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3 PaGe  lead story Keeping an Eye submarines have progressed from having to porpoise at the surface to see outside through crude viewing devices fixed in height and direction to today’s photonic masts using high-resolution cameras housed in the sub - marine’s dorsal fin-like sail The Road Ahead Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand The prospect of carrier-borne aircraft and military aviation, except unmanned PaGe 5 aerial vehicles, appears uncertain. It depends heavily on two factors—technology Crying Over Spilled Oil and economics.

PhotograPhS: Indian Navy

any spill, however small, has an environmen - tal and financial impact which takes time and resources to overcome Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand

PaGe 8 Weapons Under Water

a modern torpedo can destroy targets at a range of 40 km and a speed of about 50 Sea Harriers on flight deck of INS Viraat knots. Its destructive power is more than a missile and it can differentiate between a tar - n ADMIRAL (RETD) ARUN PRAKASH explore a bit of aviation history first. or two seaplanes as a standard fit. They get and a decoy. a few months from now, on november would be launched from a ramp on the gun rysTal gazIng or predicting the 10, 2010, we will observe the centennial of turret and recovered on board by crane. Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand future must be one of the most Eugene Ely’s intrepid demonstration that seaplanes being limited in perform - hazardous occupations known to aircraft could be operated from the deck ance, naval commanders began to demand PaGe 12 man. In ancient times, those who of a warship. at that juncture, aviation was fighters at sea. By the end of First World 50 Golden Years got it wrong were declared false a mere seven year old, but this demonstra - War, this had led to the progressive evolu - Indian Naval air squadron 300 celebrates pCrophets and were either stoned to death tion was enough to trigger a revolution in tion of naval fighters as well as ships ded - completion of five decades of service or burnt at the stake by an indignant public. maritime warfare. Bold and imaginative icated to aircraft operations with the fleet Keeping these hazards in mind, let me men in a number of navies started experi - at sea. The definitive aviation ship—the Rear Admiral (Retd) Sushil Ramsay start with the safe but anodyne statement menting with different methods of inte - flat-top aircraft carrier made its appear - that today the prospect for everything in grating the flying machine into different ance in the early 1920s. PLUS military aviation, except unmanned aerial aspects of operations at sea. such was the clamour for air support Surveillance of Land and Maritime 4 vehicles (UaVs), appears uncertain. If that like all innovations, the aircraft too that second World War saw even merchant Borders upsets you, just think of all the poor air faced much opposition from the tradition - ships being equipped with fighters which forces of the world, as they contemplate alists who were of the view that the 16-inch could undertake a rocket assisted take-off Interview: Admiral (Retd) R.H. Tahiliani 7 such a bleak future. gun on deck and 12-inch armour-plating on from a small ramp in the bows. Temporar - Search and Rescue 7 Coming specifically to the fate of car - the waterline constituted an unbeatable ily, this proved a useful measure against rier-borne aircraft; it is inextricably linked combination for all times to come. The air - german U-boats and patrol aircraft, but Innovative Trends in Warship Building 10 to the platforms that carry them. The fu - craft made a hesitant debut on the mar - when the casualty rate in convoys shot up, First 14 ture of both is full of question marks, be - itime scene—first in the scouting role, then small merchant ship hulls were modified cause it depends heavily on two for gunnery observation and finally for with a flight deck but no hangar and TecKnow 14 factors—technology and economics. I will strike and fleet air-defence. Cruisers and equipped with 15-20 aircraft. They became News in Brief 15 touch upon both these aspects; but let me battleships began to be equipped with one the famous escort carriers fondly dubbed

4/2010 1  lead story

The Golden Jubilee of the Indian Navy’s frontline to see outside through crude viewing devices to L fighter squadron, INAS 300, was celebrated in today’s photonic masts using high-resolution cam - Goa with over a hundred White Tigers, both serv - eras. We have for you an article on the new A ing and retired in attendance. Thus it was appro - periscope technology for submarines. There are priate to include a write-up by former Chief of write-ups on underwater weapons, new trends in I Naval Staff Admiral Arun Prakash, who was the warship construction, and the usual news digest. commissioning Commanding Officer of 300 To keep our readers updated about the latest R Naval Air Squadron when it was re-equipped with technological developments and happenings the Sea Harrier FRS Mk51 in UK in 1982, as the around the world, new sections like First and

