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Épidémiologie Du Champignon

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Épidémiologie Du Champignon ÉPIDÉMIOLOGIEDU CHAMPIGNON CHONDROSTEREUM PURPUREUM, .GENT DE -SE BIOLOGIQUE DE LA REPRODUCT~ON~ÉGETATIVE DES FEUILLUS DE LUMIÈRE EN MILIEU FORESTIER EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE FUNGUS CHONDROSTEREUM PURPUREUM, A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT OF THE ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF DECIDUOUS TREE SPECES IN FOREST ENVIRONMENT Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'université Laval pour l'obtention du grade de maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt FACULTÉDE FORESTERIE ET DE GEOMATIQUE UNIVERSITÉLAVAL JANVIER 1998 O André Goulet, 1998 Nationai Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 OtiawaON KlAON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libraq of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microforni, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fh, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. AVANT-PROPOS Ce mémoire de maîtrise est le fruit de trois années de travail aché. Mes études graduées. sans vouloir déprécier leur contenu et leur apport intellectuels appréciables, m'ont avant toui permis de décowrir le monde et, par le fait même, de me découvrir moi-même: stage à l'université Agricole de Wageningen (Pays-Bas), congrès a Mol (Belgique), présentatior; scientifique si Rotonia (Nouvelle-ZdIande) et congrés de I'IüFRO a Tampere (Finlande). Pour m'avoir permis de vivre ces beaux moments, pour m'avoir fait découvrir de manière réaliste et passionnée les multiples défis qu'exige la recherche appliquée, pour m'avoix inculqué des valeurs telles la rigueur et la transparence en ce domaine, mais surtout pour m'avoir encadré de manière exemplaire tout au long de cette aventure inoubliable, je tiens sincèrement à remercier mon co-directeur de recherche, Dr. Robert Jobidon. Je tiens également a souligner l'aide remarquable qui m'a dté apportée par mon directeur, Dr. Louis Bernier. Je remercie Dr. Richard Leduc pour avoir aimablement révisé ce document, et spécialement le chapitre 3 de la thèse. J'aimerais rendre un sincère hommage au Dr. Meindert de Jong qui, malgré une maladie, m'a brillamment guidé lors de mon stage aux Pays-Bas. Je dois remercier Dr. Wopke van der Werf ainsi que Dr. Jan Goudriaan, tous deux du département de 'Theoretical Production Ecology' de 17Université Agricole de Wageningen, pour leurs judicieux conseils en ce qui concerne le monde fantastique (mais complexe!) de la modélisation mathématique. Je remercie aussi du fond du coeur toutes les personnes qui ont participé aux travaux terrain et de serres ainsi qu'aux analyses en laboratoire, particulièrement Mme Lyne Gosselin, M. Simon DéAliers, M. Claude Fortin, M. Jacques Carignan et M. Réjean Poliquin. Enfin, il m'est important de signaler que ce projet de maitrise a pu être réalisé grâce a la précieuse aide financière du ministère des Ressources naîurelles du Québec. TABLE DES MATIEHES. ............................................................................................................ 4 Chapitre I .Introduction generuïe. ............................................................................................ 6 l .I Contexte fores rier actuel.................................................................................................. 7 1.2 i.u muifrise biologique de lu vkgétation ...................................................................... 8 1.4 Chondrmtereum purpureum en tant qu'agent de maîtrise biologique .historique ...... IO 1.5 Clzondrostcreum purpureum - Revue de littérature....................................................... 12 1.6 Objectifi de l .etude. ....................................................................................................... 14 Chapitre 2 .Sporulation of ïhe silverleuffngus Chondrostereum purpureum as aflected by environrnental vuriubles .......................................................................................................... 16 2.1 /ntroduction ........................................................................................ 17 2.2 Aiiaterials and methods................................................................................................ 18 2.3 Resulfs and discussion ..............................................................................................19 Chapitre 3 .Development of OPEA$ a model simulatirtg spore release and dispersul of Chondrostereumpurpureum ................................................................................................29 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................30 3.2 hiarerials and methods.................................................................................................. 32 3.2.1 Sfu& sife................. .. .........................................................................................32 3.2.2 Meteorological data collection............................................................................... 32 3.2.3.2.1 Meteorology........... ... .............................................................................37 3.2.3.2.2 Dispersal within the foresr clearcut........................................................ 40 3.3.3 Transmission ........................................................................................................... 4 3.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 5 3.5 Conclusion ...................... ... ..................................................................................... 5. Chapitre 4 .Virulence ofselected isolures of Chondrostereum purpureum ro several Canadian deciduous nee species ............................................................................................. Si 4. l Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5! 1.2 Materials and rnerhods .................................................................................................. 61 4.3. Results ......................................................................................................................... 6- 4.4 Discussion ....................... ....................................................................................... 7; Chapitre 5 .Conclusion generole. ............................................................................................ 7: Rij&ences ............................................................................................................................... 81 Annexe A .. Code dc programmation du iogiciel de simulation OPEM Annexe 3 .Guide de I 'uiilisateur du logiciel de simulation OPEM Annexe C .Code informarique d'acquisirion de clonn2e.s météorologiques Chapitre 1 Introduction générale La phase d'établissement d'une régénération forestière est cruciale pour la remise er production de temtoires forestiers. Actuellement au Québec, environ 85 % des aire! récoltées se régénèrent naturellement, Ie 15 % restant doit être reboisé pour assurer cent régénération. Alors que les terrains qui se régénèrent naturellement subissent peu les effet! de la compétition interspécifique, ceux reboisés la subissent fortement On identifie, aL Québec, trois grands groupes de végétation de compétition: 1) le groupe hboisier-épiIobel 2) le groupe feuillus de lumière; et 3) le groupe graminées-herbacées. La maitrise de la végétation du premier groupe se réaiise traditionnellement à l'aide d'un herbicide, Ic glyphosate (visionm) étant le plus utilise. La maitrise du second groupe se réalise par la coupe mécanisée a l'aide de débroussailleuses, soit le dégagement mécanique. Les deux approches, mécanique ou chimique, se caractérisent par divers avantages et inconvénients qui leur sont propres. Alors que les phytocides offrent des résultats de maîtrise de la végétation satisfaisants tout en réduisant les coûts d'opération au minimum, le dégagement mécanique s'avère une pratique encouragée par la population en raison de la création d'emplois et d'une perception d'effets moindres sur l'environnement. Au cours des années 1980, l'innocuité des traitements mécaniques a été soulignée lors de nombreuses consultations organisées par le Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement (BAPE). Par ailleurs, le ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec a rédigé la Stratégie de protection des forêts qui est entrée en vigueur en 1994. Ce document prévoit, comme son nom l'indique, l'optimisation de l'utilisation des différentes ressources forestières tout en préconisant des pratiques sylvicoles prdventives. Rationaliser davantage l'usage des phytocides en forèt tout en assurant le rendement soutenu de matière ligneuse est l'une de ces pratiques mises de l'avant par le
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