted viet annexations. (That eventuality is re­ During the current "epoch", authoritative States, especially its north-eastern and west stricted to Latin America, Africa, the Middle Soviet military writers stress the necessity coasts; (2) the next strongest country, East, and Asia by Soviet writers.) This kind of avoiding a world war by means of con­ namely the Federal Republic of Germany, of war has been recognized as "limited" due ducting a policy of peaceful coexistence as which is second only to the United States to the fact that more than 70 confiicts or in­ reaftirmed by the political leadership at the as a great industrial power; an~ (3). thi.rd terventions have taken place since 1945 but most recent (23rd) congress, held by the in military importance is Britam, With Its not one has escalated to a major confronta­ Communist Party of the Soviet Union. How­ skilled human resources. Simultaneously tion between the two super powers. Commu­ ever, according to Marshal Sokolovskii.5 with these ICBM, medium range ballistic nist military commentators admit that a local "The principle of peaceful coexistence does missile (MRBM) and intermediate range or limited war may even be fought in Cen­ not apply to the internal processes of the ballistic missile (ffiBM) strikes, conven­ tral Europe, if NATO does not employ nuclear class and national liberation struggles in the tional rapid combined arms operations would weapons in such a confiict. Once such weap­ capitalist countries and colonies. Struggles be launched to conquer and invest the West ons have been used, even at the tactical level, between the two social systems are and must European bridgehead. Such an invasion rapid escalation will occur.14 be carried out by peaceful means-economic, might follow two routes: 9 (1) across the National liberation wars to date have taken political, ideological, but not military." North European lowland from Warsaw via place only in the so-called Third World. USSR Berlin to the English Channel, and (2) The foregoing Soviet attitude may and policy-makers realize the difficulties of the probably will change if the political leader­ south along the Budapest-Vienna-Munich West in fighting these wars. They point to axis.10 ship decides that overwhelming military su­ Algeria, from which the French withdrew in periority has been attained. The key to such Such an occupation of Western Europe 1963 after seven years of fighting, and to a situation could be a powerful future scien­ (if undertaken) would have as its probable Vietnam,15 where the Americans have been tific-technological and industrial base now objectives the destruction of NATO's main involved since 1961, as examples of such being emphasized by the party. forces, denial to the United States of a fiascos. In Soviet eyes, the West cannot end Soviet writers on military strategy empha­ beachhead for subsequent return, control these wars quickly but rather sustains great size that the principal means employed in a over resources as a substitute for a badly losses in manpower and money. The West also general war will comprise nuclear-missile damaged USSR, and a possible safe haven suffers from a decline in political prestige troops, i.e., ICBM's.' These weapons of mass for Soviet troops in case the United States throughout the world. destruction allegedly make possible direct were reluctant to launch nuclef+r strikes In addition, national liberation wars pro­ attainment of objectives. Nevertheless, a against such cities as Berlin or Paris or vide limited possibilities for the effective em­ qualification is immediately added that ulti­ Rome. Obviously, such operations would ployment of modern weapons like tanks, mate victory requires all other types of armed mean crossing Eastern Europe or even utiliz­ heavy artillery, and aircraft. Finally, the forces, such as ground troops, air, navy, and ing Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) USSR probably believes that tactical nuclear anti-missile defense. Large reserves for actual forces to invest Western Europe. weapons will not be used by the West in warfare and as replacements support the re­ Until recently, most discussion about the such wars because of the escalation risk, quirements for mass armies, to which would Warsaw Pact considered the so-called North­ the absence of appropriate targets, and the be added mobilization of the entire people in ern Tier (comprising East Germany, Poland, danger that the less developed countries time of war. and Czechoslovakia) to be generally reliable (even those in La tin America) would turn USSR strategic objectives certainly include !"rom the Soviet point of view. The loyalty against the United States. of the last country has become highly ques­ the simultaneous destruction of the enemy's U.S.S.R. MILITARY CAPABILITIES armed forces and his politico-military centers tionable since the 650,000 troops crossed into Czechoslovakia during late August 1968. As suggested in the foregoing, it is en­ at home. The main Soviet effort obviously visaged by the Soviet High Command that would be concentrated on the latter, in order USSR propaganda continues to portray the Federal Republic of Germany as follows: u all five branches of the Soviet armed forces to eliminate the enemy's capacity for direct­ would participate in a general war. The most ing and conducting warfare. This initial pe­ "With the aid of their American protectors, West German revenge-seekers are making powerful of these are the Missile Troops for riod is of special importance during a thermo­ Strategic Designation, established in Octo­ nuclear conflict, because the USSR probably great efforts to obtain nuclear weapons, hoping to exploit them for the purpose of ber 1961 as a separate branch. They had four envisages that the maximum number of different commanding officers in as many ICBM's will be launcb,ed and that most of its revising the existing frontiers in Europe." The West Germans alone, with their popu­ years (Marshals Nedelin, Moskalenko, Biryu­ troops will be thrown into battle. Hence, zov, and currently Nikolai I. Krylov) . T~is military operations will be most destructive lation of sixty million pose a relatively small if may have indicated a certain amou1_1t of dis­ in this initial phase.7 Considering the poten­ threat to the USSR unaided. However, in Soviet eyes both Red China and the Federal satisfaction by Khrushchev or growmg pains tial capabilities, tenacity, and determination or both. of the United States, however, other Soviet Republic of Germany are seeking to enlist Eastern Europe as part of a potential two­ At any rate, it is estimated that these writers have indicated that it is necessary Strategic Rocket Forces now total about also to anticipate the possibility of a long front coalition against the USSR. During the early 1960's Peking attempted to exploit the 200,000 men and had about 900 ICBM's on and protracted war. 1 September 1968, i.e., nearly the same as dissatisfaction among the East German lead­ 16 GENERAL WAR ership with Krushchev's vacillating policy on the United States. In addition it is believed Although hoping to avoid a thermo-nuclear Berlin. Radio Peking has been attacking the the USSR Strategic Missile Forces control exchange, USSR commentators state the Soviet Union in Czech, Polish, Romanian, and about 750 MRBM's and mBM's, with ranges American policies may precipitate it for one Slovak language broadcast because of the of 1,100 to over 2,000 miles respectively, which of several reasons: (1) a faulty estimate that invasion of Czechoslovakia and reportedly are targeted probably against the Federal the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) in­ Republic of Germany, Britain, and even praising anti-USSR demonstrations in the France. They may be supplemented by mobile tends to strike; (2) a critical confrontation, 12 latter country. solid-fuel missiles, publicized in photographs Hence, the concern over a two-front threat appearing from time to time in Soviet mili­ Footnotes at end of article. based on Chinese-West German (not neces- tary newspapers and perodicals. June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15783 The largest in size among the branches, 1968 and probably could serve as a bomber more emphasis to strategic offensive goals. In with about two million men organized into after modification in time of war. About 150 ·addition to the growth in numbers of 140 divisions, are the ground forces. Their long-range Aerofl.ot passenger aircraft al­ ICBM's, there is the fractional orbit bom­ separate command had been abolished by ready now in service might be converted to bardment system (FOBS) mentioned by the Khrushchev and apparently subordinated di­ wartime use for strategic purposes. Seven current U.S. Defense Secretary Melvin R. rectly to the Chief of Staff. Reestablished new models of Soviet aircraft were flown at Laird at a press conference and before the soon after his ouster in October 1964, these the 1967 Moscow air show. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, both troops are now commanded by General of Turning to the Soviet navy, it has estab­ in February 1969. The 13th FOBS test was the Army Ivan G . Pavlovskiy who has been lished fleets for independent operations on reported to have taken place on 2 October one of the deputy USSR defense ministers two seas and two oceans. In tonnage, it is 1968, under cover of the Cosmos-244 space since April 1967. He was identified 17 as the second only to the United States and has shot.27 commanding officer for the Soviet occupation 1,326 ships plus another 1,000 auxiliaries and Another disturbing trend since Khrush­ forces which entered Czechoslovakia. support vessels. Commanded by Fleet Ad­ chev's ouster can be gleaned from the Only approximately half of the 140 ground miral of the Soviet Union Sergei G. Gor­ growth of the Soviet defense budget. (See divisions are estimated to be at full strength, shkov, the USSR navy has no aircraft car­ Table.) The totals probably should be tripled with about a quarter of the total in need of riers and only one helicopter carrier (the to reflect actual expenditures. For example, major reinforcement, a n d the remainder re­ Moskva, now on station in the Mediterran­ they do not include the cost of nuclear war­ quiring only a short t ime to become combat ean) commissioned and a second one, the heads which is hidden within the budget of ready. It is interesting to note the location L en i ngr ad, undergoing sea trials. The last the Ministry for Medium Machine Building. of these ground troops. Normally some 30 cruiser was built in 1957, but this type of Dr. JohnS. Foster, Jr., chief of Pentagon re­ divisions have been stationed in Eastern ship has been modernized and equipped search estimated that the USSR during Europe (the West Germans claimed 42 USSR with surface-to-surface cruise and surface­ 1968 would spend the equivalent of thirteen divisions were west of the Vistula River in to-a ir missiles. The concentration has been billion U.S. dollars on defense, nuclear, and October 1968), w-ith 20 in East Germany, on submarines which now number 380, but space research alone compared with only four each in Czechoslovakia and Hungary, only 50 are nuclear powered.21 around nine billion by the United States.28 and two in Poland; some 59 divisions in the The four submarine fleets are distributed The implications of the foregoing are European part of the Soviet Union; about as follows: some 70 U-boats in the Baltic obvious. eight divisions in Central USSR; about 28 Sea, 170 in the Arctic Ocean, 40 in the Black divisions in southern USSR (Caucasus and Sea, and 100 in the Pacific Ocean.22 A new SOVIET DEFENSE BUDGET, 1965- 69 t ype of submarine, similar to the U.S. Polaris Soviet Central Asia); and 15 divisions in the [In billions of rubles[ Soviet Far East (i.e., east of Lake Baikal) .18 is being produced at the rate of one or two It is obvious that the great majority or at every month. It will carry 16 missiles com­ least 89 of the 140 divisions are facing NATO; pared wit h an average of only three each Percent on the 13 nuclear and 30 conventional boats national thus, NATO seems to represent in USSR eyes Year Total budget R. & D. the major threat, not Red China as has been now capable of firing from a submerged posi­ speculated upon. The clashes during March tion. In addition, another 25 nuclear and 20 1969 along the Siberian border do not change conventional submarines each carry an av­ 1965_ ------12.8 (12. 6) 5. 4 erage of six a nti-shipping cruise missiles 13. 4 (12. 7) 6. 5 the foregoing assessment. 14. 5 (13. 2) 7. 2 with a range of 300 miles.~a These too can 1968 __ _=_____= = = == _ ===___ =_==_ _=_ Some 43 of the Soviet divisions are armor­ ~~~~= = = 16. 7 (13. 5) l 13. 0 be considered a potential threat to American 1969 ______17.7 (13. 2) 113.0- 17. 0 ed; those in Eastern Europe together with coastal installations and not only shipping. other WTO forces, have twice as many tanks One should at least mention here the as NATO. These are considered the main USSR's sea infantry which comprises only 1 Estimated. striking force, due to their mobility and fire­ about 8,000 men compared to half a million Sources: SSSR v fsifrakh v 1967 godu [The U.S.S.R. in figures power plus capability of crossing terrain durin g World War II. It ha-s been reconsti­ for the year 19671 (Moscow: Tsentralnoe Statisticheskoe contaminated by radioactive debris. Accord­ Upravlenie, 1966), p. 29; Business Week, No. 2046 (Nov. 16, tuted and is equipped with special transport 1968), p. 115; and Pravda (Dec. 11, 1968), pp. 4-5, Moscow. in g to USSR Chief Marshal of Armored shipping and about 100 amphibious land­ Troops, Pavel F. Rotmistrov: ing craft, patterned after those in use by FOOTNOTES "The tank's good invulnerability to [tacti­ the U.S. Marine Corps. Units of the Soviet 1 V. D. Sokolovskii (chi~f editor), M i litary cal] nuclear strikes and its capability of sur­ sea infantry are serving with all four fleets. Strategy (Moscow, 1968), 3rd edition, p. 42 mounting contaminated areas and water ob­ New t ank-landing ships appeared already in of the English translation. stacles makes [tanks) the ground weapons 1967, and some of these are now in the East­ 2 Ibid., p. 50. with the best prospects. And if one realizes ern Mediterranean.24 3 Colonel General S. Vasyagin, article on that the Air Force is capable of supporting Among the weaknesses of the Soviet navy "Loyalty to International Duty," Krasnaya tank maneuvers from the air, it is not hard to and its sea infantry is the lack of well­ zvezda (15 August 1968), p. 3; Moscow. If understand how important coordinated ac-_ defended bases outside the Bloc and, hence, 19 Warsaw had fallen in 1920, nothing could tions now are between armor and air." the necessity for long-range operations. The have stopped the Red Army from occupying Tanks in the 43 armored divisions would possibility of remedying this deficiency in Germany. be employed, thus, to exploit Soviet nuclear the United Arab Republic or Algeria to be­ 4 K r asnaya zvezda (8 September 1968), p. strikes. gin with, for example, should be remem­ 1. According to reliable informants the num­ Although most of the ground forces (88 of bered. Submerged launch ballistic missiles ber of Soviet divisions in Czechoslovakia has the 140 divisions) comprise motorizert in­ are behind the United States in quantity, been increased by three, for a total of 115,000 fantry, the USSR also has seven airborne quality, and r ange, but all of these charac­ men. The Washington Post (5 April 1969), p. divisions with a total of some 50,000 para­ teristics probably are being improved. Two of A 16. troopers. Based on present airlift, only three the four fleets (Black Sea and Baltic) 6 Sokolovskii, op. cit., p . 180. Italics added. of these units and support elements can be would have limited operational capabilities, Note also the implication that peaceful co­ moved simultaneously across short or unless they could break through the Bos­ existence belongs to the past in V. G. Afan­ medium distances. However, the large AN phorus-Dardanelles and the Kattegat­ asev, N auchnyi Kommunizm [Scientific Com­ (tonov) 22 "air bus" flown at the July 1967 Skagerrak, respectively. F inally, the exten­ munism (Moscow: Izdatelstvo Politicheskoi air show in Moscow may increase this capa­ sive length of maritime borders creates a Literatury, 1969), pp. 152-153. bility , when it begins to come off the assem­ problem for defense. s Colonel of Engineering Troops P. T. bly line in large numbers. The Soviet airlift The armed forces also include PVO-Str any Astashenkov, Sovetskie raketnye voiska int o Czechoslovakia on 21 August 1968 dem­ or Ant i-Air and Anti-Missile Defense of the (Soviet Missile Troops] (Moscow: Voennoe onstrated landings at 50 second intervals by Count ry. Established in late 1959 as a sep­ Izdatelstvo Ministerstva Obornoy SSR, 1967) , some 250 USSR four-engine transports which ara te branch, it is commanded by Marshal pp. 274-277. brought a full division into the Ruzyne air­ of the Soviet Union Pavel F. Batitskiy. The See also Major General Yuri Novikov's port near Prague. surface-to-air missiles used by PV£1-Strany article, entitled "An Incomplete Solution," Of more immediate int erest from the and tested over North Vietnam reportedly Kmsnaya zvezda (28 June 1968), p. 4, which strat egic point of view are other categories could only down 76 U .S. aircraft after the reviews a new book on Nuclear Weapons and 25 of a ircraft in the USSR Air Force, com­ first 4,000 had been fired. From the stra­ the Development of Tactics. m anded by Marshal Pavel S. Kutakhov. tegic point of view, more important is the 7 Major General V. Zeinskov, article on Long-range aviation disposes of ·about 155 anti-ballistic missile (ABM) deployed "The Time Factor and Combat Preparation intercontinental bombers,20 although the 50 around Moscow. The Galosh multi-stage, t ankers might be converted to similar use. of Troops," Krasnaya zvezda (11 October solid fuel missile used here is believed to 1988). pp. 2-3. In a ddit ion, about 750 medium-range bomb­ carry a warhead of one to two megatons and s USSR Defense Minister Andrei Grech'm h ave a r ange of se;reral hundred miles.26 ers could reach the United States with en in an article for Armed Forces Day, entitled r oute refueling but on one-way missions only. CONCLUSION "Ever on Guard," Pravda (23 February 1969), The TU (pelov) -144 supersonic circular trans­ Although trends and goals are difficult to p. 3, accused the United States of preparing p ort made its maiden flight on 31 December project with any assurance of accura cy, it to plunge "the world into the abyss of a does appear to this writer that the decision third world war." Footnotes at end of article. m a kers in the Kremlin have begun to give Note the interview with Sec Def Melvin R. 15784 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June_ 12, 1969 Laird and the implication that the USSR is cellent analysis "Der Drang der Sowjets zum WELCOME TO HIS EXCELLENCY, developing a first-strike capability in warmen Meer," Die Wehrkunde, XVII, No. DR. CARLOS LLERAS RESTREPO, ICBM's. U. S. New s and Wor ld Repo1·t (7 April 7 (July 1968), pp. 338-342. PRESIDENT OF COLOMBIA 1969) , pp. 33-36. 2" The New York Times (2 October 1967}. o Andro Gabelic, "Has the Balance been 20 Aerospace International, op cit., p. 12. Disturbed?," Borba (7 September 1968), p. Z~ The New York Times (9 October 1968); HON. ELIGIO de Ia GARZA 8; Belgrade. This is a Yugoslav commentary U .S. News and World Report (3 March 1969}, which may not refiect Soviet thinking. p. 12. OF TEXAS 10 The provision for permanently station­ Cosmos-276 and 277 were launched 4 April IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing USSR troops along t he Czechoslovak 1969, both on the same day. Krasnaya Thursday, June 12, 1969 border with the Federal Republic of Ger­ zvezda (5 April1969), p. 1. many represents a considerable st rengthen­ 28 U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Serv­ Mr. DE LA GARZA. Mr. Speaker, our ing of these southern Warsaw Pact positions. ices, "Statement of Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., country is honored by the visit of His The status-of-forces treaty does not specify Director of Defense." Hea-rings on the Status Excellency, Dr. Carlos Lleras Restrepo, the number of Soviet divisions which will of U.S. Str ategic Power (Washington, D.C.: President of the great country of Co­ remain in Czechoslovakia. Text in Krasnaya September 1968) , p. 90. The United States zvezda (19 October 1968) , p. 1. figure appeared in The Washington Post (6 lombia. 11 General of the Army Ivan G . Pavloskii, J anuary 1969) , p. A 13. We are exceedingly proud and indeed commander-in-chief of Soviet ground forces, grateful that President Lleras would be talk entitled " On Guard over Peace," broad­ so gracious as to accept the invitation of cast by Radio Moscow (22 February 1969) , President Nixon to make his visit an of­ 12:15 GMT, in Russian. METHOD FOR CONTROL OF UNRULY ficial state visit. This remained absent from an "Appeal" We have many ties which link us to issued at the tenth meeting of the WTO YOUTH Political Consultative Committee in Buda­ Colombia, Mr. Speaker. They are indeed pest. Text printed by K r asnaga zvezda ( 18 a great people, a progressive people, who March 1969), p . 1. HON. HARRY F. BYRD, JR. have tried and are trying with a great :u Radio Moscow (31 March 1969), Domestic OF VmGINIA amount of success to improve their coun­ Service in Russian. See also the article by IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES try with reforms in economics, and so­ A. Grigoryants, entitled "In One Rank With cial justice. Throughout the major part Double-Eyed Reaction: Whom is Peking Thursday, June 12, 1969 of this endeavor there always has been Playing Up To; Nuclear Hullabaloo on the Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President, very prominent the name of Dr. Carlos Rhine," in T r ud ( 11 March 1969), p. 1; Moscow. the Shenandoah Herald, of Woodstock, Lleras Restrepo, as a student leader, as 1a The W·ashington Post (5 April 1969) , p. Va., recently published an editorial de­ a member of the Assembly of Cundin­ A 5. scribing an interesting method of con­ amarca, as a member of the National As­ a Wolfgang Wuenschke article, entit led trolling unruly youth adopted in Pes­ sembly, first as a Deputy, then as a Sen­ "For the Joint Defense of Socialism," Neu es cara, Italy. While the editorial is some­ ator, as a Minister of Finance under sev­ Deutschland (23 November 1968) , p. 5; East what tongue-in-cheek, I believe it has a eral governments, as Vice President of Berlin. message for us, and I ask unanimous the Republic, and now as its illustrious 1:> Both the USSR and Red China signed a6reements to aid North Viet nam, reportedly consent that it be printed in the Exten­ and very able President. amounting to one billion dollars each for sions of Remarks. We, the Western Hemisphere, indeed, 1969. Suddeutsche Zei tung (26 July 1968); The editor of the Herald is George W. the world owes much to the personal ef­ Munich. Cooper. forts of Presiaent Lleras in making Co­ u The Institute for Strategic Studies, The There being no objection, the editorial lombia, the hemisphere and the world a Military Balance 1968-1969 (London: Sep­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, better place to live, for with all its prob­ tember 1968), p. 5. The writer's use of sta­ as follows: lems, trials and tribulations, it is indeed tistics from this publication does not imply his acceptance or endorsement of the rela­ [From the Woodstock (Va .) Shenandoah a better place to live than that which a tive accuracy of these figures. Herald, Apr. 24, 1969] few generations back enjoyed. Again I See, however, Department of Defense, The LOGIC, ITALIAN STYLE say, it was indeed ir: great part to the 1970 Defense Budget and Defense Program We h ave just run across what could be efforts of men of vision and courage like for F i scal Years 1970-1974 (Washington, the greatest I talian export since pizza and President Lleras that credit is due for D .C.: 15 January 1969), p. 42, which gives Sophia Loren. making this possible. the same figures for ICBM's. Note also testi­ It is called parental discipline. If it catches Also, we can never forget, Mr. Speaker, mony by Sec Def Laird before the Senate on, it could bring a new renaissance in hu­ that during the Korean conflict when our Foreign Relations Disarmament Subcommit­ m an relations. country and our boys were sharing a ma­ tee on 21 March 1969. It all happened in the Italian town of Pes­ 11 The New York T i mes (28 September cara where a group of rebellious students jor part of the United Nations effort, 1968) , p. 15. decided to fight it out with the local fuzz. there alongside was a detachment of in­ 1s The Military Balance 1968-1969, p. 6; The students had stockpiled rocks and fantry from Colombia. A country and its modified as of March 1969. Federal Republic empty-headed slogans. Across the campus people can never be forgotten when they defense minister Gerhard Schroder was cited the Police stood ready. They had fortified share with us the burden of preserving by The New York T i mes (9 October 1968). themselves with shields, rubber truncheons freedom and liberty on the battlefield; 10 Article written for "Tankman's Day," in and long draughts of wine. for this we again salute you and your I zvesti ya (8 September 1968), p. 1; Moscow. Suddenly disaster struck the student ranks people, Mr. President. 20 See U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed from the rear. An angry crowd of mothers, Services, U.S. Tactical Ai rpower Program fat hers, grandparent s and older brothers Your country and your people are not (Washington, D.C.: 4 October 1968), p. 3, swept in. According to the news st ory, the strangers in my area of south Texas, Mr. for comments on the USSR Air Force. relatives began slapping the students and President. Just recently Mrs. Martin On 1 April 1969, eight to ten TU-16 twin hauling them off by the ears. Garcia, a very gracious lady member of turbojet Badgers fiew within 65 miles of Even the most heroic left-leaning Luigi the Pan American Round Table, advised Alaska. This was only one of about 36 such isn't much when his mother has him by the me that her topic for next year's discus­ incidents near North America over the pre­ ear. A father's kick is an a{!t ion slogan under­ siam; on the Pan American Republies ceding 15 months. The New Yor k Times (9 stood by all. would be Colombia, and she was thrilled April 1969) , p. 3. ~ little more of this might not be amiss in ~1 "It is believed that Soviet submarine a world where serious drug use is found in and excited with her research on your yards have the resources to build more than Front Royal, Boy Scouts rebel in Chile and country. We have tried to help her in 20 nuclear submarines per year." House of even rural crime is up 12 percent in a year. every way possible and your embassy here Representatives, Committee on Armed Serv­ Such a march would make first class TV has been most helpful in this respect. At ices, Status of Naval Shi ps (Washington, viewing on U.S. campuses where students her request I respectfully extend to you D .C.: 1969) , p. 227; U.S. Navy Testimony. h alt classes and spill blOod to urge that their her greetings and those of all the ladies 22 Aerospace International, IV, No. 6 (No­ black brot hers have the segregation of their m: the Pan American Round Table-in­ vember-December 1968), p. 14; citing The choice. deed, from all the people of the 15th Dis­ Military Balance 1968-1969, p. 7. It may seem silly to niake a child stand in :r.: U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Serv­ the corner because he's main-lining with trict of Texas. ices, United States Submarine Program heroin or plans to shoot the sheriff. And so we are honored, we are happy (Washington, D.C.: 23 September 1968}, pp. But discipline has to start somewhere, and you came. We respectfully ask of you that 1-2, gives details on the Soviet bulld:-up. nobody's ever found a substitute for the you take our greetings and our best !!! See Vice Admiral Friedrich Ruge's ex- home. wishes back to your countrymen. May June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15785 your stay here be a pleasant and fruitful of the Interior and served seven years until management is greatly needed. Right now one. this past February as the first Director of the Forest Service is cutting about twice as Bienvenido, Sr. Presidente, esta entre the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. much softwood sawtimber as it is growing. My long association with the Forest Serv­ This situation cannot last. The problem is amigos, esta su casa. ice does not mean that I am functioning to get enough money to do the intensive job this morning as an unofficial spokesman for and still resist the pressures to over-cut. that agency saying publicly what the Forest On the other hand, the Service can re­ HIGH TIMBER YIELD FUND Service may not be allowed to say officially. duce its needed inventory of mature timber Should this be true with respect to any aspect by simply shortening rotations, but there is HON. LEE METCALF of my testimony, it is purely coincidental. great risk involved, as I said, to not go over The Forest Service did not request that I the brink and overdraw the bank account. OF MONTANA testify, nor has it seen the testimony. My The Forest Service has responded to pres­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATE~ only contact with the Service was to request sures and need by increasing allowable cut a few items of factual information. Thursday, June 12, 1969 from 5.6 billion board feet in 1950 to an I believe the Administration and other wit­ estimated 12.8 in 1969. In other words, in Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, on May nesses have largely etsablished the facts of 1969, the cut of sawtimber will reach what 23, Dr. Edward C. Craft's presented a present and prospective housing shortages, the Forest Service estimated several years statement before the Subcommittee on high demands for softwood lumber and ply­ ago should happen by 1972, and without wood, extremely high prices for these prod­ full implementation of the National Forest Forests of the House Committee on Ag­ ucts, and how major exports from the West Program. This demonstrates how rapidly the riculture relative to the bills which pur­ Coast of softwood logs to Japan and other increase is occurring. port to establish a high timber yield countries continue despite strong demands The Forest Service over the past two de­ fund. Dr. Crafts presented his testimony and high prices at home. cades has made two serious mistakes in con­ on behalf of the Citizens Committee on Accepting the facts about softwood lumber nection with its timber management. First Natural Resources, having been ap­ and plywood with respect to demand, supply it has allowed its timber cut to be linked pointed to the board of directors of that and prices, the problem is what to do about to appropriation justification. And this, of organization subsequent to almost 40 it in the next ten years insofar as the Na­ course, puts it under serious pressure to in­ tional Forests are concerned. Actually the crease the cut in order to get more money. years of Government services in the solution is rather simple-but not easy to Former Forest Service Chief Lyle Watts told field of conservation. Dr. Crafts was em­ attain. It means funding the Forest Serv­ me that he considered this to be the most ployed for 29 years by the Forest Serv­ ice-not only timber resource management­ serious error of his career. ice 11 of which were as the Assistant but other activities as well in accord with The second error is that the Service has Chief in charge of Program Development recommendations outlined in the report sub­ largely allowed the term "allowable cut" to and Congressional Relations. mitted by President Kennedy in 1961 for a be substituted for and supersede the term In his capacity with the Government, "Development Program for the National "sustained yield." The first term is not de­ Dr. Crafts on more than one occasion Forests" with adjustments for updating and fined by statute and is fiexlble in meaning. infiation. It also means adequate personnel For example, allowable cut used to be the predicted just such a period as we are ceilings. Actually little or no new legisla­ ceiling above which cut would not be al­ now experiencing. His suggestions as to tion is needed. However, in view of the com­ lowed to go. Now it is generally considered how to efl'ect sound policies in order to petition for money within the Executive to be the fioor below which cut will not be alleviate our present timber shortage Branch, this has not happened and in all allowed to fall. On the other hand, sustained without abandoning important conser­ likelihood will not happen. Failure to imple­ yield is defined by statute and the Forest vation principles of multiple use and ment the National Forest Program is the Service should stay with it. The agency may real reason, therefore, why I am here this have gotten itself trapped by being drawn sustained yield management are so suc­ morning. cinctly presented that I am sure Mem­ away from sustained yield and the statutory It is my feeling that the Forest Service has protection it gives. bers of the Senate will find his analysis been, and is being pushed dangerously close For the reasons expressed below, the Citi­ informative. to the brink with respect to timber manage­ zens' Committee recommends against H.R. In view of the many persons who are ment on the National Forests. I do not be­ 10344 in its present form: sincerely concerned regarding the rela­ lieve in brinkmanship when it comes to de­ 1. The bill ignores and appears to override tionship of timber shortages to low-cost pleting the natural resources of the United the Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act of housing and other needs, I ask unani­ States. 1960. By establishing a special fund for tim­ The bill before you this morning, if en­ ber management only, it places timber ln mous consent that Dr. Crafts' testimony acted in its present form, would ignore and be printed in the RECORD. a first priority situation with respect to other override insofar as timber is concerned, the resources. This is exactly what the Multiple There being no objection, the testi­ 1960 Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act re­ Use-Sustained Yield Act endeavored to fore­ mony was ordered to be printed in the ported out by the Committee and passed stall. Foreseeing the pressures on timber and RECORD, as follows: by the Congress. That Act was supported by certain other natural resources, the Forest STATEMENT OF EDWARD C. CRAFTS some of the far-sighted leaders of the timber Service deliberately sought the Multiple industry. Mr. Chairman and Members of the Com­ Use-Sustained Yield Act and endeavored in mittee: My name is Edward C. Crafts and I The Forest Service has been pushed and the definition of multiple use contained in am presently a self-employed conservation pushed under tremendous pressures during that Act to give due consideration to all consultant. the last 10 to 20 years to increase the cut resources and to arrive at the best combina­ It is a pleasure to appear again before on the National Forests, and it again is tion of uses, not giving any of them priority this Committee after a lapse of several years. being pushed by the pending legislation. over others. Subsequent to my resignation from the De­ For many years in connection with its Also reference to "optimum timber pro­ partment of the Interior several months ago, periodic reassessments of the timber situa­ ductivity" in the pending bill would seem to I was appointed to the Board of Directors tion, the Service has predicted a prospec­ give timber priority. The 1960 Act specifically of the Citizens' Committee on Natural Re­ tive shortage of softwood sawtimber and says that multiple use does "not necessarily sources and represent that organization be­ this is exactly what is facing the industry (mean) the combination of uses that would fore you this morning. I do so on a wholly now an'i why it is turning to the National give the greatest dollar return or the greatest volunteer basis and without any compensa­ Forests as its own lands have been depleted unit output." Therefore, this bill, if enacted tion whatsoever. of mature timber. as is, would establish timber as the first The Citizens' Committee opposes H.R. There is a time gap until second-growth priority, maximum output function in the 10344 for reasons stated subsequently. matures when the industry must depend National Forests rather than equating it as As to qualifications, I was employed 29 more heavily than in the past on public is now done with the other resources and years by the Forest Service, serving the last timber. That time gap is now. There is also purposes of National Forest management. eleven from 1951-62 as Assistant Chief in excess sawmill capacity in relation to growth 2. Section 7 of the pending bill could be charge of Program Development and Con­ productivity, and no one wants to go out interpreted as opening the door to directing gressional Relations. For 25 years, it has been of business. the Secretary of Agriculture to "immediately my privilege to work with the Congress on I compliment the larger forest industry establish programs" to carry out the provi­ numerous legislative matters. I was deeply operators for their generally progressive for­ sions of the bill without making such pro­ involved in enactment of the Forest Service est practices and for the growth on industry grams contingent on appropriation of moneys Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act of 1960, lands which is more than that on National from the Fund. In other words, this is the directed preparation of the Timber Re­ Forests although on a smaller acreage. section of the bill which could be used sources Review prepared by the Forest Serv­ Nevertheless, the fact remains that industry against the Forest Service to pressure it to ice in the late 1950's, and wrote a substantial lands are short of softwood sawtimber. do the things that the bill intends even if part of the "Development Program for the Forest Service lands have not been fully the money is not appropriated. This could National Forests" issued by that agency in developed nor have age classes and species be corrected by making this section subject 1961. - composition been regulated adequately in a to: "good forest practices and the availability In 1962, ·I transferred to the Department technical forestry sense. Intensive forest of appropriations from the fund." 15786 EXTENSIONS OF ·R.EMARKS June 12, 1969