O lead article. He does some crystal gazing on the TechWatch have been introduced since the last future of carrier-borne fighter aircraft after going issue. This time too, we have included the sev -

T through their evolution since 1910, when it was Owner’s pride: recently, SP’s Editor-in-Chief Jayant eral newest developments. So lay your anchors first demonstrated that an aircraft could be oper - Baranwal presented a copy of SP’s Military Yearbook and read on. 2009-2010 to Defence Minister A.K. Antony in New Delhi I ated from the deck of a warship. He goes on to build a passionate case for an indigenously-built

D aircraft carrier and a home-grown carrier-borne tory of INAS 300 is also included. The piece on fighter. Coupled with this, is an interview of for - oil spills is most topical due to the recent mer CNS Admiral R.H. Tahiliani who as a Lt episodes of oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and off E Commander was the first Indian pilot to land a the Mumbai coast following the collision between Seahawk on INS Vikrant on May 18, 1961. MSC Chitra and MV Khalija III. Submarines have Jayant Baranwa L A report on the celebrations and a brief his - progressed from having to porpoise at the surface Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

The Road Ahead continued

“Jeep carriers.” difficult to generate on a non-nuclear ship. Sea Harrier on an operational sortie aircraft carriers were instrumental in Either way, the choice of catapult operations deciding the fortunes of the war at sea, in has serious ship-design and hence cost im - almost all theatres and in every facet of plications would be a major decision. maritime warfare during World War II. an On the other hand, British aerospace intense shipbuilding programme ensured and the swedish saaB company have prom - that on cessation of hostilities, the Us navy ised to explore the possibility of offering had over a hundred carriers including 78 sTOBar versions of the Typhoon and Jeep carriers and the royal navy about half gripen, respectively. a seemingly facile that number. The Japanese had started the offer, such as this, has huge unstated impli - war with one of the biggest fleet of 10 car - cations. The design modifications required riers, but heavy attrition left them with just to convert a shore-based aircraft into a car - half a dozen at the time of surrender. rier-borne machine, without an excessive Post-World War II induction of jet air - weight/performance penalty, are significant. craft, with higher operating speeds on carri - Once completed, they will require a full- ers, led to the evolution of three innovative fledged trial programme for operational British concepts—the mirror landing sight, clearance. Both these items carry tremen - the steam catapult and angled-deck recovery dous cost implications and it is anybody’s operations. all these contributed to safety guess as to who will carry the financial bur - and efficiency of ship-borne flight opera - den—especially if we are talking about a tions and were eagerly adopted by other mere 40-50 aircraft for the Indian navy. navies. However, as naval fighters gained in to save a few billion dollars. Post-Cold War that the second carrier’s air group would so this brings us back to the original performance and became heavier, they conflicts have obviously reinforced this line consist of the Mig-29K and perhaps lCa question; what is the future of carrier-borne demanded larger hangars, more powerful of thinking because two decades after the (navy), with an option to operate the F-35(B) fighters? India’s maritime interests and com - catapults and bigger flight decks. It is the disappearance of the soviet threat, their lightning II, at a later date, if it is available. mitments in the 21st century demand that last of these which became the driver for carrier force consists exclusively of 100,000 However, it is a different matter that at a our navy deploys its units in the distant this size of the carrier. tonne nimitz class super-carriers with an price tag of `450 crore a piece, we may not reaches of the Indian Ocean region for pro - For example, if you wanted to operate 1,100-foot-long flight deck. be able to afford this aircraft. longed durations. With Vikramaditya and the F-14 Tomcat, a-6 Intruder or E-2 Hawk - Many smaller navies, however, adopted Interestingly, the ongoing competition the indigenous carriers in service, our task eye, with all-up weights of around 30-40 the sCs concept and that is how the air for selection of the Indian air Force (IaF) forces can undertake such missions with tonnes, you needed at least a 900-foot flight arms of the royal navy and the Indian navy multi-role combat