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absolute monarchy 7, 14–16, 28–30, Aragon 46–7, 49, 68, 71, 83 81–7, 115–18, 123, 155–6, 160 Aramaic language 41, 90 see also constitutional law Arianism 36, 39, 41 Accursius 53–4, 63, 91, 100 Aquinas, Thomas 69, 96, 98–9 see also glossa ordinaria Argentina 113, 128 actions on the case 150, 152–3, 166 Aristotle 49, 69, 97 administration of justice see courts Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 143 administrative law 8, 16, 60, 69 Audiencia, royal court of justice in adultery see marriage law Aragon 71 aediles 11, 22–3 Augsburg, Peace of 88 agriculture 10, 44–5, 79–80, 113–14 Augsburg, Transaction of 86 Alani 31 Augustine of Hippo, St. 41, 94 Alaric II, King of theVisigoths 36 Augustus, Roman Emperor 6, 12–14, 25 Alciato,Andrea 93 Australia 113, 162 Alderney 77 Austria 45, 83, 85, 87, 115, 118, 120, Alemanni 32, 38 124, 128, 133, 139, 142–3 Alexander III, Pope 64 Authenticum 51 Alexander Severus, Roman Emperor 27 Avignon 49, 87 Alfonso X the Wise, King of León and Aytta,Viglius of 94 Castile 68–70 Azo 53, 62–3, 159 Alfonso XI, King of León and Castile Azpilcueta, Martin de 97 70 Alfred, King of Wessex 145 Baldus degli Ubaldi 54–6, 91, 100 Algeria 128 Baltic countries 77, 101 Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Balzac, Honoré de 133 124, 128, 142 Bank of England 114 Allgemeines Landrecht für die Barbeyrac, Jean 104, 161 preuβischen Staaten 123, 139 bartolists 55, 100, 105 Alonso Martínez, Manuel 131 Bartolomeus Brixensis 62 Alsace 32 Bartolus de Saxoferrato 54–6, 91, 93, Amalfi 46, 50 100 Amsterdam 86 Bavaria 124 Ancien Régime 117–18, 120, 126, 132 Bavarians 38 Angles 31, 38, 144, 166 Beaumanoir, Philippe 77 Anglicanism 88, 109–10, 157 Beccaria, Cesare 123 Anselm of Lucca 58 Beckett, Thomas 156–7 Antioch 41 Beirut see Berytus Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor 14, 26 Belgium 32, 114, 119, 128, 134 Antwerp 80, 86 see also Flanders; Netherlands
177
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178 The history of law in Europe
Belleperche, Pierre de 52 Cádiz, Constitution of 131–2 Benedict XIII, antipope 87 Caecilius, Sextus 91 Benedict of Nursia, St. 41 Calvin, John 88 Bentham, Jeremy 150, 161 Calvinism 85, 109–10, 163 Berlin 2 Cambacérès, Jean–Jacques Régis de Berytus 16, 26, 29 126–7 Beseler, Georg 136 Cambridge 159, 165, 167 Bible 41, 49, 57, 89, 94–5 Canada 117, 162 see alsoVulgate canon 41, 57–8 Bigot–Préameneau, Félix 126 canon law 2, 89, 98, 132, 140, 156–7 Bill of Rights and common law 156–7, 159, Britain 84 164–167 United States ofAmerica 116 early medieval 38–40 bill procedure 149–50, 153, 155 and humanism 94–5 Bismarck, Otto von 140 late medieval 48–9, 52, 55–67, 71, 73, Black Death 44, 63, 80 77–8 Blackstone, William 104, 160–61, 165 and Scots law 163 Bohemia 87, 110, 124 see also decretalists; decretals; Bolívar, Simon 117 decretists; Decretum Gratiani; Bolivia 128 ius commune; Bologna 1, 50–52, 54–5, 58, 62–3, 159 Romano-canonical procedure BonifaceVIII, Pope 49, 60, 64 Canossa 47 Bourbon, House of 83, 131 Canterbury Bourges 93 Capet see Hugh Capet Bourjon, François 125, 132 Capito, GaiusAlterius 26 Brabant, Duchy of 86 capitularia 38–40, 58, 67, 111 Bracton, Henry of 159, 160, 165 Caracalla, Roman Emperor 14, 25–7, 35 Brandenburg 123 Carmichael, Gerschom 104 Brazil 79, 143 Carolingians 32, 39–40, 42, 47, 57–8, Breviary ofAlaric see Lex Romana 67, 111 Visigothorum Carthage 11–12, 29 Brexit 4 Castile 46, 49, 68–9, 71, 79, 83, 98, 107 Britons 32 Catalonia 71, 83 Brittany 32, 85 Catherine II the Great, Tsarina of Russia Bruges 76, 80 115 Budé, Guillaume 93 Catherine of Siena, St. 87 Bugnet, Jean Joseph 134 Catholicism 36, 38–9, 41, 84–5, 89, 97, Bulgaria 48 109, 110, 119 Bulgarus 52 Cato the Censor, Marcius Porcius 91 Burchard of Worms 58 Celts 32 Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 7, 130–1, censor 22 139–43 Cervantes, Miguel de 90 Burgundians 32, 36–7 Chappuis, Jean 60 Burgundy 81, 85–6 Charlemagne, King of the Franks, Burlamaqui, Jean–Jacques 104 Emperor of the West 40–41, 45 Byzantium 3, 31, 37, 41, 57, 91–2 Charles I, King of England 84 see also Constantinople; Istanbul Charles II, King of England 84
