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Neo-Nazism consists of post- World War II militant, social or political movements seeking to revive and implement the ideology of Nazism. Neo- Nazis seek to employ their ideology to promote hatred and attack minorities, or in some cases to create a fascist state. Neo-Nazism is a global phenomenon, with organized representation in many countries and international networks. It borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including ultranationalismracismxenophobiaableismhomophobiaanti-Romanyismantisemitismanti-communism and initiating the Fourth Reich. Holocaust denial is also a common feature espoused by neo-Nazis. In some European and Latin Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition countries, laws prohibit the expression of pro-Nazi, racist, anti-semitic, or homophobic views. Many Nazi-related symbols are banned in European countries especially Germany in an effort to curtail neo-Nazism. The term neo-Nazism describes any post- World War II militant, social or political movements seeking to revive the ideology of Nazism in whole or in part. The term neo-Nazism can also refer to the ideology of these movements, which may borrow elements from Nazi doctrine, including ultranationalismanti- communismracismableismxenophobiahomophobiaanti-Romanyismantisemitismup to initiating the Fourth Reich. Holocaust denial is a common feature, as is the incorporation of Nazi symbols and admiration of Adolf Hitler. Neo-Nazism is considered a particular form of far-right politics and right-wing extremism. Neo-Nazi writers have posited a spiritual, esoteric doctrine of racewhich moves beyond the primarily Darwinian -inspired materialist scientific racism popular mainly in the Anglosphere during the 20th century. Figures influential in the development of neo-Nazi racism, [ citation needed ] such as Miguel Serrano and Julius Evola writers who are described by critics of Nazism such as the Southern Poverty Law Center as influential within what it presents as parts of "the bizarre fringes of National Socialism, past and present"[7] claim that the Hyperborean ancestors of the Aryans were in the distant past, far higher beings than their current state, having suffered from "involution" due to mixing with the "Telluric" peoples; supposed creations of the Demiurge. Within this theory, if the "Aryans" are to return to the Golden Age of the distant past, they need to awaken the memory of the blood. An extraterrestrial origin of the Hyperboreans is often claimed. These theories draw influence from Gnosticism and Tantrismbuilding on the work of the Ahnenerbe. Within this racist theory, Jews are held up as the antithesis of nobility, purity and beauty. Neo-Nazism generally aligns itself with a blood and soil variation of environmentalismwhich has themes in common with deep ecologythe organic movement and animal protectionism. Following the defeat of Nazi Germanythe political ideology of the ruling party, Nazism, was in complete disarray. He died on 2 May during the Battle of Berlinbut the Soviet Union did not reveal his death to the rest of the world, and his ultimate fate remained a mystery for many years. Conspiracy theories emerged about Hitler himselfthat he had secretly survived the war and fled to South America or elsewhere. A process of denazification began, and the Nuremberg trials took place, where many major leaders and ideologues were condemned to death by Octoberothers committed suicide. In both the East and West, surviving ex-party members and military veterans assimilated to the new reality and had no interest in constructing a "neo-Nazism. In Austrianational independence had been restored, and the Verbotsgesetz explicitly criminalised the NSDAP and any attempt at restoration. West Germany adopted a similar law to target parties it defined as anti-constitutional; Article 21 Paragraph 2 in the Basic Lawbanning the SRP in for being opposed to liberal democracy. As a consequence, some members of the nascent movement of German neo-Nazism joined the Deutsche Reichspartei of which Hans-Ulrich Rudel was the most prominent figure. Younger members founded the Wiking-Jugend modeled after the Hitler Youth. In the s she wrote a number of books, such as Pilgrimagewhich concerns prominent Third Reich sites, and The Lightning and the Sunin which she claims that Adolf Hitler was an avatar of the God Vishnu. She was not alone in this reorientation of Nazism towards its Thulean -roots; the Artgemeinschaftfounded by former SS member Wilhelm Kusserow, attempted to promote a new paganism. It reached out to those attracted by the Nazi Party before and provide them with a political outlet, so that they would not be tempted to support the far-right again or turn to the anti-communist Western Allies. With the onset of the Cold Warthe allied forces had lost interest in prosecuting anyone as part of the denazification. InStrasser founded the German Social Union as a Black Front successor, promoting a Strasserite "nationalist and socialist" policy, which dissolved in due to lack of support. However, they did not claim to be attempting to restore Nazism, instead working with the social democrats and Christian democrats. Many bureaucrats who served under the Third Reich continued to serve in German administration after Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition war. According to the Simon Wiesenthal Centermany of the more than 90, Nazi war criminals recorded in German files were serving in positions of prominence