aircraft appears to have confidence since they will be assured of tac - deck on a 70-80,000 tonne ship. This would managed to survive. Moreover, the spanish, thrown up four potential candidates for the tical air support wherever they may be. be a “super-carrier”, driven by nuclear Italian and royal Thai navies joined the car - Indian navy too. Of these, the Boeing F/a-18 Continued reliance on foreign sources power. smaller aircraft in the 20-25 tonne rier club via the sCs/sTOVl route. super Hornet and the Dassault rafale both for a carrier-borne fighter will remain a range like the F-4 Phantom, F-8 Crusader or The other major factor is technology. But have naval versions that operate in the cata - grave flaw in our maritime security matrix. the rafale could operate from an 800-foot in this specific context, I will reduce it to just pult assisted take-off but arrested landing The obvious way ahead is for us to build deck which translated into 35-40,000 tonne one critical item—the aircraft launch cata - (CaTOBar) mode. If the IaF does select one upon the precious design and manufactur - carrier. light fleet carriers with smaller pult. Today, the steam catapult is built only of these candidates, there might be some ing expertise accumulated by our aerospace decks, displacing 20-30,000 tonne like in the Usa and its availability to any nation pressure on the Indian navy to consider the industry; indigenously as well as with for - Vikrant and Viraat could operate conven - other than allies like the UK and France, same aircraft for IaC-2. This would mean eign collaboration. tional jet-fighters only with difficulty and remains a question mark. The soviets obvi - that the ship would need to be configured as This means backing the basic lCa were best suited for short take-off and ver - ously struggled in vain for many years, but a CaTOBar carrier. (navy) and the Kaveri engine designs, to the tical landing (sTOVl) operations. could not develop their own version of the The operation of a steam catapult on a hilt and ensuring that their current prob - This brings us into the realm of eco - catapult. That is possibly the reason for their gas-turbine ship would require the installa - lems and shortcomings are overcome. We nomics. a nuclear powered super-carrier equally futile pursuit of VTOl fighters like tion of an autonomous steam-generating must then demand that aeronautical Devel - like the latest CVn-21 Uss gerald Ford is the yak-38 and yak-41, and their eventual plant, exclusively for the catapult. The cut - opment agency should evolve the basic likely to cost $10 billion ( `45,000 crore), decision to pursue the short take-off but ting-edge electro-magnetic aircraft launch lCa to meet the Qr’s for an advanced which is about a third of our total defence arrested landing (sTOBar) route with the system or EMals has now found favour in multi-role sTOBar fighter. This might need budget. HMs Queen Elizabeth II is slated to sukhoi-33 and Mig-29K. the Us navy, but it is still in the throes of de - the addition of a canard or alteration of the cast `28,000 crore and Ins Vikramaditya, as far as Indian navy is concerned, due velopment. Even if such advanced technol - delta-wing configuration. It would certainly even at its escalated cost, will be available to political uncertainties, we decided some ogy is available in India, it will make huge call for a more powerful engine. at about `10,000 crore. years ago to keep the catapult out of our demands of electrical loads, which may be With an indigenously built aircraft It was for economic reasons that in the calculations, in the context of both the lCa carrier and a home-grown carrier-borne 1970s, the Usn seriously considered an al - (navy) and the first Indigenous aircraft Car - fighter, Indian navy would become more ternative strategy whereby they would use rier or IaC-1. This automatically deter - With an indigenously built air - confident, self-reliant and capable force, a few super-carriers in high threat areas mined that the configuration of both the craft carrier and a home- than it would be with imported aircraft—no t and in parallel develop a force of cheaper aircraft and the ship had to be sTOBar and matter how advanced or sophisticated. But e n . 20,000 tonne sea control ships (sCs) de - led to the choice of the Mig-29K. at this grown carrier-borne fighter, above all, our sceptics and prophets of doom s e ploying sTOVl fighters for less demanding moment, nHQ is probably in the process of must remember that if we do not success - c r tasks like anti-submarine warfare (asW) drawing up the staff qualitative require - fully launch an Indian-built carrier-borne air - o the Indian Navy would be - f l