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CharlesV,Holy Roman Emperor 45, 83, Napoleonic codes 126–133 86–8 and model of Institutiones 26, 102, China 143 127 Chiusi 58 Prussia 123–4 Christianity 15, 36, 38–9, 60 Spain 131–2 see alsoArianism; Catholicism; Switzerland 142–3 Orthodox Christians; Código civil 7, 131–2 Reformation cognitio procedure 29, 30, 71, 169 Church–State relations 39–40, 47–9, Coimbra 97 85–89, 108–10, 118, 120, 156–7 Coke, Edward 160–61 see also freedom of religion Collectio Dionysiana 42 Cicero, Marcus Tullius 18, 23, 49, 62, Collectio Hadriana 42 91, 93 Collectio Hispana 42 Cinus of Pistoia 54 Columbus, Christopher 79 Cistercians 41 commentators 52, 54–6, 61, 69, 91, 94, civil codes 137 in France see Code civil des Français commercial law 56, 75–6, 101, 106, in Italy see Codice civile 128–32, 142–3 in Spain see Código civil common law 2–3, 5, 64, 83, 144–67, civil law 101, 106, 124–6, 128–9, 134, 169 160, 164 Commonwealth 84 as opposed to common law 2, 5, 76, Concordat of Worms 47 144, 169 Concordia discordantium canonum see see also contract law; donations; Decretum Gratiani marriage law; obligations; Conring, Hermann 100–101 possession; property; Roman Constance see council of Constance law; succession; tort law; trusts Constantine, Roman Emperor 6, 14–15, civil procedural law 7, 17, 56, 124, 40, 57 126–30, 132 Donation of 57–8, 90, 95 Classicism 135, 138 Constantinople 6, 15–16, 26, 29, 31, 41, ClementV,Pope 49, 60, 73 51, 79, 90 Clermont 77 constitutional law 4, 101, 118, 159 Clovis, King of the Franks 32, 36, 38–9 see also absolute monarchy; republic; Code civil des Français 7, 107, 125–9, separation of powers; social 131–5, 139–42 contract Codex iuris canonici 60 constitutions of Melfi see Liber Codex Justinianus 6–8, 51, 53, 106 augustalis Codex Theodosianus 7, 138 Consolat de Mar 76 Codex vetus 7 consul 11–13, 19, 20, 22, 26, 75–6, 118, Codice civile 7, 130–31 126–7 codification contract law 5, 18, 22–3, 28, 61, 97, 133, Austria 124 139, 141–2, 150–3, 157 Bavaria 124 Copernicus, Nicolaus 103 Enlightenment and 122–3 Coquille, Guy 111 France 124–6 corporate law see commercial law Germany 139–141 Corpus iuris canonici 60, 95, 128, 156 Italy 128–31 Corpus iuris civilis 6, 8–10, 49, 51, 53, Justinian 6–8 56, 69, 71, 91–2, 94–6, 138
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180 The history of law in Europe
council in the Bourgeois Era 123–6, 132, of Constance 87–8 134–5 ecumenical 40–42, 57–8, 88, 95 canon law as 89 to English king see curia regis and codification 110–1, 123–5, imperial 24–6, 29 132–3, 163 of Lateran IV 62, 72 and custumals 76–7, 111 to praetor 23 in the Early MiddleAges 33, 35, 39, of Trent 88–9, 97 75 Counter–Reformation 88 in the Early Modern Era 89, 95, 99, see also Reformation; council of 105–6 Trent in Eastern Europe 110 courts in England 144–5, 148, 153, 159, ofAdmiralty 156, 165 162, 165, 166 of Cassation 126–7 and ius commune 56–7, 65–7, 77–8 central courts of common law 146–50 in the Late MiddleAges 65, 67–8, of Chancery 151–6, 164–5 74–8, 165–6 of Common Pleas 149 and legislation 68, 101, 105 ecclesiastical 59–60, 64–7, 70–72, of Orléans 125 74, 108–9, 156–7, 162–4, 168 of Paris 111, 125–6, 132 of Exchequer 149–50 and procedure 73, 76, 99 feudal 64, 108 in the Roman Empire 10 guilds 65, 70 custumals see customary law of King’s Bench 149, 153, 159–60 