· a~ The establishment of a special fund plicated matter involving foreign relations would then be in a posi~ion to act effectively for timber purposes will make it harder to and balance of payments. But in this situa­ and wisely on all National Forest resources, obtain regular appropriations for other pur­ tion domestic needs would appear to come and with respect to the timber supply situa­ poses. It will do this because if the Fund first and the Nation's bank account of timber tion considering all forest land ownerships. is appropriated, the money available for the resources should not be over-drawn. Exports 8. There is a backlog of uncut National purposes of the bill would increase from its of softwood logs in 1968 were 2.5 billion Forest timber, sold and under contract, of present annual appropriation level of about board feet. If the same amount had gone 27 billion board feet in the 48 States. This $63 million to an estimated $175 to $180 mil­ into domestic consumption, the pending bill Committee could either admonish, or better lion. Such a large increase for timber would probably would not be before you today. yet, require that existing contracts not be invite the Appropriation Commit tees to off­ 2. If the situation becomes sufficiently extended by the Forest Service until the set this increase somewhat by reducing or tight, consideration should be given to allo­ shortage is alleviated. There is a long-stand­ not increasing the amount of money for cations of softwood lumber and plywood to ing custom for thl:l industry not to cut Na­ other management purposes. particular uses as well as price control tional Forest timber for which it holds a 4. Section 5 of the bill places moneys into measures. contract until the price is right and the time the fund only for two years. If the money 3. The Administration should recommend propitious. is not then appropriated, it is transferred to and the Congress.should appropriate moneys There is also a long-standing tendency by miscellaneous receipts of the Treasury. This to fully implement the National Forest De­ the Forest Service to rather automatically means that the Forest Service will be under velopment Program referred to earlier and as extend timber sale contracts. Such a require­ continuous pressure to make the cut as high updated by the Forest Service. ment to utilize the timber that is already as possible in order to have money in the 4. The Congress should respond favorably sold without contract extensions or lose the Fund for appropriation. This defect could to the request for funds submitted by the cutting rights would bring a flood of timber . be remedied by leaving money in the Fund Administration to permit an increased sale to the market. until appropriated as the Congress did last of 9iO million board feet of timber from the It has been a pleasure to appear before year with the mineral receipts in the Land National Forests in the next 15 months as this Committee and I hope these comments and Water Conservation Fund. announced in March of this year. This re­ and recommendations may be of assistance 5. The requirement in Section 6 of the quest for funding is before the Congress at to it. bill that the money in the Fund be appro­ the present time. But the Administration priated to the particular National Forest should not direct this increase from the For­ from which the receipts are derived on a est Service unless the funds and personnel forest-by-forest basis, is most unfortunate ceilings are forthcoming. COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS OF HON. and would interfere with good forest manage­ As an illustration of just how far behind GERALD R. FORD, AT ST. MI­ ment. Most of the softwood sawtimber is cut the Forest Service is in utilizing the potential CHAEL'S COLLEGE, WINOOSKI, VT. from the Rocky Mountain and West Coast productivity of the National Forests, it is my States, but the recent cut-over areas are not recollection that several years ago, there was necessarily where there is the greatest need a 60-year backlog of needed reforestation. At HON. ROBERT T. STAFFORD for forest management money for seeding, that time the Forest Service was just keeping OF VERMONT fertilization, restocking, etc. up with planting current cut-over!J and burns IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Under the bill the moneys as distributed and was not reducing the backlog on non­ by the Forest Service currently would be productive lands that had built up over a Thursday, June 12, 1969 drastically altered. The northern and south­ long time. Mr. STAFFORD. Mr. Speaker, last ern regions combined of the Forest Service 5. For many years, the Forest Service has would receive only 12 percent of the Fund considered the possibility of a National For­ Sunday, June 8, the distinguished minor­ whereas at the present time they receive est Development and Management Fund into ity leader, the Honorable GERALD R . about 35 percent of timber management which would go 65 percent of National Forest FORD, delivered a commencement address money. The South would get only 9 percent receipts and which would be available for to the graduation class at St. Michael's as against 22 presently: appropriation only for National Forest pur­ College in Winooski, Vt. It is an excel­ This should concern the southern timber poses. This, of course, is a form of earmarking lent address, very timely, very well industry and southern. members of Congress. similar to the Land and Water Conservation thought out, and much to the point. I Conversely, the Rocky Mountain and Pa­ Fund. However, the Forest Service never has am very pleased to place Mr. FORD's ciftc States would receive about 87 percent felt it had much chance to obtain this either of the Fund whereas presently they receive in the Administration or in the Congress. speech in the RECORD. It is as follows: 67 percent. In other words, this provision Such a Fund could be beneficial. COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS OF THE HONORABLE of the bill would mean that the money would Therefore, if the Committee decides to GERALD R . FORD, AT ST. MICHAEL'S COLLEGE, · necessarily be spent where the need is not establish a special fund for the National WINOOSKI, VT. greatest. The 3 Pacific Coast States now get Forests, it should include all unearmarked Most reverend clergy, faculty .members, about 35 percent of the money and would National Forest receipts; it should be avail­ honored guests, parents and graduating sen­ end up With 75 percent. This bill is tailor­ able for all National Forest development and iors of this outstanding institution of made for the West Coast timber industry. management purposes, other than roads; it learning: Following are the regional allocations of should be available for expenditure as speci­ I am delighted to be With you here in the all timber management moneys on a percent­ fied each year by the Appropriations Com­ exhilerating atmosphere of the Green Moun­ age basis: mittees or wherever the Forest Service be­ tain state and one of Vermont's finest col­ lieves the need is greatest for whatever pur­ leges. Proposed pose; and receipts once in the Fund should I am most grateful for the honor you Fiscal year under be available until appropriated. Such a meas­ have bestowed on me. I hope I am deserving 1968 H.R. 10344 ure would be a very major forward step. of it. And I pray I may live the rest of my 6. If H.R. 10344 or an amended bill is fa­ days in keeping with your confidence. Pacific ______38 76 vorably considered in this Committee, it is This is the first time I have spoken to an Rocky Mountain ______29 11 recommended that particular reference be all-male graduating class and I find the ex­ North ______------South ______·- 12 3 inserted in the blll to the Multiple Use­ perience most interesting. I would guess 22 9 Sustained Yield Act of 1960, that it be made that the lack of feminine distraction on clear this bill is intended to be in conform­ campus has something to do With St. There are·other aspects of ·the bill of con­ ance with the provisions of that Act, and Michael's reputation for scholastic excel­ cern which presumably the Forest Service that if any conflict develops, the provisions lence·. has mentioned, although I was not privileged of that Act prevail. I have a son in college, and I find that to hear Forest Service testimony. These relate 7. This Committee should request from when he sometimes looks tired and peaked to such questions as the effect of the bill on the Forest Service two major program re­ he is just suffering from a co-ed in the head. the automatic availability of Knutsen-Van­ ports with recommendations: (a) an up­ I sense an independence of spirit at St. denberg money for timber stand improve­ dated program for the management and de­ Michael's. This reminds me that although ment and reforestation, the 10 percent road velopment of all National Forest resources, Massachusetts annexed Maine in 1652 and it fund, the definition of commercial forest land and (b) a program for the development of took a British Royal Commission to sep­ as used in the bill, and related matters. all forest lands for timber purposes includ­ arate New Hampshire from Massachusetts However, the preceding items are the prin­ ing not only public lands but also all private in 1680, Vermonters managed to fight off cipal concerns of the Citizens' Committee. lands. It is most significant that the greatest territorial claims by both New York and In an effort to be constructive, the Citizens' potential for timber production is on the New Hampshire in the middle 1700s. A lot of Committee offers the additional recommen­ farm and miscellaneous private lands which people think the Green Mountain Boys got dations with respect to both the situation in include 60 percent of the total commercial together to fight the British but the truth is general and this bill in particular: forest land area of the country but support they first combined forces to protect Vermont 1. If necessary to meet domestic timber only 18 percent of the inventory. The Forest from the colony of New York. needs and not overdraw our National bank Service, in about 1962, developed a small But I did not come to Vermont to tell you account of timber resources, exports to Japan woodland program but never released it. about the history of this proud state. The should be restricted, eliminated, or volun­ If the Committee were to have before it point I make is that America today desper­ tarily reduced. I know that this is a com- the two items just mentioned the Congress ately needs the kind of pioneer Vermont June 1fJ., 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15·787 spirit a~d the rugged courage that triumphed and what men like me call Americanism. I at the time. But we must apply their words over the· British. and land-grabbing colonial would like to see all ot our citizens rededi­ in the context of today's world and clothe neighbors as well. · · cate themselves to the Americanism described them with the truth that all men are equal America ·needs, too, the kind of moral cour­ by President Theodore Roosevelt when he in the eyes of God. . age and devotion to human: rights that said: "Americanism means the virtues of Have you ever considered how often .the prompted Vermont to become the first state courage, honor, justice, truth, sincerity and drafters of the Declaration of Independence, to end slavery and to ena.ct universal male hardihood-the virtues that made America." referred to the Deity? . suffrage without property qualifications. Americans of my generation look at young They began by stating: "When in the I am fond of· reading early American his­ men and women who wave the Viet Cong course of human events, it becomes neces­ tory because I believe it tells us much that flag, throw fire bombs, assault deans and fac­ sary for one people to dissolve the political is instructive today. We can learn much ulty members in our schools of higher edu- bonds which have connected them with an­ from it--from the suffering the early Ameri­ . cation, commit public fornication, and shout other, and to assume among the powers of can settlers endured, from their incredible and write obscenities and we ask ourselves: the earth the separate and equal station to struggles simply to survive and to worship What do they want? Who are they? What has which the Laws of Nature and of Nature' s God as free men. America spawned? And why? God entitle them, a decent respect of the Those were incredible times. But so too These young people scream that America opinions of mankind requires that they is the era in which we are living. is racist, capitalistic and imperialistic and the should declare the causes which impel them Americans are living in an age which is system must be torn down. to the separation." in itself a fantastic paradox. It is the most There are answers for these charges, but And after ascribing to the Creator the advanced of eras, both technologically and how do you reply when radical leaders shout endowing of men with certain unalienable in terms of social progress, and yet it is you down or rough you up and mouth mean­ Rights, the drafters of the Declaration of In­ stained by unrestrained savagery, widespread ingless phrases borrowed from Marxist­ dependence concluded their statement of the violence, official corruption and revolting li­ Leninist and Maoist writings? causes of separation from England by pro­ centiousness. It is an age which has pro­ We have great need for a dialogue in this claiming "a firm reliance on the protection of duced marvels in medicine and in space ex­ country-a quiet reasoned dialogue dealing Divine Providence." ploration-and also fiendish war machines with the Vietnam War, injustice to Negroes, In every age, in every time and in every capable of destroying all of mankind. corruption, materialism and the ultimate clime there are doomsday sayers who run If I may depart from the serious for just purpose of life. about predicting the end of the world. Most a moment, perhaps it is small wonder that This kind of dialogue goes to the basic people just smile tolerantly, shake their many Americans are unhappy with our sys­ purposes of a university-a place where fac­ heads a bit and say to themselves, "Poor tem today. After all, when the first settlers ulty and students engage in an unfettered fellow." came to this country there was no national search for truth and new answers to de­ One of the recent popular song hits is a debt and there were no taxes. The Indians pressing problems. calypso tune about California sliding into were running the country, and they made But how can you have a dialogue when the sea. I think it has a deeper meaning. radical leaders launch violent attacks upon the women do all the work. How could any­ Many members of the older generation to­ one improve on a system like that? the university itself with the avowed objec­ tive of destroying what they call "The day are comparing the abandonment of in­ Few of us would want to go back to living hibitions, the excessive emphasis on sex and as the pioneers did, clearing the land to Establishment?" What is "The Establishment?" The Estab­ the general decline in morals in the United grow a few crops and shooting game to put States to the biblical stories about Sodom some meat on the table. lishment is you and me and everything that has gone into the building of America. It is and Gomorrah and to the fall of ancient Yet the truth is evident that man is tough­ Greece and Rome. ened by severe hardship and his character our democratic system of government. Im­ perfect as it is, I believe it is the best form I can understand such feelings. Values annealed to the strength of steel in the fires change, yes, but certain truths are immut­ of adversity. Today many of us find life too of government ever devised. I am fully aware that there is a lack of able. And we live today in an age when the easy. adequate communication between young New Barbarians seek to destroy truth, and The young men and women of today have people and the over-30 generation today­ the pornography peddlers are everlastingly been spared much of the hardship and ad­ a lack of sufficient communication between engaged in pursuit of the fast buck. versity of the past. For instance, they know There are truths that are not debatable­ nothing of the Great Depression but what students and faculty and administration even at peaceful colleges such as St. Mi­ the truths that are laid down in the Ten they have read in history books. It is in­ chael's. Communication we need-and need Commandments-the truths that give rise conceivable to them that a whole genera­ desperately. to codes of ethics among civilized peoples­ tion of Americans could have grubbed around But violence is not the answer. Shutting the truths that cause men to speak of integ­ for scraps of food or waited in line at soup down our great universities is not the an­ rity, honor, and virtue. kitchens and relief warehouses. swer. Black separatism is not the answer. When men abandon these truths, they lose I worked part-time in high school, and I Destroying college admission requirements all sense of value. They live a life in death. worked my way through the University of so that our college and universities become Their lives are a waste, and they carry hell Michigan and Yale Law School. I am not remedial institutions is not the answer. around with them in their hearts. complaining, and I am not preaching. I am We don't solve problems by running away St. Thomas Aquinas said: "Three things simply trying to understand today's young from them or abandoning our values or de­ a.re necessary for the salvation of man: Tp people. And to do that I have to look at the grading ourselves with completely uninhib­ know what he ought to believe; to know world they live in and ask myself how it is ited life styles. what he ought to desire; and to know what different from mine. The problems today are essentially the he ought to do." This is t_he age of affiuence .. People are ap­ same for all Americans. They are not easy Today America is shaken by doubts about palled at poverty in the midst of plenty. problems and there are no easy solutions. the meaning of education, about the ideals In my youth even men with great talent Vietnam. A tragic war. I don' t believe it of the college generation, and indeed about and ability were out of work, and one of the proved that America was wrong in seeking the stability of American society. popular songs of the time was "Brother, Can to thwart Communist aggression. I believe it You Spare A Dime." College students, adults over 30, all of us did prove that our foreign policy in rela­ who still engage in the use of reason should Until Vietnam, the young man and woman tion to Communist expansionist probes of today knew nothing of war. Many of them look at our lives and at America as a nation should be one of selective involvement and and ask: What are we? Where are we going? obviously agree with Benjamin Franklin of carefully reasoned judgment as to whether when he said, "There never was a good war Where do we want to go? And what is the possibly minimal results would justify the best way to get there? or a bad peace." investment. My generation for four years fought the I also believe that for the first time in We are living in the midst of revolution first truly global war in history to cleanse four years there is real hope for peace in in America today-not one revolution but the world of Naziism and fascism and saw many. At the center of one of our political Vietnam. revolutions is the Students for a Democratic America prevent a Communist takeover in Racism. It is now a two-edged sword. South Korea. Guilt feelings serve no useful purpose. We Society, the core of the New Left Movement. Today's pacifists wrap themselves in robes have made substantial progress. The only Leaders of Students for a Democratic So­ of self-righteousness. Do they think they are ultimate answer is to make a living truth ciety have concluded-in the words of one alone in hating war? Anyone who loves war is of the words that make the Declaration of of them-that the "seemingly separate prob­ insane. Independence a glowing testimonial to man's lems of racism, urban poverty, authoritari­ It was a great military man, Gen. William aspirations: "We hold these truths to be anism in the academies and the Vietnam Tecumseh Sherman, who said: "You cannot self-evident, that all men are created equal, War are all the offspring of a single par­ qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War that they are endowed by their Creator ent ... capitalism." Simple, isn't it? Destroy is cruelty, and you cannot refine it. War is with certain unalienable Rights, that among capitalism and you will solve all of America's hell." But Gen. Sherman also said-and this these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of problems, SDS leaders seem to be saying. is important--"The legitimate object of war Happiness." They might more aptly call themselves Stu­ is a more perfect peace." The framers of the Declaration of Inde­ dents for a Demolished Society. Is nothing. worth fighting for? pendence were not talking about black men. This Nation doesn't need a new revolu~ Some young . people sneer at patriotism Slavery was practiced in the United States tion. It needs to build on the old one, the· 15788 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969 revolution in which the Green Mountain efforts 1n behalf of the people of Gid­ uary 1 of this year when he took the district Boys fought so valiantly. dings, Lee County, Tex., and the Na­ bench. We need a return to moral values. This ti-on. From 1938 until 1952 Judge Slmmang also should be our revolution. This should be our served as Lee County Judge and he was the answer to the crushing materialism that is For over 30 years, John Simmang prac­ Co-Counsel for Bluebonnet Electric Co-op, robbing our lives of meaning. , ticed law in Texa.s. He began his practice formerly the LCREC, for 27 years until his Consider what good the radical student in Corpus Christi but later returned to death. leaders could accomplish if they would mo­ his native Lee County where he served as During Judge Simmang's tenure as Presi­ bilize moderate students into an army to Lee County judge, Lee County attorney, dent of the Texas Association of County clean up and repair slum dwellings instead and finally as district judge. He was ap­ Judges & Commissioners, the Texas farm-to­ of exhorting them to an assault upon the pointed to the district judgeship in Jan­ market road program became a reality. This citadel of reason itself: the university. uary 1969, by Gov. Preston Smith. was one of Judge Simmang's greatest con­ American college students today are among tributions to the rural communities of this the most privileged and fortunate individ­ One of his greatest accomplishments area and the entire state. uals in the world, whatever their complaints for rural Texas, the farm-to-market road For over 25 years Judge Simmang also was about the relevance of current curricula. system, was realized during Judge Sim­ a member of the Giddings Volunteer Fire De­ And here at St. Michael's you are doubly mang's tenure as president of the Texas partment which did so much to protect the blessed because you have received a college Association of County Judges and Com­ property and lives of those in this commu­ education rooted in moral values and the missioners. His leadership for this road nity. steadfast belief that man is only a little system was perhaps one of his greatest He was also very active in the Giddings lower than the angels. contributions to the rural communities Chamber of Commerce all down through the I congratulate you, for you are now pre­ of Texas. years and served as its president at one time. pared to live a life which recognizes that love He was a member of the Giddings Indus­ of family is of paramount importance, that Judge Simmang always had the inter­ trial Foundation and Industrial Committee marital fidelity is a necessary foundation for est of his fellow Texans at heart. Wheth­ at the time of his death. happiness, and that nothing is more precious er they were rich or poor, black or white, His most recent accomplishment for the than the integrity of the individual. Judge Simmang always had the time to betterment of this community was his service These are some of the truths that America give aid or counsel when it was needed. on the State School Committee which was has lost in the whirl of this atomic age, the An avid outdoorsman, Judge Sim.mang instrumental in obtaining the Giddings State fear of imminent nuclear annihilation, the worked for the continual betterment and School for Boys. pursuit of hedonistic pleasure and the throw­ preservation of Texas' natural resources. Other organizations of which he was a ing off of reason and restraint. member include the Sons of Hermann, Ma­ I do not believe America is doomed. As I As a family man, judge, humanitarian, sonic Lodge, SPJST at Dime Box, Lee County look at this graduating class, I see the birth and even more so a personal friend, Judge Sheriff's Posse, Giddings Lions Club and Lee of a New Morality in this country-not in the JohnS. Simmang will be greatly missed. County Cattleman's Association. narrow sense but in terms of new strength of I ask unanimous consent to have print­ He was also very active in the Lee County character both in Americans as individuals ed in the Extension of Remarks an edi­ Fair Association down through the years and and in the United States as a Nation. torial and a news article published in directed various charitable campaigns such There is such an entity as National Charac­ the Giddings, Tex., Times and News, as the March of Dimes. ter. It is a composite of all the strengths and He was a loyal Democrat and was instru­ weaknesses of the individuals who make up a which were written by the editor, Mr. mental in helping to elect Lyndon B. John­ Nation. Buddy Preuss, because they reflect the son as Congressman in this district, also sup­ I feel you are strong men, and there are true spirit of and compassion felt for the porting him all the way to the Presidency. many more Americans like you throughout late Judge JohnS. Simmang. Judge Simmang was a director at the First this great land of ours. And so I do not There being no objection, the article National Bank in Giddings since 1953 and despair. and editorial were ordered to be printed was legal advisor for many years for the I believe that you and others like you will in the RECORD, as follows: Giddings News. go out into the communities and build on the Judge Simmang was born in Giddings in DISTRICT JUDGE JOHN SIMMANG DIES, BEGAN 1906, the son of E. T. Simmang and Tillie old revolution-make of America a nation LAW PRACTICE HERE IN 1929 which unmistakably stands for justice and Schelnick. decency and reason, for equality and oppor­ District Judge John S. Simmang, 62, of He attended school in Giddings and re­ tunity and hope. Giddings died suddenly Sunday at 1:40 p.m. ceived a degree from the University of Texas. I believe you agree, as I do, with Plutarch at Newton Hospital in Cameron. He completed his legal trainin~ With a de­ when he counseled that "perseverance is Judge Simmang, who ran unopposed In gree fl'om Cumberland University Law School more prevailing than violence; and many last year's general election for the position of in Lebanon, Tennessee. things which cannot be overcome when they District Judge of the 21st Judicial District of He practiced law for a few months in Cor­ are together, yield themselves up when taken Texas, served less than five months in his pus Christi but then returned to his native little by little." new post. Lee County where he remained the rest of So let us, each one of us, light a candle He became ill Saturday night at his home his life. instead of cursing the darkness-so that to­ in Giddings and was taken to the hospital gether we will make a great light which shall in Cameron. His condition was not thought LEE CouNTY HAS LOST A FRIEND 111um!ne the world for ourselves and for all to be serious until shortly before his death The people of Lee County have lost a. friend men. when he was apparently struck by a heart with the passing of Judge JohnS. Simm.ang. attack. This man loved Lee County and its peopl ·~ Funeral services for Judge Simmang were like few others I have ever known. held Tuesday at 2 p.m. at Phillips & Luckey DEATH OF JUDGE JOHNS. SIMMANG, Yet the prominence of becoming District Chapel in Giddings with the Rev. H. L. Mc­ Judge didn't change his attitude about the GIDDINGS, TEX. Lerran officiating. Burial was in the Giddings common people. He had dined with the high­ City Cemetery. est dignitaries of this nation, including Pres­ He is survived by his wife, Mrs. Mary Ellen idents and Governors. But his heart always HON. RALPH YARBOROUGH Simmang; a son, Michael J. Simmang of came back to his beloved Lee County, the OF TEXAS Giddings; a daughter, Mrs. Mary Kay O'Brien place of his birth and childhood, where he IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES of Dallas; a brother, Quintus Simmang of followed in his father's footsteps as an attor­ Houston; 3 sisters, Mrs. Milton York of Bella ney in the practice of law. Thursday, June 12, 1969 Vista, Arkansas; Mrs. Roy McClellan of Lub­ Although Judge Simmang had associated Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, it bock and Mrs. Dorothy Allert of San Antonio; with the highest officials of the land, he was was with great sadness that I learned and 5 grandchildren. more often than not seen dressed in work of the sudden death of one of Texas' Judge Simmang was a native of Giddings clothes associating with people of all races and began practicing law here in 1929. in this area who truly earned their living greatest county and district judges, John His father, the late E. T. Simmang, prac­ by the sweat of their brow. He, too, spent as S. Simmang, of Giddings, Tex. ticed law in Giddings and Lee County since much time as possible at his farm with his Lee County has lost a true friend, and the late 1800's. Judge Simmang was asso­ cattle. I, too, have lost a close, personal friend. ciated with his father until he died in 1953. Judge Simmang loved the outdoors. Noth­ A loyal Democrat, Judge Simmang con­ Judge Simmang also was associated in the ing probably hurt him more in this respect tinually managed my campaigns for the practice of law with his brother, the late than the decision of the Corp of Engineers Senate, in addition to being instrumental Ted Simmang. to drain Flag Pond when the Somerville Dam The Judge served as Lee County Attorney was built. Yet just last week he made an in the election of another fellow Texan, from 1954 to 1969 when he resigned to ac­ all-out effort to help obtain lights for the Lyndon Baines Johnson. A true states­ cept the post as District Judge. He and his Neils Creek Park on the Lee County side of man of our times, John Sim.mang will son, Michael, has been associated in the prac­ the Somerville Lake. He realized the impor­ long be remembered for his humanitarian tice of law the last several years until Jan- tance of these lights in protecting those Lee June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15789 Countians and others who were using this obtain the State School for Boys to be lo­ I apologize for the position taken by park for recreation. cated at Giddings. Although the Judge did the junior Senator from South Dakota. It was announced at all three Lee County not live to see this become a reality, the It is regrettable that his position has Sheriff's Posse rodeos last week that Judge School will be a monument to his untiring cast a reflection upon the good name of Simmang had donated lights above the buck­ work for a better community. And it will em­ ing shoots so that his people could better ploy several hundred people, most of whom South Dakota and its law-abiding citi­ enjoy the sport of rodeos. will be the "common people" he cared so zens. These are just a few of the recent contribu­ much for. tions Judge SiilllllAng made to this commu­ Yes, Judge Simmang will be missed. But nity. Thousands of things he has done for then he is finally getting to rest from his PETITION BY STUDENTS FOR LAW untold numbers of individuals and families labors. It can be said of him, "Well done, AND ORDER ON CAMPUS OF UNI­ in Lee County will never be known. It didn't thou good and faithful servant." VERSITY OF GEORGIA make any difference whether you were rich He was a servant of the people. or poor, black or white: If it was help you needed, the Judge was there to give it. HON. HERMAN E. TALMADGE Not only did he often give free legal ad­ OF GEORGIA vice to those who couldn't afford his services, APOLOGY TO THE LAW-ABIDING IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES but often reached down into his pocket to CITIZENS OF SOUTH DAKOTA help those who needed it. And he made Thursday, June 12, 1969 countless contributions to various churches Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, in and civic organizations. HON. E. Y. BERRY this day of tremendous turmoil on the The "little man" meant just as much to OF SOUTH DAKOTA Judge Simmang as the fellow with lots of campuses of colleges and universities all money and great honor. Thousands in this IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES across the United States, it is important area will testify to this fact. Thursday, June 12, 1969 to keep in mind that the student dissi­ He had reached the height of his career dents and even outright militant revolu­ with his election as District Judge last No­ Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, I take this tionaries represent only a very small vember. It is quite possible that he could opportunity to commend our colleague, minority. have had appointments to even higher judi­ ROMAN C. PUCINSKI, Of Illinois, on his An overwhelmig majority of American cial offices had he wanted it. But Judge Sim­ challenge of the position of the junior mang didn't want to leave Lee County. The youth and college students believe in law good life among his friends meant more to Senator from South Dakota, Senator and order, and they are committed to him than a high political position. So his GEORGE McGOVERN, wherein Senator the importance of higher education in short 5 months as District Judge still allowed McGoVERN proposed that Mayor Daley our complex society. him to live in the place of his youth. use his influence to have the indictments Recently, at the University of Georgia, He was happy these past few months, prob­ against the August rioters dismissed. in Athens, more than 3,300 students ably happier than he had ever been. Yet he I want to point out to Congressman signed a petition calling for the mainte­ was the first to admit the shortness of life PuciNSKI that the position of Senator on this earth. He talked about it almost as nance of law and order on that campus. if he expected not to be here much longer. McGovERN does not represent the posi­ This is probably the largest petition in Still he loved life and lived it. tion and feeling of the people of South the entire history of the University of Those living in Bastrop, Burleson and Dakota. Georgia. The petition was endorsed and Washington counties were already begin­ The people of South Dakota generally the student signatories commended by ning to realize the fairness of Judge Sim­ are good, law-abiding citizens and treas­ the Agricultural Alumni Association of mang on the bench. He received a very com­ ure the constitutional processes that plimentary article just last month from the the University of Georgia. I ask unani­ publisher of the Brenham newspaper. These have made this country great. They ab­ mous consent that it be printed in the are the kind of men we need more of on hor the thought that politics can fix RECORD. the benches of our courts. Fair, yet not so grand jury indictments. There being no objection, the resolu­ liberal to be too lenient to those found guilty I join Congressman PuciNSKI in com­ tion was ordered to be printed in the of a serious crtme. mending Mayor Daley for telling Sena­ RECORD, as follows: It hurts me to think that the Judge could tor McGovERN in effect "to go jump in RESOLUTION not have been spared long enough to fill at Lake Michigan with his naive sugges­ least one term as an example to the judicial Whereas, Education is the key to success­ branch of our government. tion." I agree with the gentleman from ful attainments in life, and I will never forget how Judge Simma.ng Illinois that the South Dakota Senator's Whereas, A better education for their chil­ about two years ago accepted a county court suggestion that "Mayor Daley ought to dren has been the dream of all parents case, the first held in nearly 2 decades in use his influence to drop these indict­ throughout the ages, and this county. He knew it wouldn't make him ments is to make a complete mockery Whereas, The State of Georgia was the first any money in big fees, but he was fighting of the judicial processes in the country." state in the nation to charter a state-sup­ for a principle. And without principle a ported institution of higher education, and man's word or his character means nothing. I also commend the editorial staff of Whereas, The tax-paying citizens of our So Judge Slmmang and his son Michael the Chicago Sun Times. The Sun Times state devote a sizable portion of their income won a court ca-se which allowed $500 for 3 said in part as follows: and wealth to providing educational facili­ "wolf dogs" which had been shot by a man Specifically, McGovern proposed that ties and programs, including those of the because he claimed the dog was disturbing Mayor Daley encourage officials to dismiss University of Georgia, and his cattle. The dog belonged to a colored all indictments growing out of the disorders Whereas, The educational progress of our gentleman who had been hunting wolves as so as to "end the anguish and heal the young people can be seriously impaired by sport for years, helping to cut down on the wounds." disruptive acts on the campus and the wolf population in this area. McGovern, a professor of history and gov­ state's investment in education thereby ne­ Whatever Judge Simmang believed in, he ernment, should recognize that his proposal gated by such acts, and would fight to the end for it. This is the was unacceptable morally or legally. Politi­ Whereas, The state and society need t he way it was with his political beliefs. Back cal pres:::ure on the courts should not be tol­ services of young people who are eager to ob­ when Lyndon B. Johnson first campaigned erated. A court system free of politics is a tain an education, and for Congressman in this lOth District, it was goal this newspaper, McGovern and everyone Whereas, Such young people who are desir­ Mr. John who headed his campaign in the interested in good government has been striv­ ous of obtaining an education should h ave Lee County area. And he backed Lyndon ing for. every opportunity to acquire said education Johnson all the way to the Presidency. With the indictment of demonstrators and under the best possible conditions, Both LBJ and the Judge were instrumental policemen the judgment on the August dis­ Therefore, be it resolved that students op­ in getting the LCREC, now Bluebonnet Elec- orders moved into the courts. And there they posed to disruptive acts, such as the PRO­ . tric Co-Op, for Giddings. It's meant a lot to must be disposed of according to law. It may UGA Committee, be commended for their rec­ the economy of this community and has be that the specific federal law applied ognition of the need for a campus atmos­ helped to give electricity to the entire rural against demonstrators should be tested for phere conducive to learning, and for their area. its constitutionality. But all these questions support of the University administration. The Judge also served at one t ime as Presi­ should be hammered out in the courts. Be is further resolved that the Agricul­ dent of the County Judges & Commissioners Even if he wanted to, Mayor Daley does tural Alumni Association of the University Association, helping to get roads for rural not have the right to grant amnesty to per­ of Georgia, Inc., commends President Fred C. areas. sons still under indictment. If the court ac­ Davison for his firm position and leadership One of Judge Simmang's most recent con­ tion still pending is, as McGovern argued, in such matters and urges him to take what­ tributions to this community came just last keeping Democratic party wounds still open, ever action necessary to preserve law, order year when the Giddings State School Com­ the best prescription is swift justice, not po­ and decency on our campus, including legal mittee, of which he was a member, helped litical interference with justice. action and expulsion, if necessary, against 15790 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969 any individual or group planning, organizing, Title I of the Library Services Act, a match­ for instance, how the Air Force, sans con­ condoning or carrying out disruptive acts. ing program which usefully prodded state gressional authorization or appropriations, Adopted this lOth Day of May, 1969 by the and local governments to spend money for approached an aircraft company and ordered Board of Directors, Agricultural Alumni As­ the improvement and expansion of their up fifty-seven monster-sized C-5A transport sociation, University of Georgia, Inc. library systems. This, too, suffered a reduc­ planes, without having any clear idea of how HUGH A. INGLIS, tion by one-balf-~ll7.5 million taken away, much the planes would cost. The price will Secretar y-Treasurer. $17.5 million left. depend, it came out, on bow much an earlier · There are considerations of economy to order of fifty-eight c-5As costs to build. I! support these cuts, of course, and they bave the first group of planes turns out to cost THOMPSON SCORES LIBRARY CUT an· undeniable validity. But they entail seri­ more than expected, no sweat: Under its ous social costs, whatever their money sav­ contract wit h the Air Force, the aircraft ings. Reading is indispensable to any self­ company is free to jack up the price of the HON. FRANK THOMPSON, JR. governing society; and libraries are the foun­ second group of planes as much as is neces­ tainhead of reading. Mr. Nixon in no way sary to insure a tidy profit. OF NEW JERSEY overstated their importance; he bas simply This breathtaking display of the juggler's IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES undervalued his own rhetoric. It is children art has moved Representative Otis Pike, of Thursday, June 12, 1969 who will bear the brunt of this "saving" New York, to exclaim that the Air Force was and in the long run it may be dangerously "playing Mickey Mouse with figures." The Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr. expensive. It is one of those hidden prices contract arrangement is so loose-limbed and Speaker, one of the most unfortunate paid for the war which, when added all to­ amiable, in fact, that no one seems sure cuts in the President's budget for next gether over time, can be ruinous to t he Na­ just how much money may be involved. year is that of Federal funds for the Na­ tion's security. Thus, the Air Force says its original under­ tion's libraries. Unless Congress restores standing was that all the planes would cost these funds, programs which provide as­ [From Saturday Review, June 7, 1969] some $4,348,000,000 but that of course the BOOKS ARE NOT ExPENDABLE estimate has risen since by $1,382,000,000. sistance to elementary and secondary Yet one Air Force expert concedes that the schools, colleges, and public libraries What if a coalition of extremists pro­ claimed their intention of fire-bombing every cost increase will probably run something will be sharply curtailed. Some, such as school and public library in the country? on the order of $2 billion. This amount could conStruction of public libraries, will be The public outcry would, of course, be give the United States the finest library fa­ done away with completely. memorable. Not only would riot police hit the cilities and services in the world. Meanwhile, The proposed cuts amount to the ap­ streets in force, but reasonable people every­ each week we read other reports of massive proximate cost of fighting the war in where would set up an anguished outcry military waste and sloppy bookkeeping that Southeast Asia for 1 day. Yet this sum and take the sternest possible line with the do little to convince the electorate that the troublemakers. Our schools and libraries values of the society are in happy balance. will jeopardize construction and mod­ Fortunately, various groups and individuals ernization of libraries, acquisition of new are, the cry would go, the backbone of the nation and the arsenal of democracy-who are currently pressing Congress to restore materials, provision of services which in­ diminishes them diminishes America. And if, these budget cuts-which is to say, they are crease the use of existing services and in the face of the riot guns and outraged trying to restore the nation's educational facilities-such as mobile libraries and public feeling, the extremists did manage to backbone to its original shape. During this longer hours-and training of librarians. level a few libraries and classrooms, popular month and July, the Congress will be hold­ Libraries are the laboratory of the hu­ opinion would soon force the government to ing bearings and voting on the 1970 appro­ build ever statelier mansions of learning on priations bill. If every American who feels manists; they are the storehouse of basic strongly about these misappropriations of educational materials. Two recent edi­ the bombed-out sites. But there is, of course, more than one way educational funds would visit, write, or call torials, one from the Washington Post to put schools and libraries out of commis­ his Representative and Senators, there is and the other from Saturday Review, sion. There are ways of doing the job in every chance that the cuts would be restored. eloquently pleaded the cause of the li­ broad daylight, right under the nose of a If they are not, the. bureaucrats-or, as the braries-and all who wish to learn--of somnolent American public. Consider, for Germans call them, "desk-murderers"-will this country. I commend these pleas to instance, the recently announced federal with a pen stroke have done more damage budget allotments for books and educational to the life of the mind in this country than my colleagues by inserting them in the a regiment of fanatics and incendiaries could RECORD at this time: materials for the coming fiscal year. Where $237 million was made available a year ago, do if they worked around the clock. Books [From the Washington Post, May 14, 1969] the Nixon Administration has slashed that are not expendable. THE COST OF ECONOMY amount by a cool 87.5 per cent. Yet the pub­ It is the fashion to think of teachers, li­ "Libraries," President Nixon said just a lic outcry has been, at best, muted. brarians, and cultivated people generally as month ago in observance of National Library Spelled out, this wholesale slash means timid, sheeplike, and much too well bred to Week, "are the banks of our educational sys­ that no federal funds at all will be given cry out when they are shorn. Perhaps it is tem. And they yield rich dividends in knowl­ to elementary school libraries, and that only time to remind our fiscal hatchet-wielders minuscule amounts will trickle down to the of Balzac's saying, "Terrible is the revolt of edge and in wisdom." The metaphor, however a sheep." meritorious, was infelicitously timed. It was public and college libraries. uttered just a day or two before the Presi­ The libraries are, of course, far from be­ dent announced savage slashes in the Federal ing alone in their deprivation. The proposed budget for libraries and library services. federal cuts will bring the budget of the ARTHUR GODFREY DELIVERS A These banks, apparently, are not going to Office of Education down from $4.1 billion WARNING TO GRADUATING CLASS have much money in them. And so their in 1968 to a lowly $3.2 billion in 1970-a "dividends in knowledge and in wisdom" may steep, even dizzying decline, and one that be correspondingly meager. is bound to leave wound-stripes on the HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH It would be difficult to state with any country's educational bodies for some time OF WEST VIRGINIA greater eloquence than Mr. Nixon's the vital to come. contribution made by libraries to the intel­ Ironically, Washington's budget slashers IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES lectual life of the Nation. "They are," he have chosen to back away at federal grants Thursday, June 12, 1969 went on to say, "a summing-up of past at a time when their counterparts in the achievement and a stimulant to future prog­ cities and localities are also finding it ex­ Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, for a ress. Never have we had greater reason than pedient to skimp and scamp on educational good many years Arthur Godfrey has this year to celebrate National Library Week. services. The effect of this dual barrage may been one of the country's best-known For never have our libraries played a more well prove devastating. entertainers. As such he has gathered prominent role in our campaign against But surely no one in government is against a large following of people who admire ignorance and for fullness of educational education and the reading process? If, as his talents as a performer. opportunity." Senators are forever telling us in commence­ Unhappily, the Nixon budget allots to li­ ment day speeches, education is the back­ Mr. Godfrey has a deep abiding love braries no more than a fraction of what the bone of our country, why would sober, well­ for his country. He has taken an inten­ Johnson budget promised. In funds for Title meaning budget experts want to bend their sive interest in its natural resources and II of the Elementary and Secondary Educa­ country's backbone to the snapping point? has become one of the most eloquent tion Act, providing library materials and The unofficial explanation out of Washington spokesmen for the preservation and pro­ textbooks for public and private schools, has been that the programs hit were of "low tection of these resources. His concern there is a reduction of $42 million, leaving priority.. in this "period of inflation and exactly-nothing. ·The funds to be made budgetary stringency." for America and its people is of the high­ available for furnishing library materials to This "explanation" would be moving and est degree of responsibility by a citizen. help college and university libraries would persuasive if only the pesky daily papers On June 2, Arthur Godfrey delivered merely be cut in half, a cut of $12.5 million. would stop printing stories that give such the commencement address at the Milton And perhaps the unkindest cut of all is in explanations the lie. Recent news stories tell, Hershey School in Pennsylvania. In it he June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15791 presented some disturbing facts and a population had risen to two billion, but in why I accepted this invitation to speak to you warning of what may happen to our nat­ only the next 30 years, by 1960, we had today. already well beyond 3.5 bill.ion, With life You young men about to leave this great ural environment unless man changes his expectancy up to 67 years in Amerlica. institution, are living examples of the power ways. If this keeps up, 31 years from now, when of initiative and free American enterprise. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ you lads will be in your middle and late for­ sent that excerpts from Arthur Godfrey's ties, the world population is projected to be You who were graduated here today are address be printed in the RECORD. well over 7 billion human beings. Of course, equipped as no other young men in America There being no objection, the excerpts we'll never make it. Why? This planet just with a priceless background that will stand were ordered printed in the RECORD, as isn't big enough to support 7 billion peo­ you in good stead in the mighty struggle that follows: ple! is to come. The rules of conduct, the desire Take just the United States, for instance. to learn, the love of country which are part When President John Hershey came to When I was born there were far less than and parcel of your bone and tissue will make visit me in my office last winter, I told him 100,000,000 American!;; alive. Today we have you the great leaders of your day. I would be delighted to come to speak to you 205 or 206 million. Now, according to the Too many of our young people today have tonight. But I must confess that as this date best figures I can find, at 200 million people been caught up in a senseless, lemming-like has come nearer and nearer, my dread has we have 2.6 acres of arable, usable soil per stampede to oblivion. This is no time for increased until over this past week-end it be­ person. Double the population in the next youth to blow up and seek hysterical escape. came something little short of sheer and 30 years, means half the usable soil per Long, filthy hair and rags bring nothing but complete panic! person-1.3 acres. You lads know that we skin troubles and body lice. Civilization is cannot raise enough food on 1.3 acres to feed built on restraints and disciplines-prefer­ But this is the first time I have been asked one person for one year. ably self-disciplines. There must be rules and to make a commencement address since I was regulations and civilities and niceties and awarded an honorary degree in Aeronauti­ So, by 1980 or 85, you, dear young people, manners and courtesies or there is no quality cal Science by Ryder College 'way back in the are going to know the pangs of hunger-you to life-and all is chaos. early fifties. and me and three hundred-odd million other We must do our own thing, you and !-but Americans! It won't be just the poor people. we must make it a positive, constructive So I've been asking myself everyday for the Everybody will be hungry. thing, and we must be guided by rules, man­ past several weeks, as I was preparing this And don't let anyone tell you that tech­ ners, formalities and standards of taste. We address: what in the world can I possibly nology is going to fix this. That's a lot of hog­ have to learn how to do that which man for­ say that you might find worth while or even wash. Technology, as a matter of pure fact, got how to do the day he fashioned the first interesting? I called my granddaughter on is exactly what has caused the present hu­ tool-we have to learn to live unobtrusively the phone about it. • • • She said: "I think man condition. Runaway technology! • • • within our environment. We have to learn it would be exciting to hear what you think No, technology isn't going to help us un­ to be a part of our environment instead of the future has in store for us. We're tired of til we adopt an entirely new set of defini­ trying to be greedy, thoughtless, tyrannical being lectured and warned all the time about tions of what we have rather foolishly called masters of all we survey. booze and narcotics and sex. It would be progress up to now. My generation started The world has changed in many ways, and nice to get some constructive advice about it and the children of my generation, your man has wrought most of the changes, but career possibilities and things like that." sires and mothern, have carried it along in he is still the slave of the very environment I also asked some of the bright young men a wild, heedless drive. • • • he has so heedlessly brought to the edge of who work With me in advertising and tele­ Let me illustrate with one or two small ruin. We can go to the moon and we can go to vision and radio production. Men in their examples: technology some years back came the bottom of the sea-but we must take our late twenties and early thirties. They all said up with a marvelous chemical called DDT environment with us-or we die. And yet we the same thing: "Tell 'em like it is, Arthur. for spraying insects. Without examining the have muddied and polluted and ravished our Tell 'em what you've taught us about our en­ ecological consequences, we all bought the environment-the very substance upon vironment, our attitudes and our disciplines. stuff and sprayed it everywhere to get rid of which we live and within which we live. Well, that's a long story, and I couldn't give mosquitos, flies, beetle!3 and other pests. It A long time ago, lads, I reached the con­ it all to you if I gave you an hour's lecture killed 'em, too. No question about it. clusion that the only contribution a man can every day for three years. It is ridiculous for But it also killed praying mantises, and make that is really worthwhile is to leave us elders to try to give advice to young men lady bugs, and other wonderful insects that the piece of ground upon which he was nur­ based on what we think we remember about feed on those that are harmful to man. It tured in better shape than it was when he our own youth. wipes out entire species of birds, too, by found it. The whole world is a dirty, impover­ making them incapable of reproducing. It ished, badly polluted place today. I'm sorry It's a different story today, I'm afraid. To­ kills the plankton and other tiny organisms you had to find it that way-sorry to the day, because the material conditions of life in the waters upon which the les!:ler forms depths of my soul-and I have honestly tried have been vastly changed, too many people of marine life depend for food, thus robbing to clean up at least a little of it. And I shall think traditional concepts of ethics and the larger creatures of their subsistence. keep on trying by bringing these facts home morals and political and social relationships to as many people as will listen to me. are obsolete. What I'm going to tell you to­ • • Let me urge you young men to arm your­ day are some unpleasant truths that may Incredibly, penguin eggs-thousands of miles away in the Antarctic! have been found selves as quickly as possible With the facts not be what you'd like to hear. But what I which are now as available to you as they Will tell you is truth to the best of my knowl­ to be contaminated With unacceptable amounts of DDE which has prevented chicks have been to me during the past few years. edge-truth untainted and uncolored by per­ Then, individually, select that branch of eco­ sonal opinion. from hatching. A big catch of cohoe salmon in Lake Superior was impounded last winter logical endeavor which appeals to you most because it was found to be loaded with dan­ and attack it with all your strength. Go-and Man-humanity-your ancestors and gerous amounts of the same poison. take with you the apologies of those of us mine--seems to have appeared first in an­ Would you lads believe that our filthy who realize now the error of our ways-and cient Africa somewhere between a million Hudson River in New York used to have an­ take with you also our love and support and and two million years ago. And for a long nual salmon spawning runs? Yes! And gteat our determination to make this world much time--at least a million years--did all right. sturgeons, too. Believe lt or not, we once ex­ cleaner and better than it is today. But somewhere back along about the ported caviar to Russia from our own Hudson Neolith.ic period, we must have gotten too River sturgeon! • • • • big for our breeches in the northern half of The very air we breathe is so filled with Africa, a.nyway, because that whole area be­ noxious gases that thousands of people die ROMAN HISTORY OFFERS PARAL­ came entirely denuded. What had once been each year of emphysema, lung cancer and, in LELS THAT ARE CHILLING a magnificent forest became the vast Sahara some instances, just plain every day suffoca­ Desert--wh.ich is still pushing southward at tion. the rate of about half a mile per hour. ~ We--mank.ind-struggled along for thou­ Where does the air pollution come from? HON. M. (GENE) SNYDER sands of years, throughout the rest of the Factories? Yes, but only roughly 14% of it. OF KENTUCKY world, until about the time of the Renais­ Public utilities? Yes, another 16%. All of the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sance, with only two or three hundred mil­ remainder, 70 % , comes from our automobiles, lion people--at most-on Earth. Then, all of motorcycles, boats, airplanes, trucks, tractors, Thursday, June 12, 1969 a sudden, somewhere between 1830 and 1850, incinerators and home heating devices. All these "wonderful" things that technology Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I include it was realized that there were about a bil­ herewith for printing in the Extensions lion human beings alive at one and the same brought us. time. of Remarks, an editorial by Brady Black Seventy years ago, at the turn of thls My hope is that American youth will not of the Cincinnati Enquirer, entitled century, there were still considerably less take it sitting down. My hope is that you "Roman History Offers Parallels That than a billion and a half people alive on who will one day take over the reins of this Are Chilling." Earth. • • • By 1930, when I was 27, the country, will do something about it. That's The editorial follows: CXV--995-Part 12 15792 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ROMAN HISTORY OFFERS PARALLELS THAT ARE chief taxes paid by the lower income brackets a complete re-examination of the entire re­ CHILLING were not raised but the income taxes and in­ lationship of Federal, State and Local Gov­ (By Brady Black) heritance taxes paid by the propertied and ernments for the purpose of placing where well-to-do were sharply increased. there is power to deal With them-full re­ The fall of the powerful Roman Empire "What always happens as a consequence sponsibility for creating and implementing long has been a historical yardstick for man's of excessive taxation also happened in the comprehensive and effective solutions for the measuring and speculating as to whether Roman Empire: Prices rose, and creeping in­ increasing monumental problems, particu­ the powerful United States could come to a fiation culminated in a scramble for real larly financial, facing the cities. It must be similar end. goods at ever higher prices and in the debase­ recognized that the urban area-such as The Philadelphia Inquirer has published ment of the currency," Dr. Strausz-Hupe Yonkers-is being short-changed, at the low a series of articles by Dr. Robert Strausz­ noted. end of the structure of government, and by Hupe, director of the Foreign Policy Institute "As always, the lower income groups, de­ reason thereof is fast approaching the point at the University of Pennsylvania, which pending on the purchasing power of their where expenses can only be met by denying points out some parallels between the Roman daily earnings, were worst hit. The deterio­ essential community services. Empire of 1900 years ago and the United ration of the currency was the most tan­ The Federal Government apparently is the States of today. gible symptom of the increasingly serious only present source with sufficient resources The implications, if one is inclined to be financial situation Qf the empire .... In­ to be able to quickly come to the aid of pessimistic, are frightening. crease in taxation went hand-in-hand with the cities to meet their almost insurmount­ The Roman Empire, Dr. Strausz-Hupe the increase in bureaucracy ... The bill for able challenges. But this aid cannot wait noted, achieved its greatest prosperity and their services had to be paid by the one and must be genuine and available, not external security in the second century after population group that could be coerced into frustrated by red-tape. Prompt and ade­ the birth of Christ. The military strength carrying the additional load; namely the quate commitment not lip service must come deterred or overwhelmed foreign aggressors producer, the taxpayer. to the cities if they are to accomplish the and, internally, the safety of individuals and "A few generations earlier," he continued task of re-building our decaying urban their property was insured. There was a "Rome had stood steadfastly by her com~ civilization. middle class which grew steadily in numbers mitments to her allies ... by the third Be it further resolved that copies of this and in wealth. All Roman citizens were liable century, the retreat of Rome from her for­ resolution be forwarded to each of our As­ for military service and all were equal be­ ward positions ... had turned into an un­ semblymen, our State Senator, our Congress­ fore the law. Economic competition was ac­ seemly rout • . . Rome's hostile neighbors man, both United States Senators, the Chair­ tively encouraged. turned more aggressive ... Rome confined man of the appropriate cominittees of the "No foreign power could challenge her, herself to indignant complaints-and did Legislature and Congress, and to the Gov­ and her growing middle class furnished the nothing ... For awhile appeasement of her ernor and the President. seemingly inexhaustible wellspring of prog­ enemies brought Rome peace. Then her Adopted by the City Council of the City ress," Dr. Strausz-Hupe wrote. strongest allies defected and her enemies, of Yonkers, at a stated meeting held April "Why did this splendid and benign civili­ encouraged by Rome's limp response to their 22nd, 1969, by unanimous vote. zation decline at all?" he asked. "And why provocations, renewed the attack and pro­ JOSEPH A. KRAYNAK, did it decline so rapidly that, within another ceeded to ravage Rome's home territories, City Cle1·k. 100 years, the Roman Empire was plunged Italy and Gaul. State of New York, County of Westchester, irreversibly into anarchy and penury, rav­ "Is this lesson relevant to us? Has any City of Yonkers, SS.: aged by foreign aggressors, and doomed to people ever grown stronger by growing I, Joseph A. Kraynak, City Clerk of the extinction? weaker in the resolution to punish hostile City of Yonkers, do hereby certify that I "Undoubtedly, one cause of the decline and provocations and to stand by its allies?" have compared the foregoing Resolution No. fall of the Roman Empire can be found in Dr. Strausz-Hupe asked. 288-1969 adopted April 22nd, 1969, with the the enduring nature of man: His capacity "Has any people ever been able to im­ original thereof now on file in my office, and for self-delusion and complacency in good that the same is a true and correct copy times." prove its internal welfare at the expense of its external security? ... No one can state thereof and the whole of said original. The alarming trends, noted even at that In witness whereof, I have hereunto set time, were: convincingly where lies the limits of our wealth; as to whether, for example, a per­ my hand and affixed the seal of the City of There was an increase of idle people in Yonkers, this 24 day of April, 1969. Rome, the idle rich and the idle poor. This manent tax burden, representing 25 % of our national -income, is bound to crush the in­ JOSEPH A. KRAYNAK, trend was fostered by political rewards to City Clerk. favorites by some of the emperors and bids centive of the nation's products, whether for acclaim of the masses by the inauguration chronic infiation will affect our future wel­ ------of welfare measures and public services. A fare of our poorer fellow citizen· and large part of the Roman citizenry lived on whether, in order to deal effectively wlth the MINE TRIP TAKES VISITORS BACK the dole in exchange for their votes. blight of poverty, we must not first halt the 300 MILLION YEARS inflationary rise in the cost of living and T~e average Roman citizen, idle, pleasure­ seekmg and pampered, felt less and less in­ restore incentives to private enterprise." clined to do service in the citizen army, once HON. HERMAN T. SCHNEEBELI considered a privilege of all free Romans. OF PENNSYLVANIA REEXAMINATION OF RELATION­ The simple moral values which had made IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Romans invincible in war and which had SHIP OF FEDERAL, STATE, AND ennobled their domestic institutions-fru­ LOCAL GOVERNMENTS-RESOLU­ Thursday, June 12, 1969 gality, gravity, directness, piety and patriot­ TION BY CITY COUNCIL OF YONK­ Mr. SCHNEEBELI. Mr. Speaker, are­ ism-did not commend themselves to the ERS, N.Y. sophisticated philosophies which swept cent edition of the Christian Science Rome's intellectual market in the second Monitor contained a very informative century. HON. JACOB K. JAVITS article about a trip nnderground to an One group of alienated intellectuals was OF NEW YORK active coal mine in north central Penn­ the Cynics-bearded, ragged and professing sylvania. I myself have taken this trip indifference to worldly goods. The Cynics IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES through the Glen Burn Colliery mine heaped contempt and ridicule upon the Thursday, June 12, 1969 and can attest to its amazing and in­ steady values of the middle class. Another was the Sophists, the academics who fat­ Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President I ask nnan­ spiring effects. It is an awesome sight and tened on the social and economic system imous consent to have pri~ted in the a very exhilarating experience which I which they denounced as they grew infiu­ Extensions of Remarks a resolution would highly recommend to anyone in­ ential and rich. adopted by the City Council of Yonkers terested in American history and tradi­ By the beginning of the third century N.Y., calling for a complete reexamina~ tions. Rome's towns and countryside had becom~ The Monitor article follows: unsafe places. Deserters from the army and tion of the entire relationship of Federal State, and local governments. ' [From the Christian Science Monitor, escaped criminals beset the unwary traveler June 10, 1969] and robbed the tradesmen. There being no objection, the resolu­ There were riots and fires which destroyed tion was ordered to be printed in the MINE TRIP TAKES VISITORS BACK 300 MILLION whole towns. RECORD, as follows: YEARS The authorities, unable or unwilling to RESOLUTION No. 288-1969 SHAMOKIN, PA. cope with the disorders, indulged the masses The huge Glen Burn Colliery, whose his­ of idle in the cities, seeking their political By Councilman Eisen: tory dates back to 1793, opens its shafts to support as an offset against the growing Resolved by the City Council of the City tourists on weekends and holidays from May discontent of the taxpayers-the producers. of Yonkers, in meeting assembled: to October. . Confiscatory taxation and creeping infia­ That it emphatically calls upon and urges From 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. certified mine fore­ tiOn occurred, depressing commerce and in­ our representatives in the State Legislature men guide visitors on 50-minute tours of dustry and beggaring the middle class. The and the Congress to immediately press for the mine's intriguing interior, featuring a June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15793 thrllling three-mile ride through the re­ In Moscow these days the "contradictions" number of families. Sometimes the chil­ markable solid rock tunnel, plus an extra of the Communist movement are, like mag­ dren are left with a sick person; some­ 20-minute guided tour of the colliery's sur­ nolia blossoms, unfolding and turning brown. face sights, showing such marvels of hard­ To attract those few parties whose self-re­ times they are brought to the mother's coal mining as the world's highest burning spect makes their attendance of value, the place of work. Evidence is available that culm bank. Russians promised not to use the conference many of these arrangements are detri­ Tourists are also welcome to visit the to excommunicate the absent Chinese. But mental to the child-and in the long run, new Anthracite Museum and view unusual once the meeting began, Politburo chief to society-for we have come to recog­ exhibits of fossils, old mining gear, lamps, Brezhnev feverishly denounced Peking. The nize that the preschool child is going maps, photographs, and many reminders of Russians had gotten their hapless Czech through important stages crucial to his life in early mining days. clients to ask the brothers not to discuss future development. To take a simple Visitors take the tunnel" ride in authentic the Soviet invasion. But one of the parties example, the preschooler can be seriously motorized mine cars, specially equipped for responsible to its public rather than Kremlin tourist enjoyment. Floodlights atop the cars whim, the Australian, went ahead and raised slowed up in his language ability if he is illuminate the tunnel's amazing solid rock the Czech question anyway. A captive of its left each day with an elderly person who and sights en route. Over loudspeakers, pas­ own intolerance, the Soviet leadership has talks very little to the child because of sengers hear mining lore and highlights of neither the power to suppress all dissent nor deafness, or a language barrier, or the anthracite history, traditions, and geologi­ the wisdom to learn from it. Having aban­ tiredness of age. The detrimental effect cal development. doned the techniques of consultation for the here is cumulative. Without language Tourists alight from mine cars in the high, shock tactic of confrontation, t he Kremlin skills the child learns poorly all that is wide, well-lighted "inside walking area," is at a loss. taught to him through language when he full of remarkable underground sights. The If the Soviets want to make a hash of knowledgeable miner-guide leads the way, the International Communist movement, begins school. explaining how anthracite is mined at tho t hat is their privilege. Thought ful Western­ Shocking as it may seem, some chil­ Glen Burn, answering questions, pointing ers, rather than smiling over Moscow's dis­ dren are left to take care of themselves. out gangways, loading chutes, such phe­ comfort, will regret that the Russians are In a 1965 study of some 6.3 million work­ nomena as a rich coal vein, rock strata, and so pressurizing the international climate. ing mothers, it was found that about a brilliantly colored rock "painted" by acid Yet that is not all. Its performance raises million children under 14 years of age water. serious questions about the maturity of the were left without anyone to look after Enhancing the authenticity of the scene current Kremlin leadership. Can a group are lifelike mannequins, dressed like Glen them; some of these children were under which abuses and alienates its friends be 6 years of age. The possible costs to so­ Burn miners, illustrating actual mining op­ counted on to treat its rivals with the respect erations. It's cool inside the mine, an average their tensions require? It would defy com­ ciety here are incalculable; how can we 52 degrees. mon sense and past history alike if other compute the cost of accidents which oc­ On the outside tour, visitors actually walk men in the Kremlin were not troubled by cur, the psychological damage and the the route taken by Glen Burn miners on this strain. juvenile delinquency which often result? their way to the drift mouth (entrance to Federal funds are available for opera­ the tunnel). First stop is the old bath house, to see tional expenses of day care centers, but where 1,200 miners took showers after a DAY CARE CENTER FACILITIES ACT there is no general Federal program day's toil beneath the earth's surface. Vis­ which would authorize funds for major itors then see and learn functions of such renovation, or for construction of badly facULties as the pumping sta.tion, scale HON. FERNAND J. ST GERMAIN needed new facilities. house, boiler house, railroad and mine haul­ OF RHODE ISLAND The actual demand for day care cen­ age cars. They view a gigantic "tree trunk" IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ters is indeterminable; while I have seen fossil, judged by a noted geologist to be about 300 million years old. Thursday, June 12, 1969 estimates which claim that about 3.5 million mothers are in desperate need Because the famed Glen Burn mine is Mr. ST GERMAIN. Mr. Speaker, there such a huge complex of buildings and instal­ of day care, this does not include moth­ lations, With a wealth of unusual attractions are some who claim that the most im­ ers who would work if good child care above and below ground, there is much of portant social legislation of the next 10 services were available for their chil­ interest for everyone. Tourist facilities in­ years will be in the area of child develop­ dren. Surveys report that many women clude a snack bar, souvenir shop, and free ment. Establishing day care facilities now on relief would seek employment picnic area. will be one of the important parts of of their own accord if day care arrange­ that legislation. The existing need for ments could be found for their children. more day care centers is staggering. Sev­ This is also true of many professional KREN.ITJNCONFRONTATION eral million children in need of day care TACTICS women, such as nurses, whose skills so­ attention are without it, and each year, ciety badly needs. In addition, the Labor for the predictable future, the demand Department in 1965 predicted that the HON. HARRY F. BYRD, JR. for day care services will increase. 1970's would see a 43-percent rise in the OF VIRGINIA According to the Department of Labor number of working mothers with chil­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES the number of working mothers has dou­ dren under 5 years, and this figure is bled since 1950; there are seven times as now acknowledged as too conservative. Thursday, June 12, 1969 many working mothers now as compared The costs of new facilities are too much Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President, to 1940. At present, almost two of every for the States to bear alone; centers will I ask unanimous consent to have printed five mothers with children under 18 are only be built in numbers that have any in the Extensions of Remarks an edi­ working. A cultural change has occurred relation to the critical need if Federal torial entitled "Kremlin Confrontation in the past 30 years, and we have not assistance is forthcoming. Tactics," published in the Washington faced some of its implications. I am introducing legislation today Post of June 10, 1969. One implication which now cries out which would authorize Federal funds for There being no objection, the editorial for attention is the need for a national the construction of day care centers. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, program to provide adequate care for the While the funds could be used to acquire as follows: children of these working mothers. Ac­ land and erect new buildings, preference KREMLIN CONFRONTATION TACTICS cording to 1965 estimates, there were 4.5 would be given for the renovation of ex­ If the United States, after occupying Mex­ million children under the age of 6 whose isting structures. The bill specifies that ico and opening a border war with Canada, mothers were working, and 11 million Federal assistance will supply two-thirds then called a conference on hemispheric children aged 11 or under. of the costs; the non-Federal share can friendship and unity, it would be in about The number of places in day care fa­ be in cash or in some equivalent con­ the pickle in which the Soviet Union finds cilities-531,000 as of March 1968- tribution such as land, a building to be itself today. An outsider might have thought hardly begins to cope with the prob­ renovated, labor or equipment. I am rec­ that, at the least, the timing of an interna­ lem. Present facilities are filled to ca­ ommending an authorization of $55 mil­ tional Communist conference was a shade pacity, and everyWhere there are long lion per year for the next 4 years. The off, coming so soon after the occupation of Czechoslovakia and the opening of a border waiting lists. Mothers are forced into situation should be assessed again at war with China. But that would be to over­ makeshift arrangements for their chil­ that time. estimate the political subtlety of the Kremlin dren-a neighbor today, a relative to­ The bill does not restrict facilities to a faction whieh rammed the conference morrow. Sometimes an elderly person is particular age group such as 3 to 5 years. through. left in charge of many children from a Current research indicates that good day 15794 EXTENSIONS. <;lF REMARKS JUntJ 12, 1969 care is not harmful to the 1 to 3 age 1972, to complete its work. That means determining. the claims. before it by AprU group and can, in fact, be beneficial to that the Commission ha~ less than 3 10, -1972. In the three years remaiP,~g the be years in which to accomplish more work Commission must complete more 'work than many children. The centers could also it has completed in twenty-two years. · used for older children after school hours than it has in the past 22. Is there some for reaching innovative pro­ and during vacation periods. Mr. Vance has written ·an excellent ar­ cedural change which could enable the Com.: Granted that there is a shortage of any ticle entitled "The Congressional Man­ mission to accomplish ·the Congressional kind of day care centers-either the date and the Indian Claims Commission," mandate? I believe there is. The analysis and poor ones that offer only custodial care published in the spring· 1969, issue of the views expressed in this article are my own. or the good ones which provide a rich North Dakota Law Review, in which he They are expressed as an individual and not living experience for the child-the funds analyzes why the Commission has failed. as a spokesman for the Indian Claims Com-~ authorized here should be for centers More important, he proposes methods by mission. which are actively concerned with fur­ which the Commission could indeed ac­ BACKGROUND thering the child's social, physical and complish its assignment in short order The creation of the Indian Claims Commis- . sion was the culmination of years of national mental development. The money, then, without a change in the act. Basic to the discourse and travail.. Americans sensitive to . is for an educational building, not for a proposal is his suggestion that the Com­ the problems of the Indian and aware of the shelter where a mother can safely park mission establish a vigorous Investiga­ seeming stain. on the national honor were her child for the day. The design of the tions Division to collect all pertinent evi­ searching for a solution to the problem early facility, consequently, is an important dence and findings of fact upon which in the nineteenth century. Up until that time, consideration; this is especially true be­ Commission opinions could be based. the treatment of the native inhabitants of cause young children are involved. Be­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ North America equated to the rationale set forth in Thomas More's Utopia in 1516. There, cause of the continuing development of sent to have printed in the RECORD a native inhabitants who refused or were ·re­ new ideas on design, no specifications are complete text of Chairman Vance's pro­ luctant to dwell under Utopian law were included in the legislation. The Secre­ posal. driven off ·the land and if they continued to tary of the Department of Health, Edu­ There being no objection, the article resist had full scale war made against them. cation, and Welfare is given authority was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, The most just cause of war was "when any to formulate and update regulations in as follows: people holdeth a piece of ground void and accordance with the best practices in vacant to no good or profitable use: keeping THE CONGRESSIONAL MANDATE AND THE INDIAN others from the . use and possession of it, early childhood education. CLAIMS COMMISSION which, notwithstanding, by the law of We may well be ·at the beginning of a (By John T. Vance, LL.B., George Washington nature, ought thereof to be nourished and new era in providing for young children. University, 1950; Chairman, Indian Claims relieved.":: A hundred years later Sir Walter While I have designated for priority Commission) Raleigh noted that people participate in mass funds for facilities which would serve On August 13, 1946, the Indian Claims deception when "a number can do a great families judged to be in poverty, the Comxnission was created when President wrong and call it right, and not one of that day may fast be approaching when all Harry s. Truman signed the Act, saying, "I majority blush for it." ~ children, although in varying degrees, hope that this bill will mark the beginning Although Thomas Jefferson believed the will be served by day care centers. Wom­ of a new era for our Indian citizens. They Indian to be equal in body and mind to have valiantly served on every battlefront. the white man, Theodore Roosevelt, who, if an's conception of her role in society They have proved by their loyalty the wis­ sometimes wrong was seldom in doubt, re- · continues to change; before long the dom of a national policy built upon fair ferred to the Indians as "the weaker race" great majority of housewives may spend dealing. With the final settlement of all and those concerned with the plight of the at least a part of their day in the work outstanding claims which this measure in­ Indian as "foolish sentimentalists." In an world. And complementing that trend sures, Indians can take their place without all conclusive burst of rhetoric he said that are new ideas in child development. The special handicap or special advantage in the "to recognize the Indian ownership of the experts in this area, conscious of how economic life of our nation and share fully limitless forests and prairies of this con­ much the child learns even before three, in its progress." ~ tinent-that is, to consider the dozen squalid Congress assigned the Indian Claims Com­ savages who hunted at long intervals over are saying that a carefully designed and mission a life of ten years, five years for the a territory of a thousand square Iniles as supervised environment ::mtside the Indian tribes to file their claims and five owning it outright-necessarily implies a home for part of the day can be valuable years for the Commission to hear and deter­ similar recognition of every white hunter, for all preschool children. I suspect that mine claims. Over twenty-two years after squatter, horse thief, or wandering cattle­ the funds recommended in my bill, while the creation of the Indian Claims Commis­ man." 5 Congress thought otherwise. they may be difficult to wrest from a sion most of the claims have not been heard In 1855 the United States Court of Claims budget-conscious Congress, vastly un­ and determined. was established to permit suit to be brought derstate the needs of the future. On October 5, 1968, Presidential nominee against the government, but in 1863 the Richard M. Nixon said "the sad plight of the tribal claims based on treaties were excluded American Indian is a stain on the honor of from the general jurisdiction of the court.6 the American people." President Truman's The tribes were treated in the same manner hope had not been realized. Mr. Nixon point­ as foreign nations and were required to ob­ CONGRESS AND THE INDIAN CLAIMS ed out that Indians have a high mortality tain a special jurisdictional act from Con­ COMMISSION rate, a low education level, an unemployment gress in order to take a case to the Court rate ten times the national average, an aver­ of Claims. This was clearly discriminatory age family income often below $500 per year, since all other citizens of the United States HON. LEE METCALF inadequate housing and suffer from unwise had the right to sue in the Court of Claims and vascillating federal policies.2 In short, OF MONTANA without a special act of the Congress. Yet it the Indians have not taken their place, with­ was a beginning. It was Congressional rec­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES out special handicap or special advantage, in ognition, of the existence of valid claims·, Thursday, June 12, 1969 the economic life of our nation. and, if the process required to get a special Why has the Indian Claims Commission jurisdictional act passed was disheartening, Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, 22 years failed to accomplish the Congressional man­ at least a record of recognition of the claim ago the act creating the Indian Claims date? In my opinion, the Commission has was being made and the Indian was being Commission was signed by former Presi­ failed because it adopted all of the pro­ given an opportunity to state his case in a dent Truman to settle, once and for all, cedures utilized under the various jurisdic­ public forum. tional acts prior to the creation of the Indian In 1928 the Meriam Report pointed out all outstanding Indian claims against the Claims Commission; procedures which must Nation. At the time, President Truman "the conviction in the Indian mind that jus:.o in a large measure have contributed to the tice is being denied" and that any cooper­ said that the measure would allow In­ protracted passage of time which had so ation between the government and the In- ­ dians to "take their place without special frustrated the Indian claimant and the Con­ dian was rendered extremely difficult by the handicap or special advantage in the gress. They were procedures which were fa­ long period of time, sometimes up to forty economic life of ow· Nation and share miliar to the lawyers who represented the years, required to hear and determine the fully in its progress." claimants and the government before the claims, under the various jurisdictional acts.7 Mr. President, 22 years have passed, Court of Claims. But if familiarity was a On January 6 , 1930, a bill was introduced · good reason to adopt the procedures in 1946 in the House of Representatives calling for and most of the claims have neither been it is an equally good reason to abandon them heard nor determined. Fw·thermore, as the creation of a United States Court of In­ in 1969. Congress has directed the Com­ dian Claims. It failed to pass. In April, 1934, - the present Chairman of the Commission, mission to complete ·the task of hearing and a Senate bill was introduced ·providing for ­ Mr. Jolm T. Vance, points out, Congress the creation of an Indian Claims Court. It has given the Commission until April 10, Footnotes at end of a,rticle. was reintroduced .in .Ja~uacy <,>f .19~~ Mld ...... • . June· 12; 1969. EXTENSIONS 'OF REMARKS 15795 then in March of 1935- a bill to create an of law. Before the cut off date 370 claims of the Dawes Commission and the Puebio Indiari Claims Commission was introduced or docket numbers were filed. Many of these Lands Board ' have not been over-lhrown . in the House of Representatives. Harold L. claims, however, contained more than one either by the courts or by laJter Congresses. I Ickes, Secretary of the Interior, preferred cause of action. Some contained as many think that we can expect as much finality the House bill and in a letter to Senator as fifteen or more. Consequently, many of in the work of this Indian Claims Commis­ Thomas, Chairman of the Committee on In­ the claims were broken down into separate sion provided we give it a jurisdiction broad dian Affairs, dated March 27, 1935, wrote docket numbers for each cause of action, enough to deal with the entire problem as · that the Senate bill "provides for a separate making a total of 605 docketed claims. it now exists and provided we require all court to hear such claims, but I am reliably By December 31, 1968, the Commission had Indian tribes to present their claims within informed that the delay in handling such dismissed 149 docket numbers and had com­ 5 years or forever hold their peace." 