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Plant Ecology of an Arid Basin Tres Alamos-Redington Area Southeastern Arizona

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Plant Ecology of an Arid Basin Tres Alamos-Redington Area Southeastern Arizona Plant Ecology of an Arid Basin Tres Alamos-Redington Area Southeastern Arizona GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 485-D Plant Ecology of an Arid Basin Tres Alamos-Redington Area Southeastern Arizona By ROBERT C. ZIMMERMANN VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGIC PHENOMENA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 485-D A study of variations in the plant cover of an arid basin^ primarily as related to differences in surface-flow regimen UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1969 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page List of plants....__-_-_-_____-_-___-__----___-_---__ V Vegetation Continued Abstract_ _ ________________________________________ Dl Variation in the vegetation of valley floors Con. Introduction.___-____-______.---____--_-_____-_-____ 2 Vegetation of the San Pedro River bottom lands..-..------_--_----_----_----___ D27 Physical setting.__________-_---_____-_--___________ 2 Summary. _ _______________________________ 28 Topography_ _________________________________ 2 Germination of valley-floor species_____________ 29 Bedrock geology._______________________________ 4 General interpretation of the ecology of valley- Valley-fill geology._-_____-_______-_-_______-_-__ 5 floor vegetation.________________________ 31 Soils- ___-._.___..-_-.-_____._..._-._.__..__.__ 6 Headwaters located on valley fill ____________ 31 Climate. -_______--______----___-_-_-_____-____ 6 Headwaters located on bedrock _____________ 33 Flow regimens________________________________ 7 Middle reach located on bedrock ____________ 35 Vegetation.________________________________________ 11 Middle reach located on valley fill.__--______ 35 General description.____________________________ 11 Bedrock canyon in middle to lower reach_____ 36 Floristic regions and previous work ______________ 12 Lower reach located on valley fill____________ 36 Methods of study.._____________________________ 12 Extreme lower reach located on bedrock._____ 37 Variation in the vegetation of the uplands.________ 12 Summary. ________________________________ 38 Variation in the vegetation of valley floors____-_-_- 17 Selected aspects of valley-floor plant ecology. _ _. _ _ 39 Valley-floor vegetation undifferentiated from Valley-floor vegetation, rooting depths, and that of adjacent uplands._________________ 19 ground-water withdrawals.___________ 39 Bottom-land closed-canopy forest..__--___.___ 19 Rooting depths______--___-___________- 39 Variation in the vegetation of ephemeral streams- 20 Capillary rise. ________________________ 40 Valley-floor vegetation of Tres Alamos Wash Plant growth and sources of moisture.___ 41 and Ash Creek___________________________ 21 Distribution and ecology of desert-willow____- 42 Kelsey Canyon______-_________---_-____.___ 23 Valley-floor vegetation of gaged streams in the Lower reach of Hot Springs Canyon___________ 24 Tucson basin__________-___-___-_-___--- 43 Variations in valley-floor vegetation down­ Discussion.________________________________________ 44 stream from the mountain front.__________ 24 References.___-___-_________-_____-__--______--_-__ 46 Lower reach of Soza Canyon__-_-__-_-______ 26 Index _____________________________________________ 49 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. Geohydrologic maps of the Tres Alamos-Redington area. _______________--_-_-_----------------- In pocket 2. Maps showing ranges of valley-floor species in the Tres Alamos-Redington area._______._____-_-_--- In pocket FIGURE 1. Map of southeastern Arizona showing location of study area.____________----_-__---_---------------- D3 2. Photograph of terraces along the lower reach of Tres Alamos Wash._________________---_------------- 6 3. Photograph of Soza Canyon at the confluence with the San Pedro River.___________-_-----_----------- 8 4. Graph showing ground-water depths in the alluvium of Ash Creek.__________._______-----_----------- 10 5. Map showing flows in the lower reach of Soza Canyon on January 7, 1966- _____________-___--_-----_-- 11 6. Map showing ranges of selected species.______________-_________-___-----_-_-_--------------------- 13 7. Map showing vegetation of the uplands in Tps. 14 and 15 S., R. 20 E.-------------------------------- 14 8. Photograph of savanna growing in T. 14 S., R. 20 E___________________---_--_--------_-_--------- 15 9. Photograph of shrubs growing on dissected valley flank__.__________________-_______------__-__------ 15 10. Bar graph showing frequency of occurrence of species._____________________-_____-_---_-_----------- 16 11. Planetable map showing distribution of honeysage at the edge of a terrace__-__-__-_-_--_--_-_---------- 18 12-21. Photographs: 12. Ocotillo growing on partly cemented gravels.