under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. Neo-Nazism found expression outside of Germany, including in countries who fought against the Third Reich during the Second World War, and sometimes adopted pan-European or "universal" characteristics, beyond the parameters of German nationalism. Yockey, a neo-Spenglerian author, had written Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics dedicated to "the hero of the twentieth century" namely, Adolf Hitler and founded the European Liberation Front. Yockey was also fond of Arab nationalismin particular Gamal Abdel Nasseras well as this he saw Fidel Castro 's Cuban Revolution as a positive and visited officials there. He was constantly hounded by the FBI and Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition eventually arrested inbefore committing suicide. MadoleH. Rockwell, an American conservative, was first politicised by anti-communism and opposed to racial integrationbefore becoming anti-Jewish. In response to his opponents calling him a "Nazi", he theatrically appropriated the aesthetic elements of the NSDAP, to "own" the intended insult. InRockwell founded the American Nazi Party and instructed his members to dress in imitation SA -style brown shirts, while flying the flag of the Third Reich. In the s, Tyndall's earlier involvement with neo-Nazism would come back to haunt the National Frontwhich he led, as they attempted to ride a wave of anti-immigration populism and concerns over British national decline. Televised exposes on This Week in and World in Action inshowed their neo-Nazi pedigree and damaged their electoral chances. InRockwell was killed by a disgruntled former member. Matthias Koehl took control of the ANP, and strongly influenced by Savitri Devi, gradually transformed it into an esoteric group known as the New Order. Franco Freda created a "Nazi- Maoist " synthesis. Holocaust denialthe claim that six million Jews were not deliberately and systematically exterminated as an official policy of the Third Reich and Adolf Hitler, became a more prominent feature of neo-Nazism in the s. Before this time, Holocaust denial had long existed as a sentiment among neo-Nazis, but it had not yet been systematically articulated as a theory with a bibliographical canon. Did Six Million Really Die? Key developments in international neo-Nazism during this time include the radicalisation of the Vlaamse Militanten Orde under former Hitler Youth member Bert Eriksson. They began hosting an annual conference; the "Iron Pilgrimage"; at Diksmuidewhich drew kindred ideologues from across Europe and beyond. Lauck's organisation drew support from the National Socialist Movement of Denmark of Povl Riis-Knudsen and various German and Austrian figures who felt that the "National Democratic" parties were too bourgeois and insufficiently Nazi in orientation. The organisation was officially banned in by the Minister of the Interior. During the late s, a British subculture came to be associated with neo- Nazism; the skinheads. Portraying an ultra-masculine, crude and aggressive image, with working-class references, some of the skinheads joined the British Movement under Michael McLaughlin successor of Colin Jordanwhile others became associated Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition the National Front's Rock Against Communism project which was meant to counter the SWP 's Rock Against Racism. The most significant music group involved in this project was Skrewdriverled by Ian Stuart Donaldson. By this network, with input from Harold Covingtonhad developed a paramilitary wing; Combat 18which intersected with football hooligan firms such as the Chelsea Headhunters. The neo-Nazi skinhead movement spread to the United States, with groups such as the Hammerskins. Since then it has spread across the world. Films such as Romper Stomper and American History X would fix a public perception Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition neo-Nazism and skinheads were synonymous. New developments also emerged on the esoteric level, as former Chilean diplomat Miguel Serrano built on the works of Carl JungOtto Rahn Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition, Wilhelm LandigJulius Evola and Savitri Devi to bind together and develop already existing theories. Serrano had been a member of the National Socialist Movement of Chile in the s and from the early days of neo-Nazism he had been in contact with key figures across Europe and beyond. Despite this, he was able to work as an ambassador to numerous countries until the rise of Salvador Allende. Serrano claimed that the Aryans were extragalactic beings who founded Hyperborea and lived the heroic life of Bodhisattvaswhile the Jews were created by the Demiurge and were concerned only with coarse materialism. Serrano claimed that a new Golden Age can be attained if the Hyperboreans repurify their blood supposedly the light of the Black Sun and restore their " blood-memory. With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union during the early s, neo-Nazism began to spread its ideas in the East, as hostility to the triumphant liberal order was high and revanchism a widespread feeling. In Russia, during the chaos of the early s, an amorphous mixture of KGB hardliners, Orthodox neo-Tsarist nostalgics i. They were united by opposition to the influence of Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition United States, against the liberalising legacy of Mikhail Gorbachev 's perestroika and on the Jewish questionSoviet Zionology