17 matters is not due to any congestion in the pleted the hearing and determination and In rejecting the idea of an Indian Claims present Court of Claims, but rather to de­ entered final judgment in 134 docket Court, Congress carefully gave to the lays, apparently unavoidable, in other numbers.u Indian Claims Commission all the necessary branches of the government in assembling Final judgments entered by the Commis­ tools to control at every stage the hearing the needed data for presentation to the sion by that date amounted to $284,223,- and determining of the claims before the Court of Claims through the Department of 012.16.15 Commission. Justice." s He then noted with approval that Before creating the Indian Claims Com­ Secretary Ickes had preferred the 1935 the House bill creating an Indian Claims mission, Congress specifically rejected the House Bill (H.R. 6655) creating an Indian Commission charged the Commission with proposal to create an Indian Claims Court. Claims Commission to the Senate Bill cre­ the duty of investigating the claims and Dissatisfaction with both the jurisdictional ating an Indian Claims Court. Section seven making an independent search for evidence acts and the timeless procedures utilized to of the House Bill creating a Commission and said: "It is believed that some legisla­ present claims under the Act before the provided that: tion of that type would be preferable to the United States Court of Claims had been ex­ "[T]he Commission shall make a com­ establishment of a new court for the ad­ pressed in a pledge by both major political plete and thorough search for all evidence af­ judication of such claims." 9 parties to settle once and forever the Indians' fecting such claims, utilizing all documents Apparently convinced, Senator Thomas in­ claims against the United States. Congress­ and records in the possession of the Court troduced a bill in the Senate to create an man Karl Mundt expressed the frustration of Claims and the several government bu­ Indian Claims Commission (S. 2731) in May, of Con·gress that tlie life tenure of an Indian reaus and offices. The Commission or any of 1935. claim could last twenty to forty years. its members or authorized agents may hold Bills to create an Indian Claims Commis­ "That process is enormously costly and un­ hearings, examine witnesses, take depositions sion were introduced again in 1937, 1940, satisfactory to everyone. It means that Gov­ in any place in the United States and any 1941, 1944 and 1945. ernment clerks and attorneys in the Interior of the Commissioners may sign and issue Then in May of 1946, a young congress­ Department, the Department of Justice and subpoenas for the appearance of witnesses man from the State of Washington, Henry the General Accounting Office spend years and the production of documents from any M. Jackson, rose on the floor of the House and years examining and re-examining place in the United States, at any designated of Representatives and spoke for the nation Indian claims in an effort to determine place of hearing." 1s saying: "Let us pay our debts to the In­ whether the Indians should have a day in Section eight provided: dian tribes that sold us the land we live court.... [A]nd of course, when a special "The Commission shall give notice and an on..•• [L]et us make sure that when the jurisdictional bill is enacted, ·the process of opportunity for hearing to the interested Indians have their day in court they have investigation starts all over again. Then, only parties before making any final determina­ an opportunity to present all their claims too often, the Court of Claims or the Supreme tion on the claim. A full written .record shall of every kind, shape and variety, so that this Court finds some fault with the language of be kept of all hearings and proceedings of the problem can truly be solved once and for the jurisdictional act, and the Indians come Commission and shall be open to inspection all.... 1 ° Congressman Jackson was the back for an amended jurisdictional act, and by the attorneys concerned. Whenever a final author of the bill signed into law by President the merry-go-round starts up again. In the determination is reached by the Commission Truman in August of 1946. last 20 years the General Accounting Office upon any claim, notice thereof shall the given The Indian Claims Commission Act, signed alone spent over a million dollars ($1,000,- to the tribe, band, or group concerned.-With­ into law on August 13, 1946, was designated 000.) in reporting on Indian claims bills. in twenty days thereafter Written objection Public Law 79-726. The original act provided And not one cent of that went to any Indian thereto may be filed with the Commission by for a Chief Commissioner and two associate to settle any claim. Justice and Interior and any interested party." 19 Commissioners. The Act has been amended the committees of Congress have probably Section nine provided for the adoption of and the life of the Commission has been spent comparable sums. That, in the judg­ rules and "of such experts, field investigators extended three times by Congress. In 1967 ment of your committee, threatens to be an and clericarassistants as may be necessary to Congress amended the Act to provide two endless waste of the taxpayers' money. This fulfill duties which cannot be properly per­ additional Commissioners so that now there dilly-dallying with the claims problem, ac­ formed by persons already engaged in the are five Commissioners, one of whom is des­ cording to our Investigating Committee's government service." 20 ignated Chairman by the President. The last· findings, promises to 'continue to be a real From 1935 until the enactment of the In­ amendment extended the life of the Com­ roadblock on the path to Indian independ­ dian Claims Commission in 1946 the word mission to April 10, 1972. ence 100 years from now'. For that reason court was never mentioned again in any pro­ The Commission was given broad juris­ your special investigating committee recom­ posed bill. diction to hear and determine all claims mended that legislation be adopted to fix the The provisions of sections seven, eight and against the United States on behalf of any final date after which no more Indian claims nine of the 1935 bill were included in the 1946 "tribe, band, or other identifiable group of would be considered by any agency or in­ Act in: section four, which provides for the American Indians residing within the terri­ strumentality of the Government and to pro­ appointment of a clerk and such other em­ torial limits of the United States or Alaska." n vide for a claims commission that would find ployees "as shall be requisite to conduct the It includes all claims at law or equity the facts and make final determinations on business of the Commission;" 21 in section arising under the Constitution, laws or trea­ all pending Indian claims cases within a nine, which provides that "the Commission ties of the United States, Executive Orders of the President, and all claims which the period not exceeding ten years. We ought to shall have power to establish its own rules of have a definite time table; we ought to know procedure;" 22 in section thirteen, paragraph claimant would have been entitled to sue that, once having given the Indians a fair (b) , providing for the establishment of an if the United States were subject to suit. opportunity to present their cases, this Investigation Division and requiring the Divi- It also includes all claims which arise if treaties,ll' contracts, or agreements between chapter in our history and this expense to . sion to "make a complete and thorough the claimants and the United States were our taxpayers will be concluded once and for search for all evidence affecting each clalm, revised on the ground of fraud, duress, un­ all. That is my chief concern in the bill that utilizing all documents and records in the conscionable consideration, mutual or uni­ is before us." 16 possession of the Court of Claims and several lateral mistake, or other equitable considera­ Congress was confident the Commission government departments . . .; " 2:1 in section could do the job in the time allowed. It fourte·en,' which gave "The Commission" the tion. It further extends ~ all claims arising from the United States' taking of land owned passed Congressman Jackson's bill when he power to call upon any of the departments of by the claimant without the payment of assured them: · the government for any information it may compensation. Finally, the Commission's "When we set up a Court of Private Land deem necessary," specifically authorizing jurisdiction extends to all claims based "up­ Claims in California in 1851 we set a limit " ... the use of all records, hearings, andre­ on fair and honorable dealings which are of 2 years on the presentation of the Span­ ports made by the committees of each House not recognized by any existing rule of law ish and Mexican claims. We cleared up the of Congress, when deemed necessary in the 24 or equity." 13 The termination date for filing situation in that period of time and so far as prosecution of its business;" and, section cla.ims before the Commission was August 13, I know we have not reopened the question seventeen provides that: "The Commission 1951. Under Section twelve of the Act, since. From time to time we have set up other shall give reasonable notice to the interested any claim not filed within the five year special temporary commissions on Indian parties and an opportunity for them to be period was to be forever barred by operation claims such as the Dawes Commission and the heard and to present evidence before making Pueblo Lands Board, which were able to clear any final determination upon any claim." 25 up within a few years problems that had been There was only one major difference in the ··Footnotes at end of article. troublesome for many decades. The decisions 1935 bill and the 1946 bill which later be- 15796 EXTENSIONS. Of REMARKS June 12, 1969 came law. The 1935 bill provided that "all ants' attorneys and the lawyers for the De­ expedite its work." Although the Commis­ determ.inations of fact by the Commission partment of Justice to present the isSues and sion has during the last year instituted pre­ shall be final and conclusive and shall not be the evidence to the Commission. Although trial conferences, reduced the time required open to reexamination in the Court of Claims nothing 1n the Act required the claimants for presenting expert testimony, and rf;lduced or in any judicial or other proceedings." =­ to have a lawyer, n-o claim made any prog­ the time required for hearings at every stage The bill signed into law in 1946 provided gress unless the claimants were represented of the cases, it is my opinion that, even at for review by the Court of Claims and a fur­ by a lawyer. In section fifteen of the Act, the present rate of production, which is ther appeal to the Supreme Court. Also, in Congress has said that a "group of Indians almost double that of preceding years, the section twenty, paragraph (a), the bill au­ ma-y retain to represent its interest in the task cannot be completed in the time re­ thorized the Commission to "certify to the presentation of claims before the Commis­ maining using existing procedures. Court of Claims any definite and distinct sion an attorney . . ." and then added in In my opinion, no amendment to the act questions of law concerning which instruc­ the same section the statement that "the would be required to institute the following tions are desired for the proper disposition of Attorney General or his assistants shall rep­ innovations to existing procedures which can the claim: and thereupon the Court of Claims resent the United States in all claims pre­ enable the Commission to accomplish the may give appropriate instructions on the sented to the Commission. . . . " 32 Congressional mandate by April 10, 1972, the question certified and transmit the same to The matter was further complicated by the termination date: the Commission for its guidance and the fur­ position taken by the Bureau of Indian Af­ 1. Refer all claims before the Commission ther consideration of the claim." 27 It seems fairs and the Solicitor's Office of the Depart­ to the Investigations Division as awthorized that Congress intended to give the Commis­ ment of Interior. Section fifteen of the Act in section thirteen (b) of the Act. sion a tool by which it could avoid protracted stated that Indians organized under the 2. Authorize the Director of the Investiga­ appeals by soliciting guidance from the Court Wheeler-Howard Act of June 18, 1934, could tions Division to utilize the services of any of Claims, an appellate arbiter. hire a lawyer as provided in their constitu­ employee of the Commission in making a COt1BT VEBSUS COMMISSION tion and by-laws. The next sentence said complete and thorough search of the evi­ that "the employment of attorneys for all dence affecting the claixns. The employee Congress had rejected the idea of an Indian other claimants shall be subject to the provi­ should be authorized to administer oaths and Claixns Court. Instead it had created an In­ sions of Sections 2103-2106, inclusive, of the examine witnesses as authorized in section dian Claims Commission and, as suggested Revised Statutes." aa This is the provision in eighteen of the Act. by Congressman Jackson, has given it broad the United States Code which states that 3. Authorize the employment on an inter­ jurisdiction. It empowered the Commission no attorney shall be hired by an Indian tribe mittent or regular basis of anthropologists, to investigate the claims; to call on other without the written .approval of the Secre­ agencies of the government for assistance; historians, ecologists, land appraisers, econ­ tary of the Int~rior and the Commissioner of omists, accountants, investigators and such to call on the Court of Claims for assistance; Indian Affairs. other persons as shall be necessary to com­ to approve compromise claims; to hear and Although the language clearly differenti­ plete the investigations. determine the claims; to give reasonable ates between tribes organized under the 4. Direct the Investigation DiVision to sub­ notice to interested parties; and, to provide Wheeler-Howard Act and "all other claim­ interested parties an opportunity to be heard mit to the Commission all pertinent evidence ants," 34 the Commission, the Secretary of and proposed findings of fact upon which a before making any final determination upon Interior, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, any claim. Commission opinion can be based. and by acquiescence, the COngress insisted 5. If the Commission agrees that the pro­ The Congress required the Attorney Gen­ that all attorneys for the tribes go through eral to represent the United States and au­ posed findings are proper then a hearing the complicated procedure of having their should be called to give interested parties an thorized, but diet not require, the Indian contracts approved by the Secretary and the claimants to be represented by counsel. opportunity to be heard before the Commis-. Commissioner .M Congress further gave the broadest pos­ sion makes its final determination as au­ sible appeal jurisdiction to the Court of Although Congress authorized the Attor­ thorized in section seventeen of the Act. ney General or his assistants "with the ap­ In my opinion the adoption of this proce­ Claims, allowing the Court, upon appeal, proval of the Commission, to compromise to determine whether the findings of fact dure would greatly Increase the number of of the Commission are supported by sub­ any claim presented to the Commission compromise settlements, it would remove the­ • • .",:w. it is the policy of the Department Commission from the confining situation stantial evidence and authorizing the Court 17 to go into "the whole record or such por­ of Justice not to make settlement offers. wherein its production Is controlled to a large tions thereof as ma.y be cited by any Although Congress has provided that the extent by the ability of the Justice Depart­ party.... ":J~ Commission need only "give reasonable no­ ment and the petitioners' attorneys to proc­ Congress directed the Commission to: tice to the interested parties and an oppor­ ess claixns, and it would show the Congress tunity for them to be heard and to present that the Indian Claims Commission is deter­ "[E]stabllsh an Investigation Division to evidence before making any final deter­ mined to meet the termination date set by investllgate all claims referred to it by the mination upon any claim . . .",38 the Com­ Congress.to Comm.issk>n for the purpose of discovering mission, submissive to the requests of the FOOTNOTES the facts relating thereto. The Division shall lawyers who practice before it, has provided make a complete and thorough search for 1 Statement by the President Upon Sign­ for a bewildering series of hearings on title, ing Bill Creating the Inctian Claims Commis­ all eviden-ce a.ifecting claims, utillzing all value, offset, attorneys fees and all the mo­ documents and records in the possession of sion, August 3, 1946, Public Papers of the tions that any party chooses to present. President, Harry S. Truman, 1946, 414 (1962). the Court Of Claims and the several Govern­ 2 ment departments, and shall submit such The Commission has seldom requested in­ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, VOl. 114, pt. 23, p. structions from the COurt of Claims on ques­ 30329. evidence to the Commission. The Division 1 shall make available to the Indians con­ tions of law as provided 1n section twenty T. Moore, Utopia (1516), as found in W. cerned and to any interested Federal ·agency of the Act even th<>ugh there have been 122 Washburn, Seventeenth-Century America, any data in its possession relating to the appeals from the Commission's Interlocu­ Essays in Colonial History 24 ( 1959) . tory Orders and Judgments. ~ 8 Works of Slr Walter Raleigh 291, as rights and cla.ims of any Indian." llll To summarize, the Indian Claims COm­ jounct in W. Washburn, Seventeenth-Cen­ In an apparent attempt to facllita~te the mission has failed throughout the time of tury America, Essays In Colonial History 24 work of the Investigation Division, Congress (1959). speol.fied that "any member of the Com­ its existence to- exercise the initiative 1n hearing and determining the claiins filed G W. Washburn, The Indian and the White mission or any employee of the Commission, before it. It has not certified questions of Man, 132, 136,424 (1964). designated in writing for the purpose by the 11 Act of March 3, 1863, 12 Stat. 765. For a Chief Commissioner, !nay administer oaths law to the COurt of Claims, it has given only lip service to the Congressional direc­ comprehensive treatment of the history of and examine witnesses ...." ao The Act the Indian Claims Commission, seeN. Lurie, stated further that "[t] he Commission shall tive to establish an Investigation Division. In the face of the Justice Department's pol­ The Inctian Claims Commission Act, The have the power to call upon any of the de­ Annals of the American Academy of Political partments of the Government for any in­ icy against initiating settlement of claims, it has not actively encouraged the settle­ Science (May, 1957). formation it may deem necessary. . . ." 31 ment of the claims and, throughout the 'l L. Meriam, The Problem of Indian Ad­ How did the Commission utilize these sec­ years of its existence, it has accommodated ministration (1928). tions? The Commission established the In­ itself to the narrow interpretation of the s Letter from Harold L. Ickes, Secretary vestigation DiVision on paper, and for budget law applied by the Commissioner of Indian of the Interior, to Senator Thomas, Chair­ purposes, listed one of the members of the man of the Committee on Indian Affairs, professional staff as Director of the Division. Affairs and the Secretary of Interior with regard to the claimants' lawyers.38 The Com­ March 27, 1935. It assigned no staff to the Division and a •rd. search of the files and records of the Com­ mission has chosen to sit as a court and, as a result, the Congressional mandate has 10 93 Cong. Rec. 5312 (1946). mission indicate that at no time did the been utterly frustrated. u The Indian Claims Commission Act, 60 Director do more than send out inquiries by Stat. 1049 (1946), 25 U.S.C. § 70(a) (2) (1964). A PROPOSAL mail to the various tribes. Conforming to 12 R. Barney, Legal Problems Peculiar to . existing procedures the Commission sat en­ In March 1968 the Indian Claims Com­ Inctian Claims Litigation, 2 Ethn~~tozy . tirely as a judicial body performing no inde­ mission made a statement to the House and ( 1955) . The article points up the ~itHcu~tiE!!3 pendent investigation of the claims tiled Senate Appropriations Committee that it as seen from the point of view of the· author, before it but instead waiting for the claim- . "will institute. any innovations which will who is Chief of the Indian Claims SeCtion ·o:r · June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15797 the Land Divisions of the Department of Members have ·introduced these bills­ potism cannot indefinitely perpetuate its Justice. impressive evidence of bipartisan sup­ rule over hundreds of millions of people 1a The Indian Claims Commission Act, 60 port for such a reform in this year of who want to retain their cultural herit­ Stat. 1049 (1946), 25 U.S.C. § 70(a) (1964). age, their inherent right of self-deter­ u Final Judgments Certified to the Treas­ the "taxpayer's revolt." u r y Department by the Indian Claims Com­ It is clear, Mr. Speaker, that the mination, and their personal dignity. m ission 19 (Dec. 31, 1968). majority of Members who have intro­ The tragedy of the Baltic peoples be­ l6 Id. duced bills to change the amount of the gan 29 years ago and has long been a lG 92 Cong. Rec. 5316 (1946). personal exemption are in favor of a source of deep concern to me. When I was 1 7 Id. at 5313. substantial increase. I am sure that each elected to the Congress in 1964 to repre­ 1s H.R. 6655, 74th Cong., 1st Sess. (1935). Member will be willing to compromise on sent the Seventh District of Illinois, one 19 Id. the exact amount of the increase in order of the first resolutions I introduced in 20 I d. the 89th Congress was House Concurrent 21 The Indian Claims Commission Act, 60 to bring about this reform. The im­ Stat. 1049 (1946) , 25 U.S.C. § 70(c) (1964). portant fact is that there is widespread Resolution 416 which urged the Presi­ 2~ I d. at § 70(h). support for such a reform already in the dent of the United States to direct the 23 Id. at § 70(1). House; in fact, with the addition of only attention of world opinion to the denial ~ Id. at § 70(m). 63 more supporters, we will attain a of Baltic self-determination in order that 20 Id. at § 70(p). sense-of-the-House position which I am these precious rights might be restored !lB H.R. 6655, 74th Cong., 1st Sess. (1935). sure the members of the Ways and to the Baltic peoples. Many of my · col­ Zl The Indian Claims Commission Act, 60 Stat. 1049 (1946), 25 U.S.C. § 70(s) (1964). Means Committee will fully consider in leagues cosponsored this resolution which 2B id. at § 70(a). their deliberations on the tax reform was adopted overwhelmingly by both the 29 Id. at§ 70(1). package. House of Representatives and the Senate ao Id. at § 70(q). I have addressed a letter to our col­ of the United States. a1Id. at § 70(m). leagues concerning my new bill, asking As free men, we in the United States a2 Id. at § 70(n). (emphasis added). that those who have not already intro­ cannot fully enjoy the benefits of our own aa The Indian Claims Commission Act, 60 duced bills on this subject join in the liberty, while those in the Baltic States Stat. 1049 (1946), 25 U.S .C. § 70(n) (1964). are still deprived of the most funda­ 3t I d. drive to bring about this needed reform. 36 Wheeler Howard Act, 48 Stat. 987 (1934), I confidently expect the number of sup­ mental human rights. It remains our 25 u.s.c. § 476 (1964). porters to reach the 218-Member level moral obligation to let these captive peo­ 86 The Indian Claims Commission Act, 60 in a relatively short time. ples know that they are not forgotten, Stat. 1049 (1946) , 25 U.S.C. § 70(n) (1964). Members has been besieged by their that we are not reconciled to their fate, 3'1 Hearing on S . 307 Before the Subcom­ middle-income taxpaying constituents and above all, we are not willing to con­ mittee on Indian Affairs of the Committee on about this reform-in my opinion, the firm their captivity by giving official rec­ Interior and Insular Affairs, 90th Cong., 1st ognition to their Soviet domination. Sess. 68 (1967). Senator McGovern was ques­ public expects the Congress to raise the tioning Edwin L. Weisl, Assistant Attorney exemption level this year and will not be Our close ties with the people of the General, Land and Resources Division, re­ satisfied with the work of this session Baltic States originate in a common de­ garding settlement of the claims. Mr. Weisl unless we do so. We have talked tax votion to freedom, as well as in the im­ answered, "Well, it is the long-standing reform, now we must produce tax re­ portant contribution made by Americans policy of the Department of Justice in all form. And tax reform means tax relief of Baltic descent to the em·ichment of cases in which money judgments are in­ to the middle-income taxpayer. We can the cultural, economic, and political life volved not to make settlement offers on its of the United States. · own, but to await them from the other do no less than substantially raise the side ..." personal exemption this year. On this solemn occasion, I join my as The Indian Claims Commission Act, 60 colleagues in paying tribute to the gal­ Stat. 1049 (1946), 25 U .S.C. § 70(p) (1964). lant Baltic peoples, in honoring the mem­ ao Note, Contract Approval: Attorneys and TWENTY -NINTH ANNIVERSARY OF' ory of the victims of Soviet brutality who Indians, 15 How. L.J. 149 (1968). BALTIC STATES FREEDOM DAY died in the 1940 Russian invasion, and ~For other excellent treatments of the in rededicating our Nation to the still subject, see Wilkinson, Indian Tribal Claims unresolved cause of the Baltic countries. Before the Court of Claims, 55 Geo. L.J. 511 It is my fervent hope that one day soon (1966) and Thomas Leduc, The Work oj the HON. FRANK ANNUNZIO Indian Clai ms Commission Under the Act of OF ILLINOIS Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia can again 1946, Feb. 1957, Pacific Historical Review 1. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES enjoy national independence. Thursday, June 12, 1969 Mr. ANNUNZIO. Mr. Speaker, Baltic REMINDER OF' THE SACRIFICES BE­ ING MADE BY OUR SERVICEMEN RAISE THE PERSONAL EXEMPTION States Freedom Day, which is observed TO $1,000 annually on June 15, marks the 29th an­ niversary of a tragic event in the history HON. ROBERT TAFT, JR. of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. HON. JOHN P. SAYLOR OF OHIO Between June 14 and June 16, 1940, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF PENNSYLVANIA the Russians overran these three coun­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tries, which had maintained free and Thursday, June 12, 1969 Thursday, June 12, 1969 independent governments since 1920, and Mr. TAF'T. Mr. Speaker, I have today brutally conducted a mass deportation to introduced a joint resolution which would Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, I am in­ Siberia causing the death of tens of thou­ authorize the President to issue a proc­ troducing today a bill that would raise sands of innocent Lithuanians, Latvians, lamation directing that the flag of the the personal exemption amount to $1,000. and Estonians. Unfortunately, the Bal­ United States be flown at half staff on I am convinced, as are 154 colleagues, tic States today still remain under the the first day of every month in honor of that no tax reform bill will be acceptable domination of Soviet Russia. the brave men and women who have lost to the public this year without raising The United States has never recog­ their lives in Vietnam. the personal exemption amount from its nized the incorporation of the Baltic We. must never forget the war going present level of $600. That level was States into the Soviet Union, and con­ on in Southeast Asia. We must never for­ established over 20 years ago. It is high tinues to deal with those diplomatic and get that American men and women are time we recognized that it takes more consular representatives of the Baltic daily losing their lives in our commit­ than $600 per year to maintain oneself. countries who served the last independ­ ment to defense of South Vietnam. At the present time, 127 bills have ent governments of these States. This resolution would provide a visible been referred to the House Ways and In 1922, our country first extended this reminder of the sacrifices being made Means Committee that would raise the diplomatic recognition to the Baltic by our servicemen. personal exemption. Thirty-four of the States, and year after year, we have re­ The suggestion for this legislation bills would raise the level to $1,000; 75 affirmed our strong and lasting friend­ comes from a Cincinnatian, Mr. George would raise the amount to $1,200; and ship for the courageous people of Lith­ H. Dickman. I thank him for the idea. 18 would raise the amount to other levels. uania, Latvia, and Estonia. It is our firm I am hopeful that this joint resolution Sixty Republicans and 95 Democratic conviction that the present Soviet des- will receive favorable consideration. · 15798 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969 TRIDUTE TO VICTOR S. throughout his long record of service to the counties of De Kalb, Grundy, Kane, DAVENPORT the community. Kendall, and La Salle-my fifth annual legislative questionnaire. An enthusiastic HON. GLENN M. ANDERSON response-which included many addi­ RESULTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE tional comments and accompanying let­ OF CALIFORN:lA ters-has come from more than 23,000 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES households. I have been very pleased to Thursday, June 12, 1969 HON. CHARLOTTE T. REID see this increasing interest on the part OF ll.LINOIS of citizens, and their keen awareness of Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES national problems and world affairs as Speaker, I rise today to pay tribute to reflected in their replies has been most Mr. VictorS. Davenport, retiring direc­ Thur sday, June 12, 1969 impressive. tor of the southern district, Los Angeles Mrs. REID of illinois. Mr. Speaker, a Believing my colleagues will be inter­ chapter of the American National Red few weeks ago I sent to the people of the ested in the results, I am including the Cross, for his 38 years of outstanding following tabulation: service to his fellow man. 15th District of illinois-composed of Mr. Davenport joined the staff of the RESULTS OF REPRESENTATIVE CHARLOTTE T. REID'S 1969 PUBLIC OPINION POLL American National Red Cross on Novem­ (In percent! ber 16, 1941. His first assignment was as an assistant field director in service at No military installations at Moffett Field Yes No opinion near Palo Alto. During the height of World War II he established a service at 1. Do you believe the Paris peace negotiations will result in a conclusive settlement of the Vietnam military installations field office for war? ____ ------______------13 79 If " No," which would you favor? southern California with headquarters (a) Intensification of the total war effort ______44 ------in the old Warner Brothers Studio on (b) Unilateral withdrawal of U.S. troops------35 ------2. Do you favor deployment of a modified Sentinel antiballistic missile system as part of our national Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles. He defense? ______------______------_------60 30 10 served on various military installations 3. Would you favor changing the electoral college system in order to place greater emphasis on the popular vote in electing the President and Vice President? .. ------· 83 15 in the western area until 1951. 4. Should Federal scholarship assistance be denied students convicted of disrupting the administra- After 6 months temporary assignment tion of our colleges? ______------______------92 with the Richmond chapter in north­ 5. Do you favor extendi ng the National Labor Relations Act to permit farm employees to organize for collective bargaining purposes if they so desire?. .••.• ------61 33 ern California, he joined the Los Angeles 6. Do you favor a constitutional amendment to lower the voting age to 18? ------38 60 7. Do you favor the proposal to convert the Post Office Department into a Government-owned cor- chapter on May 1, 1952, at which time poration to operate on a self-supporting basis?. ______70 23 he was assigned as director of the Harbor 8. Should the Congress enact laws to curtail strikes by public employees? ------60 36 district. The Harbor district in 1952 9. Do you feel there should be greater regulation of crime and violence in radio and television programs? 74 23 10. Do you feel that a volunteer Army should be established to replace the draft system? ______54 40 consisted of San Pedro and Wilmington, 11. Should the surtax be extended beyond its June 30 expiration date in view of the budget and the whereas the southern district, of which economic situation? ______------______-- __ ------37 60 he is now manager, consists of San Pedro, 12. Do you favor a tax-sharing plan which would return a percentage of Federal tax revenues to the States to enable them to solve more of their own problems?. ____ ------79 17 Wilmington, Carson, Harbor City, 13. Do you favor tax incentives to private business to encourage industry programs of job training and Lomita Torrance, Gardena, and the en­ retraining to help meet our social and economic problems?______65 29 14. Shou!d the income from investments of private foundations, religious organizations, and social tire Palos Verdes Peninsula. clubs be taxed? ______------____ ------__ _------74 23 3 Victor S. Davenport was born on June 15. Do you favor my bill to provide tax cred its for tuition costs and other expense~ of high er education?. 82 14 4 20, 1904, in Norfolk, Nebr. His family moved to California in 1918, where he STATEMENT BY WILLIAM A. BAR­ STATEMENT BY WILLIAM A. BARRETT, CHAm­ graduated from Long Beach Polytechnic RETT, CHAffiMAN OF THE SUB­ MAN OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON HOUSING, High School in 1924. COMMITTEE ON HOUSING, COM­ COMMITTEE ON BANKING AND CURRENCY In 1925 he entered the University of I have been deeply disturbed by some of MITTEE ON BANKING AND CUR­ the testimony we have been hearing in the California at Los Angeles and graduated RENCY two weeks of our review of National Housing with a bachelor of arts degree in liberal Goals. There is general agreement that the arts. Then followed graduate school at 1968 act which set forth the goal of 26 mil­ the University of Southern California HON. WRIGHT PATMAN lion new and rehabilltated units in the com­ for a year in the school of social work. OF TEXAS ing decade, was the largest and most impor­ Victor Davenport then commenced his IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES t ant single housing act in our history. These remarkable career in public service. Join­ goals were part of a legislative package which Thursday, June 12, 1969 provided ample authorization for the govern­ ing the Department of Social Weifare, ment's role in housing and a well-rounded State of California, he served in every Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, an im­ array of housing and urban development pro­ county of the State of California except portant and perceptive statement was grams to meet our needs. The effort to meet one up until 1941. made today by our colleague, WILLIAM A. the housing goal for the next decade began There was a time when the head­ BARRETT, chairman of the Subcommittee with high hopes and all of the testimony we quarters for the harbor district was on on Housing of the Committee on Bank­ have received has shown that the nation has Seventh Street in San Pedro. Now the ing and Currency. That subcommittee more than adequate resources. has been holding hearings to review our What disturbs me is the evidence that District Service Center serving the 12 there has been an actual decline in the pro­ communities of the district is in a beau­ progress toward meeting the national duction of housing for low and moderate in­ tiful new building on First Street and housing goal set forth in the Housing come families over the past five months. In Western Avenue in San Pedro. and Urban Development Act of 1968. His that time, the Administration has announced Mr. Davenport's service to the com­ summary of the testimony in those hear­ the end of the highly successful below­ munity has not been limited to his Red ings and recent administrative actions in market interest rate program for rental and the field of housing should be carefully cooperative housing; it has killed the highly Cross activities. Closely paralleled with successful section 202 housing for the elderly his professional duties has been his serv­ read and considered by every Member of this body. The fact is, as our former col­ program; and it has stopped the highly suc­ ice in the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, cessful 221 (h) program dead in its tracks. the Rotary Club of San Pedro, and the league, Andrew Biemiller, of the AFL­ At a time of rising expectations, and a dem­ Harbor Area Welfare Planning Council CIO, stated in those hearing this morn­ onstrated need to accelerate our programs in ing, we simply are not producing housing the field, the Administration has cut the of which he was president of the board within the reach of modest-income fam­ budget requests for model cities, urban re­ 1962 to 1964. ilies, particularly in view of current high newal, section 312 rehabilitation loans, and On June 20, 1969, Victor Davenport interest rates. Instead of redoubled ef­ the administrative funds needed to carry out will be honored by a testimonial dinner forts to meet the goal of a decent home the Department's fair housing respon­ for his unselfish devotion and dedication sibilities. and a suitable environment for every Some time ago, the Administration an­ to his fellow citizens. It is my privilege American family, recent months have nounced that it was taking the highly de­ to join in saluting Victor S. Davenport seen us fall further behind. Here is the sirable step of allocating $20C million in for the outstanding job he has done text of Chairman BARRETT's statement: immediate assistance to the burned out areas June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS . 15799 in our cities, but earlier in our hearings, and ing with dissemination of obscene matter (From the West Frankfort (lll.) Daily to the best of my knowledge not one nickel and Columbus can be proud that its two American, June 9, 1969] has yet moved under this proposal despite congressmen are in the vanguard seeking UMWA CHIEF ASKS MEMBERS KEEP UP FIGHT all of its initial publicity. I remember earlier action on this vital problem. FOR HEALTH, SAFETY LAWS this spring when President Nixon and Secre­ Both Congressman Samuel Devine and his (By Edith Dinn) tary Romney toured a burned out area just colleague, Chalmers Wylie, are either spon­ a few blocks from the Capitol and expressed sors or co-sponsors of bills which seek to cur­ United Mine Workers of America Interna­ shock, but I have seen nothing happen since tail distribution of pornographic materials. tional President W. A. (Tony) Boyle, Wash­ then. In fact, the Department has so far But being able to say they are authors of ington, D.C., in a fiery challenge to Union refused to use the authority granted in last such measures is not enough for Messrs. De­ members Sunday in West Frankfort, urged year's act to make 3 % rehabilitation loans them to accept nothing less than the meas­ vine and Wylie-they are pushing on various ures sought in pending legislation for coal and home rehabilitation grants available in fronts for congressional committees to hold areas planned for future urban renewal and miners' health and greater safety. necessary hearings so that the bills can go He also warned them against forces which code enforcement action. to the floor of the House where a vote of ap­ In the midst of all these cut-backs, the proval will be a major step toward becoming threaten to split their ranks and politicians only increase we have seen has been in inter­ who "speak out of the sides of their mouths the law of the land. to newspapers." est rates. Despite the jump to 7Y:.! % under With the support of such congressmen as FHA, discounts have continued to the harm Boyle told the nearly 600 coal miners in the Mr. Devine behind him, Representative Wylie high school auditorium, "I know what they not only of homebuilders, home sellers, and has formally urged the House to avoid any homebuyers, but have done serious damage (the legislators) will do ... you know, too." delay in taking action on the proposed legis­ He said that every day calls come in from to our many programs designed to enlist the lation. aid of private enterprise in the effort to pro­ law-makers asking why a bill can't be Mr. Wylie was correct in his contention changed or rewritten. vide housing for low and moderate income that "the connection can be demonstrated groups. Now with the recent hike in the "They'll come up with a law," Boyle said between increase in pornography and the concerning the Union's efforts for legislation prime rate to 8Y:.! % , we will apparently see increase in crime." shortly a further increase in the cost of fi­ to improve mine health and safety condi­ Pointing out that "flooding of the market tions, adding that notice had already been nancing housing. with obscene material undermines organi­ The principal new proposal in the field of served on him that it will not be all the zations which contribute to the stability of Union had asked for. housing in these five months has been the our country," Mr. Wylie also made the perti­ Boyle said there is little he can do "with much-heralded Operation Breakthrough. We nent point that history proves that where people in Congress, I have only one vote; but are all hopeful that this approach will help there is moral decay there is political decay. you can do it." us to meet our housing goals in the long run And he added that "one thread is common He urged that each UMWA member write but under the Department's own schedule to the fall of all great nations-moral decay." to his legislators, also adding, "Write to the not a single house will be produced under Our Congress has a multitude of measures President of the United States, tell him you this program for 22 months. Just yesterday, designed to prevent such decay. It should support the position of your Union. Tell him we heard testimony that there is a feeling act on the matter promptly. you can't accept anything less than the three that other programs are being neglected while milligram standard." we wait for Operation Breakthrough and this Boyle was referring to the Union's health is just the point that concerns me. We bill which would require that all coal mines cannot afford to wait for the hoped-for bene­ reduce respirable dust content of the fits of Operation Breakthrough while telling UMWA CHIEF ASKS MEMBERS KEEP atmosphere to three milligrams per cubic the poor and the underprivileged and those UP FIGHT FOR HEALTH, SAFETY meter of air. who live in both our urban and rural slums LAWS Union officials and members are making that they should wait two years before we an all-out effort te combat pneumoconiosis can step up our attack on substandard hous­ ("black lung") and to obtain compensation ing. We should be accelerating activity under for the thousands of coal miners already all of our present programs right now. HON. KENNETH J. GRAY OF ILLINOIS suffering from the disease. I know that every member of this subcom­ Mentioning the medical experts, black lung mittee is greatly impressed with Secretary IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sufferers and others who testified recently in Romney's sincerity and his dedication to his Thursday, June 12, 1969 Springfield in support o! the bill, Boyle told job, but I think we would be remiss if we Union members "But it was the over 90 coal did not offer him the chance to answer these Mr. GRAY. Mr. Speaker, when the 91st miners from this state who went to Spring­ points for the record before it closes. It is Congress convened this year, one of the field to support the bill who are responsible my intention to ask Secretary Romney today for its progress so far." to give us his comments as soon as possible. first things I did was to join other coal area Congressmen in introducing legis­ Many miners from West Frankfort and t he If there are any problems with this approach, surrounding area were in Springfield in late we may have to schedule an additional day of lation on mine safety and health because April to support the Union's effort to get hearings to have the Secretary come back having lived in the great coal mining House Bill 1512 passed. to discuss these points with us. region of southern Illinois all my life, I The bill last week was taken out of com­ am more than familiar with such terms mittee by 110 to 6 votes and will be debated as "black lung," "explosive gas," "respi­ before the House where reportedly it will OBSCENITY FIGHT IS PUSHED rable dust," and other health hazards need 89 of the 110 votes to pass and go to the faced by those men who dig in the bow­ Senate. els of the earth for coal. We need to have The UMWA-sponsored safety bill would HON. JOHN E. HUNT include, in part underground safety cham­ OF NEW JERSEY our compensation laws liberalized in or­ bers where men could flee for protection in a der to take care of the black lung IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mine explosion; placing a mine inspector problem. permanently at any mine which liberates Thursday, June 12, 1969 I am happy that the House Commit­ excessive quantities of explosive gas; tee on Education and Labor is now hold­ Classify all coal mines as gassy; extend t he Mr. HUNT. Mr. Speaker, on Wednes­ government's control over roof support plans day, June 4, 1969, I joined with two of my ing hearings on this subject and I intend to testify before that committee some over the entire mine instead of only partial colleagues from Ohio (Mr. WYLIE and control as now and increase ventilation re­ Mr. DEVINE) in requesting Congress to time in July. quirements in the face areas of underground take immediate action to curb the dis­ Mr. Speaker, the dynamic interna­ coal mines. semination of obscene materials into the tional president of the United Mine Boyle, in coal mine work all his life, s ~i d homes of American citizens. Workers of America, Mr. W. A. "Tony" he had a "selfish interest" in seeing the mine The Columbus Dispatch printed a Boyle held a meeting in my hometown of healt h and. safet y laws. Both of his grand­ timely editorial commending Mr. WYLIE West Frankfort, Dl., on Sunday, June 8, fathers, his uncles, his brother and his to a large group of Illinois miners. My father died eit her in coal mines or as a result and Mr. DEVINE for their courageous lead­ of working in them, he said. ership in introducing legislation to cur­ hometown newspaper, the West Frank­ "I held my father in my arms and saw h im tail the fiow of obscene material. fort Daily American, carried a very con­ gasp his last breath from black lung," he said. I believe this editorial is worthy of cise and forthright article written by my He also relat ed how he was a member of a note by all the Members of this body and longtime friend, Mrs. Edith Dinn. In or­ rescue team in which his last remaining include it as part of my remarks: der that my colleagues can better under­ uncle was one of 17 men killed in a m in e disaster in the east . [From the Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch, stand why we need Federal legislation, and under previous order gxanted me, I The underground safety chamber feature June 8, 1969] (Boyle's own idea ) came about "because I've OBSCENITY FIGHT Is PUSHED am submitting for the CONGRESSIONAL been through such disasters where men died There are 165 measures in the United RECORD Mrs. Dinn's article concerning because they had no place to go . . . no doors States House of Representatives hopper deal- President Boyle. to close against poisonous fumes." 