Cyprus 162 maritime 76, 156, 165 Czech Republic 124 mercantile 75–6 municipal 65, 70, 78 Daguesseau, Henri 106, 132 royal 70–72, 107–9, 146–9, 151–2, d’Alembert, Jean–Baptiste Le Rond 159 121 rural 65, 70 Dalmatia 40 seigniorial 65, 70 Damme 76 of Star Chamber 156 Danelaw 145 university 65, 70 Danes 166 see alsoAudiencia; parlement; Danske Lov 107 Tribunal de Corte Danube, River 32 Coutumes de Beauvaisis 77 Danzig 76 Covarruvias, Diego de 111 decretals 42, 57–63, 68–9, 77, 89, 95, criminal law 4, 5, 8, 16–17, 19, 35, 37, 165 40, 56, 101, 106, 122, 124, 126, see also canon law; decretalists; 128–32, 138, 147, 149, 151,156, Liber extra; Liber sextus; 160 pseudo–Isidorian decretals criminal procedural law 124, 126, decretalists 61–2 128–31 decretists 61 Croatia 124 Decretum Gratiani 57–63, 67–8, 77, 94 crusades 44, 48 delicts, law of see tort law Cujas, Jacques 93 Denmark 77, 107, 145 curia regis 147–9, 154, 156 Descartes, René 103 customary law 3, 128 Deutscher Bund 118, 139
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Deutsches Reich 140 European Coal and Steel Community 2 Diderot, Denis 121 European Union 2, 4 Digest 6–10, 26, 28, 35, 49–51, 91, 93, Evora 97 100, 125 Exegetic School 133–4, 138 Digestum novum 51 Digestum vetus 51 fas 16–8 Domat, Jean 112, 125, 132, 134 fascism 130 Domesday Book 146 FernandoVII, King of Spain 132 Dominate 14–16, 28–30, 71 Ferrara 62 Dominican Republic 128 feudalism 42–3, 45–6, 51, 55–6, 65, 67, Dominicans 60, 96–7 69–70, 81–3, 85–6, 88, 105, 108, donations, law of 61, 106, 108 110, 115, 117, 122–3, 133, 145–6, Donatio Constantini see Constantine, 163, 165–6 Donation of feudal law 51, 55–6, 163 Donellus, Hugo 93 fides 16, 141 Draconian laws 4 fiscal law see tax law Dumoulin, Charles 95, 111, 125, 134 Flanders 45, 86 Durantis, Guillielmus 63 see also Belgium; Netherlands Duranton,Alexandre 134 Florence 47, 51, 55, 80, 129 Dutch Republic see United Provinces, formulary procedure 19–23, 29, 71 Republic of Fortescue, John 159, 166 Forum iudicum 37, 75 Eastern Schism 41 France 1, 32–3, 36, 42–3, 45–9, 66, 75, East India Company seeVereenigde 77, 79–81, 84–8, 93, 97, 101, Oostindische Compagnie 105–6, 109–11, 114–15, 117–20, Edictum perpetuum 25–7 124–6, 128, 130–34, 139, 145, Edictum Theodorici 37, 66 159, 163 Egypt 12, 128 Francis I, King of France 85–6, 93 Eichhorn, Karl Friedrich 136 Franks 31–3, 36–40 Eike von Repgow 77 Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman England 3, 14, 36, 42, 45–6, 48, 63–4, Emperor 1, 52 77, 79–81, 83–4, 88, 93–4, 102, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 48, 104–5, 109, 115–7, 144–66 68–9 Enlightenment Frederick II, King of Prussia, 115, 120, and despotism 123 124 and law 122 Frederick William I, King of Prussia and Reason 2 123 and religion 121–2 Frederick William II, King of Prussia equity 123 canonical aequitas 141, 165 freedom of religion 120–21 and common law 153–6, 161, 164, Frisians 31–2, 38 166 fueros 68, 131 Erasmus of Rotterdam 88, 93 Estates General 85, 117 Gaius 7–8, 21, 26, 93 Etruscans 10–12 Galilei, Galileo 103 Euro currency 4 García Goyena, Florencio 131 European Central Bank 4 Gaul 31–2, 36
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182 The history of law in Europe