merged with a more explicit anti-Jewish sentiment. The most significant organisation representing this was Russian National Unity under the leadership of Alexander Barkashovwhere black-uniform clad Russians marched with a red flag incorporating the Swastika under the banner of Russia for Russians. These forces came together in a last gasp effort to save the Supreme Soviet of Russia against Boris Yeltsin during the Russian constitutional crisis. As well as events in Russia, in newly independent ex-Soviet states, annual commemorations for SS volunteers now took place; particularly in LatviaEstonia and the Ukraine. The Russian developments excited German neo-Nazism who dreamed of a Berlin — Moscow alliance against the supposedly "decadent" Atlanticist forces; a dream which had been thematic since the days of Remer. Despite these initial Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition, international neo-Nazism and its close affiliates in ultra- nationalism would be split over the Bosnian War Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition andas part of the breakup of Yugoslavia. The split would largely be along ethnic and sectarian lines. Indeed, the revival of National Bolshevism was able to steal some of the thunder from overt Russian neo-Nazism, as ultra-nationalism was wedded with veneration of Joseph Stalin in place of Adolf Hitler, while still also flirting with Nazi aesthetics. Outside Germany, in other countries which were involved with the Axis powers and had their own native ultra-nationalist movements, which sometimes collaborated with the Third Reich but were not technically German-style National Socialists, revivalist and nostalgic movements have emerged in the post-war period which, as neo-Nazism has done in Germany, seek to rehabilitate their various loosely associated ideologies. Following the last stand of Italian fascism with the German-supported Italian Social Republic towards the end of the Second World War, those elements within Italian society which remained loyal to the legacy of Benito Mussolini and fascism especially veterans of the National Republican Armyrejecting both the Catholic and Communist alternatives prominent in mainstream Italian politics, founded Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition Italian Social Movement in under Giorgio Almirante. The motto of the party was "not repudiate, not restore", indicating a more moderate parliamentary democratic neo-fascismwhich did not heap scorn on the recent past. Italian society did not undergo a process as extensive as the post-war Denazification campaign in occupied Germany, partly due to the Cold War and the Western Allies not wanting Italy to move towards the Warsaw Pact which was not an impossibility at the time. The Italian Social Movement held a similar position in Italian politics that the National Democratic Party of Germany did in Germany; careful enough to stay within the laws of the new democratic state, but still clearly identified with the Axis legacy. During the s, the MSI moved closer to bourgeois conservative politics on the domestic front, which led to radical youths founding hardline splinter groups, such as Pino Rauti 's Ordine Nuovo later succeeded by Ordine Nero and Stefano Delle Chiaie 's Avanguardia Nazionale. These organisations were influenced by the esotericism of Julius Evola and Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition the Waffen-SS and Romanian leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu a reference, moving beyond Italian fascism. They were implicated in paramiliary attacks during the late s to the early s, such as the Piazza Fontana bombing. Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition Chiaie had even assisted Junio Valerio Borghese in a failed coup attempt known as the Golpe Borghesewhich attempted to reinstate a fascist state in Italy. During the late s and early s, the Italian Social Movement under the leadership of Gianfranco Fini moved closer to conservative politics, adopting a "post-fascist" position. This was opposed by the fascist element under Rauti who created Fiamma Tricolore in The party was dissolved under Fini inwho replaced it with the National Alliance. This party rapidly moved away from any connection to the fascist past, towards the center-right in coalition with Silvio Berlusconi 's Forza Italia. The two parties merged in to become The People of Freedom. Alessandra Mussolinitroubled by Fini's explicit condemnation of her grandfather broke with the AN to found Social Action. In terms of current size, they are mostly negligible. These two groups, like the Germans, saw themselves as combining ultra-nationalism and socialism. Early neo-fascist groups included Jeune Nationwhich introduced the Celtic cross into use by radical right groups an association which would spread internationally. It was the s, during the Fifth French Republicthat a considerable upturn in French neo-fascism occurred; some of it in response to the Protests of Others from these neo- fascist micro-groups formed the Parti des forces nouvelles working against Le Pen. Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition subsequent history of the French hard right has been the conflict between the national-conservative controlled FN and "national revolutionary" fascistic and National Bolshevik splinter or opposition groups. Neo-Nazi organizations are outlawed in the Fifth French Republic, yet a significant number of them still exist. Propaganda in Nazi Germany - Wikipedia