a and convoy escort. ments for IaC-2 and the aircraft that should craft now, we will never do it again. v a after prolonged debate, the Usn de - equip it. One can assume that this repre - come a far more confident, The author is a former CNS and commis - n s cided that no sTOVl aircraft would ever be sents a tricky chicken-and-egg dilemma for sioning Commanding Officer of 300 Naval p

s self-reliant and capable force

. able to match the tremendous capability of the naval staff. Air Squadron when it re-equipped with the w assets like Tomcats, Hornets and Hawkeyes; The easiest option would be to make Sea Harrier FRS Mk51 in the UK in 1982. w

w which they were not ready to abandon, just IaC-2 a replica of IaC-1. This would imply Currently he is the Chairman of NMF.

2 4/2010 teCHNoloGy  Keeping an Eye submarines have progressed from having to porpoise at the surface to see outside through crude viewing devices fixed in height and direction to today’s photonic masts using high-resolution cameras housed in the submarine’s dorsal fin-like sail PhotograPh: US Navy n LT GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND itor Uss Osage, Doughty came under fire Virginia-class attack submarine and decided to overcome this disadvantage USS New Hampshire (SSN 778) HE POsT-WOrlD War II generation by designing a simple periscope. He took a brought up on a regular dose of piece of lead pipe, fitted it with mirrors at naval war movies must be familiar either end and ran it up through the turret. with the term ‘up periscope’, when This makeshift periscope allowed the crew the submarine captain tries to sight of the Uss Osage to see over the river banks Tan enemy warship or the wake of an ap - and destroy the Confederates. proaching torpedo. The periscope is the The Frenchman Marie Davey built a eyes of the submarine and was invented simple, fixed naval periscope using mirrors with the sole purpose of providing a means in 1854. The invention of the collapsible to view the surface without the fear of de - periscope for use in submarine warfare is tection when submerged. In simple terms, usually credited to simon lake in 1902 who a periscope is a device for observation from called his device the omniscope or skalom - a concealed position. In its basic form, it niscope. later, it was made to be raised and consists of a tube with mirrors at each end, turned by hand. The original arrangement set parallel to each other at a 45 degree was satisfactory when the boat was travel - angle. While it is simple in principle, it is ac - ling at low speed. But at higher speed, the tually a complicated piece of instrument. pressure was bound to bend the tube and When not in use, a submarine’s periscope throw the image out of line. Improved de - can be retracted into the hull. a submarine sign resulted in a double tube, the outer to commander has to exercise discretion while resist pressure and the inner to house the using his periscope, since it creates a visible lens systems. wake. It may also be detected by the radar The early instruments were relatively giving away the submarine’s position. a modern submarine periscope incorporates lenses for magnification and functions as a Virginia-class SSN telescope. They typically employ prisms and total internal reflection instead of mir - Modern Us submarines are being de - rors because prisms do not require coatings signed to also take on littoral missions on the reflecting surface and are much like persistent and covert intelligence, more rugged than mirrors. They may have surveillance and reconnaissance, anti- additional optical capabilities such as range submarine warfare, mine detection/ finding and target acquisition. The mechan - clearance, submerged land attack and in - ical systems of submarine periscopes nor - duction /de-induction of the Us special mally use hydraulics and need to be quite Operations Forces. In littoral operations, sturdy to withstand the drag through water. the Us navy may confront rogue states The periscope chassis may also be used to or other adversaries who practise anti-ac - support a radio or radar antenna. cess/area denial (a2/aD). The concept of Thomas H. Doughty of the Us navy has a2/aD is that if the Us navy can be de - been credited with the invention of the orig - nied a targeted littoral region even tem - inal periscope. During the Civil War, Con - porarily then it becomes difficult for the federate cavalry kept on firing upon the Us ground and tactical air forces to op - Union vessels, concealed from behind the erate effectively in the region and also river banks. While serving aboard the mon - specially for want of logistic support through maritime transport. a2/aD measures involve undersea operations in which the Us forces will be engaged with advanced anti-ship cruise missiles (asCMs) fired by high-performance diesel-electric submarines, as well as with a mix of both sophisticated and legacy sea mines. Other components of a fully developed a2/aD system involve land-based asCMs, theatre ballistic mis - siles fired from mobile transporters/ erectors/launchers that threaten likely supporting seaports and airbases, and integrated/mobile air defences to protect these assets. The key to “taking down” this a2/aD complex is a platform insen - sitive to access-denial that has the mobil - ity to get to the littoral quickly, the endurance to maintain a persistent pres - ence there, the stealth to do so unde - tected, and the sensors and firepower to locate, classify, report on and engage a broad range of threats and obstructions. Virginia class submarine does it all.