see also France see also writ of habeas corpus general eyre 146–7 Habsburg, House of 45, 87 Geneva 104, 128 Hadrian, Roman Emperor 7, 14, 25–6, Genoa 46, 80, 129 29 Gentili,Alberico 102–3 Haiti 128 Geny, François 134 Halberstadt 62, 123 Gerber, Carl Friedrich von 136 Hale, Matthew 160–61, 165 Germany 1, 2, 36, 42–5, 48, 77, 94, Halle 123 100–101, 114, 119, 131, 135–9, Hanover 24 141, 144, 163 Hanover, House of 84 Hanseatic towns 76 see also Deutscher Bund; Deutsches Hastings, Battle of 145 Reich; Holy Roman Empire; Hebrew language 41, 90, 94 Norddeutscher Bund; Rheinbund Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm 119, 135 Gierke, Otto von 140 Henricus de Segusio 63 gifts see donations Henry II, King of England 146–7, 157, Glanvill, Ranulph 159, 166 166 gloss 52–6, 61–4, 69, 94, 166 Henry IV,King of France 85, 109 glossa ordinaria heraldic law 56 to Constitutiones clementinae 63 Heruli 31 to Corpus Iuris Civilis 53–4, 56, 91 Hispania 26, 31, 36 to Decretum Gratiani 62 see also Spain to Liber sextus 63 historical-philological method 92–5 glossators 52–4, 56, 61, 69, 91, 94, 137 Historical School 135–7, 139 see also commentators see also Pandectism Godefroy, Denis 92, 93 Hobbes, Thomas 103–4 Goethe, Wolfgang 135 Holy Roman Empire 1, 45, 81, 83, 86–7, Golden Bull 45 100, 109, 111, 118, 136, 139 Goths 31, 39, 89 Holland 86, 101, 102 see also Ostrogoths;Visigoths Holmes, Oliver Wendell 158 Granada 79 Hong Kong 162 Gratian 58, 64 Hostiensis see Henricus de Segusio see also Decretum Gratiani Hotman, François 91, 93 Grand Coutumier de Normandie 77, Huber, Eugen 142 165 Huber, Ulrik 101 Greece 2, 3, 4, 11–13, 17, 102, 119, 143 Hugh Capet, King of France 45 Greek language 7, 9, 40–41, 90, 92–4 Hugo de Porta Ravennate 52 Gregorian reform 47–8, 58–60, 95 Hugolino of Ostia see Gregory IX GregoryVII, Pope 47 Hugolinus de Presbyteris 53 Gregory IX, Pope 60, 63–4, 89 Huguccio of Pisa 61–2, 64 Gregory XII, antipope 87 Huguenots 85, 94, 109, 164 Grimm, Jacob 136 Humanism 1, 56, 58, 81, 89, 90, 96–8, Grotius, Hugo 97, 101–5, 111, 161 101–2, 120 Guernsey 77 and canon law 94–5 Guido de Baysio 62–3 and law 1, 90–95, 100–102 Gundobad, King of the Burgundians 37 Hume, David 164 Hungary 48, 87, 110, 124, 143 Habeas CorpusAct 84 Huns 31, 40
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Index 183
Iberian Peninsula 31, 44, 46, 69, 109 Jacobus de Boragine 52 see also Portugal; Spain Jacqueminot, Jean 126 imperium 11, 19–20 Japan 143 India 162 Jefferson, Thomas 104 Indochina 128 Jerome, St. 41 Indonesia 101 Jersey 77 Infortiatum 51 Jerusalem 41, 68 inheritance see succession law Jesuits 97, 119–20 Innocent III, Pope 48, 59, 62, 64 Jews 81, 109 Innocent IV,Pope 62–4 Jhering, Rudolph von 138 JohannesAndreae 63 Inns of Court 159–60 Johannes Bassianus 53 inquisitorial procedure 73 Johannes Teutonicus 61–4 Institutiones John XXII, Pope 60 Gai 7, 26 John XXIII, antipope 87 Justiniani 6–7, 26, 51, 54, 102, 124, John, King of England 48 127, 161 Joly de Fleury, Guillaume 106 international law 13, 96–7, 102–4 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 115, see also ius gentium 120, 124 Investiture controversy 47 JudicatureAct 150, 155, 161 Iraq 14 Julian, Publius Salvius Iulianus 26 Ireland 32, 162 Julius Caesar 6, 12–13 Irnerius 51–2 jurisprudence see legal science Isabel II, Queen of Spain 131 jury system 33, 128, 147–8, 169 Isidore of Seville 39 Justinian, Roman Emperor of the East 1, Islamic law 162 5, 6–10, 15, 26–7, 29, 31, 35–7, Istanbul 16 41, 50–51, 54, 56, 66–7, 69–71, Italic Peninsula 6, 9, 12, 31, 41–2, 45, 91–2, 94, 102, 106, 161 50, 57, 66, 80–81, 89, 128 Jutes 31, 144, 166 Italy 7, 119–20, 128–31, 139, 143 Jutland 40, 77–8, 107 iudicium parium 38, 65, 70 iura propria 64–6, 164–5 Kant, Immanuel 135, 139 see also ius proprium Kepler, Johannes 103 ius civile 13, 18–9, 21, 23–4, 26–9, 92 Labeo, MarcusAntistius 25–6 ius commune 2, 43, 50, 64–7, 69–70, land law 146 77–8, 91–2, 101–2, 111, 136, Langobards see Lombards 163–6 Las Casas, Bartolomé de 97 ius gentium 13, 24 Latins 10–11 ius honorarium 23–5, 26–7 Laurent, François 134 ius naturale see natural law law ius praetorium 23–4 see also administrative law; civil law; see also praetor civil procedural law; ius proprium 64–7, 77–8, 92, 95, 98, commercial law; common law; 111, 160, 163, 166 constitutional law; criminal law; ius Quiritium 13, 24 criminal procedural law; ius respondendi 8, 14, 24–5 customary law; canon law; Ivo of Chartres 58, 95 feudal law; heraldic law;