____________________--__--__---_-_----_-------- 18 13. Wash with ephemeral flow regimen, located on basin fill_____________________________-_---_--- 18 14. Bottom-land forest along the San Pedro River_________________-_---__--_------------------- 18 15. Valley-floor vegetation of Ash Creek near location 77_ _____________--____---_---__-------_--- 22 16. Reach of Hot Springs Canyon with perennial flow at location 51-__--__-_-_-----_------------- 24 17. Aerial view of Redfield Canyon at the contact between bedrock and valley fill__________________ 25 18. Ash seedlings in the channel of Ash Creek._____________________________--_______---_---_--- 30 19. Red Silt Wash in the NWtf, sec. 31, T. 15 S., R. 20 E_.-_.___-__--_ __ - ..-.----- ------ 33 20. Flow in small tributary of Soza Canyon____________________________________________________ 38 21. Root mass of cottonwood that grew beside a stream with semiperennial flow_________-_______--- 42 22. Graph showing number of days of flow in Rillito Creek near Wrightstown and at the Oracle Road gaging station ____________________________________________________________________________________ 45 in IV CONTENTS TABLES TABLE 1. Basin dimensions of selected tributaries of the San Pedro River______---_-_.-_---_-----_------------_-_ D4 2. Valley-fill geology of the Tres Alamos-Redington area______.._________________-_---_---------_-_-___- 5 3. Seasonal mean temperatures in the Tres Alamos-Redington area-____-_-__------------_--------------- 6 4. Length of flow downstream from bedrock canyons for selected streams._______________________________ 7 5. Days on which Buehman and Redfield Canyons discharged into the San Pedro River____________________ 8 6. Selected discharges in streams with perennial and semiperennial flows- ________________________________ 8 7. Species present on smooth slopes and on dissected flanks of the San Pedro Valley.______________________ 15 8. List of valley-floor species-___-__-____________-___-__-_----__-----------------------------------_- 19 9. Valley-floor and side-slope vegetation of a tributary of Tres Alamos Wash.____________________________ 19 10. Species composition of valley-bottom vegetation of Paige Canyon near Watkins Ranch__________________ 19 11. Basal area in plot located along Paige Canyon at locality 6______-________-_---_-_--_-_--___-_-_---_- 19 12. Basal area in plot located along Turkey Creek at locality 5_________-_-----------__-------_--_------- 19 13. Basal area of valley-floor and upland vegetation along Great Bajada Wash___________________________ 20 14. Basal area of valley-floor vegetation of Roble Canyon at location 19---------------------------------- 20 15. Basal area of the valley-floor vegetation of Teran Wash at location 18_________________________________ 20 16. Species present on the valley floor of Tres Alamos Wash at selected locations-.-________________________ 21 17. Basal area of valley-floor vegetation of Tres Alamos Wash-_______-__________-_-__---_-_------_--_-__ 21 18. Species present on the valley floor of Ash Creek at selected locations_____________-____-_--_---_-_____- 22 19. Basal area of valley-floor vegetation of Tres Alamos Wash and Ash Creek at selected locations.__________ 23 20. Species present at selected locations along Kelsey Canyon._______-________-___-___-_-__-___------_-_- 23 21. Basal area of valley-floor vegetation of Hot Springs Canyon at location 21__-________-________--__-____ 24 22. Species present at selected locations along the lower Hot Springs Canyon._____________________________ 24 23. Species present at selected locations along Redfield Canyon. _________________________________________ 25 24. Species present at selected locations along the lower Paige Canyon.___________________________________ 26 25. Species present at selected locations along the lower reach of Buehman Canyon._____--_--__-__-_-_-____ 26 26. Valley-floor species present at selected locations along Soza Canyon___________________________________ 26 27. List of species observed within the channel of the San Pedro River____________________________________ 27 28. Flow events in and near Tres Alamos Wash________________________________________________________ 33 29. Maximum rooting depths observed in arid and semiarid areas of the world-_-_______-_-_-______-_--____ 40 30. Species present at gaging sites of streams in the Tucson basin_ _______________________________________ 43 31. Hydrologic characteristics of gaged streams in the Tucson basin_________________________________._.__ 44 LIST OF PLANTS [Scientific names after Kearney and Peebles (1960) unless otherwise indicated] Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name Acacia: Grama. ____-___-----
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