Periscopes have undergone many improvements including the ability to look 360 degrees and be retracted into the hull

4/2010 3  teCHNoloGy

short, with a fixed height and thus a certain the los angeles-class fast attack submarine opening which is easily sealed, is less amount of ‘porpoising’ was still required to Kollmorgen in the late 1960s, the Us navy developed a expensive and safer than the hull opening bring the submarine near the surface. If the matching attack periscope which had 18- required by periscopes. removing the tele - periscope tube was too short, the subma - When Kollmorgen was given the con - times magnification as compared to the ear - scoping tube running through the conning rine hull could easily get effected by the tract to design, build and install a work - lier eight and it was appropriately called tower also allows greater flexibility in waves and if it was too long then the image able periscope abroad a Us submarine Type 18. Kollmorgen won the contract as designing the pressure hull and in placing was less clearer due to lack of effective am - in 1916, it was a small optical company, their design allowed using a camera with - internal equipment. plification. It also got distorted due to the located in Brooklyn. since then Kollmor - out removing the periscope’s face-plate. an/BVs-1 Photonics Mast replaces the vibrations in the mast caused by the mov - gen has remained devoted to high-accu - This design eventually permitted the use of traditional optical lenses and prisms of ing water. a thicker tube damped the vibra - racy, stabilised electro-optical systems television cameras, whose images could be conventional periscopes with electronic tions but also increased the wake created for defence. Kollmorgen’s Photonics displayed throughout the submarine and imaging equipment. Each Virginia class sub - by the periscope. The basic design for the Mast is the next generation in subma - recorded. The Type 18 periscope is one of marine will have two photonics masts that modern periscope was perfected by indus - rine optics. The infrared camera is lo - the primary hull-penetrating periscopes in do not require physical penetration of the trialist sir Howard grubb in Britain who was cated in the lower rectangular housing, the fleet today, used on all los angeles and ship’s hull, instead “telescope” out of the a known optical expert. Improving upon while the optical cameras and laser seawolf-class submarines. Important fea - sail. another major advantage is that the lake’s omniscope design, grubb eventually range finder are located directly above. tures of the Type 18 include multiple mag - control room can now be moved from the perfected his own version during World To the right is the mission critical cam - nification levels, single-axis stabilisation, cramped first deck to the more spacious War I, which was installed on a majority of era. The mast head is topped by the an - digital photography, low-light image inten - second deck. In the photonic arrangement, the British royal navy and many Us navy tenna assembly. sification, colour television, and day-and- fibre optic system will carry images from submarines. The grubb periscope and sub - night viewing capabilities. The Type 18 the photonics masts to two workstations sequent variants remained the submarine’s periscope is currently undergoing upgrada - and a commander’s control console, each only visual aid for over 50 years, until craft was a major threat to submarines, Type tion for a video package called the subma - equipped with suitable two flat-panel underwater television was installed aboard 2 telescope was designed which had a field rine imaging sub-system. displays. The masts are equipped with the first nuclear-powered submarine, Uss of view up to 90.5 degrees of elevation and three cameras—colour, high-resolution nautilus (ssn-571). almost covered the entire sky. World War II AN/BVS-1 Photonics Mast black-and-white, and infrared, in addition since the time of its development, also saw the introduction of Type 4 night Britain and the Us have come out with a to a mission-critical control camera in a periscopes have undergone many improve - periscope, which featured a much bigger completely new approach and technology separate, pressure-proof and shock-hard - ments including the ability to look 360 de - head which could gather more light and a for submarine periscope called the pho - ened housing. a laser range finder provides grees and be retracted into the hull. It was shorter