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184 The history of law in Europe
international law; Islamic law; Lex duodecim tabularum see Law of the land law; Law Merchant; legal Twelve Tables science; legislation; maritime Lex Gundobada 37, 75 law; marriage law; natural law; Lex mercatoria see Law Merchant obligation; private law; Lex Romana Burgundionum 37, 66 procedural law; property law; Lex Romana Visigothorum 36–7, 66 public law; Roman law; Lex Salica 38, 75 succession law;tax law; tort law; lex scripta 66 trusts Lex Visigothorum see Forum iudicum Law of Citations 8–9, 27–8 Liber augustalis 68–9 Law Merchant 75 Liber extra 60–3 Law of the Twelve Tables 8, 11, 17–19, Liberia 162 24, 92 Liber sextus 60, 63 Lebanon 128 Libri feudorum 51, 69 Le Caron, Louis dit Charondas 111 Liechtenstein 124 Lechfield, Battle of 45 Liège, Prince-Bishopric of 86, 119 legal science 1, 3, 18, 23–8, 49–64, lit de justice 105–6 66–7, 77–8, 89–105, 110–12, Littera Bononiensis 51, 92 121–3, 133–9, 158–61, 169 Littera Florentina 51, 92 leges barbarorum 37–8 Littera Pisana 51 see also Lex Gundobada; Forum Littleton, Thomas 159–60 iudicum; Lex Salica Livy, Titus Livius 49, 62, 92 leges Romanorum 35–6 Locke, John 104, 115, 122 see also Lex Romana Burgundionum; Loire, River 66 Lex Romana Visigothorum; Lombards 9, 31, 38, 40 Edictum Theodorici Lombardy 118, 124, 128 legis actio 20–21, 71 Louis IX the Saint, King of France 70 legislation 3, 95, 168 Louis XII, King of France 85 and common law 144, 146, 159–60 Louis XIII, King of France 101 in the Early MiddleAges 36–7, 39 Louis XIV,King of France 81, 85, 106, in the Early ModernAge 82, 105–7 109, 124 in the Late MiddleAges 56, 59, Louis XV,King of France 106 67–70, Louis XVI, King of France 117 and positivism 133–5. 138 Louisiana 128, 162–3 in Roman law 6, 7, 19, 24–5, 36, 136 Lübeck 76 see also codification Luther, Martin 79, 88–9 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 103–4 Lutheranism 110 Leiden 101, 163 Leo I the Great, Pope 40–41 Macedonia 12 Leo IX, Pope 47 Madrid, Peace of 86 León 46, 68 Magdeburg 123 Lessius, Leonardus 97 Magna Carta 46, 149, 150, 154, 165 Leuven 97 Magyars 42, 45 Lex Aquilia 19, 23 Maleville, Jacques de 126 Lex Burgundionum see Lex Gundobada mancipatio 16–18 Lex citandi see Law of Citations Manilius, Manius 91
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Index 185
MarcusAurelius, Roman Emperor 14, nationalism 2, 81, 116–19, 142 26 natural law 13, 97–9, 102–5, 111–12, Maria-Theresa ofAustria 115, 124 121, 123–5, 161, 164 Mariana, Juan de 97 and codification 123–4 maritime law 56, 73, 76, 106, 127, and divine law 99, 103, 121 129–30 and international law 102–3 marriage law 41, 61, 63, 89, 108–9, 120, and ius gentium 13 125, 127, 131–2, 142, 157 and late scholasticism 96–101 Marshall Islands 162 and local law 111–12, 125 MartinV,Pope 87–88 and Reason 103–4, 161 Martini, KarlAnton 124 Navarre 46, 83 Martinus Gosia 52 Nebrija,Antonio de 94 Marx, Karl 115 nefas 16 Maurice of Nassau, Stadtholder 101 see also fas Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Netherlands 31, 45, 80, 83, 86, 88, 93–4, Bavaria 124 108–110, 114, 118, 120, 124, 128, Maximilian ofAustria, Holy Roman 163 Emperor 45, 87 Newton, Isaac 103 Mazarin, Cardinal 85 New Zealand 162 Mediterranean 12, 46, 75–6 Noodt, Gerard 101 Melfi see Liber augustalis Norddeutscher Bund 140 mercantile law see commercial law Normandy 77, 145, 165 Merlin, Philippe 126 Normans 46, 69, 145–6, 166 Merovingians 32 NorthAfrica 12, 26, 31 Mexico 80 North Sea 40 Middle East 12 Norway 48, 78, 107, 145 Milan, Edict of 40 notary, function of 67, 131 Milan 15, 47, 80, 83, 