1 Didache: Faithful Teaching 16:3 (Winter 2017) ISSN: 15360156
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1 BAPTISM & BEATITUDE: TAKING TIME AND PARTAKING OF THE ETERNAL Jonathan Platter, Southern Nazarene University, University of Cambridge Introduction As creatures of time, all our practices and utterances take time. This also holds for events we consider to be of eternal significance, which occasions the question: What reality is denoted by eternity, such that events that take time for creatures can be said to partake of eternity? To answer this question requires attention to the practices and forms of life in which such concepts as eternity and time are embedded and from which they take their meaning. Taking one practice for reflection, I will approach the relation of time and eternity by analyzing baptism. First I will attend to the grammar of eternity and time in the practice itself, drawing attention to the ways in which baptism requires temporal enactment and at the same time anticipates a future reality as eschatologically present. Baptism, therefore, both takes time and partakes of the eternal. This implication will lead me to investigate the grammar of eternity as a theological concept. Eternity functions as a regulative concept, operating as a rule for correct speech about events such as baptism and the meaning of such practices. This does not entail that eternity is not metaphysically descriptive. I will argue that eternity is best understood as a name of God’s mode of being as Trinity. Because God is triune and is eternity itself, eternity will be seen as a function of God’s personhood. The eternal significance of temporal events, then, is recognized not in their negative relation to time but in the personal encounter of God in the event. Finally, I will return to baptism to show how this investigation of eternity resolves the seeming paradox of baptism both taking time and partaking of the eternal. In baptism, it can both be true that the baptizand inhabits a specific moment in time and receives as actual the life promised in the eschaton—i.e., beatitude, or the blessedness of fellowship with God. This is possible because this future is none other than the person of God, a gift of God’s triune life to creatures. Consequently, what is anticipated as a future experience of created persons can be both future (in the new creation we still await) and present (in the fellowship of the baptized, the Church) because both are effected by partaking of the Trinity, who is the condition and fulfillment of time. By reflecting on the metaphysics of time and eternity together with the practice of baptism, I hope to demonstrate, primarily, that we can make full use of biblical language about baptism without reducing it to metaphor and, secondarily, that theological metaphysics does in fact have a positive relationship to church practice and language. Consequently, the main aim of this paper is to reconsider the grammar of eternity, by approaching it in light of the concrete language and practice of Christian baptism. Baptism, Time, & Eternity In his lecture fragment on baptism, Church Dogmatics IV.4, Karl Barth recognizes the dual reference of baptism: it both points back to Christ’s baptism and points forward to our Didache: Faithful Teaching 16:3 (Winter 2017) ISSN: 15360156 (web version) – http://didache.nazarene.org 2 resurrected life.1 Contained in this dual reference is the event to which Christ’s baptism itself points—his own death and resurrection.2 So, by enacting this reference to Christ’s baptism, the baptizand participates in Christ’s death and resurrection (Rom 6:3-11), emerging from the waters into the life the Spirit constitutes in the Church (1 Cor 12:13; Eph 4:1-6). There are two elements of baptism on which I will focus. First, baptism is suspended between two temporal points, both of which are united in the one person of Jesus Christ, who is the presence of the eschatological Kingdom. Second, as centered on Christ, baptism is immersion into the triune name of God, for whom Eternality is another name. Presence of the Future in Christ’s Person Barth argues forcefully that John’s baptism derived its meaning from its reference to the coming messiah who would baptize in the Spirit (Mark 1:7-8), and consequently was itself distinct from, though an anticipation of, the baptism of the Spirit.3 What were distinct in John’s baptism, however, are united through Christ’s baptism and Pentecost, in whom “the divine kingdom has now become an element … in temporal world-occurrence.”4 The Christian practice of baptism contains reference to Christ’s baptism (and thereby his death and resurrection). In Christ, baptism becomes a concrete practice through which persons receive the