tube to reduce loss of light. a major tonic mast. The term “photonics” came into accurate ranges to targets and aids to navi - now possible to make longer periscopes and innovation during this period was the advent usage with the development of laser and in - gation. all of these sensors are housed in also to reduce its diameter to reduce the of quality periscope photography. Through - volves carrying out telecommunications the mast’s rotating head. an/BVs-1 thus wake. around 1911, the concept of two tele - out the course of World War II, most sub - and other functions through light that nor - provides effective Isr and targeting data scopes was conceived to be fitted into the marines sailed with two instruments— mally are carried out by electronics. Use of and images for the submarines to operate periscope and was tested during the World an attack periscope and a search/night photonics has been adopted for the modern more effectively. War I. It then became a standard for periscope. Improvements were made for op - submarines to replace periscopes. The pho - In a hundred years, submarines have periscopes for years to come. One periscope erating in greater depth, improved optics, tonics mast was pioneered by the royal progressed from having to porpoise at the was used for navigation or observation and better optical coatings and photo capabili - navy’s HMs Trenchant and will now be used surface to see outside, through crude view - the other for attacking or targeting, called ties which has remained in use through the in the Us navy’s Virginia-class submarines. ing devices fixed in height and direction, to the Commander’s periscope. The Us navy 1990s. Type 8 periscope features multiple The photonic mast raises an electronic im - today’s photonic masts using high-resolu - submarines have much wider hulls. Thus the levels of optical magnification, a day-and- aging sensor suite above the water. signals tion cameras housed in the submarine’s two can operate side by side. The observa - night viewing capability and an antenna of the images then travel electronically to dorsal fin-like ‘sail’ to capture the images tion scope is used to scan the sea surface system for EHF low data rate satellite com - workstations in the submarine’s control digitally. The sailors in the sub’s command and sky, has a wide field of view and no munications. It is used on all Uss los ange - centre. The images are carried by cables station and all around the ship can view magnification or low-power magnification. les (ssn-688), Uss seawolf (ssn-21), and Uss which have to penetrate the hull, similar to colour, high-resolution black and white or The targeting or attack periscope, by com - Ohio (ssBn-726) class boats. the system of cables used with periscopes infrared images on flat-panel displays and parison, has a narrower field of view and but photonics cables use a much smaller then share those images with other ships in higher magnification. Until World War II, it Modern Era the theatre or with command centres was the only means of gathering target data Type 11 Periscope : With the ballistic mis - ashore. The photonic mast provides many to accurately fire a torpedo, as the sonar was sile submarines, more accurate navigation Britain and the US have come benefits that periscopes are unable to offer. not yet suitably advanced for this purpose. was required for missile launches. Thus in For example, an operator can shoot a laser ranging with sonar required emission of an the 1950s, a special stabilised periscope, out with a completely new range finder through the photonic mast to electronic “ping” that gave away the location the Type 11 star-tracker, was developed approach and technology for obtain the range of a contact which is then of the submarine. specifically for ballistic missile submarines. automatically entered into the sub’s In the late 1930s, a new type of It could take azimuth sightings of stars to submarine periscope called weapons system. It also allows the sub - periscope was designed in which the tube update the ships Inertial navigation sys - marines to get a clear view of the outside was tapered at its head to reduce the surface tem. Type 11 was thus the first periscope the photonic mast environment from up to 60 feet below the wake which was called the “needle nose” developed specifically for the nuclear age. surface without disclosing anything about Type 1 attack design. as attack from an air - Type 18 Periscope : With the advent of the submarine’s presence.