129 Novellae constitutiones 8, 51, 92 Modena 118, 129 Nueva Recopilación de las Leyes de Modestinus, Herennius 8, 27, 92 España 107, 111 Moldova 31 Molina, Luis de 97 obligations, law of 102, 111, 124–5, Mommsen, Theodor 92, 138 127, 130, 132, 141–3, 153, 164 Montesquieu, Charles Louis de see also contract law; tort law Secondat, baron de 115, 122, 134 Octavian, Gaius Iulius Caesar see Moors 44, 68, 81, 109 Augustus More, Thomas 93 Odoacer, King of the Heruli 31 Morocco 128 Oldenbarneveldt, Johan van 101 mos maiorum 16, 19, 24 Oléron see Rolls of Oléron municipal charters 68 Orange, House of 84, 86 Mussolini, Benito 130 ordeals 31, 71–3 ordinary gloss see glossa ordinaria Nantes, Edict of 85 ordo iudiciarius see Romano-canonical Naples 46, 50, 68–9, 83, 120, 128–9 procedure Napoleon Bonaparte 106, 117–18, 124, Orléans 52, 101, 125 126–8, 132–4, 139 Orthodox Christians 41 Nassau see Maurice of Nassau Ostrogoths 31, 37
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186 The history of law in Europe
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 45 personality of law 32, 34–5, 38, 75 Oxford 102, 159, 165, 167 Peru 80, 143 Perugia 54–5 Padua 55 Petition of Rights 84 Pakistan 162 Petrarch, Francesco 54 Palermo 129 Petrus Lombardus 96 Pandectism 130, 137–143 Philip IIAugustus, King of France 45, Pandektes see Digest 48, 84 Papacy Philip II, King of Spain 86, 97, 107 inAvignon 87–8 Philip IV the Fair, King of France 45, 49 and canon law 57, 59, 64, 67–8, 72–3 Piedmont 129 and Carolingians 40–41 Pisa 46, 50, 51, 54–5, 61 in the Early Modern Era 118–120, Pisanelli, Giuseppe 129 163 Pithou, Pierre 111 in the Late Roman Empire 15, 30, 41 plague see Black Death rise of papal monarchy 30, 46–9, 87 Plato 49 see also Church–State relationships; plebeians 11–13, 17 council; decretals; Gregorian see also patricians reform; Investiture Controversy; plebeian tribune 11, 13 pontifex maximus; Reformation; Poland 48, 110, 118, 128, 143 Western Schism Poliziano,Angelo 94 Papal States 46, 118, 128 Pomponius, Sextus 26 Papinianus,Aemilius 8, 9, 14, 26–7 pontifex maximus 12–13, 17–18, 20, 24, Paraguay 113 33, 41, 47, 59 Paris 45, 50, 63, 70, 83, 85–6, 106, 108, see also Papacy 111, 116, 125–6, 132 Portalis, Jean 126, 132 Paris, Peace of 116 Portugal 46, 79–80, 83, 118–20, 128 parlement, royal court of justice 70, positivism 133, 138, 158 105–6, 108, 125–6 Posner, Richard 168 Parliament possession 74, 125, 132, 137, 147 in Britain 83–4, 116, 154–6 postglossators see commentators in Germany 140 Pothier, Robert-Joseph 125, 132, 134 in Italy 129 praetor 11, 18–26, 29, 136, 141 in Scotland 163 praetorian edict 22–7 Parma 47, 118, 120, 128 see also Edictum perpetuum Pasquier, Etienne 111 Presbyterianism 163 paterfamilias 10–11 princeps senatus 13 see also patria potestas Principate 13–14, 18, 24–6, 71 patria potestas 34 Priscus, Iavolenus 28 patricians 11–12, 17–19, 23 private law 4, 7–8, 13, 15–16, 35, 37–8, see also plebeians 41, 55, 65, 74, 77, 89, 97, 110, Paulus, Iulius 8, 27, 29 129–30, 133, 136, 140, 142,145, Pavia 55 164, 169 pax romana 14 privilegium fori 38 pays de droit coutumier 66 see also iudicium parium pays de droit écrit 66, 126 procedural law 37, 63, 71, 168 Perpetual Edict see Edictum perpetuum in common law 151, 166
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Index 187