The propaganda used by the German Nazi Party in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler 's leadership of Germany — was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of Nazi policies. The pervasive use of propaganda by the Nazis is largely responsible for the word propaganda itself acquiring its present negative connotations. Adolf Hitler devoted two chapters of his book Mein Kampfitself a propaganda tool, to the study and practice of propaganda. Although untrue — German propaganda during World War I was mostly more advanced than that of the British — it became the official truth of Nazi Germany thanks to its reception by Hitler. Mein Kampf contains the blueprint of later Nazi propaganda efforts. Assessing his audience, Hitler writes in chapter VI:. Propaganda must always address itself to the broad masses of the people. All propaganda must be presented in a popular form and must fix its intellectual level so as not to be above the heads of the least intellectual of those to whom it is directed. The art of propaganda consists precisely in being able to awaken the imagination of the public through an appeal to their feelings, in finding the appropriate psychological form that will arrest the attention and appeal to the hearts of the national masses. The broad masses of the people are not made up of diplomats or professors of public jurisprudence nor simply of persons who are able to form reasoned judgment in given cases, but a vacillating crowd of human children who are constantly wavering Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition one idea and another. The great majority of a nation is so feminine in its character and outlook that its thought and conduct are ruled by sentiment rather than by sober reasoning. This sentiment, however, is not complex, but simple and consistent. It is not highly differentiated, but has only the negative and positive notions of love and hatred, right Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition wrong, truth and falsehood. Propaganda must Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition investigate the truth objectively and, in so far as it is favorable to the other side, present it according to the theoretical rules of justice; yet it must present only that aspect of the truth which is favorable to its own side. The receptive powers of the masses are very restricted, and their understanding is feeble. On the other hand, they quickly forget. Such being the case, all effective propaganda must be confined to a few bare essentials and those must be expressed as far Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition possible in stereotyped formulas. These slogans should be persistently repeated until the very last individual has come to grasp the idea that has been put forward. Every change that is made in the subject of a propagandist message must always emphasize the same conclusion. The leading slogan must, of course, be illustrated in many ways and from several angles, but in the end one must always return to the assertion of the same formula. It was joined in by Joseph Goebbels 's Der Angriffanother unabashedly and crudely propagandistic paper. During most of the Nazis' time in opposition, their means of propaganda Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition limited. With little access to mass media, the party continued to rely heavily on Hitler and a few others speaking at public meetings until Goebbels, a former journalist and Nazi party officer in Berlin, soon proved his skills. Among his first successes was the organization of riotous demonstrations that succeeded in having the American anti-war film All Quiet on the Western Front banned in Germany. Its goals were to establish enemies in the public mind: the external enemies which had imposed the Treaty of Versailles on Germany, and internal enemies such as JewsRomanihomosexuals, Bolsheviksand cultural trends including " degenerate art ". A major political and ideological cornerstone of Nazi policy was the unification of all ethnic Germans living outside the Reich's borders e. For months prior to the beginning of World War II inGerman newspapers and leaders had carried out a national and international propaganda campaign accusing Polish authorities of organizing or tolerating violent ethnic cleansing of ethnic Germans living in Poland. I will provide a propagandistic casus belli. Its credibility doesn't matter. The victor will not be asked whether he told the truth. The main part of this propaganda campaign was the false flag Operation Himmlerwhich was designed to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany, in order to justify the invasion of Poland. Research finds that the Nazis' use of radio propaganda helped it consolidate power and enroll more party members. There are a variety of factors that increased the obedience of German soldiers in terms of following the Nazi orders that were given to them regarding Jews. Thus, German soldiers followed orders given to them and participated in the demonization and mass murders of Jews. Adolf Hitler and Nazi propagandists played on widespread and long-established German anti-Semitism. The Jews were blamed for things such as robbing the German people of their hard work while themselves avoiding physical labour. Hitler declared that the mission of the Nazi movement was to annihilate " Jewish Bolshevism ", which was also called " Cultural Bolshevism ". At the Nazi party congress rally at Nuremberg, Goebbels declared that "Bolshevism is the declaration of war by Jewish-led