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DECAY of LIVING WESTERN REDCEDAR: a LITERATURE REVIEW Sturrock, R.N., Braybrooks, A.V., Reece, P.F

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DECAY of LIVING WESTERN REDCEDAR: a LITERATURE REVIEW Sturrock, R.N., Braybrooks, A.V., Reece, P.F CANADIAN FOREST SERVICE CANADIAN WOOD FIBRE CENTRE DECAY OF LIVING WESTERN REDCEDAR: A LITERATURE REVIEW Sturrock, R.N., Braybrooks, A.V., Reece, P.F. INFORMATION REPORT FI-X-014 The Canadian Wood Fibre Centre brings together forest sector researchers to develop solutions for the Canadian forest sector’s wood fibre related industries in an environmentally responsible manner. Its mission is to create innovative knowledge to expand the economic opportunities for the forest sector to benefit from Canadian wood fibre. The Canadian Wood Fibre Centre operates within the CFS, but under the umbrella of FPInnovations’ Board of Directors. FPInnovations is the world’s largest private, not-for- profit forest research institute. With over 500 employees spread across Canada, FPInnovations unites the individual strengths of each of these internationally recognized forest research and development institutes into a single, greater force. For more information, visit FPInnovations.ca. Additional information on Canadian Wood Fibre Centre research is available online at nrcan.gc.ca/forests/researchcentres/ cwfc/13457. To download or order additional copies of this publication, visit the website Canadian Forest Service Publications at http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications. Decay of Living Western Redcedar: A Literature Review Rona N. Sturrock1, Ann V. Braybrooks2, and Pamela F. Reece3 Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Canadian Wood Fibre Centre Information Report FI-X-14 2017 1Rona N. Sturrock - Research Scientist (retired), Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC 2Ann V. Braybrooks - Science Writer, Victoria, BC 3Pamela F. Reece - Currently Aquatic Scientist, Stantec, Victoria, BC Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre 506 West Burnside Road Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 1M5 Tel.: 250-363-0600 http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/pfc/13489 Unless otherwise noted, all photos were provided by Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. ISBN 978-0-660-05073-7 Cat. no.: Fo148-1/14E-PDF Sturrock, Rona, 1960- Decay of Living Western Redcedar: a Literature Review / R. N. Sturrock, A. V. Braybrooks, and P. F. Reece. (Information report; FI-X-14) Electronic monograph in PDF format. Available also on the Internet. Includes abstract in French. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2017 Mention in this report of specific commercial products or services does not constitute endorsement of such by the Canadian Forest Service or the Government of Canada. Information contained in this publication or product may be reproduced, in part or in whole, and by any means, for personal or public non-commercial purposes, without charge or further permission, unless otherwise specified. You are asked to: • Exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced; • Indicate both the complete title of the materials reproduced, as well as the author organization; and • indicate that the reproduction is a copy of an official work that is published by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of, NRCan. Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission from NRCan. For more information, contact NRCan at [email protected]. ii Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................vii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................................viii Résumé .....................................................................................................................................................................viii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................ix 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................1 2. Background ............................................................................................................................................................1 2.1 Distribution ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Attributes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 2.3 Inventory .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 3. Introduction to Decay ...........................................................................................................................................5 3.1 Decay Fungi on Living Western Redcedar ........................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Western Redcedar Defenses - Induced Mechanical Responses .............................................................................................12 3.3 Western Redcedar Defenses - Heartwood Extractives ................................................................................................................12 3.4 Microbial Succession in Western Redcedar ......................................................................................................................................14 4. Factors Affecting Decay in Living Western Redcedar .................................................................................... 15 4.1 Age ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................15 4.2 Location and Elevation ...............................................................................................................................................................................16 4.3 Site ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................17 4.4 Silviculture .........................................................................................................................................................................................................17 5. Indicators and Detection of Decay in Trees ..................................................................................................... 18 5.1 Other Methods to Detect and/or Quantify Decay in Trees .......................................................................................................20 6. Management of Decay in Living Western Redcedar ...................................................................................... 21 7. Decay Fungi on Western Redcedar Wood Products ....................................................................................... 22 8. Future Research .................................................................................................................................................. 22 9. Literature Cited ................................................................................................................................................... 25 Appendices .............................................................................................................................................................. 35 Appendix 1. Principal white rot decay fungi occurring on living western redcedar (Thuja plicata) ...........................35 Appendix 2. Principal brown rot decay fungi occurring on living western redcedar (Thuja plicata) ........................37 Appendix 3. Principal sap rots, canker diseases, and needle diseases occurring on western redcedar (Thuja plicata) ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................39 Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................... 40 iii List of Figures Figure 1. The natural range of western redcedar in North America https://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/little/ ......................... 1 Figure 2. Decay-free ‘cookie’ cut from western redcedar tree. http://www.msacomputer.com/bc/Tree/Tree.html ....................................................................................................................4 Figure 3. Pitted and laminar decay of western redcedar wood caused by a white rot fungus. ..............................................5 Figure 4. Brown cubical decay of western redcedar wood caused by a brown rot fungus. .....................................................5 Figure 5. Early (incipient)
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