see also civil procedural law; in Italy 88–9, 92, 96 criminal procedural law; of the twelfth century 49–50 Romano-canonical procedure see also Humanism procedure per formulas see formulary republic procedure in ancient Rome 11–13, 17, 19–25 property law 11, 28, 34, 42, 61, 74, form of government 98, 127 97–8, 102, 109, 124–5, 127, in France 117–18 131–3, 139, 141, 145–6, 159–60 and Rump Parliament see Protestantism see Reformation Commonwealth 84 Prussia 115, 118–20, 123, 134, 139–40 of United Provinces see United Provinces pseudo–Isidorian decretals 57–8, 95 rescriptum 25, 29 public international law see responsum 12, 17–19, 23–5 international law Révigny, Jacques de 52 public law 4, 16–7, 19, 55, 138 Revolution Puchta, Friedrich 138 American 85, 117, 161 Puerto Rico 162 French 85, 113, 117, 119, 121, 125, Pufendorf, Samuel 104, 123, 161 127, 132 Puritanism 109 Glorious 84 Pyrenees 36, 40 Gregorian 47–8, 58–60 Industrial 114 quadrivium 50 in the nineteenth century 119 quaestor 11 rex 11, 13, 20, 32–3 Québec 128, 162–3 Rheinbund 139 Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius 93 Rhine, River 31–2, 128, 139 Rhône, River 32 ratio scripta 66 Richelieu, Cardinal 85 Ravanis, Jacobus de see Révigny, Risorgimento 129 Jacques de Rivail,Aymar de 92 Ravenna 15, 46 Robespierre, Maximilien 118 Raymond of Peñafort 60, 62 Rolls of Oléron 76–7, 156 Reason Roman law 4, 34–7, 49–50, 57–8, 61–3, and Enlightenment 115, 121 82, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105–6, and natural law 103–4, 161 111–12, 125–8, 132, 169 and scholastic method 56, 66, 72, 96, inAntiquity 6–30 98–9 and common law 144, 151, 159–60, Reconquista 44, 46, 79, 81, 83 164–7 Reformation 85, 88–9, 109–10, 120, and Dutch Elegant School 100–102 163 and Historical School 105–36 see alsoAnglicanism; Calvinism; and humanism 90–95 Counter-Reformation; late medieval 50–57, 64–7 Huguenots; Lutheranism; and Usus modernus pandectarum Presbyterianism; Puritanism 100–102 Regino of Prüm 58 see also ius commune Reichskammergericht 1, 86–7, 100, Roman-Dutch law 1, 100–102, 164 136, 163 Romania 14, 31, 128 Renaissance Romano-canonical procedure 30, 71–4, Carolingian 39–40 131–2, 151, 155, 163, 165, 168–9
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Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Wauters-History_of_law_in_Europe / Division: Index /Pg. Position: 11 / Date: 24/2 JOBNAME: Wauters PAGE: 12 SESS: 6 OUTPUT: Wed Mar 8 14:35:32 2017
188 The history of law in Europe
Romanticism 2, 116–18, 135–6, 138, Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor 14, 142 26–7 Romulus, legendary founder of Rome 6 Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de 97 RomulusAugustulus, Roman Emperor Shakespeare, William 90 in the West 31 Siam 143 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 115, 122–3 Sicily 46, 48, 68, 83, 128, 165 Russia 115–6, 118 Siena 47, 87 Silesia 124 Sabines 10 Singapore 162 Sabinus, Masurius 27 Sinibaldo dei Fieschi see Innocent IV Sixtus IV,Pope 60 Sachsenspiegel 77 Slovakia 124 Saepe contingit see summary procedure Slovenia 124 Salamanca, School of 96–8, 101, 103, Smith,Adam 116, 164 120 Sohm, Rudolph 140 Salic law see Lex Salica Spain 7, 42, 45, 66, 68, 79–81, 83, 85–6, San Martin, José de 117 93–4, 96, 108–9, 111, 113, 116–8, Santa Elena 133 120, 128, 131 Sardinia 83, 129 see alsoAragon, Castile, Catalonia, Savary, Jacques 128 León, Navarre Savigny, Friedrich Carl von 1, 135, Speculum iudiciale 63 137–9 Spinoza, Baruch 103 Savonarola, Girolamo 88 social contract 104, 122–3 Saxon Mirror see Sachsenspiegel Solórzano Pereira, Juan de 111 Saxons 31, 38, 144, 166 Soto, Domingo de 97 Saxony 77 SouthAfrica 101, 163 Scandinavia 2, 3, 42, 46, 48, 101, 111 Soviet Union 2, 4 see also Denmark; Norway; Sweden see also Russia Scania 77, 107 St. Germain, Christopher 159 schism see East-Western Schism; Stair, James Dalrymple viscount of 164 Western Schism standard gloss see glossa ordinaria Scheldt, River 86 stare decisis 158 Stark 77 Schengen agreement 4 Stendhal, Marie-Henri Beyle 133 Schiller, Friedrich 135 Stephen of Blois, King of England 146 Schmalkaldic League 87–8 stipulatio 18 Scholasticism 49 Stryck, Samuel 100 Scholasticism, late see Salamanca, Stuart, House of 84 School of Suárez, Francisco 84, 97–8 science see legal science and natural law 98 Scientific School 134 and political power 99 Scotland 2, 3, 32, 83–4, 88, 104, 111, succession law 7, 23, 61, 86, 89, 108–9, 163–4 124, 127, 132–3, 141–2, 157, 162 Seine, River 32 Suebi 31 Senate 11–14 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius 12 Senatus populusque Romanus 11 Sulpicius, Servius 91 Seneca, LuciusAnnaeus 62, 69 summary procedure 73 separation of powers 115–6, 122, 133–4 Svarez, Carl Gotlieb 124