international subhumans against culture itself. A study finds that the Nazis' use of radio propaganda incited anti-Semitic acts. Nazi radio was most effective in places where anti-Semitism was historically high but had a negative effect in places with historically low anti-Semitism. The Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring was introduced on 14 Julyand various propaganda was used to target the disabled. Inanti-semitic laws in Nazi Germany were introduced known as the Nuremberg Lawsthe laws excluded non-Aryans and political opponents of the Nazis from the civil-service and any sexual relations and marriage between people classified as "Aryan" and "non-Aryan" Jews, Romani, Blacks was prohibited as Rassenschande or "race defilement". Soon after the takeover of power inNazi concentration camps were established for political opponents. The first people that were sent to the camps were political opponents, especially communists and socialists. The Berliner Tageblattalso inpredicted: "Should we accept the conditions, a military furore Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition revenge will sound in Germany within a few years, a militant nationalism will engulf all. He would repeatedly refer back to the terms of the Treaty as a direct attack on Germany and its people. In one speech delivered on 30 January he directly stated that he was withdrawing the German signature from the document to protest the outrageous proportions of the terms. He Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition the Treaty made Germany out to be inferior and "less" of a country than others only because blame for the war was placed on it. Until the conclusion of the Battle of Stalingrad on 2 FebruaryGerman propaganda emphasized the prowess of German arms and the humanity German soldiers had shown to the peoples of occupied territories. Pilots of the Allied bombing fleets were depicted as cowardly murderers and Americans in particular as gangsters in the style of Al Capone. At the same time, German propaganda sought to alienate Americans and British from each other, and both these Western nations from the Soviet Union. One of the primary sources for propaganda was the Wehrmachtberichta daily radio broadcast from the High Command of the Wehrmachtthe OKW. Nazi victories lent themselves easily to propaganda broadcasts and were at this point difficult to mishandle. For example, considerable embarrassment resulted when the Ark Royal proved to have survived an attack that German propaganda had hyped. After Stalingrad, the main theme changed to Germany as the sole defender of what they called "Western European culture" against the "Bolshevist hordes". The introduction of the V-1 and V-2 "vengeance weapons" was emphasized to convince Britons of the hopelessness of defeating Germany. Problems in propaganda arose easily in this stage; expectations of success Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition raised too high and too quickly, which required explanation if they were not fulfilled, and blunted the effects of success, and the hushing of blunders and failures caused mistrust. On 23 Junethe Nazis permitted the Red Cross to visit the concentration camp Theresienstadt to dispel rumors about the Final Solutionwhich was intended to kill all Jews. In reality, Theresienstadt was a transit camp for Jews en route to extermination camps. The hoax was so successful for the Nazis that they went on to make a propaganda film Theresienstadt. The shooting of the film began on 26 February Directed by Kurt Gerronit was meant to show how well the Jews lived under the "benevolent" protection of the Third Reich. After the shooting, most of the cast, and even the filmmaker himself, were deported to the concentration camp of Auschwitz where they were murdered. Hans Fritzschewho had been head of the Radio Chamber, was tried and acquitted by the Nuremberg war crimes tribunal. Anti-semitic wartime propaganda served a variety of purposes. It was hoped that people in Allied countries would be persuaded that Jews should be blamed for the war. The Nazis also wished to ensure that German people were aware of the extreme measures being carried out against the Jews on their behalf, in order to incriminate them and thus guarantee their continued loyalty through fear by Nazi-conjectured scenarios of supposed post-war "Jewish" reprisals. Germans were fed the knowledge that too many atrocities had been committed, especially against the Jews, to allow for an understanding to be reached with the Allies. The Nazis and sympathizers published Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition books. Most of the beliefs that would become associated with the Nazis, such as German nationalism, eugenics and anti-Semitism had been in circulation since the 19th century, and the Nazis seized on this body of existing work in their own publications. The most notable is Adolf Hitler 's Mein Kampf detailing his beliefs. It is heavily influenced by Gustave Le Bon 's The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mindwhich theorized propaganda as a way to control the seemingly irrational behaviour of crowds. Particularly prominent is the violent anti-Semitism of Hitler and his associates, drawing, among other sources, on the fabricated " Protocols of the Elders of Zion "which implied that Jews secretly conspired to rule the world. This book was a key source of propaganda for the Nazis and helped fuel their common hatred against the Jews during World War II. These books were used