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. of multi-platform performance and trusted surveillance. Working alongside other comple - Johns Hopkins University applied Physics s e relationships with several leading platform mentary systems, asTOr is a key element in lab and funded by naVsEa. The seaVue c r providers. the in-theatre intelligence, surveillance, target XMC radar is deployed on the Us Customs o f l

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4 4/2010 dIsaster MaNaGeMeNt 

Crying Over Spilled Oil any spill, however small, has an environmental and financial impact which takes time and resources to overcome

PhotograPh: PIB n LT GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND Cargo Ship MSC Chitra HE rECEnT oil spill in the gulf of sinking in the Arabian Sea near Mumbai Harbour Mexico has been considered the largest offshore oil disaster in Us history. British Petroleum (BP) stated that the cost of dealing with Tits ruptured oil well has risen to $6.1 billion (`28,500 crore) and that it had made an ini - tial deposit of $3 billion ( `14,000 crore) into the $20 billion ( `93,500 crore) compensa - tion fund. The oil spill was a result of the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon on april 20, 2010. It has taken about four months to finally seal the spill during which 4.9 million barrels of oil has flown into the gulf waters, reaching the shores of four southern Us states. Closer home, the collision between MsC Chitra and MV Khalija III on august 7, has caused an oil spill which is far less in mag - nitude and impact. as per reports, MsC Chi - tra has eight tanks containing 2,662 tonnes of oil. Out of this, only two tanks have been damaged causing a leakage of about 879 tonnes of oil and it was sealed within three days. Probably due to lack of resources with the Coast guard, Mumbai Port Trust has hired sMIT salvage, a renowned salvage firm, to join the clean-up. any spill, how - ever small, has an environmental and finan - cial impact which takes time and resources to overcome. water or form a thick mousse. l Containment and removal of the oil by ties, payment for cleaning up the spill, cost Causes of oil spill l Part of the oil waste may sink with sus - skimming, filtering, or in situ combustion. of rejuvenating the environment, penalties There are many reasons for oil spill and pended particulate matter and the l Breaking it into smaller droplets to limit assessed by regulatory agencies and money they include offshore drilling operations; remainder eventually congeals into immediate wildlife damage. paid in insurance and legal claims. Qualita - leakages from ships and tankers (estimated sticky tar balls. l Biodegradation by natural or assisted by tive costs of an oil spill include the loss of to be about 8 per cent); routine mainte - Over a period of time, oil waste deterio - a suitable process. marine life and their habitat, wildlife and nance of ships; hydrocarbon particles from rates and disintegrates by means of photol - l natural weathering processes their habitat, effect on coast communities as onshore air pollution and natural seepage ysis and bio-degradation. Wherever possible wildlife is rescued, well as hazard to health. from the seafloor. all this amounts to about cleaned and taken to a suitable habitat. 50 per cent and the remaining comes from Effect on shoreline Before any technique or measure is Indian perspective land drainage and waste disposals includ - On reaching the shoreline, the oil interacts applied, care must be taken to prevent eco - The Indian Coast guard (ICg) was formed ing irresponsible disposal of used motor oil with sediments such as beach sand, gravel, logical damage, socio-economic effects and in 1977 for protection of maritime and by industrial complexes and recreational and flora and fauna, causing erosion as there should no risk to the health of the other national interests in the maritime boating. When countries are at war, one well as contamination. It also adversely af - population. zones of India. The Coast guard act, 1978 country may decide to dump gallons of oil fects the habitat of animals as well as Physical removal of oil followed by clean - specifies the charter of duties of the ICg into the other country’s oceans. Terrorists human beings. The contaminated area then ing and decontamination of the area results which includes “taking such measures as may cause an oil spill to get that country’s becomes unfit to grow any vegetation, sup - in large-scale recovery of the environment are necessary to preserve and protect the attention or just to make a point. port wild- life and unfit for recreation. but it may be harmful to substrate the bio - maritime environment and to prevent and mass. Bioremediation efforts, which include control marine pollution in the maritime Spills during offshore operations Effect on fisheries, wildlife and microorganisms, nutrients and oxygen to zones of India.” Oil spills or leaks can occur at any stage of recreational activities the environment, can usually boost the rate Oil spill management in India : The Oil offshore operations including repair, tem - Oil spills can cause great damage to ocean of biodegradation. It is also important to be Pollution Preparedness, response and Coop - porary storage and transportation. Trans - and coastal fishing. The toxic oil waste may prepared for oil spills at national level with