15800 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969 He felt it was especially appropriate, he 30 years, but nothing more, on his want to see our boys hurt, but a war is not said, to "hold our health and safety rally in present-day counterparts in Paris who a croquet match and while we spend West Frankfort, the scene of a major mine disaster which claimed the lives of 119 men." are spending most of their time trying to eons of time arguing about the rules The 1951 New Orient Mine disaster, the figure out what they can give away, that around the wickets, our boys are being UMWA chief said, and an earlier one in the Communists want. surprised and hit from places that were Centralia, were responsible in large part for They have said often enough for us supposed to be off limits by virtue of the Coal Mine Safety Act. now to understand, that they want to agreements reached by negotiators 5,000 "So these men did not die in vain,'' he bury us, and I do not know how much miles away in air-conditioned splendor. added. plainer they can get so that the message Crawl out as I have done to some stinking Urging a united front in the Union, the UMWA chief defined such unity as "willing­ gets through to our leaders. The only rice paddy, where your boy sits with ness to join in common causes, to bury minor answer that they will ever understand is water up to his waist and ask him if he differences and stand together against the that we will not let them. thinks he is being fully supported, or look onslaught of our enemy or those who would There is far too much dream world in his eyes to witness the abject frustra­ become our enemies." philosophy permeating our diplomats tion, and then think to yourself that he Pledging his dedication to t he Union and and I say the time has come to stop talk­ would not even be there at age 19 if the urging members' support, Boyle said "United ing away the lives of our boys over a military had prosecuted our war to an as never before we'll go forward until coal miners can work without the const ant threat roundly squared table. obvious conclusion a year ago and the of death or injury." We have got to stop deluding our­ Communists had asked us to discuss "Do I have that support?" he asked. selves that we are not in a war, and start terms. The terms would have been the A second's silence and then the coal miners letting our generals finish up the mis­ same then; stay out of South Vietnam. rose as one and with long and resounding ap­ take that the diplomats made in the plause gave their leader the sign he wanted. first place. No nation in history has ever His first mention at the beginning of his talk established such a complex web of mis­ on black lung legislation had brought thun­ derous applause. guided control over military planning, A BILL TO PROVIDE CHIROPRAC­ UMWA Illinois President Kenneth F. Wells, tactics, and operation, which reaches to TIC BENEFITS IN MEDICARE Springfield, in West Frankfort all week pre­ the very forward edge of the battle area paring for the miners' health and safety rally and reduces the prerogatives and alter­ said in introducing Boyle, "He is not only natives of our trained officers to the point HON. HOWARD W. POLLOCK our president, he is our leader . . . a great where they are practically handcuffed OF ALASKA leader." and blindfolded. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Gene Mitchell, UMWA District 7 Board Member with offices in West Frankfort, said I do not protest Hamburger Hill but Thursday, June 12, 1969 I say that our allies would be growing rice in welcoming the crowd of fellow members Mr. POLLOCK. Mr. Speaker, today I "Ours is the best Union, the best contract and at the foot of Hamburger Hill in 1969, if the best membership in the world." the men who are trained to prosecute a have introduced a bill which would pro­ Mayor Mike McClatchey, a coal miner for war that we handed to them were allowed vide for coverage of chiropractic bene­ 27 years before entering politics, presented to utilize the options our commanders fits in medicare, title XVIII of the Social Boyle a picture of "Mother Jones,'' of whom had at Valley Forge and San Juan and Security Act. he said "she fought so hard for coal miners the Marne and Guadalcanal. This proposal is intended to achieve and is someone you here all know about." parity with existing provisions of medi­ The UMWA president assured the mayor The Communists keep asking us to caid in title XIX, under which chiro­ that he would treasure the picture and place withdraw our troops, but they have not it in a revered spot in his office "so that all said a word yet about the army of gov­ practic services are authorized for the can see it." ernment and quasi-government civilians medically indigent. My bill is designed "Mother Jones," from the northern part of who wander around checking defoliation, to equalize an odd situation which re­ this state, led the drive for organizing coal counting civilian casualties, and meas­ sults from the inconsistency between miners before the UMWA was formed. these two titles. At present, the States In addition to the many UMWA district uring air and water pollution and a thousand and one other department­ are authorized to provide chiropractic officials and local presidents from as far services to the medically indigent under north as Peoria at the meeting was Interna­ conscious jobs-most of which seem de­ tional Board Member Joseph Shannon. Also signed to limit, control, counsel, or medicaid-title XIX-but the medi­ here for the event were Miss Ruth Jesberg, actually impede the military combat cally self-sufficient who personally pay Springfield, Mr. Wells' secret ary, and Mrs. effort. a premium for their medicare-under Shannon. title XVIII-are denied the freedom of "Organized Labor's own troubadour," Joe Leadership has no other meaning in choice of chiropractic services. It is this Glazer, folk singer and guitarist, came from any dictionary, than to lead. We cannot irrational discrimination against those Washington to provide special music. forever flash a green light for a military who pay for their medicare benefits One of his songs which brought many action-and then sit around a radio or which my bill will rectify. chuckles from miners in the audience was television set to see what the public re­ Mr. Speaker, I should add that Con­ "Coal Miners' Strawberries." action is going to be. No hostile action Rev. Glenn Odum, coal miner and pastor of will ever win any popularity contest and gress has established two overriding pol­ the New Hope Baptist Church at Galatia, gave Lincoln and Wilson and Roosevelt were icies for medicare, as follows: the invocation and benediction. First. Prohibition against any Federal Many of the miners' wives accompanied publicly mauled, but each took those interference, section 1801. them to the meeting. positive steps which though unpopular, Second. Free choice by patient guar­ As the crowd left the building, Leon Jarvis, finally achieved peace. anteed, section 1802. Bell & Zoller Mine No. 4 worker who lives at Has not anyone ever really wondered The current medicare law violates both Zeigler, told this reporter he thought Boyle why our pilots, the best in the world, "brought out some real good points in his of these principles by its failure to pro­ with equipment that will permit them vide chiropractic coverage. talk." to drop a bomb in a smokestack, never His companion, John Galik, also a Bell & First, States rights are abridged by Zoller Mine No.4 worker who lives at Zeigler, succeeded in knocking out more than a Federal law through interference with said of the UMWA president: "I thought he small portion of electric power in Hanoi States freedom effectively to make made a good talk and hope he can get those and Haiphong. They know, and I do, available to their elderly citizens the bills passed. Sure would be a big help to the that a hit on this highly sensitive gen­ health services of doctors of chiropractic. coal miner." erating equipment, which takes years to Forty-eight States-including my replace, would have shut down war­ State of Alaska-as well as Puerto Rico producing factories for the duration; PATRIOTISM and the D'iE,trict of Columbia, have li­ and we selectively bombed around the censing laws which recognize the prac­ enemy capital 2 years ago, but with so tice of chiropractic. Thus the Federal HON. FRANK M. CLARK many restrictions that our pilots spent medicare law penalizes the citizens of OF PENNSYLVANIA most of their time on the way to the these States and interferes with the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES target reading their clipboards. operation of such State laws within their Our Students for a Democratic Society Thursday, June 12, 1969 respective State boundaries. will label me a "hawk," but I remem­ Second, freedom of choice is denied to Mr. CLARK. Mr. Speaker, Neville ber too much of my time as a young man patients to obtain the beneficial health Chamberlain with his 1939 umbrella had in World War II to buy this label. I do not services of State-licensed doctors of June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15801 chiropractic. A continuing thread during Members will be fully aware of the prob­ the three largest unions of postal field the entire congressional debate on medi­ lems involved and the solutions proposed. service employees in a manner agreed care was freedom of choice by the pa­ Consequently, in their deliberations, the upon by themselves; and one would be tient to obtain health services from any Members will have the opportunity to ac­ designated each year by an independent qualified institution, agency, or person. cept, substitute or reject detailed, precise labor union selected by the chairman of When such freedom of choice is de­ and explicit languag.:.. the Civil Service Commisison annually nied, medicare denies older people the For the reasons I have already indi­ on a rotating basis. health services they want and need, as cated, the bill is detailed. I wish to em­ The Chairman of the Civil Service well as the independence and dignity phasize that I am not wedded or com­ Commission would furnish the necessary which medicare is designed to assure. mitted to any one of these details or so­ administrative and clerical personnel to This circumstance involves not only fun­ lutions. However, I do believe that ex­ carry out the business by the Board. damental theories of the relation be­ plicit language should be included in any Moreover, the Board would be authorized tween the Federal and State govern­ new legislation which emerges. to employ consultants or to enter into ments and the relation of the American In summarizing the bill, I should like contra-cts for professional advice and for citizen to his government, but also the to emphasize that this bill is intended to independent studies, surveys and inspec­ individual health, comfort, and well­ establish a well-defined administrative tions. being of each and every senior American. mechanism conforming to the wishes of My bill also provides explicitly that in Therefore, Mr. Speaker, I propose this Congress which the executive branch can the first and second years of its activity, legislation. employ for an indefinite time in estab­ the board would study the problem of the lishing Federal compensation rates. linkage of postal and other pay systems The two major innovations of my bill to the classified system and of possible FEDERAL SALARIES involve the creation of a Federal Man­ alternative methods of identifying occu­ agement-Labor Salary Survey Board and pations in private enterprise comparable a regrouping of the 18 grades of the clas­ to postal field service functions. HON. MORRIS K. UDALL sified service into six classes. Bot!! these The second major innovation of my OF ARIZONA provisions are the result of the expe­ bill relates to the grouping or clustering IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES riences we have had with the 1967 Fed­ of the 18 grades in the classified service Thursday, June 12, 1969 eral Salary Act and the very clear con­ into six classes and the setting of ranges clusion that the pay rates about to be of percental pay differentials between the Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, I am in­ placed into effect on July 1, 1969, fall three grades within each class and be­ troducing today a bill designed among very seriously short of comparability in tween the classes. other things to implement the Federal GS grades 4, 5, 6, and in the postal field I decided to include such a provision employee's pay comparability system and service grades which are linked to GS-5. in my bill after hearing a great deal of to establish a Federal management­ Whereas the classified grades GS-9 and testimony on the reasons for the break­ labor salary survey board. above conform fairly closely to compara­ down of the comparability system in In drafting this bill I have taken into bility with private enterprise rates, the GS-4, GS-5, and GS-6, and after account the experiences we have had grades below GS-9 seriously deviate from discovering the extremely wide range of with the 1967 Federal Salary Act which these rates, being as much as 12 per­ percental differences between grades served as a highly instructive experiment cent below comparability in GS-5. which have characterized the pay sched­ as to the feasibility of establishing a The first major innovation, the cre­ ules since October 1965. These percental Federal compensation system which ation of the Federal Management-Labor differences have ranged from 8.7 percent could work without annual legislative Salary Survey Board, is designed to pre­ between GS-1 and GS-2 up to 19.5 per­ review by Congress. vent the recurrence of the socious break­ cent between GS-11 and GS-12. During September 1968, the Compen­ down in consultation between Federal The testimony and evidence I received sation Subcommittee, of which I am priv­ management and Federal employee rep­ showed that the causes for both the ileged to be the chairman, held 4 days resentatives regarding the conduct of breakdown at the lower level and for of intensive hearings to review the entire the comparability salary surveys by the the wide range between grades lay in the problem of Federal compensation. The Bureau of Labo~ Statistics. so-called conflict, as defined by the subcommittee received testimony from To assure a fair system of consultation Bureau of the Budget and the Civil Serv­ the chairman of the Civil Service Com­ and deliberation, my bill establishes a ice Commission, between the two require­ mission and from the unions representing seven-member Board in the office of the ments of the 1962 and the 1967 Salary Federal employees as well as from profes­ chairman of the Civil ServiCe Commis­ Acts; namely, the first requirement of sional associations of Federal employees. sion. comparability with private enterprise Since that time I have been in consul­ This board would have the responsi­ and the second requirement of pay dis­ tation with representatives of the execu­ bility for defining the specific criteria, tinctions in keeping with work and per­ tive branch anu of employee unions and within the terms and limitations set by formance distinctions between grades. professional associations. On June 16 and Congress, which shall govem the deter­ A factor in this so-called conflict. 17, the Compensation Subcommittee will mination of the s·alaries and salary ad­ resulted from the concept that the entire resume hearings on legislation to deter­ justments for Federal employees in the classified pay schedule represented really mine how Federal compensation shall be classified and postal systems as well as only one master career plan, with every­ determined for classified an<.l postal em­ for all other related pay systems whose one supposedly beginning at GS-1 and ployees and for those other Federal em­ rates of pay are linked to the classified everyone supposedly aspiring to progress ployees whose salary schedules are linked system schedules. through all these intermediate grades up to the rates of pay of classified employ­ The Board would be composed of seven to GS-18. ees. The first three witnesses will be voting members and its Chairman would Now the fact is that there are many Winton M. Blount, the Postmaster Gen­ be the Chairman of the Civil Service typical career life histories in the classi­ eral, Robert E. Hampton, the Chairman Commission. The remaining voting six fied system and almost not a single em­ of the Civil Service Commission, and memberships would be divided equally ployee runs through every grade during Phillip S. Hughes and Roger W. Jones of between representatives of Federal man­ his Federal career. Some people begin the Bureau of the Budget. agement and labor union representatives at GS-1 and end in a grade between In order to focus attention on the most of Federal employees. GS-1 and GS-6. Some start at GS-7 and critical issues which I believe must be The three management representa­ end in a grade between that and GS-12. resolved in one way or another, I have tives would be designated by the Director Others begin as high as GS-13. And some decided to introduce today a bill which of the Bureau of the Budget, the Secre­ even begin at GS-18 at the top. Conse­ addresses itself directly to them. For this tary of Defense, and the Postmaster quently, it is unrealistic to try to draw reason, the bill uses very explicit and de­ General. Of the three labor union repre­ up a pay schedule in such a way that a tailed language. Moreover, because the sentatives, one would be designated by single rigid line fits everybody absolutely bill is intended to serve as the basis for the labor union having the largest num­ into one rigid structure system. This many years of setting Federal salaries ber of classified service employees as es­ attempt creates a. kind of procrustean administratively, I have expressly resort­ tablished in exclusive recognition con­ bed. As the actual experience under the ed to detailed guidelines so that the tracts; one would be chosen from among 1967 Salary Act now reveals, the lower 15802 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, .1969 members get dreadfully pinched lying in the BLS comparability rates are a year seem slight, but when the cost pf edu­ this kind of bed with the top members. late. It is generally estimated tha.t since cation in private institutions-an aver­ To reconcile the two requh·ements, June 1968, the rates in private indus-try age of $2,336--is considered, the fact o~ pay comparability and distinctions in have increased from 8 to 12 percent, or underpayment becomes readily obvious. keeping with work and performance dis­ an approximate average of 10 percent. The bill I have introduced would in­ tinctions, my bill divides the 18 grades Yet the executive branch has ignored this crease payments to unmarried yeterans into six classes as follows: development. attending college full time from $130 per First. Class A: GS-1, GS-2, GS-3. If the Congress were to correct fully month to $190 per month. The increase Second. Class B: GS-4, GS-5, GS-6. these inequities inherited from the past, for veterans with one dependent would Third. Class C: GS-7, GS-8, GS-9. it might have to consider enacting legis­ be from $155 to $215. Veterans with two Fourth. Class D: GS-10, GS-11, GS-12. lation between now and July 1 adjusting dependents would receive $235, up from Fifth. Class E: GS-13, GS-14, GS-15. Federal salaries in grades GS-4, GS-5, $175. An additional $10 per month would Sixth. Class F: GS-16, GS-17, GS-18. GS-6, GS-7, and PFS-5 up to "true com­ be paid for each dependent over two. The bill provides that the pay line, as parability" with the June 1968 BLS fig­ Mr. Speaker, anyone familiar witp heretofore, would be drawn on the basis ures. In addition, it might have to con­ the rising costs of higher education of the fourth step of each grade. sider granting a further increase from would readily agree that these increased Within classes A and B, the pay line 8 to 12 percent throughout the entire amounts are reasonable. Even the higher would be drawn in such a fashion that adjusted pay schedule. payments in the case of a veteran with any shortfall in any grade from the In my bill, I have sought to provide a dependents would not be adequate to official figures of comparable private en­ middle-of-the-road answer. Instead of cover the full cost of education. terprise rates as established by the Bu­ adjusting the salaries on July 1, 1969, Today, when some of our young men reau of Labor Statistics would not exceed I have included a provision that we ad­ are serving their country in the military · · $50 annually. This would be a great im­ just them as of January 1, 1970, thus service, while many others are not, one · provement over the current situation finally giving comparability with June of the real benefits we have to offer is a where the shortfall in GS-5 and PFS-5 1968 private enterprise rates to the clas­ college education under the GI bill. Let is $824 annually or more than 12 percent sified and postal employees in the lower us make sure that what we offer really below the private industry rates. In all · grades. is a college education. other classes, the shortfall in any grade My bill also provides catching up could not exceed $100. part of the timelag for all grades, a lag These provisions of my bill take into which by January 1970 may be as high account fully the requirement of com­ as 15 percent, by granting a flat 5-per­ SHOE IMPORT PROBLEM THREAT­ parability. cent increase to all grades· in the ad­ ENS JOBS IN DOMESTIC IN­ To take into account the other re­ justed pay schedules. Title n of my bill DUS'rRY quirement of having "distinctions in lists the actual pay tables which would keeping with work and performance dis­ apply on January 1, 1970, to classmed HON. JOE L. EVINS tinctions" between grades, my bill stip­ employees and postal field service em­ OF TENNESSEE u1ates that the salary percentage differ­ ployees and to the "linked" schedules of ence between the three grades in any one employees of the department of medi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES class should be as nearly identical as pos­ cine and surgery of the Veterans' Admin­ Thursday, June 12, 1969 sib~e . Moreover, to assure that the ranges istration and of the employees of the Mr. BVINS of Tennessee. Mi'. Speak­ between grades in any one class do not Foreign Service ·appear in title ll of my er, the increasing volume of imported reflect the extremely wide ranges of the bill. footwear is posing a serious threat to past, my bill prescribes that within any I wish to emphasize that these sched­ the workers holding jobs in our domestic one class the actual percentage between ules do not represent a "second pay footwear industry in Tennessee arid grades must not be less than 7.5 percent raise" in fiscal year 1970 for Federal throughout the Nation. and must not be more than 15 percent. employees. These schedules really should I am advised that since 1955 shoe im- · Taking into account both "comparabil­ have been put into force on July 1, 1969, ports have increased from 7,810,000 pairs ity" and the requirements of a coordi­ by Executive order. Thus, they are only valued at $13,571,000 to 175,438,000 pairs nated and integrated salary compensa­ a delayed compromise solution between valued at $328,543,000 in 1968. tion system, I concluded that the range what the Federal employees shou1d be re­ This is an alarming rate of increase ·· of pay between the highest grade in any ceiving on July 1 and what they will be and the projection is that by 1975 the im­ class and the lowest grade in the next receiving in fact. ports will total 468 million pairs unless higher class should not exceed 25 percent. steps a1;e taken to establish quotas or Because it would be hazardous to try to in some way curtail this influx of for­ set the lowest limit of this range, my bill INCREASES ARE NEEDED IN GI BILL eign goods. does not state any statutory minimal PAYMENTS The loss of jobs in many areas of our percental differnce but leaves it to be de­ Amelican footwear industry is being termined by the board on the basis of the translated into adverse effects on the actual figures merging out of the compa­ HON. ED EDMONDSON economies of many of our smaller com­ rability surveys conducted by the Bureau OF OKLAHOMA munities in the Nation. The penetration of Labor Statistics. _ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the American shoe market by foreign Up to now, I have dealt with the kinds­ products necessitates layoffs of em,ployees of concepts which I believe should be be­ Thursday, June 12, 1969 in many places. fore the Members when they are legis­ Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I The foreign competition is unfair be.:. · lating for the comprehensive adminis­ have introduced a bill, H.R. 11906, to in­ cause these foreign shoes are produced trative pay system of the future. How­ crease payments to veterans of our by workers who earn as low as 56 cents ever, there is a very serious problem that Armed Forces who are attending school an hour while our American workers are confronts us as an inheritance from the under the provisions of the GI bill. well paid in keeping with our standard · past. This is the inequity and the prob­ The increases provided in this bill cor­ of living and our American way of life. lem arising from the fact that the execu­ rect a basic problem: We simply are not The economic facts of life are that if tive branch has been defining the so­ providing these veterans as much money our domestic footwear industry is to sur­ called conflict between "pay compara­ as education costs today. Or, to put it vive some import equalizer must be bility" and "pay distinctions in keeping more simply, we are promising our mili­ instituted. with work and performance distinctions" tary veterans an education, then failing In this connection I have joined with · in such a way as to deprive employees to provide it. other interested members of the Ten- · in GS-5 and PFS-5 of $824 in pay an­ The story is told very clearly in the nessee congressional delegation· in urg- · nually. A second, related problem from fact that the average cost per year for ing the President to take steps to nego~ - the past derives from the fact that the college level education in public insti­ tiate voluntary · import Umitations on · executive branch has not made any effort tutions in the United States today is $1,- footwear with other nations that are to eliminate the timelag in the report­ 092, and we are paying our veterans an principal suppliers of the American mar::. ing of the private enterprise rates. Thus averag~ of $1,040. _This difference may ket from·abroad. · June· 12, 1969. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15803 These ·quotas and limitations are nec­ I am also introducing another meas­ comrades so beautifully ·expressed by the essary to assure that the domestic shoe ure aimed at filling a gap in the existing poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: industry will continue ·as a healthy and law dealing with the mailing of porno­ "Your silent tents of green, viable segment of our economy. graphic materials. The present procedure We deck with fragrant flowers. Action· is needed to assure our workers for directing the smut senders to remove Yours has the suffering been, in the footwear industry of their jobs­ individual names from their mailing lists The memory shall be ours." and Congress and the President must be is not only ineffective, but costly to our alert to their responsibilities in the Government. In my district of San Diego, matter. it has been estimated that it cost the OUR NATION AND THE SEA post office 50 cents to handle each patron request to have his name purged HON. GEORGE BUSH PORNOGRAPHIC MAIL from the offensive mailing list. The San OF TEXAS Diego Post Office handled more than HON. BOB WILSON 3,000 of these requests, thus costing the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Government $1,500. My bill would require Thursday, June 12, 1969 OF CA~lFOR~IA the smut senders involved to pay our IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. BUSH. Mr. Speaker, on May 19, Government the cost of administering Dr. Julius A. Stratton delivered a timely Thursday, June 12, 1969 this law. Here again, the attack is di­ message on oceanography at the offshore Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, some rected at the smutsmith's pocketbook. It technology conference in Houston. Dr. weeks ago, I addressed the House con­ is only fair that he pay the Government's Stratton served as Chairman of the cerning the need for legislation to protect administrative costs which result from Commission on Marine Science, En­ the public against the offensive intrusion handling of requests from millions of per­ gineering, and Resources and is a for­ into their homes of pornographic mate­ sons who have refused to accept his midable figure in the field of ocean­ rial sent through the mails. At that time pornographic advertisements. Certainly, ography. As you know the report of the I introduced a measure that would pro­ the taxpayers are under no obligation Commission was submitted to the Pres­ hibit the interstate dissemination of smut to pay this cost for him. ident and the Congress in January. This materials of all kinds to juveniles under outstanding work on "Our Nation and age 18. A good number of our colleagues the Sea," sometimes called the Stratton have introduced similar legislation, report, contains many recommendations which demonstrates Congress' growing DISRUPTIONS SCORED AS for action, including the establishment concern over this problem. DISLOYALTY of a centralized Government agency to I am also pleased that President Nixon carry out a national program. has addressed himself to this serious Although Dr. Stratton has completed problem. Mr. Nixon has submitted to Con­ HON. HASTINGS KEITH his work on the Commission, he con­ gress a realistic proposal for protecting OF MASSACHUSETI'S tinues to act as a forceful spokesman for the public from the smut peddler whose IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ocean exploration and development. In· filth has been thrust into our homes with Thursday, June 12, 1969 his Houston speech he reminds us that: no legal recourse available to the re­ Mr. KEITH. Mr. Speaker, the disor­ There has been no marine Sputnik to gal-· ceiver. Under current law, if a person ders at home and on college campuses vanize public interest in the oceans. One receives a piece of pornographic mail, he can point to no spectacular mission to the have been widely condemned. On Memo­ very bottom of the sea to stir national pride ca'n return it to the postmaster with in­ rial Day it was appropriate to empha­ structions to have his name removed such as a single journey to the moon. None­ size a point not frequently mentioned­ theless, I am convinced that this heightened from the smut peddler's mailing list for the tenible disloyalty shown to those concern for marine affairs is of transcendent future mailings. There are two weak­ who have made· past sacrifices for their importance for the future. For it reflects the nesses in this procedure. First, the in­ country. confluence of the most diverse activities, of dividual has tQ receive at least one por­ ~uli;itude T am, therefore, including as part of a of needs, and of great oppor­ nographic mailing before he ·can initiate my remarks the Memorial ·Day address tunities. the procedure for having his name re­ In conclusion he states that: moved from the sender's mailing list. of our former colleague, Laurence Cur­ tis-Republican of Massachusetts, Mem­ We are at the threshold of decision. We Second, the Government's directive to ber of Congress, 1953-62-of Newton, must look to bold, decisive action on the have a smut peddler remove an individ­ Mass., delivered before the members of part of the Administration and the Congress ual's name from his mailing list does not six American Legion posts at Mount Hope or be resigned to another decade of studies always work. This is because some smut Cemetery in Boston. Curtis, a war ampu­ and debate. If the choice is to be action and peddlers put out successive mailings progress, it is important that all o! us who under a different company name, usually tee, is a past State commander of the have an interest in the ocean and a concern with different company officers listed. Disabled American Veterans. for its vast resources now make ourselves The Government's directive applies to the The address follows: heard. old company, but not to the new one MEMORIAL DAY ADDRESS BY FORMER CoN­ Mr. Speaker, I am a strong supporter which more often than not is operated by GRESSMAN LAURENCE CURTIS, IN PART of the concept that the United States the same people. One of the most sordid aspects of the current disorders is the disloyalty shown to needs a National Oceanic and Atmos­ I am today introducing a measure those who have fought and suffered for their pheric Agency as was proposed by the which embraces President Nixon's pro­ country. Commission if we are to effectively ex­ posal and would urge the Post Office and They did not serve and sacrifice in order to plore and use the seas. I am pleased to Civil Service Committee to hold prompt return to a land torn by disunity, racked by insert Dr. Stratton's speech into the hearings on . this legislation. This bill violence and where even the flag is often held RECORD for the benefit of the Members would permit an individual to advise his in disrespect. of the House: postmaster that he desires to receive no The immortal Lincoln proclaimed: "Let every man remember that to violate the law OUR NATION AND THE SEA sexually oriented advertisements through is to trample on the blood of his father . . . (Aqdress by J. A. Stratton, Offshore Tech­ the mails. The Postmaster General would There is no grievance that is a fit object of nology Conference, Houston, Tex, May 19, maintain a current list of those persons redress by mob law." 1969) who have made such requests, and the We veterans know that the disorders at As you will surely surmise from the title smut peddlers would be required by law home and on college campuses encourage the of my -~ remarks, I have been asked to tell not to address any such material to those enemy who is counting on a collapse of you this morning something of the work persons. The lists maintained by the Post American will on the home front. They en­ of the Commission on Marine Science, Engi­ Office Department would be made avail­ courage him to persevere with resulting in­ neering and Resources--of the findings of crease of American casualties. that Commission-and of our nation's stake able to the smutsmiths for a fee covering We demand an end to the inept and in­ in the sea. the Government's cost of compiling and dulgent responses to campus disorders. We I must say that I stand here feeling some­ maintaining the lists. This procedure demand that effective measures be taken to what akin to the gentleman of an earlier would hit the senders of. pornographic restrain force, violence and storm-trooper day who had surviv.ed the Johnstown flood, material where it hurts the most-in tactics. who spoke about it unceasingly, and who their pocketbooks. We join in the tribute to our departed delighted in telling everyone-singly and in 15804 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969