as texts in German schools during the Nazi era. The pre-existing and popular genre of Schollen-romanor novel of the soil, also known as blood and soil novels, [49] was given a boost by the acceptability of its themes to the Nazis and developed a mysticism of unity. The immensely popular "Red Indian" stories by Karl May were permitted despite the heroic treatment of the hero Winnetou and "colored" races; instead, the argument was made that the stories demonstrated the fall of the Red Indians was caused by a lack of racial consciousness, to encourage it in the Germans. Children's books also made their appearance. InJulius Streicher published Der Giftpilz The Poisonous Mushrooma storybook that equated the Jewish people to poisonous mushrooms and aimed to educate children about the Jews. The book was an example of anti-Semitic propaganda and stated that "The following tales tell the truth about the Jewish poison mushroom. They show the many shapes the Jew assumes. They show the depravity and baseness of the Jewish race. They show the Jew for what he really is: The Devil in human form. Maps showing the racial composition of Europe were banned Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition the classroom after many efforts that did not define the territory widely enough for party officials. Fairy tales were put to use, with Cinderella being presented as a tale of how the prince's racial instincts lead him to reject the stepmother's alien blood present in her daughters for the racially pure maiden. Literature was to be chosen within the "German spirit" rather than a fixed list of forbidden and required, which made the teachers all the more cautious [66] although Jewish authors were impossible for classrooms. Biology texts, however, were put to the most use in presenting eugenic principles and racial theories; this included explanations of the Nuremberg Lawswhich were claimed to allow the German and Jewish peoples to co-exist without the danger of mixing. Teachers' guidelines on racial instruction presented both the handicapped and Jews as dangers. In occupied France, the German Institute encouraged the translation of German works although chiefly German nationalists, not ardent Nazis, produced a massive increase in the sale of translated works. The Nazis produced many films to promote their views, using the party's Department of Film for organizing film propaganda. The department controlled the licensing of every film prior to its production. Sometimes the government selected the actors for a film, financed the production partially or totally, and granted tax breaks to the producers. Awards for "valuable" films would decrease taxes, thus encouraging self- censorship among movie makers. Under Goebbels and Hitler, the German film industry became entirely nationalised. The National Socialist Propaganda Directorate, which Goebbels oversaw, had at its disposal nearly all film agencies in Germany by Occasionally, certain directors such as Wolfgang Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition were able to bypass Goebbels by providing him with a different version of the film than would be released. Schools were also provided with motion picture projectors because the film was regarded as particularly appropriate for propagandizing children. Triumph of the Will features footage of uniformed party members though relatively few German soldierswho are marching and drilling to militaristic tunes. Neo-Nazism - Wikipedia

InHeinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and given its final name. Under his direction — it grew from a small paramilitary formation during the Weimar Republic to one of the most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany. They were tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi state, the neutralization of any opposition, policing the German people for their commitment to Nazi ideologyand providing domestic and foreign intelligence. The SS was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of an estimated 5. The SS was also involved in commercial enterprises and exploited concentration camp inmates as slave labor. Ernst Kaltenbrunnerthe highest-ranking surviving SS main department chief, was found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials and hanged in He wished it to be separate from the "suspect mass" of the party, including the paramilitary Sturmabteilung "Storm Battalion"; SAwhich he did not trust. That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded to a national organization and renamed successively the Sturmstaffel Storm Squadronand finally the Schutzstaffel Protection Squad; SS. Hitler's personal SS protection unit was later enlarged to include combat units. Himmler displayed good organizational abilities compared to Heiden. The party announced that it was for "family reasons. He considered the SS an elite, ideologically driven National Socialist organization, Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition "conflation of Teutonic knightsthe Jesuitsand Japanese Samurai ". Inthe SS-Hauptamt main SS office was expanded and reorganized into five main offices dealing with general administration, personnel, finance, security, and race matters. Although officially still considered a sub-organization of the SA and answerable to the Stabschef SA Chief of Staffit was also during this time that Himmler began to establish the independence of the SS from the SA. In the latter half ofHimmler oversaw the creation of SS-Junkerschuleinstitutions where SS officer candidates received leadership training, political and ideological indoctrination, and military instruction. The training stressed ruthlessness and toughness as part of the SS value system, which helped foster a sense of superiority among the men and taught them self-confidence. Commitment to SS ideology was emphasized throughout the recruitment, membership process, and training. Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition initially intended it to be used as an SS training center, but its role came to include hosting SS dinners and neo-pagan rituals. The SS ideology included the application of brutality and terror as a solution to military and political problems. The SS was entrusted with the commission of atrocities, illegal activities, and war crimes. Himmler once wrote that an SS man "hesitates not for a single instant, but executes unquestioningly As part of its race-centric functions during World War II, the SS oversaw the isolation and displacement of Jews from the populations of the conquered territories, seizing their assets and deporting them to concentration camps and ghettoswhere they were used as slave labor or immediately killed. Members of trade unions and those perceived to be affiliated with groups that opposed the regime religious, political, social, and otherwiseor those whose views were contradictory to the goals of the NSDAP government, were rounded up in large numbers; these included clergy of all faiths, Jehovah's WitnessesFreemasonsCommunistsand Rotary Club members. In particular, it was the primary organization which carried out the Holocaust. The SS established a police state within Nazi Germany, using the secret state police and security forces under Himmler's control to suppress resistance to Hitler. Heydrich also continued as head of the Sicherheitsdienst SD; security service. The Gestapo's transfer to Himmler was a prelude to the Night of the Long Knivesin which most of the SA leadership were arrested and subsequently executed. On 17 Juneall police forces throughout Germany were united under the purview of Himmler and the SS. In practice, since the SS answered only to Hitler, the de facto merger of the SS and the police made the police independent of Frick's control. During Kristallnacht 9—10 NovemberSS security services clandestinely coordinated violence against Jews as the SS, Gestapo, SD, Kripo, SiPo, and regular police did what they could to ensure that while Jewish synagogues and community centers were destroyed, Jewish-owned businesses and housing remained intact so that they could later be seized. Some to 1, synagogues were destroyed, mostly by arson. In Septemberthe authority of the SS expanded further when the senior SS officer in each military district also became its chief of police. Their role was to police the population and oversee the activities of the SS men within their district. As the SS grew in size and importance, so too did Hitler's personal protection forces. Inhis larger personal bodyguard unit previously Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition 1st SS-Standarte was called to Berlin to replace the Army Chancellery Guard, assigned to protect the Chancellor of Germany. In Novemberthe name was changed to Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler. Two other SS units composed the inner ring of Hitler's protection. This unit consisted of eight men who served around the clock protecting Hitler in shifts. It continued under separate command and remained responsible for Hitler's protection. The RSD and FBK worked together for security and personal protection during Hitler's trips and public events, but they operated as two groups and used separate vehicles. The SS was closely associated with Nazi Germany's concentration camp system. Leadership at the camps Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition divided into five departments: commander and adjutant, political affairs division, protective custody, administration, and medical personnel. Members were never able to join the ranks of the German High Command and it was dependent on the army for heavy weaponry and equipment. This was primarily done to emphasize the SS as being independent of the Wehrmacht. Its units took unnecessary risks and had a higher casualty rate than the army. After the invasion, Hitler entrusted the SS with extermination actions codenamed Operation Tannenberg and AB-Aktion to remove potential leaders who could form a resistance to German occupation. The killings were committed by Einsatzgruppen task forces; deployment groupsassisted by local paramilitary groups. Satisfied with their performance in Poland, Hitler allowed further expansion of the armed SS formations, but insisted new units remain under the operational control of the army. In the five-day campaign, the LSSAH linked up with army units and airborne troops after several clashes with Dutch defenders. SS troops did not take part in the thrust through the Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition and the river Meuse. The Germans then trapped the British and French troops in a huge pocket at Dunkirk. Two men survived. There, soldiers of the 2nd Battalion were responsible for the Wormhoudt massacrewhere 80 British and Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition soldiers were murdered after they surrendered. At the close of the campaign, Hitler expressed his pleasure with the performance of the SS-Leibstandartetelling them: "Henceforth it will be an honor for you, who bear my name, to lead every German attack. Fritz