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Index 189
Sweden 101 universities Switzerland 32, 128, 142 foundation of 50 Sylvester I, Pope 57 structure and organization of 50 synod 57–8, 95 teaching methods 53 Syria 26, 128 see also Bologna Uruguay 113, 128 tax law 8, 16, 35, 68, 74, 86, 145–6, 150 Usus modernus pandectarum 100–101 testaments see succession law Utrecht, Treaty of 113 Thailand 143 Utrecht, Union of 86 Theodosius I, Roman Emperor 15, 40 utrumque ius 56, 64 Theodosius II, Roman Emperor of the East 7–9 Valla,Lorenzo 58, 91 Thessalonica, Edict of 40 Valladolid,debates of 97 Thibaut,Anton Friedrich Justus 136–7 Vandals31, 40 Thomasius, Christian 104, 123 Vattel,Emer de 104 Tiber, River 10, 54 Vázquez de Menchaca, Fernando 97 Titus, Roman Emperor 14 Veneto118, 128 Todi 54 Venice46, 58, 80, 120 tort law 5, 19, 150 VereenigdeOostindische Compagnie Toullier, Charles 134 80, 102 Trajan, Roman Emperor 14 Vespasian,Roman Emperor 14 Trent see council of Trent Vienna 118 Tribonianus 6, 91–2 Vikings 3, 42 Tribunal de Corte, royal court of justice Vinnius,Arnold 101 in Castile 71 Virgil, PubliusVergilius Maro 49, 62, trivium 50, 51 92 Tronchet, François 126, 132 Visigoths 31–2, 36–7, 39 trusts, law of 155, 164 Vitoria, Francisco de 96–7, 102 Tunisia 128 Voet,Johannes 101 Turin 129 Voltaire,François–MarieArouet 75, Turkey 143 115 Turks 87 Volumenparvum 51 Tuscany 11, 118, 120, 129 Vulgate 41, 90 Grand Duchy of 129 see also Bible; Littera Bononiensis tyrannicide 97, 120 Tyrol 124 Wales 32, 83, 163 war Ulpian, Gnaeus DomitiusAnnius 8, 27, American revolutionary war 85, 92–3 116–17 United Kingdom of Great Britain (and ofAustrian Succession 85 Ireland) 84, 162, 163 Austro-Prussian war 139 United Kingdom of the Netherlands 118 civil wars in England 83–4, 109, 146 United Provinces, Republic of 80, 84, civil war in France 85, 111 86, 101, 109, 111, 118 civil war in Rome 12, 13, 15 see also Netherlands civil war in Switzerland 142 United States ofAmerica 5, 116, 121–2, and colonies 80 128, 144, 148, 150, 161–2 EightyYearsWar 87, 109
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190 The history of law in Europe
and feudalism 67, 82 William the Conqueror, King of Franco–Prussian war 119, 140 England 46, 145 and the French revolution 118 William III, King of England 84 and Germanic tribes 32 wills see succession law HundredYearsWar 45–6, 79, 81, 83, Wolff, Christian 104, 123 85 Worms 47, 58 between Italian city–states 50–51 writs 149, 151–3 and law 102 of assumpsit 5, 153 Napoleonic wars 117–18 of certiorari 151 Punic Wars 12 of covenant 151, 153 religious wars 85, 87–8, 109 of debt 151 of the Roses 83 of detinue 151 Scottish wars of independence 163 SevenYearsWar 85, 117 of Habeas Corpus 151 of Spanish Succession 83, 85, 113 of ne exeat republic 153 ThirtyYearsWar 87, 109 of quominus 150 World War I 2, 113, 119, 130 of trespass 150, 152 World War II 2, 4, 119, 130, 143 of trespass on the case 152 Watt, James 114 Western Schism 87 Yugoslavia 143 Westminster 147–9, 156, 158, 160 Westphalia 123, 128 Zasius, Ulrich 94 Westphalia, Peace of 87, 139 Zealand 77, 107 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 135 Zeiller, Franz von 124 Windscheid, Bernhard 138–40, 143 Zürich 142
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