gro~ps-about his terrifying experience. The charged with the task of recommending a To arouse the nation and to accelerate years wpre on. Eventually he was duly ad­ plan of governmental organization to sup­ the movement into the seas, the Commission mitted to heaven, where he asked if he might port our program. has suggested the est11.blishment of certain have an opportunity to address the assem­ This past January, as you know, the Com­ specific goals, and proposes that programs be bled souls. Permission was granted. But as mission completed its task and delivered its designed to meet them. These goals derive he stepped to the podium, St. Peter quietly report to the President and to the Congress. quite naturally from the geography and said: "Before you begin, I think you should That report, with its many recommendations bathymetry of the sea. We recommend that know that Noah is in the audience." for action, comes to the public at a time when the United States achieve the capability to Whatever slight qualifications I may have our country is distraught by some of the occupy the bed and subsoil of our territorial gained to justify my appearance on this plat­ gravest crises of this century-by the frus­ sea and that we learn to utilize fully the form in the company of you whose profes­ trations of a war in Asia, by the rise of continental shelf and slope to a depth of sional lives have been directed towards the crime at home, by disruption on the campus, 2,000 feet. Looking farther ahead, the Com­ science, the economics, or the technology of by the mounting congestion of our cities, and mission urges that we develop the capability the oceans, has come from my own special by our growing impatience with conditions to explore the ocean depths to 20,000 feet version of the Johnstown flood-you might that perpetuate hunger and poverty. What within a decade, and to utilize these depths say, from a process of total immersion. Not claim dare we make, then, for the priority of before the end of the century. that in any literal sense I have gone down a national program on the oceans in the face But the prelude to the attainment of any and into the sea. But throughout my two of such an awesome agenda? such goals is a solid base of fundamental years as Chairman of the Marine Commis­ To this one can only answer that such a technology-a reservoir of fundamental en­ sion, I have been constrained to read, to lis­ program is itself directed towards the needs gineering skill which-like basic science­ ten, to think, and to speak about the oceans. of people-towards the vast resources which provides a foundation for many applications The members of that Commission have been await exploitation in the sea-towards de­ and serves many users. It opens the path to my teachers, and never have I enjoyed the velopments which threaten the quality of our new developments, to the reduction of costs, : · privilege of association with men more dedi­ total environment--and towards the conse­ to an increase in reliability, and to the solu- ' · cated to their task or more concerned for quences of a national failure to take action tion of new problems. the effeotive use of the sea. There is neither now. The improvement of materials, for exam­ time, nor is this the occasion, to review in de­ There has been no marine Sputnik to gal­ ple, as this audience well knows, is basic to tail the multitude of conclusions and rec­ vanize public interest in the oceans. One can all marine activities, whether on or under ommendations that have been the product of point to no spectacular mission to the very the surface. their work. But I should like in these few bottom of the sea to stir national pride such Underseas operations, whether fixed or minutes to convey to you as best I can as a single journey to the moon. Nonetheless, mobile, depend on power supplies. Under­ something of the character of our report I am convinced that this heightened concern water habitats must become self-sustaining, and of the spirit in which it was conceived. for marine affairs is of transcendent impor­ and deep submersible design is handicapped Looking back over the past thirty years, tance for the future. For it reflects the con­ by a present lack of efficient, economical, one can readily discern a movement of na­ fluence of the most diverse activities, of a long-duration power sources. tional interest towards the sea-a movement multitude of needs, and of great opportuni­ There is a need for the development of that only lately has begun to gather momen­ ties. basic tools and equipment with an adequate tum. Very likely we could trace its origin to The world is changing before our eyes, and degree of reliability and simplicity of opera­ submarine operations in the Second World for all our plans, the time scale is shrinking. tion. War and to the extraordinarily effective and Before the end of this century, the popula­ We must grapple with the problems of far-sighted programs of the Office of Naval tion of the United States may exceed 300 mil­ visibility and communications. Research. Indeed, it was the Navy which in lion, and over the globe will probably double. And since much of the national invest;.· 1956 stimulated the National Academy of According to the most reliable projections, ment in ocean programs for the foreseeable Sciences to prepare a report, which proved to world food production must increase by fifty future will be devoted to measuring, map· be historic, on the needs and opportunities per cent over the next twenty years. ping, defining, and monitoring the marine for oceanography in the decade of the sixties. We face the prospect of dwindling reserves environment, the development of good in- · This was but the first of a number of such of many of our natural resources-not this struments-dependable, accurate, and not studies. Their total impact was to capture year or the next, but nonetheless in the fore­ too costly, is a most urgent necessity. the widening attention of the scientific com­ seeable future. Estimates have indicated that munity, of industry, and notably of the Con­ I have spoken earlier of the manifold di­ the consumption of metals in the next thirty­ versity which characterizes the entire do­ gress. In the period from 1959 to 1966 some five years may equal that of the last 2000, and one hundred actions were proposed in the main of marine affairs. It is as though one that the world demand for key minerals will were confronted with the problem of defin­ House and the Senate relating to marine re­ double by 1985-and triple by the end of sources and to the organization of marine ing and developing the potential of an en­ the century. The potential availability of tirely new continent--the plants, the ani­ affairs. such resources in the ocean bottom is, of Yet for all this stirring, there was still the mals, the minerals, the economics, even the course, a subject of major interest to this politics. Understandably, this same diversity need for effective Federal action. Finally, in conference. June of 1966, Congress took a definitive step is reflected in the whole of marine technol­ Our concern for a more effective use of the ogy. To meet the need for a focus of effort, with the passage of the Marine Resources and sea derives also from the need for an ever­ Engineering Development Act. the Commission has proposed a plan for a expanding economy, for new jobs, and new series of endeavors to be known as National First, in a declaration of policy and objec­ avenues of productivity. tives, the Act defined as national goals the Projects. These have been devised to estab­ It relates to the growth of our coastal cities, lish a sense of priority, to test and evaluate expansion of knowledge with respect to the to the need for new areas of recreation, to marine environment, the more rapid develop­ the economic as well as the technical feasi­ the pollution of our lakes and our estuaries, bility of new marine systems, and to provide ment of resources, and the encouragement and to the erosion of our shores. · of private investment. new technology essential for scientific re-· And it relates profoundly to our national search and exploration. Second, it created for an interim period a security. For the increasing ability to move National Council on Marine Resources and freely along the bottom of the sea-an ability Foremost among these is a recomtnendation Engineering Development under the chair­ shared by other nations as well as ourselves­ to increase the number and capability of manship of the Vice President--a body at is even now presenting us with a whole new facilities for research, and for the de­ velopment, testing, and evaluation of un­ Cabinet le~l charged with coordinating the order of international issues. activities of the staggering array within the This then, very briefly, is our national stake dersea systems. Such a project should in­ Federal government of agencies with missions in the uses of the sea-a stake of such mag­ clude high-pressure facilities on shore for that relate to the sea. nitude and of such import for the future testing equipment, bio-medical pressure Third, the Act of 1966 established an in­ that we shall neglect it at our peril. The chambers for observing and evaluating man dependent Commission, wholly free of op­ Commission makes no proposal for a crash in undersea work, and ocean test ranges, all erating responsibilities, and with a member­ program, nor does it offer glowing promises reminiscent of the kind of contributiori ship to reflect the broad range of marine in­ of immediate returns. But we do urge most made by the NACA to the early years of avia­ terests, both public and private. strongly a systematic plan of action and an tion. Our mandate called for a completely de­ increasing national investment. Other National Projects recommended by tached assessment of the current national Now the prospect of achieving these ob­ the Commission and of special interest to effort directed towards problems not alone jectives lies first with science and technology this present conference relate to an ex­ of the oceans, but of the total marine en­ and then with management. ploration of techniques for the restoration vironment as well, viewed from the stand­ The primary need to expand our capabili­ of the Great Lakes; points of science, technology, economics, se­ ties in the oceans is a dominant theme run­ to . the establishment of both fixed and curity, and the quality of our national life. ning throughout the whole of the report of mobile laboratories on the continental shelf; Upon this basic evaluation of needs and the Commission-the capability to move un­ to the development of underwater nuclear resources, we were asked to formulate a na­ der the surface at any depth-to gain access power generation; tional-as distinguished from a Federal­ to the furthest reaches of the ocean floor-to to the development and construction of plan for the future. do productive work at any level-in short, submersibles for exploration with a transit And . finally-and explicitly-we were to establish a technical freedom of the seas. capability to depths of. 20,000 feet; and June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15805 to a pilot buoy network for the devel­ and agencies of which the President spoke. nation. Its primary responsibilities would be opment of technology that might ultimately Many of these activities relate only margin­ those of advising the head of the new agency, lead to a global monitoring system. ally to the central mission of the parent de­ NOAA, and of reporting periodically .to the The Commission believes that basic tech­ partment. And this fragmentation and dis­ President and the Congress on the progress nology-like basic research ln science-must persal is indeed reflected in the relevant com­ of government and private programs towards be funded largely by the Federal government. mittees of the Congress. the achievement of our national goals. Accordingly, the management of and pri­ The Commission began its task without Let me assure you that we did not arrive mary support for the proposed National Proj­ prejudging the issue, without bias or precon­ at our conclusions lightly, and we recognize ects becomes a Federal responsibility. None­ ceived views, agreeing that a plan of orga­ full well that such a bold redesign of the theless, industry and the academic commu­ nization should rightly emerge out of the existing Federal structure will not come nity must participate in the planning and ultimate needs and concept of the program easily. Already we are hearing some agonized conduct of these projects, for their essential itself. We should determine first what ought cries of protest. I can readily understand the purpose is to advance our technical power to be done, and only then decide how to do it. desire of anyone charged with the responsi­ on a national scale. At an early stage we rejected the idea of bility of a department or bureau to serve as I should say at this point that, whether consolidating every single marine and atmos­ a protagonist for the interests of his own by chance or design-but in my own judg­ pheric function into one massive agency. domain. But the real issue here is the na­ ment, very fortunately-this Commission We have endeavored in the clearest terms tional interest. was strongly oriented towards the needs of to support the needs of a strong, effective The very existence of the Commission ex­ industry and the private sector. Individually Navy, and we recognize that programs in ma­ presses the intent of the Congress to develop or through panel meetings, the members of rine science, and engineering carried out by an ocean program worthy of a great sea na­ the Commission took part in literally hun­ the Navy itself are essential to that objective. tion. And clearly it was for that reason that dreds of interviews and conferences with rep­ The Department of the Interior, though the President and the Congress turned to an resentatives of marine activities in every part primarily a land agency, has activities that independent body for an outside view of this of the country. Out of this experience it border on the marine-the geological sur­ immensely complex problem-to a commis­ emerged rather clearly that industry in gen­ vey, fresh water management, and national sion the majority of whose members were eral neither needs nor desires direct sub­ park and wildlife conservation. completely detached from the inescapable sidies. What seems essential for the encour­ The National Science Foundation suppoxts loyalties and commitments that must pre­ agement of private investment enterprise, marine and atmospheric science as part of its vail within the government. particularly in new areas of resource devel­ basic mission to advance education and re­ This is a time for vision and statesman­ opment, is a government effort directed to­ search. ship. None of us will claim that the particu­ ward providing the research, exploration, But apart from these-step by step--the lar pattern of organization that we have put fundamental technology, and !Services neces­ argument for the establishment of a strong forward is perfect in every detail-that there sary to expand operations at sea, as well as locus of effort, with adequate authority and is no room for molding or adjustment. And a set of laws and regulatory policies that adequate resources, with a capacity to take we are also aware that, with the new Ad­ will permit more accurate business planning major initiatives and follow through, became ministration, the entire Federal structure is and investment activity. overwhelmingly persuastve. now coming under review. Earlier I have noted that the prospect of As one proceeds through the report of the Nothing in our proposal for an oceanic achieving our objectives lies with manage­ Commission, the logic of that argument ap­ agency should preclude an accommodation ment a!S well as with science and technology. pears to develop of itself. to revisions on a larger scale that are long And this brings me now to the most difficult It rests upon our need to create through overdue. Moreover, in this year of budgetary part of our assignll!ent, to perhaps the most science and engineering an expanding arsenal stress, I think it particularly important to controversial of our recommendations-a of capabilities, which I have only briefly emphasize that the incremental cost of proposal for action which we are convinced touched upon this morning. · prompt action for consolidation-through is essential for the national interest. It relates to the sponsoring of the plan of NOAA-will in itself be relatively small. But It is the view of the Commission that the National Projects of which I have just spoken a failure to recognize the overriding need goals we have set forth, the building of a It reflects the urgency of establishing, be­ for such consolidation of effort and the strong, truly national program, will be fore it is too late, a program for the system­ building of strength will, I fear, be disas­ achieved only through a major reorganiza­ atic management of our coastal zones and to trous to the best interests of our country. tion of the Federal government in the do­ forestall the continuing erosion of our shores None of us who have labored over this main of marine affairs. and the pollution of our esturaries. task throughout the past two years harbors We are by no means the first to arrive at It meets the need for mapping and explora­ any illusion that we have said all that needs such a conclusion. tion and research that are essential to the to be said or have offered the final word. In a The need was stressed by the Committee productive use of the seabed and to the re­ field of such diversity of interests and of on Oceanography of the National Academy history, a failure to stir debate and contro­ habilitation of our fisheries. versy could only mark an absence of strength of Sciences in 1966. It recognizes the environmental unity of It was urged by the President's Science and content. land and sea and atmosphere and the future We have endeavored to clarify and to Advisory Committee in its report, The Effec­ of monitoring, prediction, and control. tive Use of the Sea. formulate the issues, and in every instance At the outset we propose the transfer of to give our best judgment on what action A variety of proposals in the House and certain existing agencies to form the nucleus Senate have been directed towards this end. should be taken. of the new entity, which has been called But the crucial test of whether this Com­ In Miami last October, Mr. Nixon spoke NOAA-the National Oceanic and Atmos­ most eloquently of the unknown frontier­ mission has served well the interests of our pheric Agency. But the spirit of our intent country is simply this-- the sea with its inexhaustible riches--as the is one of building, rather than merely re­ scene of the next great adventure of the Will the ensuing discussion, the debate­ shu1Hing. The design of this new organization indeed, the controversy-stir this nation to American people. And he went on to say: has been governed by the dimensions of the "Nevertheless, we still lack a unified effort take a mighty step forward in its use of the task that lies before us. We have proposed seas-to develop our marine capabilities, to in the field of marine sciences and engineer­ only such transfers as will contribute to the ing. stimulate investment, to protect and use our national goal. And we are convinced that shores. "Our national oceanography effort is frag­ whether it be the Coast Guard, or ESSA, the mented and confused, overlapping, and lack­ We are at the threshold of decision. We Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, or the Sea must look to bold, decisive action on the ing in direction. An astonishing number of Grant Program, each will gain in strength Federal agenoles, departments, and bureaus part of the Administration and the Congress. and effectiveness. Each will find its mission or be resigned to another decade of studies are involved, and many Congressional com­ broadening and deepening. Out of unity will and debate. If the choice is to be action an.d mittees and subcommittees must consider come a new coherence of effort, a sharing of problems and progr·ams." progress, it is important that all of us who services and resources, and a sense of common have an interest in the ocean and a concern On various other occasions-and I am interest and purpose. for its vast resources now make ourselves well aware that some among you in this au­ More than half a century ago, as the United heard. dience have heard me before on this subject,­ States entered the aeronautical age, the Na­ ! have ventured the comment that the ocean tional Advisory Committee for Aeronautics as a new frontier poses problems differing proved invaluable in uniting the interests of profoundly from those that marked the ini­ government, of industry, and of the academic LETTER FROM CONSTITUENT tiation of the nuclear and space programs. community-thus assuring a free interflow of Each of these grew out of well-defined scien­ ideas and information. The need for the tific and technological breakthroughs. Each oceans today is of a similar character. Ac­ HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON started fresh. There was no governmental cordingly, the Commission has recommended OF ll.LINOIS histoy, and at the outset very little, if any, also the establishment of a committee, which industrial constituency. might be called the National Advisory Com­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES But the seas have always been with us, mittee for the Oceans-NACO. Such a body, Thursday, June 12, 1969 and over the past two centuries marine ac­ whose members would be appointed by the tivities in the Federal government have grown President with the advice and ·consent of the Mr. ANDERSON of lllinois. On June largely without plan--scattered now among Senate, should be broadly representative of 4, 1969, a young man from my congres­ the twenty to thirty departments, bureaus, the marine and atmospheric interests of the sional district, Gary H. Thorstens of 15806 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS · June 12, 1969 Rockford, TIL, graduated from the U.S. of 14, and attended Clifton Park Junior High The last chapter hasn't been written yet, Military Academy. The day before his Sch-ool. of course. The zealous revolutionaries-there graduation, he wrote me expressing his He later returned to Prince Frederick, in aren't that many, but they usually try Calvert county, where he was graduated from harder-might still huff and puff and blow feelings on this important occasion in Brooks High School in 1966._ the whole thing apart. his life. He worked brie.tly for the Westinghouse But what has happened is this: I was so impressed and encouraged by Electric Corporation at Friendship Airport 1. Most of the students have shown them­ his comments that I felt compelled to before enlisting in the Army in March, 1967. selves to be genuinely concerned about the call them to the attention of my col­ SERVED WITH 112TH well-being of the school. They want leagues here in the Congress. During this changes-in fact they insist on them. But ' Sergeant Sewell was serving with the 112th they aren't about to let a small doctrinaire period of mounting unrest and discon­ Infantry and specialized in heavy duty elec­ tent among so many of our Nation's band of radicals lead them into an orgy of tronics. disruption and destruction. young adults, it is refreshing to have this Besides his mother, Sergeant Sewell is sur­ 2. The faculty by and large is joining in indication of the acceptance and under­ vived by his stepfather, Melvin Smith, of the spirit of the quest for better ways of standing of the responsibilities of citi­ Baltimore; two brothers, Sgt. Thomas C. educating. zenship by this young man. Mr. Thor­ Sewell, USAF, stationed at Kessler Air Force 3. The administration has done an intel­ Base, Miss., and Elijah Sewell, of Prince ligent job of responding to provocations and sten's letter follows: Frederick; five step-brothers, Larry, Verdell, U.S. CORPS OF CADETS, pres~res. If better things are on the way, Maurice, Clayton and Tony Smith, all of it wants to sign its name to them. West Point, N.Y. Baltimore; a step-sister, Debra Smith, of Bal­ DEAR Sm: I am writing this letter on the timore, and his maternal grandmother, Mrs. A NEW STYLE OF LIFE eve of my graduation to express my grati­ Marion Sewell, of Prince Frederick. The only group that seems to be moving tude for the appointment which you gave in the other direction at this moment is the me four years ago. I find it hard to express community at large. in words my appreciation for this chance you For one thing, Amherst still shows signs have given me to serve my country. of nervousness and coolness about the uni­ I am proud to join the long grey line AT UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO, IT IS versity locating there. which has served this nation since its birth. THE FORWARD LOOK And there is also much adverse feeling I promise you I will uphold that tradition about some of the things that have been of honor and devotion to duty. In this way I happening on campus. will repay the debt I owe my country and HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI Most of these things have nothing to do you, Sir, for my four years here at the OF NEW YORK with education. They are part of a new style Academy. Thank you again. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of life. Sincerely, Like long hair, for instance. Most male GARY H. THORSTENS, Thursday, June 12, 1969 students have longer locks than the office ROCKFORD, ILL. types downtown. And comb them less often. Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, it is com­ And scruffy clothes. You'd think some­ mencement time and an appropriate time times that there isn't a haberdashery or a TWO MARYLAND SOLDIERS DIE IN to reflect upon what has been going on in laundry within 5 miles of campus. VIETNAM our colleges and universities, particularly And dirty words. They're in general use. in the past year. From four letters to 12, and everything in There have been demonstrations, sit­ between. By both boys and girls. In some HON. CLARENCE D. LONG ins and whatnot in institutions all across very public places, including the campus OF MARYLAND the Nation. Some have been spectacular; newspaper. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES And drugs. Probably a majority Of the most have involved only a small minority students have never tried pot and never will. Thursday, June 12, 1969 of the students and faculties. In fact, But there is enough of the stuff on campus, many of the participants in case after and there are enough users, to be a severe Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, case are individuals who have no con­ worry. A spring drug symposium, which Spec. Harry R. Italiano and Sgt. William nection whatsoever with the institution drew most of the big-named "heads" in the J. Sewell, two fine young men from involved. country, broke up in a really big pot party. Maryland, were recently killed in Viet­ State University at Buffalo has had its And political, unorthodoxy. There are nam. I would like to commend their incidents and the complexity of the issues hordes of liberals. And lots of New Leftists courage and honor their memory by in­ involved have been very well spelled out and SDS disruptions. And a hard core of cluding the following article in the activists who love Uncle Mao a lot bet­ in an excellent article which was fea­ ter than they love Uncle Sam. RECORD: tured recently in the Buffalo Evening Two SOLDIERS DIE IN VIETNAM-SPECIALIST News. NAMES AND ABUSES ITALIANO, SERGEANT SEWELL KILLED IN The writer, Elwood M. Wardlow, as­ And impertinence. Any administrator on ACTION campus who hasn't been called a "fascist" sistant managing editor, has a job that or "pig" or some other choice name just isn't An Army enlisted man from Prince Georges usually ties him to the desk perusing and county and a sergeant from Baltimore have important enough to bother with. been killed in action in Vietnam, the Defense editing the copy of his staff. But he has And abuse of property. Beyond a doubt, Department announced yesterday. done a real writing chore in the following some of the students treat their surround­ They were identified as: interpretive article: ings with less than tender loving care. Spec. 4 Harry R. Italiano, 21, the son of AT UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO, IT'S THE FORWARD And lastly, there are the weirdos. Like the Mrs. Margaret E. Italiano, of Suitland, Md. LOOK guy-not even a student--who peeled down to the buff before he gave an impromptu He was killed in action last Tuesday. (By Elwood M. Wardlow) Sgt. William J. Sewell, 21, the son of Mrs. speech at the drug symposium. Or the girls Katherine C. Smith, of the 1600 block Home­ The State University of Buffalo is winding who look like something left over from a stead street. Reported missing May 31, Ser­ up its school year with commencement to­ Paris vice raid. geant Sewell was declared killed in action morrow. Got the picture, friend? upon identification of his body last Tuesday. And to the surprise of just about every­ Well if you think you do, you probably Specialist Italiano had attended Suitland body, UB is alive and well out there on don't. High School. He had worked for three years Main St. For that litany of woe, long and sad as it at Drug Fair stores in Marlow Heights and In fact, it may have turned the corner on is, doesn't tell nearly the whole story of the Suitland before he was drafted last June. the worst of its problems, and be headed into university today. He served with the 46th Infantry in Viet­ its golden age. Let's take a look at the school and try to nam. OK, we know we can get a lot of arguments grab the whole picture. It's too important to Specialist Italiano was engaged to be mar­ about that. us to understand only a part. ried to Nonnie Sady, of Washington. Their A lot of people are confused about what's UB is already one of the major schools in wedding was planned for next spring. been going on at UB. the country. It has 10,894 full-time under­ Besides his mother, Specialist Italiano is And a lot of others doubt anyone is learn­ graduate students and 6490 graduate and survived by a brother, Charles J. Italiano, ing anything any more, what with all the professional-degree students. There are an­ Jr., of Lanham, Md.; his maternal grand­ pot smoking and demonstrating and raising other 6183 part-time undergraduate and mother, Mrs. Mary Shearer, of Suitland, and Cain. non-credit students in the evening division. two nephews. What is emerging on our campus-new The faculty totals 1344 full-time and 1184 ways of working and learning together­ part-time, paid and unpaid. BORN IN CALVERT COUNTY may solve our own problems in due course UB was founded in 1846 by a group of Sergeant Sewell was born in Calvert and set patterns that will be copied across public-spirited citizens which included Mil­ county. He moved to Baltimore at the age the nation. lard Fillmore. June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15807 For its first four decades, it was only a der Dr. Furnas, it reached out increasingly There were more drug arrests (even though medical college. But then, in 1877, it added a into the economic fabric of the community, a recent survey revealed that UB is lower law school. And in 1913 it added an arts and lending its pool of intellect and talent to help than most other universities in the nation sciences curriculum and became a general solve community problems. in drug usage) . college, non-sectarian and private. Under President Martin Meyerson, who iS And there was a controversy over Project MANY ALUMNI IN PROFESSIONS a specialist in urban affairs, this reach-out Theinis research for the government. has been accelerated still further. And a one-night take-over of Hayes Hall. A high percentage of Western New York's As the nature of UB has changed, some of And finally, controversy over black par­ doctors, dentists, lawyers and teachers were the old relationships have changed with it. ticipation in the work force building the new educated wt UB. And sometimes this has been disconcerting. campus. Chancellor Samuel P. Dapen, in his ten­ Parents who hoped their C-average sons Active throughout this period were a hard ure from 1922 to 1950, brought the school to could enroll at UB have been disappointed. core of students-sometimes as few as a prominence in upstate academic matters. And it isn't a commuter college any more, dozen, sometimes as many as 200-who con­ He also had a lasting impact in other where most of the students are within an sistently displayed a totalitarian frame of areas. He was a strong believer of aoadeinic NFT ride of home. Since it became part of Inind. They were the radicals and revolu­ freedom and went to bat for his faculty on the State University, more and more (about tionaries. And they were trouble. numerous occasions to defend it. 60 per cent of last year's freshman class) Things reached a potential flash point in He emphasized independent study and have come from other parts of the state-­ February when Bruce Beyer, never a UB stu­ close faculty-student relationships-two of and beyond. dent, went on trial in Federal Court on the things the university is attempting to And for some, there's the rub--who wants charges of assaulting a federal officer trying reaffirm now, despite problems of size. all those out-of-town boys coining here and to arrest him in the Buffalo Unitarian Uni­ Dr. Capen was followed by T. Raymond teaching our children their wicked ways? And versalist Church. Beyer and a friend had McConnell as chancellor. McConnell, a na­ who wants them filling the places that Erie taken "symbolic sanctuary" in the church to tionally known leader in higher education County-bred children might have at UB? defy their call for Army induction. and UB chancellor from 1950 to 1954, started There's a sensible answer. UB must, be­ BEYER CASE IS FOCAL POINT bu1lding dorms. cause it is. a state university, take a certain He was succeeded by the late Clifford C. percentage of out-of-town students. But it Day after day during the course of the trial, Furnas, under whom the university exper­ is easier, acadeinically, for a local student to dozens of young friends-some from UB, plus a number of others-picketed the federal ienced considerable change. During his be admitted. tenure (from 1955 to 1966), the curriculum Even the competition for "underprivi­ courthouse in shouting protest. And when was broadened again, most of the schools leged" students attempting to get into UB's the guilty verdict was delivered, they called were strengthened, additional buildings were special programs is fierce. It's fiercer, in fact, for action on the campus. constructed and finally, in 1962, the school than the competition for students trying to The protesters and their sympathizers con­ became part of the State University system. get into the regular programs. vened and drew up a list of nine "demands" That system today has many parts. There upon the adininistration of the university. UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO HAS GBEAT Some of these demands didn't exactly fall are four university centers: Buffalo, Stony LEADERSHIP Brook (Long Island), Albany and Bingham­ into President Myerson's realm. The pro­ ton. There are 10 colleges-including Buf­ That, in capsule, is UB today and yester­ testers demanded, for example, the firing of falo State, Fredonia State a.nd Geneseo day--and President Meyerson, perhaps, has Buffalo Police Commissioner Frank F'elicetta. State. And there are 22 community (two­ put it all in perspective as well as anyone: And "justice" tor Martin Sostre, convicted year) colleges, including Niagara. "H.ere at the State University of Buffalo, in a 1968 narcotics case. And, of course, the I believe we have the best leadership in clearing of Bruce Beyer. UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO IS JEWEL OF STATE depth of any university in this country,'' he Others of the nine demands. however. re­ SYSTEM has said. lated to campus matters. And there was The jewel of the entire State University "Our students have been our conscience. something of an air of expectancy over the system today is the UB. It is by far the It was they who first complained of OW' campus as the UB adininistration drew up bigges~and by most accounts also the best. often-neglected classrooms; they insisted on its response. This was the type of situation It has more candidates for graduate de­ the values to which the academic society has that, on so many campuses across the coun­ grees than the remainder of schools in the always paid homage if not service. try, had led to violence and disruption. State University system put together. It has "Reform is ·absolutely necessary .•. It is The "reply" came in two stages. First, from the only public pharmacy school in the our students who are saving our universities a Meyerson aide, came a written ~·working state, and one of the only two public en­ from the fate of the dinosaurs." paper" that explored some of the student de­ ·gineertng schools in New York. But that's all prologue. Wh.at, you Inight mands but did not pretend to answer to It has special programs for some of the aks has been going on at UB lately that them. poverty area students, who can enter With sounded so awful but Inight turn out all And then came the real reply. President less than outstanding high school records, to the good? Meyerson went before the assembled student and can receive special acadeinic help. For the answer we Inigh t drop back two body in person and read off a list of nine But for most of the students being ac­ years to the start. of th.e tense period on the "demands" of his own. They boiled down, cepted at UB today, academic excellence is a campus. really, to this: A plea to reason together to way of life. You're not likely to be accepted In the spring of 1967, a number of things find ways to make the university more rele­ 1f your high school average is less than 88 to happened at the same time. And all of them, vant to its time and function. 90 per cent. to the community, sounded pretty bad. For one thing, the Spectrum, the campus DEMANDS IGNITE CAMPUS The faculty has been strengthened great­ newspaper, developed a liking for dirty words The two sets of "demands" ignited the ly. The school has brought some of the top and/ or pornographic poetry. Things got so campus. It no longer was a dispute between teachers in the country to Buffalo from Har­ a band of radicals and the adininistration. vard, Yale, Northwestern, Chicago, Berkeley bad that the printer threatened to cancel his contract. Most of the student body began to sense that and other great American universities. More And there was the Leslie Fiedler case. The a major event was in the making, a.nd they are constantly being recruited. police charged that the professor's home was had better get involved. UB has grown mightily since World War being used as a marijuana den for youngsters. They did, in what amounted to a long and n. As or tomorrow's commencement, it will And the radicals and student-power people disputatious week-end. When it was over late have almost as many State University alumni were beginning to raise raucous voices. on a Monday night, a sweeping decision had as privately graduated alumni (about 29,000 COMMUNITY REALLY DISTURBED been made--and. it had' been made by mod­ before it became state-operated; about 26,000 erate and liberal students over the bitter since). The community at large didn't understand protests of the radicals. In fact, UB has grown so much that Albany this type of behavior. And it didn't like it. Anti-student and anti-UB mail to The News What the decision amQunted to was this: realized something had to be done to pro­ The whole matter of education had become vide groWing room. during that period ran very heavy--second only to the great controversy some years be­ too important to be left to the whims of The result is one of the breathtaking aca­ campus politics or violence. It deserved to be deinic ventures of our time--a whole new fore concerning the "Spirit of Womanhood" statue. discussed in a broad and methodical way by campus will rise in the Town of Amherst. the entire UB community--students, faculty four Iniles to the northeast of the present Last year. the mail tapered off somewhat, but there was a great deal of resentment over and administration. campus. Close to a billion dollars Will be So the idea of a week-long "teach-in" came spent over the next five or six years to build such things as the harassment of Dow and a totally new plant for up to 40,000 students. other recruiters. to pass. All professors were urged focus on the It could be among the dozen largest univer­ This year. some of the dirty words crept w sities in the country. back into the Spectrum. There has been some issues. at hand during their day periods. and tension over the matter of programs for give the. week over to discussions. UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO CONCERNED WITH b-lacks. City Councilman Raymond Lewan­ Ma.ny of the faculty did just exactly that. COMMUNITY dowski was splattered with eggs when he Some cancelled classes and others held their As part of ltS recent growth, UB has paid showed up, by invitation, to take part in a class as usual. but had general dlseusslons more attention to- the community itselt. un- campus program. rather than lessons. In most de~ents of CXV--996-Part 12 15808 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969 the university, few if any regular classes were "Of all the adroit handling of student pro­ supplied all the A.i'ab countries with held. tests and rebellion, the State University of During the course of four days, there was Buffalo has been, perhaps, the most astute huge quantities of Communist-made an average of 30 to 40 teach-ins a day. Some and successful ... arms and weapons of war with the result were led by students; others had faculty or "President Meyerson for three years has that in all Arab capitals from Algiers to administration speakers; and a few featured withstood all efforts to intrude politics or Adu Dhabi, hatred against the State of speakers from the community. rash police action onto the campus. At the Israel and the free world has deepened. TEACH-INS AID COOLOFF same time he pacified disruptive elements Notwithstanding the efforts of the So­ within. viets to rearm the Egyptians and the The radicals were not pleased with the re­ "Above all, he displayed creative ap­ sults, but most ever)one else was. With few proaches, which brought reform without other Arab countries, the latter nations exceptions, the discussions were good ses­ capitulating to violence or to punitive pres­ are still outclassed by Israel's defense sions-positive in tone, democratic in manner. sures from outside . . . and therefore, the likelihood of another By the end of the week, a great deal of in­ "To relieve the provocation of giantism, general war breaking out in the Middle formation had been shared and a great deal he has created seven faculties, each with a East has been reduced. All this under­ of insight had been gained. provost, gathering related departments into scores the fact that the interest of the The whole matter is now in the hands of separate and manageable units. He has in­ committees, set up within the existing struc­ United States and of the free world must sisted upon every member of the faculty coincide with that of the State of Israel ture of university government. teaching, including himself." Many of the concerns that have been caus­ Willirun Austin-the new Student Associa­ and her desire to live in peace with her ing tension on the campus over the past tion president who formerly headed UB's neighbors. couple of years may soon be answered by Black Student Association-has said "Black Because of the importance of recent reforms and restructurings. students don't have to get their hea.ds bashed events in that part of the world, the The most dramatic event of the spring was in at UB ... They're not in the mood for Evening Sun of Baltimore printed an still to come. It occurred on March 19, the taking buildings . . . Right now the campus excerpt from an address by Moshe date of Bruce Beyer's sentencing. is pretty good for black people ... Now, if Dayan, the Israel Defense Minister con­ His friends, protesting the prison term, you can just keep that aura of goodness ..." caused a ruckus downtown and several were cerning the Arab actions along the Suez arrested. The rem&inder trickled back to the FACULTY SENATE REVAMPED Canal. I know that my colleagues as campus, and soon things were popping there. Dr. Mac Hammond, secretary of the Faculty well as my constituents share my con­ A mob went to the site of Project Themis- senate, points out: cern about the present threat to peace a. research job for the Pentagon on undersea "This past year, the Faculty Senate, re­ in the Middle East and I insert this arti­ environment. Two construction sheds were structured so that every full-time faculty cle at this point in the RECORD for their damaged. member is a senator, has made _inroads in consideration: Then, in mid-afternoon, several hundred long-overdue educational reforms, a fact, I'm students advanced on Hayes Hall, where Pres­ sure, that has helped spare the university ISRAELI VIEW-ARAB PRETENSE AT SUEZ ident Meyerson and most of the other admin­ from the tormented experiences at other I should like to comment upon the situa­ istrntors have their offices. universities across the country. tion along the front Unes, and particularly The students took over most of the build­ "When students have the feeling that their along the Suez Canal, the line facing Egypt. ing and held it through the night, roaming new visions of what education should be are Lately this line has been "heated up." The through the offices at will. in some ways being accommodated, they are question to be asked is what is happening President Meyerson returned from an out­ less likely to adopt patters of disruption· and there, what do they want, what are they of-town trip during the evening and imme­ destruction. For six years, the university has driving at? diately plunged into the task of restoring been preparing for the future campus at The Egyptians do not have the power to order. Amherst; but only in the past year has real­ beat Israel, not in the autumn, not in the SITUATION IS TENSE istic planning begun to take place--and this summer and not during this spring. And they He did so in an atmosphere of high ten­ has been partly under the supervision of the know it. sion, for scores of police had lined up along Faculty Senate." At the moment we are witnessing a diplo­ Main St. and were ready to move onto the So ...