Klingenberga company commander in the Das Reichled his men across Yugoslavia to the capital, Belgradewhere a small group in the vanguard accepted the surrender of the city on 13 April. A few days later Yugoslavia surrendered. In some cases, they were joined by the Wehrmacht. Serbia became the second country after Estonia declared Judenfrei free of Jews. Of Greece's 80, Jews, only 20 percent survived the war. At first, they fought Soviet partisansbut by the autumn ofthey left the anti-partisan role to other units and actively took part in the Holocaust. While assisting the Einsatzgruppenthey formed firing parties that participated in the liquidation of the Jewish population of the Soviet Union. The SS was built on a culture of violence, which was exhibited in its most extreme form by the mass murder of civilians and prisoners of war on the Eastern Front. The extermination activities of the Einsatzgruppen generally followed a standard procedure, with the Einsatzgruppen chief contacting the nearest Wehrmacht unit commander to inform him of the impending action; this was done so they could coordinate and control access to the execution grounds. He decided that alternate methods of killing should be found, which led to introduction of gas vans. Prisoners or auxiliaries were often assigned to do this task so as to spare the SS men the trauma. In response to the army's difficulties in dealing with Soviet partisans, Hitler decided in July to transfer anti-partisan operations to the police. This placed the matter under Himmler's purview. Himmler set the SS and SD to work on developing additional anti-partisan tactics and launched a propaganda campaign. Thereafter, they secured rural communities and economic installations Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition as factories and administrative buildings. An additional priority was securing agricultural and forestry resources. The SS oversaw the collection of the harvest, which was deemed critical to strategic operations. Communists and people of Asiatic descent were killed presumptively under the assumption that they were Soviet agents. Increasing numbers of Jews and German citizens deemed politically suspect or social outsiders were arrested. Intensification of the killing operations took place in late when the SS began construction of stationary gassing facilities to replace the use of Einsatzgruppen for mass killings. For administrative reasons, all concentration camp guards and administrative staff became full members of the Waffen-SS in The labor needs of the war economy, especially for skilled workers, meant that some Jews escaped the genocide. Bythe SS-TV had been organized into three divisions: staff of the concentration camps in Germany and Austria, in the occupied territories, and of the extermination camps in Poland. Byit became standard practice to rotate SS members in and out of the camps, partly based on manpower needs, but also to provide easier assignments to wounded Waffen-SS members. InHimmler founded the first SS business venture, Nordland-Verlag, a publishing house that released propaganda material and SS training manuals. Thereafter, he purchased Allach Porcelainwhich then began to produce SS memorabilia. Each had at least one factory or quarry nearby where the inmates were forced to work. Their workload was Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition made impossibly high, under the policy of extermination through labor. Bythe SS had purchased 75 percent of the mineral water producers in Germany and were intending to acquire a monopoly. These operated in factories the SS had confiscated from Jews and Poles. The SS owned experimental farms, bakeries, meat packing plants, leather works, clothing and uniform factories, and small arms factories. Items seized included 2, On 5 Julythe Germans launched the Battle of Kurskan offensive designed to eliminate the Kursk salient. On 17 July he called off the operation and ordered a withdrawal. Alarmed by the raids on St Nazaire and Dieppe in Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition, Hitler had ordered the construction of fortifications he called the Atlantic Wall all along the Atlantic coast, from Spain to Norway, to protect against an expected Allied invasion. The Normandy landings took place beginning 6 June The division included tanks and 50 assault gunsplus supporting infantry and artillery. However, as the division was part of the armored reserve, Feuchtinger was obliged to seek clearance from OKW before he could commit his formation. They also took part in the Battle for Caen June—August These forces were to mount an offensive near Mortain and drive west through Avranches to the coast. The Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition forces were prepared for this offensive, and an air assault on the combined German units proved devastating. Waffen-SS units that had survived the Building a Nazi Europe The SSs Germanic Volunteers 1st edition campaigns were withdrawn from the front line to refit. Coincidentally, on 17 September, the Allies launched in the same area Operation Market Gardena combined airborne and land operation designed to seize control of the lower Rhine. In DecemberHitler launched the Ardennes Offensive, also known as the Battle of the Bulgea significant counterattack against the western Allies through the Ardennes with the aim of reaching Antwerp while encircling the Allied armies in the area. Spearheading the attack were two panzer armies composed largely of Waffen-SS divisions.