Spirit. This is why Paul cannot understand how the baptized believers in Ephesus have not received the Spirit (Acts 19:1- 3). Theirs was the baptism of John and so was not determined by the christological content of Christian baptism, in which, as Paul’s incredulity demonstrates, persons do in fact receive the Spirit. Baptism itself becomes a personal event, not in the sense of having to do primarily with individuals in their baptism but as receiving its meaning and act from the person of Christ. As Ephesians 4 makes clear, there is only one act of baptism because all baptisms participate in the one baptism of the one Lord (v 4). It is through sharing in the one baptism of Christ that Christians become members of the one body of Christ through the Spirit. Because believers are members of Christ’s one body, Christ is recognized as the personal telos of what baptism accomplishes. This is confirmed by the fact that John foretold of Jesus as the one who would baptize with the Spirit (Matt 3:11). In Christ, baptism becomes a concrete practice through which persons receive the Spirit, and so the act is fulfilled only by the person of Christ himself in and through the acts of the Church. The second referent of baptism is the future resurrection life. As Laurence Stookey puts it, because “baptism is Christ’s initiation of us into his family, its meaning is by no means confined to the time of its administration. Baptism pushes us into the future.”5 This is made clear in two ways, most directly in Paul’s writings. First, baptism is a participation in Christ’s death and 1 Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics, Volume IV: The Doctrine of Reconciliation, Part 4, trans G. W. Bromiley, ed G. W. Bromiley and T. F. Torrance (repr, 1969; Peabody: Hendrickson, 2010), 89- 90. Henceforth cited as CD IV.4. 2 Barth, CD IV.4, 72-5. 3 Barth, CD IV.4, 69-71. 4 Barth, CD IV.4, 75-7, quotation from 76. 5 Laurence Hull Stookey, Baptism: Christ’s Act in the Church (Nashville: Abingdon, 1982), 16. Didache: Faithful Teaching 16:3 (Winter 2017) ISSN: 15360156 (web version) – http://didache.nazarene.org 3 resurrection (Rom 6:3-11). In partaking of Christ’s death and resurrection, Christians are drawn into the new life enabled by the Spirit, a life which is a first fruit of the new creation (Rom 8:23). Second, Christ is the eschatos Adam in 1 Corinthians 15:45. In this passage, Paul is writing directly about resurrection life (cf v 42), drawing several parallels between anticipating the resurrection (vv 45-52), sharing in the “last Adam” (read: future or coming; eschatos Adam) (v 45), bearing the image of heaven (v 49), inheriting the kingdom of God, and inheriting the imperishable (v 50). In baptism, the baptizand is united to Christ in his death and resurrection and thereby partakes of Christ’s nature as the eschatos Adam, the man of heaven who transforms those who receive his Spirit into members of heaven, inheritors of the imperishable life of the coming kingdom. This future reference together with the past reference to Christ’s own baptism gives content to the practice of baptism, which is ultimately united in the one person of Jesus who is the telos of baptism through imparting the Spirit. Because the terminus of baptism is resurrection life in Christ, it takes on an orientation toward the future life achieved in the Spirit. Through baptism, the Church already receives the holiness that will characterize all creation in the eschaton. Into the Name of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit As a christological event, baptism also has a trinitarian shape. So Jesus charged the disciples, “Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit” (Matt 28:19, NASB). The Greek, baptizontes autous eis to onoma, invites a slightly different translation: “baptizing them into the name.” Eis has spatial connotations, so that eis to onoma gives the sense not simply of baptizing “on behalf of the name …,” nor “on the authority of” the one named. Rather, it suggests that through baptism one is immersed into the life of the named, the life of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This makes baptism both participatory6 and trinitarian, connecting with the synoptic accounts of Christ’s own baptism. So when Jesus is baptized in Mark 1, the heavens open, the Spirit descends, and a voice from heaven names Jesus as the Son (vv 9-11). By being baptized into the triune name, Christians participate in Christ’s baptism in which they receive the sonship of the eschatos Adam in the alighting of the Spirit and the delight of the Father. The final goal of beatitude is realized through baptism, in which one participates in the triune life of God, whose fellowship is the coming and promised kingdom.