•.. matic offensive. This is the maximum that CMllpus and clear the hall. If the integration agreement holds . . . the Arabs could aspire to since the war, and Meyerson spept two hours in direct con­ And the state can come up with the money. finally they have succeeded 1n getting the frontation with about 200 of the occupiers­ And Martin Meyerson keeps his masterful Four Power meeting, with France as the and failed to budge them. touch .... initiator. The basic premises of these Four By morning he had asked for-and been And the faculty keeps its head . . . Powers, although they may not be acceptable granted-a court order for the students to And the students follow their own aspira­ to the Arabs, certainly accord them some sort leave the building. In the face of imminent tions, rather than emotional calls to rule or of hope of achieving their aims-much more police enforcement, the students withdrew. ruin ••. than they could by the use of force. ~lings remained high for some days, but Things are really looking up. Accordingly, I do not think that the Arabs eventually abated. If things come off at their hopeful best, would like to disrupt this Four-Power meet­ The Student Polity-a town-meeting type Buffalo can have one of the great schools 1n ing, to foil its; purpose, especially when they of student government that speaks for the the land, 1n the finest new plant in the world. have no chance of achieving their- aims by undergraduate student body-met and voted The value to our students will be immense. use of their armies. Thus the United States, for an endorsement of the radicals' under­ And the potential value to the community the Soviet Union, France and England­ graduate actions. will be profound. whether they decide to impose or not to im­ But the losers in tha.t vote claimed it was There will still be beards. And long hair. pose any kind of solution-talk on the basis not a true indication of student opinion. They And scraggly clothes. And dirty words. And of premises that are in themselves an achieve­ petitioned for and received a campus-wide lefties. And sheer meanness. And pot. ment for the Arabs. referendum. And in that referendum the And greatness. So if the Arabs realize that they cannot students decisively voted against the radicals Just keep your cool, friend. defeat us by force, and if they are de­ on nearly every issue. pendent-and they should be--on the Four Except one: The matter of black participa­ Powers insofar as their requirements are con­ tion in the work force that will build the new cerned, why then should they "heat up" the university. THREAT TO PEACE IN THE border? Why do they open up fire along The students made it very clear that they the canal? want their school built by an integrated work MIDDLE EAST I assume that what is now happening along force. the lines, and it may well get worse as the The faculty and administration took HON. SAMUEL N. FRIEDEL summer progresses, is the desire to provide vigorous stands along the same lines. evidence for President Nixon's assumption And for a time, all work on the Amherst OF MARYLAND that the Middle East is powder keg, that the site was stopped. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES situation may deteriorate even further and ORGANIZED LABOR COOPERATES Thursday, June 12, 1969 this keg full of powder may explode. He as­ sumes tha.t it must be solved, the matter Later, after organized labor indicated its Mr. FRIEDEL. Mr. Speaker, a little must be settled and that war may spread wish to co-~perate, work was resumed. And ptherwise. a formal agreement has been worked out to over 2 years ago, the so-called 6-day war carry out integration under the auspices of between the State of Israel and the The Middle East is not on fire and the Arabs, which the Egyptians and their Arabs lack the power to set it ablaze. There the State University ConstruCtion Fund. exists no danger of American-Soviet con­ President Meyerson has been receiving in­ Arab allies started, ended with a crush­ frontation, because there is no danger of re­ creasing attention for his leadership. A May ing defeat of the Arab aggressors. newal of the war, because the Arabs are un­ 6 editorial in the Modesto (Calif.) Bee is an According to press reports Russia and able to start one. It is true that they say example: the Communists have for the past 2 years they can land on the east bank of the canal June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15809 but they cannot win a war. It is agreed that THE MEEK MAJORITY }}y black mllitants because of their sym­ they cannot win. At this stage no one seri­ ously evaluating the political-military sit­ 'Pathy for victims of past racism, and uation can say truthfully that the Arabs HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE that many of these members of faculties or admin1strators of institutions of have any chance of' launching a war with IOWA prospects of victory. o-. higher education similarly refuse or fail The eastern front, that of Iraq. Syria and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to act to control and punish destructive Jordan, Is no Ionger an operative front. On Thursday, June 12, 1969 and disruptive acts by militant ra.dicals the western. the Egyptian front, we have seen Mr. SCHERLEr Mr. Speaker, I would of the new left because of a liberal sym­ in the latest shooting incidents that they pathy for radical th'Ollght~ do not have the strength to push us back urge every Member of Congress, and is. questionable-indeed. improbable from the canaL every other concerned American, to take It What is happening on the western front the opportunity to read Eric Hoffer's ar­ that these same liberals would be simi­ shows that it is not the Middle East that is larly tolerant were students who be­ ticle, "The Meek Majority," in the longed to more conservative organiza­ burning. but that Suez is burning. That's Washington Daily News today, June 12. quite a difference. If we say that the Middle tions to use similar means to obtain their East is afire, it means the possib1lity of total For their convenience, I include Mr. objectives-! can well imagine the speed war between us and the Arabs that might Hoffer's. article in the RECORD at the con­ with which the same college administra­ deteriorate into a confrontation between the clusion of my remarks. tors would call in the police and act to United. States and the Soviet Union. If we Mr. Hoffer has expressed far better expei any white conservative student say Suez is burning, it means that Egyp­ than could I the thinking of many in tian oll tanks a.re aflrune, because of a local who used any violence or infringed on Congress and throughout America as to any university rules, or who even reacted incident. the attitudes that should be taken re­ Their reason. !or shooting without regard against those New Left or black militants their garding the techniques of violence dis­ who prevented him from attending for losses and the great damage caused in to them 1s. to create evidence for saying that rupting so many institutions America classes or obtaining full value for his tui­ the Middle East Is blazing, that a deteriora­ this year~ tion.. Application of the double standard tion is possible. We do not have to extend In this column, Eric Hoffer draws very and of Orwellian "double-think" would them a helping hand in this scheme-­ relevant historical parallels between immediately become the practice, I am neither in information nor In our conduct present-day tolerance of violence and on the military and the political levels. We afraid.. with far too many of these ad­ startlingly similar toleration of the vio­ ministrators and faculty members, and have an interest. in localizing things. We lent tactics of the Nazis, Fascists, and have no Interest in creating a. distorted pic­ with far too many in other American ture, in forming the impression that indeed Communists: in the 192.&'s and 1930's. leadership circles. we are on the verge of renewed war. This toleration without effective control Many Americans. including myself­ and punishment of those who sought probably the vast majority of Ameri­ their objectives by any means-no mat­ cans--are tired of this nonsense. The ter how illegal or violent-encouraged double standard should be dropped. All MAYBE TEDDY SHOULD RETURN TO the perpetrators of tactics of violence as who participate in illegal or violent acts, ALASKA they escalated vandalism to increasingly disrupting institutions of higher educa­ destructive activities-bringing the hor­ tion, should be equally punished. in ac­ rors oi tyranny, murder of millions, cordance with the rules of the institution HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI genocide, and finally world war. and the applicable laws-including im­ OF ILLXNOIS Undoubtedly there were those also in mediate expulsion where appropriate. If IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the 1920's and 1930's among the German an act is illegal when committed by a intelligentsia and elsewhere, including Thursday, June 12, 19'69 white student or a conservative, it is just well-meaning and intellectually superior as illegal when committed by a black mil­ Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, since liberals, who said of the growing violence itant or a member oi the New Left or the entourage of the senior Senator from of the Nazis in their early militant ef­ SDS, and justice requires equal treat­ Massachusetts- is extremely public rela­ forts "Let us tolerate or ignore this Nazi ment under the law including equal pun­ tions conscious. I feel that an editorial nonsense and it will come to nothing­ ishment. I can be sympathetic to the in the Wednesday, June 11, Chicago if we attempt to repress it, tbe move­ need for reform and improvement of Tribune merits their review: ment may become worse." American institutions. but I can have ab­ MAYBE TEDDY SHOULD RETURN TO ALAsKA Today. a generation and millions of solutely no s;ympathy for any person no In Aprii Sen. Edward M'. Kennedy of Mas­ lives too late, Russian intellectuals and matter what his color, creed, philosophy, sachusetts led a Senate subcommittee on a leaders decry the excesses of the Stalin or age, who in the name ef reform en­ safari to Alaska to discover- evidence of regime. But these same intellectuals and gages in illegal acts including acts of poverty and oppression. He was equipped leaders a generation or so ago through violence aimed at destroying :rather than with a script from his staff members which their tolerance, if not actual advocacy, note that he cOUld dramatize ncoloniallsm" reforming those institutionsr and "economic exploitation'' of native mi­ of the Stalin group allowed it to come to Unless current trends of increasing norities of Eskimos and Indians before the power and engage in these bloody prac­ disregard for law and order are reversed TV cameras. tices. and those who engage in illegal activities The memorandum advised the senator to Despite allegations to the contrary, including acts of violence are appre­ contrast the amuence of government com­ the American people have traditionally hended and punished, on campus and off, pounds and installations with native village rejected violence in the American politi­ there is considerable danger in store for life. cal scene. They have never long toler­ Now the current U.S. News & World Report America. publishes a compilation on where the 50 ated violent causes or permitted violent I believe the overwhelming majority states rank in per capita income--and guess men to assume national power. The of Americans in both major parties, and what? Alaska, with a per capita income of United. States is now the world's oldest of those termed independents or even $4,124 in 1968, is no worse than fourth on republic operating under a written con­ old-fashioned Socialists, would agree the list, two places ahead of Illinois and six stitution. Our institutions and society with Mr. Hoffer's remarks and conclu­ ahead of Sen. Kennedy's home state of are founded upon respect, perhaps even sions. We may indeed have been the Massachusetts. - reverence, for the law, and the law has meek majority, but no longer. Most Alaska, where the federal hand scatters much largess, does not come off as wen. it eventually triumphed in America despite Americans would agree that students and is true, as the District of Columbia, home adverse circumstances. faculty members who disrupt campuses grounds of the federal establishment, which Why then are so many of our leaders, with illegal or violent acts should be ex­ is No. 1 in the nation, with a per capita in­ especially in the academic world, seem­ pelled from the institutions and punished come of $4,516. The bureaucrats in residence, ingly paralyzed in the face of violent for their acts. The meek majority does with their regular advances in payroll and tactics by student militants on our cam­ not wish tax funds to be used to finance allowances, may account for most of the It students and faculty members who en­ amuence. but the level of general poverty puses? would seem that liberal intel­ cannot be considered high. lectual leaders disregard the lessons of gage in such activities, and they do not Perhaps Sen. Kennedy: should look around history and attempt to apologize for, want any Federal assistance to :flow to him in the national capital, and perhaps excuse, or even justify-if not actually institutions whose administrators fail to a return trip to Alaska would be advisable. encourage-acts of violence committed comply with the law. They want Con- 15810 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Jun~ 12, 1969 gress to enact legislation which would It is amazing how nobly philosophical we dedication to his country illustrates the stop Federal aid to such students, faculty become when we have to rationalize our qualities of leadership which we must have cowardice. We love our enemiel3, extol al­ in today's world of unparalleled challenge; it members, and institutions. truism, and see self-assertion as the root ot serves as an example for men of many pro­ To this end, my colleagues and I have evil. fessions-of leaders at all levels of organiza­ introduced appropriate legislation. To The unavoidable impression is that it is tion, civilian as well as military-but par­ those who would term this legislation the meekness of the majority that incites ticularly it can serve as a goal for you, the "punitive," and would on that ground and fuels the Violence around us. The mug­ Class of 1969, to emulate. It demonstrates oppose or substantially weaken it, I would gers in the streets, the rioters and looters the need for leaders who can rise to a chal­ answer that these same individuals in the ghettos, the black and white hood­ lenge. Each of you has the capability to meet lums on the campuses are all on the look­ head-on the profound challenges of today wholeheartedly support withholding of out for tame enemies and tame battle­ and tomorrow. You too will succeed-you assistance to institutions of higher edu­ grounds. too are destined to serve and to contribute cation or to school systems which fail to We do not know what's ahead of us. It is to the welfare of our country. conform to Federal guidelines on de­ hardly likely that the violent minorities will Worthy of recall are General Eisenhower's segregation under the Civil Rights Act. abruptly cha-nge their way. There is a vague last words to the people of the United States Logic would appear to require them to feeling that a day of wrath is waiting as their President. He said: give equal support to our legislative pro­ around the corner, when the saturated re­ "A vital element in keeping the peace is sentment of the long-suffering majority our military establishment. Our arms must posal to withhold Federal assistance to crystallizes in retaliation. It is impossible to be mighty, ready for instant action, so that individuals or institutions which fail to 13ay where and how the reaction will start. no potential a-ggressor may be tempted to or refuse to comply with other equally risk his own destruction." valid provisions of Federal law. While proclaiming the need for strength, Eric Hoffer warn.s the meek majority General Eisenhower's feelings about war were of Americans will not remain weak, and the same as those of every man in uniform COMMENCEMENT AT WEST POINT who--just as he--"witnessed the horror and he predicts a reaction by the meek ma­ lingering sadness of war." No one who has jority against the excesses of mindless tasted its tragedy and witnessed its cruel­ radicalism and its intellectual defenders. HON. MARTIN B. McKNEALLY ties could ever become its advocate. Yet; like Unless the American public is soon satis­ OF NEW YORK General Eisenhower, while working to fied that action is being taken, in its in­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES achieve peace, we must continue to face the harsh realities of life. And, violence between evitable reaction to continued tolerance Thursday, June 12, 1969 of unlawful and violent acts it may de­ men and nations unfortunately is one of mand extreme measures. My colleagues Mr. McKNEALLY. Mr. Speaker, un­ those harsh realities. der leave to extend my remarks in the Peace is not--as some persons contend­ and I in sponsoring H.R. 11941, the the total absence of violence in a society. Higher Education Protection and Free­ RECORD I am privileged to insert an out­ -Peace is the organization, or control, of vio­ dom of Expression Act of 1969, and simi­ standing and inspiring address delivered lence in a society. And sound leadership to lar legislation, are hopeful that by .this by Gen. W. C. Westmoreland, Chief of aid in that organization is, as never before, moderate legislative approach any re­ Staff, U.S. Army, at the graduation ex­ at a premium. action will be kept within reasonable and ercises held at th_e U.S. Military Academy The complexities which General Eisen­ appropriate bounds. at West Point, N.Y., on Wednesday, hower faced as a leader are now being faced June 4, 1969. I commend General West­ by our leaders at all echelons. They will face The article referred to follows: you as you take your places as officers in THE MEEK MAJORITY moreland's remarks to every Member of the service of our country. Although these (By Eric Hoffer) this body for careful consideration. His complexities may not be the same in magni­ It is a paradox that the most fateful char­ remarks follow: tude or scope, they will be every bit as per­ acteristic of our Violent age is the non-Vio­ ADDRESS BY GEN. W. C. WESTMORELAND plexing and often even more diversified. lence, the incredible submissiveness, of the I am priVileged to return to this great in­ As I stand here in the company of the victims. mtler and Stalin liquidated millions stitution to recognize and address the Class Class of 1969, my thoughts carry me back of men, women and children without meet­ of 1969. As I stand here and observe once thirty-three years ago when I sat where you ing serious resistance. more young men who are about to begin a now sit ... young, but not immature ... In thil3 country at present, millions of career of service to our Nation, my thoughts educated, yet not all-knowing ... unfamiliar peaceful folk in city streets and ghettos, in turn to the sorrowful Friday afternoon on the with the Army, yet appreciative of its role ... suburbs and on campuses are submitting 28th of March of this year. On that day we and enthusiastic, yet at the same time appre­ meekly to robbers and muggers, to black paused to pay homage to a great American. hensive. Conditions in the world then were and white ideological thugs, and to foul­ We joined millions of other people the world unstable. Our own country had just begun mouthed insults and threats. No one hits over who mourned his passing-General to emerge from the demoralizing Great De­ back, and hardly anyone speaks out loud Dwight D. Eisenhower-a man of humble pression. The storm clouds were gathering in outrage. background, a man of noble character, a. in both Asia and Europe. Although my class Well-meaning people are warning us not man of eminent prestige--a man whose life was warned that our role in the future was to "over-react" against those who have had infiuenced the lives of millions through­ to be significant, few of us were conVinced, turned our citie13 and schools into savage out the world. and none could conceive the magnitude of jungles. We are warned that action by the He had dedicated his life to the service of the role we were destined to play. majority would be vigilantism, that it is the his country. His service had been long, diver­ Here in the United States, our orientation duty of the police to endure taunts and sified and productive. Although only a Major was introspective. We were so concerned provocations without hitting back, and that at the age of 45, with 20 years of service as an with our domestic problems and so convinced we shall not have peace until we have officer, nevertheless, he had prepared him­ that our geographical isolation shielded us cleansed our souls of racial arrogance and self to meet the challenges of the future. It from the problems of the world that our callous smugness. was Eisenhower, the soldier, who was selected preparedness had been whittled to a danger­ The other day, at Berkeley, a class of 250 to lead the greatest military force man ever ous level. The strength of the Army was only students wa-s assaulted by an intruding Ne­ deployed against an aggressor. Following two 180,000. Yet, within a few short years, we gro r>tudent with obscenities and warned not years as head of a great university, Eisen­ were to become so engulfed in the turmoil to come to class next day or have their hower, the soldier/statesman, was recalled to of the world that we were forced to build throats slit. The punk was not thrown out. active duty to lead the Supreme Allied Com­ the greatest military machine in history. The professor, a famous teacher, begged the mand under the North Atlantic Treaty Orga­ Today you are faced with many simi­ intruder to leave the class. nization. In 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower, the lar . . . yet, at the same time, contrasting Would it ha-ve been over-reaction or vigi­ patriot, became the thirty-fourth President problems. lantism ha-d the class rushed the foul­ of the United States. In the 1930's, the United States found it­ mouthed, bushy-faced punk and thrown him During his eulogy in the rotunda of our self in a position of weakness. Now it deals out? Was it sheer humaneness that kept the Nation's Capitol, President Nixon said that in world affairs from a position of strength. famous profel3sor meek in the face of insults Dwight Eisenhower was "a man who truly Today, in heeding General Eisenhower's and threats? loved his country." General Eisenhower also challenge to keep our arms mighty, we en­ The students and the professors were loved West Point--a love that never dimmed joy success in deterring global war. We find plainly afraid. They would probably main­ as he approached the twilight of his service. ourselves, however, involved in a complex tain that they practiced forbearance. When I know, personally, of this love for West Point confilct that defies a quick solution. We find cowardice becomes a. fashion its adherents because he talked to me about it many times. that some of our own countrymen are ever are without number, and it masquerades as I have several reasons for reminiscing clamoring louder for us to pull in ... with­ forbearance, reasonableness, conscience and about General Eisenhower's contributions to draw ... reduce our international commit­ whatnot. the Nation he loved so much. His life of ments-to focus inwardly to solve pressing '

·June 12, 1969. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15811 domestic problems. Our national wm to hon­ You must be fair, consistent and dignified. us that when the forces of consent have been or our foreign commitments is being ques­ You must be able to face the dangers that replaced by the forces of coercion, we will tioned-perhaps eroded. At least our ene­ every man in uniform has faced since time have lost the magic spark which has made mies would have us infer that our resolve immemorial. our country both great and unique. has diminished. We find our military estab­ You must be able to undergo the physical As young officers about to embark on a lishment, that has helped to forge the shield hardship that not every man is willing to military career in the midst of an unpopular behind which this country has lived in pros­ endure. war, you are aware of public attitudes. You perity, is now under attack. And finally, we You must readily accept discipline-but will require an unusual sense of balance and find the values that we have traditionally what is more difficult, you must frequently rare judgment to avoid discouragement and honored are being questioned . .. altered ..• be the discipllnarian. disillusionment. I believe that the voices of and in some cases discarded. You must accept periodic criticism of the dissension and dissent represent a minority Wars are no longer fought by military military a.~ inevitable, some of which may view. Yet,· I would hate to see the Army or tactics alone, if, indeed, they ever were. To­ be unfair and irresponsible. However, you our society mark time in the name of tradi­ day the maintenance of peace and the wag­ should not be a slave to this criticism, but tionalism. On the other hand, I continue to ing of war are products of highly involved take solace in the knowledge that you are believe in certain values, which in Western equations containing many unknowns ... defending a civilian society that permits free society are eternal. I know that the United unknowns that cut across all the instruments expression. States Army is today, as it was in the begin­ of national policy-the political, the socio­ You must wlllingly accept and adjust to ning, dedicated to the protection of this economic, the psychological, and the mili­ family separations whenever national inter­ Nation and the precepts on which it was tary. est demands. founded. These complexities become further in· And in a period when material things are You are about to be commissioned in the volved when viewed from the various levels becoming more and more the inceniive for military service of your country. In accept­ at which the military leader works during the individual, you must take pride in a ing your Commission, you are taking an oath his career. These levels vary from the inter­ job "well done" rather than material remu­ to defend and preserve the Constitution of national or strategic level . to the na­ neration. the United States which embodies these tional or domestic level . . through the In short, you must display those attributes values and precepts from which the structure operational or tactical level . . . to the level that you expect--even demand-from those of our government has grown. of the indiVidual. whom you will lead. You are joining a highly motivated, dedi­ Our Nation faces an enormous spectrum These standards prescribe a man of un­ cated Corps of Officers. As members of the of military threats . . . from all-out nu­ usual motivation, a man of dedication, ... Long Gray Line, you join an illustrious as­ clear war, which we strive to deter, to the of dedication to serve our Nation for the sembla~ge of "sons of an earlier day." As threat of externally directed insurgency gratification that only service to one's coun­ graduates of West Point, however, you join against nations that want to remain free. try can give. your fellow alumni in a group that represents All of our Nation's leaders, both civlllan The military service and our government, only a small minority within the Officer and military, must deal with such complex like the free enterprise system, need young Corps. problems as a normal challenge. M111tary of­ men who want to assume responsibillty for Like your fellow officers who are commis­ ficers must appreciate considerations, other what happens next ... because only through sioned through ROTC, Officer Candidate than purely military, that constitute a co­ shouldering responsibllity does leadership Schools, or on the battlefield, you must es­ ordinated national effort. At the same time, develop. tablish your reputation and prove your their role is military and their advice should In order for our officers to handle the com­ worth by your motivation . . . your judg- not be compromised by considerations be­ plexities of modem military life that I have ment ... your intelligence ... your stam- yond their cognizance. The orchestration of described, they must build through the ex­ ina ... your bravery ... your loyalty ... governmental instrumentalities is the role of perience of responsibility from a firm foun­ and your dedication to service. polltical authority. Yet, if the Armed Forces dation-a foundation that can only come West Point has prepared you well to meet are to accomplish their assigned missions, from a liberal education-the kind you have this challenge. Testimony to your four dif­ they need the support of the American peo­ been fortunate to receive. ficult years of preparation is symbolized in ple. Our Nation cannot risk having leaders with two items that you will depart with today. Furthermore, the military profession­ a stereotyped mind-narrow, unyielding, un­ These items that you will treasure-yet your profession-becomes even more intri­ imaginative. Instead, it must have leaders never advertise-are your diploma and your cate when viewed from the large number of who are innovators ... men with initia- Academy ring. selective capablllties it can employ-if au­ tive ... men with imagination ... men with vision ... men who want to be men ... men The firstr-your Military Academy di­ thorized by civil authorities ... to counter ploma-attests to your excellence in aca­ various threats to our country. These range who are disciplined, yet men who are respon­ sible. demic achievement. On it is inscribed that from the use of mllltary assistance and ad­ you have been "carefully examined on all visors . . . to a show of force . . . through These are the men we need as leaders . . . men of great mental flexibility who can adapt the branches of the arts, sciences and of the measured use of conventional military literature taught at the United States M1Utary power . . . to the use of nuclear weapons. to a changing world ... men who want to live a purposeful life ... men who want to Academy," and have "been judged worthy to At the national level the military leader receive the Degree of Bachelor of Science." must be ready not only tactically .•. but contribute-to be honorable ... men who he must also be ready tactfully to use meas­ care ... and men who are dedicated to the Your ring is your other token of achieve­ ured force in times of civil disaster or dis­ service of our great Nation. Our Nation ment-but perhaps a more cherished order. needs-and the unknown future demands­ memento because it will be on your per­ And finally, at the national level, we must such men. You are such men. son continually. be ever mindful of the constructive role that Gentlemen of the Graduating Class, many Let this ring be your ever present stimulus our Armed Forces have played . . . and con­ of you are probably deeply disturbed at the for service to country, let it remind you of tinue to play ... in our society, a role that apparent dissatisfaction and unrest which your obligation for the future, and lastly, let cuts across the fields of education, health, are manifest throughout our country today. it be your link to the past-a past of notable transportation, communication, construc­ How this questioning, challenging, doubting, accomplishments by those "sons of an earlier tion, exploration, and sociology-to name a even rejecting, will affect your Uves and day." few. careers is a question for all of us. Fifty-four years ago, General Eisenhower At the operating level, numerous complex As students of history and society, you reversed his ring on graduation-just as you skills must be mastered. Our officers must know only too well the long, difficult struggle will today-so that the Academy crest was be business managers on a big scale. They within Western civilization to create social facing his heart . . . symbolizing his accept­ must be capable of mastering the machines and political institutions of a democratic ance of the full heritage of West Point. He of peace as well as war. They must be au­ character. The framework of our government wore it proudly for forty-four years­ thorities in transportation, logistics, and with its legal and social systems is based on throughout a lifetime of service to his coun­ personnel administration. And they must consent-not only consent expressed in the try. Today, General Eisenhower's ring-worn possess the vision to chart our Nation's needs polllng booth, but consent and general agree­ by time and responsibility-returns to West in research and development. ment on a set of values and beliefs on which Point. At the "man-to-man" level, our leaders all else is based. No social structure so large This ring-with the legend of the great must be able to handle the personal and and intricate, so dynamic, so ever-changing, man who wore it, is a part of the institution often very emotional problems found in ev­ so confronted with enormous problems could that prepared him-as it has prepared you­ ery generation-indeed in society itself. long survive through coercion or direction by for a life of service to our country. May the But most important, the individual a small group. Our way of life must proceed Academy ring ever remind us, as it re­ leader-you members of the Class of 1969- on the basis of a broad and general agree­ minded General Eisenhower, of our heritage must stand out as the guiding example for ment on goals, an accepted set of values, and and obligations as American citizens and as your men, and in them you must inspire re­ concepts of social justice, and general agree­ members of the Long Gray Line. And- spect that is undying. The legacy of Gen­ ment on what is tolerable and what is not. eral Eisenhower is your goal: If this underlying consensus disappears, then When our work is done, You must possess unquestioned personal our complex mechanisms cannot operate. Our course on earth is run, integrity and the highest of morals. Three thousand years of history have told May it be said well done. 15812 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969 General Koster, at the request of Mrs. as The Washington Post correspondent there. civil seryants 1s not large enough to do all Eisenhower. I have the distinct honor to pre­ He is being reassigned to Moscow.) the needed things well, a retlectlon on how sent to the United States Killtary Academy In Africa, even more than in most places, little the colonial powers did to prepare the ring of General of the Army Dwight David you have to think like a pessimist and be­ Africans !or developing societies, but that Eisenhower, Class of 1915. have like an optimist. only makes the competence of the bett You have to think like a pessimist because African omcials the more remarkable. thaJt 1s the only way to get an accurate esti­ The continent has skirted the edge of chaos mate of the trajectory Africa 1s following only once, in the 1964 rebellion in the Congo. toward some intersection o! natural disaster The Nigerian civil war is a destructive trag­ PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT and social upheaval. edy, but the way administration has con­ Once you have a realistic projection, it is tinued to function in both Nigeria and Biafra. possible to make sense out of behaving like is an effective answer to the too-often re­ HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON an optimlst. That may be the only way y{)U peated question, can Africans govern them­ OF n.LINOIS can muster the energy to try to prevent selves? IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Africa from arriving at that point between The shadow of war between whites and trouble and catastrophe. II the continent blacks still looms over Rhodesia, the Portu­ Thursday, June 12, 1969 reaches target, the explosion could be merely guese territories and South Africa. But it has firecracker revolutions-but it could also be nearly vanished from Kenya, Zambia and Mr. ANDERSON of Dlinois. Mr. Speak­ blowups killing millions. the Congo despite recurring racial tensions er, last week President Nixon submitted Thinking like a pessimist, for example, you in all three. That may be the kind of good to us the administration's foreign-aid recognize that Tanzania is a country with news that newspapers are often accused of proposals. The President warned against few economic resources, little trained man­ neglecting. American isolation as a threat to inter­ power and less likelihood of enough foreign THE STABLE CONGO national stability and advised that our aid to l.Mt it from subsis-tence agriculture to More important than refutations of ignor­ assistance efforts are in the best interests economic takeoff. ant or prejudiced Cassandras is the ab111ty of world peace and justice. He has called Behaving like an optimist after making an Africa has sometimes shown to correct its for a bold redirection of American efforts accurate estimate of his coun,try's problems, mistakes. The stab111ty the Congo has begun by enlisting the energies of private enter­ President Julius Nyerere is trying to organize to show since the expulsion of white merce­ Tanzania for socialism and self-reliance with naries in 1967 niay not be entirely the result prise through an overseas private invest­ a rational manpower traini:ng plan and mini­ of political genius in President Joseph D. ment corporation; by emphasizing in­ mum dependence on foreign aid, to climb Mobutu, but it is a form of progress. novative technical assistance through a steadily at a pace that is slow but its own. So is the reduction of subversion of some new technical assistance bureau; by in­ Unfortunately, the odds against complete African states by exiles, noticed since Kwame ducing other advanced nations to bear a success for Nyerere's &ttempt at viabll1ty Nkrumah was overthrown as President of fair share through multilateral assistance through common sense are at least as grea-t; Ghana. in 1966. So is the ending of the border programs; and by furthering world food as those against more pretentious and less warfare between Somalia and its neighbors, production and family planning. relevant programs in Africa. Even worse, Sifter Kenya and Ethopia, which clearly owes more nearly a decade of formal independence, only to the sense and courage of Somali Prime I commend the President on his excel­ a handful of the 35 other independent black Minister Mohammed Ibrahim Ega.l than to lent appraisal of third world needs and Africa. states show anything remotely like an any other single factor. So is the return from America's responsibilities in meeting optimum oombina~tion of pessimism in mllitary to civilian rule in three of the 12 those needs. I think his recommendations thought and optimism in action. black African countries that have had m111- are realistic in terms of what we can and Many African leaders have learned to be tary coups, with Ghana scheduled to be the cannot do and I am especially pleased realistic in the sense that they no longer fourth in September. expect overnight economic development or More affirmative accomplishments may yet with his proposals for reforming those political stability. Few, however, have learned existing aid programs which have too fall to meet the goals Africa. has set for itself, how to combat, or even measure accurately, or through their very achievement create new often fallen far short of their intended the poverty that surrounds their occasional problems beyond Africa's ab111ty to solve. goals. Many people have long argued that trace of wealth. Take education, for example. In 196G-l, 36 America could get better mileage out of Subject to an armload of maybes and out of every 100 ch1ldren of primary school its aid dollars and I am convinced that qualifications, and the right to add or sub­ age in black Africa were in school. A UN­ President Nixon will make every effort to tract names at will, you might come up with ESCO-sponsored conference of African edu­ this tentative list of countries you can af­ cation ministers put the target for 1965--6 at see that this 1s done. ford to be hopeful about: Cameroon (if it In I 47 per cent. In faot, only 44 per cent were in connection with this, would like can unite north and south as well as Angelo­ primary school when 1965-6 came around. to call to the attention of my colleagues phone and Francophone); Ghana (if lt Kenya and Nigeria are more important ex­ an excellent article which appeared In chooses civilian rulers with economic guts); amples. Both have expanded schooling be­ the Sunday, June 1, Washington Post. Uganda. (if it stops talking and starts doing), yond the economy's ab1llty to absorb school­ Anthony Astrachan, the Post's Africa and Zambia (if it can learn to transform its leavers (graduates and dropouts). In 1965, correspondent, has written a perceptive copper wealth into mats development before only 5 per cent of Kenya's 168,000 school-lee.v­ and penetrating analysis of the problems tribalism overwhelms it). ers found wage-paying jobs. In Nigeria, the II you were inclined to be foolhardy, you number was nearly three times as high, the and prospects of the developing nations might add some of Africa's richer countries, on that continent. Among other things, percentage probably less than twice as high. like Congo-Kinshasa (if it is left in peace Even if these countries' hopes for economic Astrachan discusses the barriers to great­ for 40 years; 1968 was its first year of inde­ growth are fulfilled, which is extremely un­ er agricultural production and the prob­ pendence without civil war); Ivory Coast (if likely, they will be unable to give their edu­ lem of "schoolleavers"-those who have it can lessen its dependence on foreigners cated or half-educated youngsters the kind been educated only to find no jobs avail­ and the gap that now widens every day be­ of jobs they are demanding. Many of them able to match their education. tween elite and masset>), or Nigeria (if it already spout revolutionary rhetoric; by 1980 Mr. Astrachan also comments on the learns how to unite the energies with which it may be revolutionary action. At least eight federals and Biafrans are now killing each other African countries face a similar future. role of foreign assistance in relation to other). the complexities of development and All these "ifs" are larger than Mt. Kiliman­ A HOST OF INSOLVABLES concludes: jaro. Even the countries on the first list School-leavers are one of a host of prob­ Intervention cannot help Africa if it comes have shown too little of the profound variety lems that seem beyond Africa's present ab111ty in unacceptable forms. Africa. can make it of realism. to solve. These are reasons why many ob­ only by doing its own work and maklng .its servers, including Africans and foreigners own mistakes. He warns against "foreign aid CRITICISM IS RESENTED who love Africa and work hard to prevent tailored to the donor's needs more than to Africans seldom make such pessimistic catastrophe, think that the continent is head­ Africa's or to massive intervention." appraisalls of their situation. And like other ing for disaster, natural or social. people, they respond to gloomy analyses with I think we would do well to keep 1n The list of insolvables begins with the nat­ a sense of insult. They feel that outsiders ural problems-infertile soil, extremes of mind the conclusions drawn by this have little right to criticize their perform­ rainfall, debilitating diseases like malaria. astute journalist as we design our own ance. and bilharzia-that impoverish all but a foreign assistance programs for the This lends irony to the fact that many of handful of African states. Solutions could be seventies: Africa's "accomplishments" are either refuta­ found-but only with money and technology The article follows: tioru; of racist predictions o! qulck dlsaster that Africa does not have. or corrections of Africa's own mistakes. PEsSIMISTIC THINKING MAY MAKE AFlUCA Next are the ancient social problems that CLICK Africa never degenerated into the chaos and Africa shares with most of the underdevel­ race war that its enemies prophesled. Gov­ oped world and which hinder the effort to (By Anthony Astrachan) ernments do function, even i! many of them overcome the natural problems: low-yield (NOTE.-Astrachan has spent six of the only maintain minimal law and order and farming methods; patterns of land use and past nine years in Africa, the last 2) months collect minimal taxes. The corps of qualified ownership that make departures from sub• June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS . 15813 sistence farming often seem unp~ofitable; power are tools used by the elite for their much less than it needs in skills and re­ the extended family that deprives a su~­ own benefit; the masses are lucky if they sources to deal with them. This often leads cessful in.~vidual of much of the reward of pa-rticipate. foreigners to prescribe the grandmotherly his enterprise. Even efforts to help the people can turn advice; foreign aid tailored to the donor's Solutions to these problems require pa­ sour, as in the expansion of schoollng that needs more than to Africa's or massive tience-in other parts of the world it took created the school-leaver problem already intervention. centuries-and radical imagination, a com­ cited. At best, th-e governments thought the The last might be the kind that sent white bination that is just as hard to find in Africa spread of education was the key to economic mercenaries to the Congo, first to help as anywhere else in the world, or more so. gt:owth-but thought too little about what secessionist Katanga and then only to see And Africa's efforts to solve both sets of kind of education was needed or about the them threaten to undo all they had helped problems are · complicated by problems cre­ size of key that would fit their small growth accomplish. Or it might be the kind that now ated by European colonial powers, though possiblli ties. would like to help secessionist Biafra with the Africans have often added their contri­ At worst, the governments catered to the food, or arms, or diplomatic recognition­ butions to them. desire of the people for a diploma that they often without considering the consequences. ARBITRARY BOUNDARIES thought gave them membership in the elite. Intervention cannot help Africa if it comes The elite did not notice how seldom the in unacceptable forms. Africa can make it These problems began when the colonial­ students actually acquired the education that only by doing its own work and making its ists carved up Africa on boundaries that the diploma symbolized, or how ready the own mistakes. A friend may be entitled to split some tribes and pushed others together people were to imitate the elite and snub note his observations of the way Africa is into states too heterogeneous for easy de­ the practical training that can give in­ compounding the mistakes that nature and velopment. Today's African states stick to creased productivity and real economic the colonialists committed there. He is not colonial boundaries because changing them growth. entitled to try to save Africa against its will. would be an appallingly bitter and complex COUP AND CHARISMA Independent Africa has the right to go to process. They therefore must face only mod­ hell in its own way. That is one of the things erately bitter and complex situations like Two special kinds of elitism provide much of the news that Africa has made in the that independence means. If enough Africans tribal "aggression" across borders, as in the tJ;link like pessimists but behave like opti­ case of the Somali nomads in Ethiopia and past three years and will make in the next few. One is the military takeover, in which mists--or follow some other, better formula ~enya; tribalism within a state, which sours of their own devising-they may wind up the politics of all but a handful of African one elite usually shoves another out of power. at some more attractive destination. But countries, and civil wars, like the well-known you can't make them do it. one in Nigeria and the little-known ones The reasons for ~ coup are often but not between Ethiopia and its provlnce of Eritrea, always elitist. In Togo in 1963 and 1967, it and between the Arabized Sudan and its was primarily to preserve the salaries and FARM REFORM black south. troop strength of the army-a military class Another set of problems stemmed from interest. In the Sudan in 1958, it was to pre­ colonial organization of African economies serve political and economic "stability" that HON. SILVIO 0. CONTE to provide raw materials for the homelands the politicians seemed ready to let go by de­ at prices set for the latter's benefit. Most fault while they bickered. But the reasons OF MASSACHUSETTS African countries, like most developing can be truly revolutionary, as in the military IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES countries everywhere, are still at the mercy intention to end corntption and abuse of Thursday, June 12, 1969 of outside economic forces. freedom by Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana in Their one-crop economies are profitable 1966. Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, as part of only with subsidies from the former metro­ Military rulers frequently lack talents my continuing effort to see that the mas­ poles. Fluctuating commodity prices some­ needed to govern, which may give civil sive support for payments llmitations on times lose producing countries more money servants the chance to exercise real power in farm subsidies, shown by this House a than they get in foreign aid. Foreign supplies the name of the soldiers, as in Nigeria today. of capttal and technology often mean foreign Military rulers also have an even harder time few weeks ago, does not go unnoticed interference with a country's economy. keeping in touch with the people than other by the other body, I include in today's Another set of problems began with un­ elites, which has actually led to their over­ RECORD a copy of an excellent recent ar­ fortunate styles that the colonialists saddled throw in Sierra Leone and Sudan. ticle by Gerald B. O'Connor, published in on Africa, but the Africans must share the The second special kind of elitism is rule the Berkshire Eagle in my hometown of blame for continuing them. One is the cor­ by an old man who incarnates his country's Pittsfield, Mass., on June 4, 1969. ruption. The meeting of traditional customs nationalism and enjoys the charisma that I want to advise my colleagues, Mr. and modern methods transformed gift-giving traditionally belonged to king, chief or elders Speaker, that, although I was correctly into bribes; the idea of money as a key to in many African societies. He thinks his and reported as not being "optimistic about success in societies that blurred Western his country's interests are synonymous and distinctions between personal and com­ opposes almost all change, no matter how chances in the Senate" for my amend­ munal wealth led to large-scale stealing that much of a revolutoina.ry he once was. Here­ ment, I have become increasingly opti­ diverted resources from development in vir­ sists change because it might interfere with mistic in recent days. tually every country in Africa. his power. In my contacts with Members of the AN EDUCATED ELITE Africa's prime examples are Emperor Haile other body I have been greatly encour­ A more serious problem in this set is elit­ Salassie II of Ethiopia and Presidents William aged by the growing enthusiasm they ism. Every country in Africa is torn by a rift V. s. Tubman of Liberia, Jomo Kenyatta of display toward payment limitations. The between the educated and uneducated, the Kenya and Felix Houphouet-Boigny of the Senate response is in keeping with the modern and traditional, the rich and poor, Ivory Coast. They have ruled their countries substantial amount of mail I have re­ the urban and rural, the wage-earner and so long and so thoroughly that it is hard to imagine what will happen once they die­ ceived in support of my amendment peasant. A recognizable elite-the educated­ from citizens all over the Nation. modern-rich-urban-wage earners-controls even if the_ w~babilities favor some purely the levers of power in every African state. political prOceSs of change, as in Liberia and And so, while I will be continuing my Development inevitably reaches a few Kenya, rather than civilian upheaval (possi­ efforts to develop and encourage support members of society before the many, and ble in the Ivory Coast) or military interven­ for my amendment in the other body, I the contrast may pit them against each tion (probable in Ethiopia). am happy to report that there seems to other. But there was nothing inevitable A SKIMPED CONTINENT be more reason for optimism with each about the way Africa ma.Iceland, Norway and Swe­ a constant vigil to assure that the pub­ to the State-realize that Guy Cordon den." The new Finnish Fund will do more of lic's confidence in the integrity of its made a unique and significant contri­ the same "as an expression of international officials is not called into question. bution both to the Nation and to the friendship and respect." If this wire report is true, we are cer­ State in which he made his home. After Our land was peopled originally by Euro­ tainly faced with a situation which ap­ he left the Senate he continued to work peans. Migrants from the Old World, includ­ pears to be improper. Remedial action for Oregon, serving as the Washington ing Scandinavia, have strengthened the ties between this oountry and their kinsmen ought to be taken immediately by the counsel to the Oregon and California overseas. President and the Attorney General to eounties. Florida. alone, for example, has about 3,000 assure the public that it will not have Just as he was a friend to all Oregon­ Finns, count ing immigrants and their u.s.­ to be faced with a repetition of this ac­ ians, he was a special friend to those of born children. They are concentrated around tion. us who represent the State in Congress. Lake Worth and elsewhere in Palm Beach The report follows: When I first came to Washington he of­ County, plus New Port Richey and Key West. Minnesota and Massachusetts contain large MCLAREN'S MOVES IN NORTHWEST-GOODRICH fered me the benefit of his many years in FIGHT, SAm To HAVE AIDED HIS FORMER colonies of Finnish-Americans. the Nation's Capital. Senator Cordon LAW FIRM was a kindly, generous, and dedicated Cultural exchange isn't spectacular but can work wonders in international under­ GARDEN CITY, N.Y.-Richard W. McLaren, man who was of great help to those who standing. It has been going on since before the Nixon administration's antitrust chief, were new to Washington. He offered me the U.S. attained nationhood. intervened in the Northwest Industries-B. F. · good advice on the ways of the Congress Goodrich merger fight in a. way that bene­ and I always found him a wise ·coun­ Cultural exchange can work wonders fitted Goodrich, which was being represented selor. in international understanding. But so by his former law firm, Newsday reported. It was my plivilege to know this fine does the goodwill built by immigrants. The Long Island Newspaper said McLaren, Assistant Attorney General in charge of all man and I join my colleagues in express­ For instance, in my own State of Florida antitrust operations, conferred with his ing my sympathy to Mrs. Cordon and there are about 3,000 Finns, including former law partner on the case in his justice the other members of his family. Oregon immigrants and their U.S.-born children, department office. has lost a distinguished citizen and a who have strengthened the ties between Newsday said McLaren also sent copies of true friend. We shall miss Guy Cordon, this country and their kinsmen overseas. his correspondence with one side in the case June 12, 1969 EXTENSIONS O.F REMARKS 15817 to his former law firm, which was fighting 1948 elections. Peter Zenkl escaped the and the public with respect to. his maritime the merger on behalf of the other side. fate suffered by other anti-Communists intentions. On May 21, McLaren, representing the In his State of the Union address that Justice Department, obtained an order tem­ in the Government by fieeing to the year, the President promised to come for­ porarily blocking the takeover on antitrust United States. ward with a "new maritime program." grounds. He now lives in Washington, D.C., and Four years later-in January 1969-Presi­ continues to write and speak against the dent Johnson left the White House, and we Communists who still control his native still had not received that promised new SALUTE TO DR. PETER ZENKL land. The motto of the free Czechoslovak maritime program. Republic was "Truth Conquers." Zenkl's So you'll forgive me if I approach the prom­ motto today is "Truth Will Still Con­ ises of the new Administration with a little HON. EDITH GREEN misgiving. quer." As long as the world produces men I am not suggesting any attempt to mis­ OF OREGON like Zenkl, it will. lead the Congress or the American people-­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. Speaker, I think we should all join ! am willing to concede that President Nixon Thursday, June 12, 1969 with Americans of Czechoslovak descent truly hopes to do something in the maritime who are tomorrow honoring the birthday field, just as President Johnson hoped before Mrs. GREEN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker, of Peter Zenkl. him. tomorrow is the 85th birthday of a great I am also suggesting that there are other defender of the democratic tradition. I problems weighing on any American Presi­ would like to take this opportunity to dent--and all of his Cabinet officers who must advise him on the operation of the salute this man who, while he is not an CONGRESSMAN BlAGGI URGES IN­ Executive Branch. American, has spent his life fighting DEPENDENT MARITIME AGENCY This is as true for the Secretary of Com­ against tyranny in all forms and for the merce as it is for the Secretary of State or freedom and individual integrity of man. the Secretary of Defense--all of the Cabinet Dr. Peter Zenkl was born June 13, 1884, HON. EDWARD A. GARMATZ officers, in fact, have primarily responsibili­ in Tabor, Czechoslovakia, then part of OF MABYLAND ties that are enormous, and that require ur­ the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He be­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gent attention. And that is precisely my point. came a believer in the supreme value of Thursday, June 12, 1969 the individual and spent his early ca­ With the best of intentions in the world, Mr. GARMATZ. Mr. Speaker, the fact the Secretary of Commerce--in whose De­ reer teaching his philosophy of human­ partment the Maritime Administration is ism and helping develop a national that both the House and Senate over­ now lodged--cannot give to our merchant movement of adult education that was to whelmingly approved legislation in the marine the time, attention and expert guid­ eventually bring his country to the fore­ last session to restore the Maritime Ad­ ance that this industry deserves. front as one of Europe's most broadly ministration to its former status as an The Secretary of Commerce is responsible educated nations. independent agency should be ample for maintaining the total business health of proof of the advisability of this action. the nation-and not only does he not have His belief in democratic traditions has the time for maritime, but it actually would often brought him to the brink of death Unfortunately, it was pocket-vetoed by the President. be wrong for him to devote the major share by totalitarian regimes. During World of his energies to this single phase of our War I, his open attacks on the Empire Efforts are being made again in this business life. resulted in an accusation of treason, and session to accomplish this change. Our It's true that the Maritime Administra­ his life was spared only because of the colleague, the gentleman from New York, tion has its own full-time staff and its own sudden breakup of the monarchy in MARio BIAGGI, speaking at the maritime full-time Administrator-but superimposed 1918. With the freedom then gained by trades department luncheon in Wash­ on this setup is the entire structure of the Czechoslovakia, Zenkl became a na­ ington yesterday, made an excellent Department of Commerce. case for an independent agency. Know­ No program that the Maritime Adminis­ tional leader in one of the major mira­ trator might design-no plan that he might cles of postwar reorganization in Europe. ing that all of you will be interested in I prepare to implement it---can be acted upon The burst of enthusiasm and national reading his remarks, am inserting until it has first been channeled through the pride that promoted this miracle is 1n them in the Extensions of Remarks of bureaucracy of the Department of com­ itself a tribute to what free men can do the RECORD: merce. for themselves when released from to­ REMARKS BY MR. BIAGGI What's more, the way things stand now, talitarian rule. I feel privileged to be able to come here the · secretary of Commerce can veto any . today-to the E. L. Bartlett Memorial Audi­ action of the Maritime Administrator-or As Minister of Social Welfare and later any decision of the Maritime Subsidy lord mayor of Prague, Peter Zenkl in­ torium-to speak on a subject that was par­ ticularly close to the heart of the man whose Board-without giving a reason and without stituted a series of social programs and memory this room honors. his decision being subject to any appeal. is public works projects, including social I refer to the campaign which Senator This not the way to run our merchant security programs, medical aid, slum Bartlett led in the Senate prior to his death­ marine--and history bears this out. clearances, hospitals, schools, parks, the campaign to restore the Maritime Ad­ When the Maritime Administr:ation was an transportation systems and so on that ministration to its former status as an in­ independent agency-with a direct line to dependent federal agency. the President and the Congress--we made was unsurpassed in its day. During the progress in the development of our ship­ period between the wars, Zenkl became This is not a new fight--it's an old one. It's a fight which we won last year in ping interests. the No. 1 enemy of the Communists, Congress-but which we lost in the White Under an independent agency we built but was begrudgingly called by them House when the President pocket-vetoed the ships-we developed plans for new and im­ the "Fireman of Prague" for his ability independent agency bill. proved vessels-and we increased the share to put out the fires the Communists tried It's a fight which we're going to win this of cargo being carried to and from our to build to produce a social explosion. year! shores aboard ships flying the American fiag. His love of independence resulted in Frankly, I think we're kidding ourselves Once the Maritime Administration lost its if we think we're ever going to get a mean­ independence, we went into a decline. his immediate resignation from his Cab­ The number of ships being built de­ inet post the day the Munich decision ingful maritime program-out of any Ad­ ministration-until we have an agency of creased-shipyards were forced to close with Hitler was made. The day Poland government capable of drawing up such a down--and shipbuilding craftsmen were was invaded, Zenkl was arrested and program. laid off. spent the next 6 years in Buchenwald. I realize that there have been some sig­ The percenta-ge of cargo carried by Ameri­ He escaped a death sentence by hiding nals from the present Administration about can-flag ships declined-vessels were laid in the sewers of the prison for several its intentions with respect to a maritime up-and seafarers were put on the beach. days before the allies liberated the camp program. What better proof do we have as to the Apail 12, 1945. He went back to Prague I hope the signals are accurate--and that necessity for returndng the Maritime Admin­ the Administration does move quickly to re­ istration to its original status as an inde­ and became first Vice Minister of the Re­ pair some of the damage that our commer­ pendent agency? public. This was by free election in 1946 cial fleet has sustained during two decades As you know, I don't stand alone on this when the Communists were soundly de­ of neglect. issue--there are nearly 170 members of the feated. Other than suffer another defeat But we have been wrong before. House and Senate who have joined in ·co­ at the polls, the Communists seized the In January 1965, President Johnson sent sponsoring maritime independence legisla­ country 1 month before the March some pretty strong signals to the Congress tion this yea.r. 15818 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969 We are determined to do something to which will be sent out to my constitu­ districts which provide equal representation revitalize the American-flag merchant ma­ ents this week. The newsletter follows: for equal numbers of people permits only rine--.and we are agreed that the place to the limited pop1,1lation variances which are start is with an independent agency-one THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE unavoidable despite a good-faith effort to charged with the responsibility to develop a (By Congressman JAMES B. UTT) achieve absolute equality, or for which justi­ new program-and one armed with the au­ I chose this title from an outstanding lit­ fication is shown." thority that matches this responsibility. erary book, as it does apply to President I invite you to examine Article I, Section I realize that there are some of my col­ Richard M. Nixon. The President was born 2 of the U.S. Constitution and see if you can leagues in the House-including some of the in Yorba Linda., Orange County, California, find the word "command." I will save you the cosponsors of the maritime independence in the year 1913 only a few miles from my trouble. Here is the exact wording: bill-who have introduced legislation calling own birthplace, which was the City of Tustin, "ARTICLE I , SECTION 2. The House of Rep­ for the creation of a Cabinet-level Depart­ where I still reside. resentatives shall be composed of Members ment to deal wit h the entire subject of our The President has traveled far and wide, chosen every second Year by the People of merchant marine, our fisheries and oceanog­ has had a brilliant political career, and fi­ the several States, and the Electors in each raphy. nally attained the highest position in the State shall have the Qualifications requisite This is a worthwhile goal. United States, or in the world, so far as that for Eleotors of the most numerous Branch I think that the day is fa,st approaching is concerned. It is an outstanding example of the State Legislature." when we're going to need precisely that kind of dedication, industry, ambition, faith, and The Court has repeated this nonexistent of an operation-because it's difficult, indeed, hope, and certainly proves the adage that in "command" of Article I. Section 2 so many to separate our shipping needs from the re­ this country you can go as far and as high as times that they have begun to believe it lated problems of developing the sea's total you desire, provided you are dedicated, able themselves, and to base an their decisions on potential. and diligent. this illusory concept. As a result, the Su­ But while the goal is worthwhile, I think It may appear that I am a little delinquent preme Court says, in fact, that "Congress­ the present attempts to reach it may be pre­ in delaying my welcome to the President as man Utt, there are approximately 425,000 m ature. he returns to our home county, but I wanted people in your District." I know, and you All of us in Congress know the length of to make sure that the move was certain. He know, that there are more than 800,000 peo­ time that usually is involved in the establish­ has purchased the Spanish-style home built ple in my District, but the Court is sa-tisfied ment of a Cabinet-level Department. in the 1920's by Mr. Hamilton Cotton in the by equating my District to a 1960 Census. In the past sixteen years, we have been City of San Clemente, on Interstate 5, with The only time that there could possibly be able to create only three such Departments-­ a beautiful view of the PacifiC' Ocean. This one man, one vote in any changing popula­ HEW under President Eisenhower, HUD property was originally part of a large Mexi­ tion area would be during the month of the which was proposed by President Kennedy can grant to Pio Pico, who was the last Mex­ Census. Thirty days later, it would be dis­ and which finally came into being after his ican Governor of California, just prior to the torted and that distortion would get pro­ death, and Transportation, which was Mexican War. This property was transferred gressively larger a,s each month goes by. created in 1966. by Pico to the Juan Forster family of By way of dissent, Justice Harlan and Jus­ Congress moves slowly on so major an un­ San Juan Capistrano, and was later acquired tice Stewart wrote: dertaking as establishing a Cabinet-rank De­ by the O'Neill and Flood interests of San "Marching to the nonexistent 'command of partment-much more slowly than our needs Francisco. At the beginning of World War ll, Art. I, Section 2' of the Constitution, the with respect to maritime require. Camp Pendleton was carved out of this grant, Court now transforms a political slogan into In view of the fact that time is of the and is one of the largest Marine ba.ses in the a constitutional absolute. Strait indeed is the essence, I would recommend this procedure country. path of the righteous legislator. Slide rule in to my colleagues: The Coast Guard has a small base adja­ hand, he must avoid all thoughts of county First-that we move with all possible speed cent to the President's home, with a helicop­ lines, local traditions, politics, history, and to give maritime back its independence, be­ ter pad, which makes a natural and easy economics, so as to achieve the magic cause this will satisfy our need for prompt access for the President when he lands in formula: one man, one vote." action to alleviate the problems besetting our "Air Force 1" at the El Toro Marine Corps Air The amazing thing is that the only :aews­ merchant marine. Station, not more than twenty miles distant. paper, to my knowledge, which pointed out Second-that we follow this up with or­ The President has told me that he and this misquotation of the Constitution was a derly, thoughtful consideration of the desira­ Mrs. Nixon expect to register for voting in little weekly called the Vista News and bility of taking all of our ocean programs­ Oalifornia, in Orange County. This makes the Views, published by C. W. Stevenson and which are now spread out among a score of San Clemente residence his legal home, and 1 William Stevenson of Vista., California. If federal agencies-and putting them into a wish to welcome him back to the county of I had made such a misquotation the Los single Department whose sole responsib111ty his birth. This can truly be called "the re­ Angeles Times would have written a full­ would be the full development of the poten­ turn of the native." page editorial on the irresponsible quotation tial of the seas around us-and of our inland No one could be more pleased that I over of Congressman Utt. lakes and waterways, too. the appointment of Judge Warren E. Burger I do not believe that creation of an in­ as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Judge dependent federal Maritime Administration Burger is an outstanding jurist with a firm TRIBUTE TO THE JEWISH LEDGER is the end of the line for the proper adminis­ belief in our Constitution. He may be liberal tration of our merchant marine affairs. in some concepts and conservative in others, But I do believe, most strongly, that this but any decision which bears his name will HON. EMILIO Q. DADDARIO is where we must begin. be found to be fully within the purview of OF CONNECTICUT To delay for the time that would be re­ of the Constitution. He has said on many quired to set up a full-fledged Cabinet De­ occasions that it is the province of the Su­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES partment could very well prove fatal. preme Court to rule on constitutional issues Thursday, June 12, 1969 You have a saying in the labor movement and not to invade the precincts of the Leg­ which I admire-that "justice delayed is jus­ islative Branch. Mr. DADDARIO. Mr. Speaker, on June tice denied." The Warren Court was always engaged in 19 the Connecticut Jewish Ledger will I'd like to paraphrase that saying, with writing legislation, which was a preemption mark its 40th anniversary by publishing respect to maritime, and say that "action of the responsibility of the equal and coor­ a special edition. The Connecticut Jewish delayed is action denied." dinate branch of the government, the Con­ Ledger is the only English-language What we need most urgently is to get on gress of the United States. Those days are the long-overdue job of putting our maritime over. President Nixon made the remark at a Jewish weekly newspaper in my State. house back into order. press conference that he hoped that what Throughout the past 40 years of tur­ The place to begin is with an independent had been the minority views of the Supreme bulence, tragedy, and triumph in world Maritime Administration. Court would now become the majority views and Jewish history, the Ledger has faith­ The time to begin is now. of the Court. That would really be some­ fully reported and interpreted these Thank you very much. thing! events as they occurred. The Jewish com­ I-want to give an example of a most recent munity in Connecticut has acknowledged charade by the Warren Court. the Ledger's leadership role through its THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE Coming before the Court was the "one man, one vote" proposition, on appeal from editorial and news columns for the com­ courts in Missouri and New York. The fiction munity and world Jewry. HON. JAMES B. UTT involved is that the legal determination of Its editorial viewpoint has been bril­ OF CALIFORNIA population is based on the 1960 Census, now liantly enunciated during its entire his­ nine years old. The Court said, "Equal rep­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tory by its cofounder and only editor, resentation for equal numbers of people is a Rabbi Abraham J. Feldman. Moreover, Thursday, June 12, 1969 principle designed to prevent debasement of voting power and diminution of access to the Jewish Ledger's traditions, set forth Mr. U'IT. Mr. Speaker, under unani­ elected representatives. Toleration of even by cofounder Samuel Neusner and mous consent, I submit for inclusion in small deviations detracts from these pur­ carried out over the past four decades, the Extensions of Remarks of the REc­ poses. Therefore, the com1114ncl of Art. I, are being continued today by its present ORD my current Washington Report, Section 2, that States create congressional owners and copublishers, Berthold Gaster June 12, 19B9 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15819 and Mrs. Shirley W. Bunis. They have property of the employer, but trained workers when blacks, Mexican-Americans, Puerto served the paper as managing editor and can opt for a better job with another em­ Ricans, and Indians have a "piece of the advertising manager, respectively, for ployer. action" in terms of ownership can they enter The Nixon administration has yet to take a the mainstream of our economic system and over a decade. formal stand on the Human Investment bill, escape the cycle of dependency. Mr. Speaker, I ask my colleagues to and it is not known whether this bill will The "ownership gap" in undeniable. Of pay tribute to the Connecticut Jewish attract the same widespread sponsorship as the 5 million businesses in our country, only Ledger and to take note of the role it it did in the 90th Congress. Presidential sup­ 100,000 to 150,000 (less than S percent) are has played in the continuing progress of port of tax incentives not only for hiring and owned by Negroes, who comprise almost 11 the entire Connecticut community. training poorly prepared workers but for slum percent of the population. In the largest rehabilitation is indicated by Nixon's en­ central cities this problem is most obvious, dorsement of the Community Self-Deter­ with white outsiders owning the vast ma­ THE WELFARE STATE, NIXON STYLE mination bill, and from statements by Arthur jority of ghetto businesses. It is often Burns, the Presidential Counselor. In the claimed that the outflow of profits from the words of the bill, the measure would help ghetto bleeds its economy and is a major HON. WILLIAM A. STEIGER ghetto residents in "securing gainful em­ cause of its anemia. Increased ownership ployment, achieving the ownership and con­ would give minorities more economic bar­ OF WISCONSIN trol of the resources of their community, ex­ gaining power in a system where power is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES panding opportunity, stability and self­ closely correlated with wealth. Thursday, June 12, 1969 determination." Recognition of the ownership gap and at­ The major appeal of the tax incentives lies tempts to promote minority entrepreneur· Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. in the belief that the inducements will ship began during the Johnson administra­ Speaker, Dr. SarA. Levitan, of the center eliminate bureaucratic meddling in private tion. The SBA had for several years admin­ for manpower policy studies, has w1itten business while encouraging business to pur­ istered the Economic Opportunity Loan pro­ an interesting article regarding the sue socially desirable goals. However, it is not gram which provided financial and techni­ Nixon administration's action in the clear whether the sought-after goals can be cal assistance largely to minority groups. In achieved without government intervention. August 1968, it initiated Project Own to con­ welfare and poverty area. In the absence of governmental monitoring, centrate efforts under the various SBA loan I believe that the comments of Doctor entrepreneurs would do what comes naturally programs and increase the number of loans Levitan are worth reviewing and include and locate in the most advantageous places to minority businessmen. (Washington Notes, them at this point for the information of and hire the best workers. It is also mislead­ March-April, 1969, pp. 15-22) my colleagues: ing to think that tax incentives are costless. President Nixon's commitment to expand THE WELFARE STATE, NIXON STYLE The National Manpower Policy Task Force Negro entrepreneurial activity was manifest­ and other observers have sought to clarify ed in the appointment of a special White (By Sar A. Levitan, Center for Manpower misconceptions about the true costs of tax House aide with responsibility for encourag­ Policy Studies, the George Washington incentives. In reducing the liab111ties of in­ ing minority entrepreneurship, and in the University) dividuals or groups singled out for special creation of an Oflice of Minority Business En­ A recent column by humorist Art Buch­ privilege, tax incentive schemes force others terprise in the Department of Commerce. The wald needled pundits who draw conclusions to pay higher taxes to cover the cost of gov­ function of this agency is to coordinate ex­ from meager information. "Richar-d Nixon,'' ernment, or to forego tax reductions that isting programs in the SBA, OEO, and other he stated, "has now been President of the might otherwise be possible. In addition, tax agencies. In spite of these steps, there is lit­ United States 5~ days and so it is not too incentives may prove to be not only costly tle evidence that the impetus given to Negro early for historians to judge what kind of but also a windfall to those who least need businesses by the Great Society's SBA pro­ President he has been." His point is not lost the help. Tax incentives may become another gram is being continued by the present ad­ on those making judgments after only four subsidy for helpin.g the affluent under the ministration. President Nixon has not in­ months of the new administration. How­ guise of helping the disadvantaged. dicated thus far whether he will seek new ever, activities during this time yield some Another major plank 1n the Nixon welfare authority and additional funds to imple­ clues, though inconclusive, as to what can program is reliance on voluntarism. "We are ment his campaign promise aimed at en­ be expected in the years to come. approaching the limits of what government couraging Negro entrepreneurship. The Nixon administration has not de­ can do,'' President Nixon said in his inaugural DELIBERATION WITHOUT COMMITMENT veloped a definitive position on the anti­ address. "Our greatest need now is to reach The policy thrusts of the Nixon adminis­ poverty and manpower programs it inherited beyond government, to enlist the legions of tration toward the wider use of tax incen­ from the Great Society, nor have its spokes• the concerned and the committed." tives, an increased role for volunteers, and men advocated new comprehensive programs Voluntarism has always played a major the promotion of minority businesses have a on the order of Medicare, the War on Pov­ role in American life; over a century ago, limited potential and are not, in fact or in­ erty, or the JOBS program. Instead, the new Alexis de Tocqueville observed that America tent, substitutes for Great Society programs. administration has emphasized several is a nation of volunteers. Millions of people There also appears to exist wide divergence thrusts in the welfare and manpower fields, are now performing good works, but most among the top Nixon advisors about the ap­ and has taken only halting steps toward im­ of this work is done in churches, P.T.A.'s, propriate means to pursue the programs fa­ ·plementing the programs it favors. and other local organizations. It does not vored by the President. It would appear that NEW THRUSTS follow that large numbers will volunteer to the Nixon administration has opted, either work on a sustained basis in ghettos or by design or default, for reform rather than President Nixon has focused on three ap­ that the type of volunteers the President proaches to helping the poor and the un­ replacement of current welfare and man­ is seeking will be available. It is doubtful power programs. It is proceeding pragmati­ skilled. The first is a greater use of tax in­ that another government effort could mo­ centives to promote manpower and economic cally, seeking to cut waste and ineffective bilize a significant number of new volun­ programs while initiating efforts only when development. The Johnson administration teers. VISTA, the antipoverty volunteer orga­ favored direct subsidies to employers who nization, has never realized its goal of 100,- problems become critical. hired and retained disadvantaged workers 000 part-time volunteers. While the Office This approach is clearly manifested in the while shunning modification of the tax sys­ of Economic Opportunity has argued that administration's handling of the Economic tem to help the poor. The leaders of the requests by some 2,000 public and private Opportunity Act and OEO programs. With Great Society opposed Republican proposals agencies for volunteers attest to the suc· the legislation expiring less than six months for extending tax carrots to employers to cess of VISTA, it may be more correct to after President Nixon was sworn in, the time cover training costs, either as an alternative state that the excess of requests proves was opportune for sweeping changes if they or in addition to direct government subsidies. only that "demand" for free labor exceeds were contemplated. Instead, the new admin­ In their confl.lct with the Johnson adminis­ supply. American citizens will continue to istration requested a one-year extension of tration, Republicans made tax incentives an perform good works, but there is little rea­ the Act (later changed to two years) in order article of faith. son to believe that new exhortations from to "more carefully consider alternatives." Most Republicans in the 90th Congress en­ Washington will appreciably increase these This rationale for the short term extension dorsed the Human Investment Act, which efforts. was at best spurious. The new hands such was an extension of the 1962 law giving a 7 It is also not clear that volunteers are an as Robert H. Finch, Daniel P. Moynihan, and percent tax credit toward the cost of invest­ adequate substitute for trained help in sup­ George P. Shultz were intimately acquainted ment in machinery and equipment. Reason­ plying basic education or related manpower with the programs in their respective juris­ ing that investment in human skills deserves services to the poor and the unskilled. It dictions. And if the vast expertise of the the same consideration, the Human Invest­ is a romantic notion that inspired volunteers new administration was not adequate, the ment bill proposed a 10 percent tax credit to will serve poverty areas better than trained General Accounting Oflice's review of the reimburse employers for training non-man­ professionals or that ghettos can be reha­ EOA programs, and other independent ap­ agerial or non-professional employees. The bilitated by volatile, short-term, part-time praisals of these efforts, were available. It is higher tax exemption for human investment volunteers. diflicult to accept lack of information as a ls tustified on the grounds that it involves A third thrust of Nixon's welfare program major stumbling block in the administra­ a greater risk to the employer than invest­ is the promotion of business ownership tion's failure to take a position on extend­ ment in machinery. Machines become the among minorities. It is argued that only ing the Economic Opportunity Act. More 15820 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 12, 1969 plausibly, the administration did not con­ spending for federal food programs 1n March DISTRICT A'ITORNEY CALLS FOR template any dramatic changes in the fu­ at a time when the President was obviously ture course of the antipoverty efforts. And relucant to increase expenditures. Base

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE,S-Monday, June 16, 1969 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. week and enable us to walk in the way of fostering fear and may seek the path The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, of Thy commandments and to live in the that produces more unity and promotes D.D., offered the following prayer: spirit of Thy Son. mutual understanding. The·ways of the Lord are right and the Thou hast brought forth on this land Strengthen our leaders that they may i'list shall walk in them.-Hosea 14: 9. a Nation conceived in liberty and dedi­ walk with Thee as they make decisions 0 Thou whose spirit supports us in cated to the good of all men. Help us to and carry responsibilities. Together may every noble endeavor and whose strength maintain our freedoms in the spirit of leaders and people endeavor by honor­ sustains us as we labor for the good of justice and good will. Save our Nation able service and humble spirits to bring our fellow man, bless us with a realization from further discord and violence. Guide peace to our land and to our world. In of Thy presence as we begin another our people that they may see the futility the spirit of Christ, we pray, Amen.