eration (OPrC) Convention, 1990, established portation can take place either by flow line, cause mass death of fish and other edible integral infrastructure in place and source of by the International Maritime Organisation underwater pipeline or a tanker. a flow line marine life. long-term effects may be even additional requirements identified. (IMO) provides all states to establish meas - used on a drilling rig is a large diameter more devastating when the spill poisons the Oil spill countermeasures to clean up ures for dealing with pollution incidents ei - pipe that acts as a return line to the mud marine and coastal organic substrate. This and remove the oil are selected and applied ther nationally or in cooperation with other tanks. Offshore drilling causes much less will result in breaking the food chain on on the basis of many interrelated factors, countries. Consequently, the government of spillage as compared to transportation ac - which fish and sea creatures depend, ceas - including ecological protection, socio- India directed ICg to prepare a national Oil cidents both by ships and tankers. The BP ing any reproduction and affecting commer - economic effects and health risk. It is also spill Disaster Contingency Plan (nOsDCP) spill was during drilling operations and cial fishing permanently. Offshore oil spill important to have contingency plans in which was promulgated in July 1996 for MsC Chitra was due to a shipping accident. can impact small organisms like plankton, place to deploy pollution control personnel combating oil spill at sea. since 2003, the larval fish and bottom dwelling ones. Even and equipment quickly and efficiently. nOsDCP has come under the purview of the Character of an oil spill seaweed, clams, oysters and mussels are hit. national Disaster Management authority, When oil comes in contact with water it Wildlife including mammals, reptiles, am - Responsibility and costs Ministry of Home affairs. The nOsDCP is spreads primarily on the surface, depend - phibians and birds living in or near the The responsibility for the prevention of oil headed by Director general Indian Coast ing on its relative density and composition. ocean is also similarly poisoned by oil waste. spills falls on individuals as well as on gov - guard (DgICg) as the Central Coordinating It may stay together or may split if the sea Coastal areas are usually thickly populated ernments and industries. as the sources of authority (CCa) for enforcing the provisions is rough. Due to waves, currents and wind, and are tourist centres, offering water-based oil waste in the ocean are generally because of the nOsDCP in the maritime zones of the oil slick may spread over larger areas in - recreational activities and oil spills can dis - of carelessness rather than accident, truly India and gives out the duties and responsi - cluding the coastal region thereby adversely rupt the economy. effective prevention of oil spills involves bilities of each participating agency. impacting it. The following can happen: everyone. In the case of the gulf of Mexico, National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency l Oil containing volatile organic com - Cleanup and decontamination BP has been held responsible. In the case of Plan : The ICg coordinates the national Oil pounds partially evaporates, thereby be - The techniques which are used to clean up the Mumbai port collision, both the ships’ spill Disaster Contingency Plan, conducts coming denser and more viscous. the oil spill will depend on oil characteris - captains have been held responsible. an annual meeting to review the prepared - l a small percentage of oil may dissolve tics and the type of environment involved - The costs of an oil spill are both quanti - ness of the plan. The nOsDCP meeting ad - in the water. an open ocean, coasts or wetland. The tative and qualitative. The quantitative costs dresses various issues related to the l The oil residue also can disperse in the measures include: include loss of oil, repair of physical facili - preparedness of the state governments,

4/2010 5  dIsaster MaNaGeMeNt

PhotograPh: i.bnet ports and oil handling agencies to establish dispersant used by the ICg is not a perma - the necessary pollution response capability nent solution because after a while, oil will to combat marine oil spill in their area of settle inside the water and endanger ma - responsibility. rine life. However, the ICg has not agreed Contingency planning and Tier-I re - with this opinion. sponse capability : as per the directives of s.P.s. Basra, Ig, Coast guard (Western the Ministry of shipping and Department of region) stated, “The skimmers are useful Oil Industry safety Directorate (Ministry of only when the oil is contained to an area. Petroleum and natural gas), the ports and Here the oil spread is over a vast area, the oil handling agencies are to establish oil hence it is not possible to use the skim - pollution contingency plan and Tier-I pollu - mers. We have three types of skimmers tion response capacity to address oil spills with Coast guards, but they are not helpful up to 700 tonnes in their respective area of in such cases.” jurisdictions. The nOsDCP preparedness meetings review the progress made in de - Use of oil zapper veloping Tier-1 oil spill response. Tier-1 Largest Spills Ever The ICg used surfactants to break up the refers to local capability required for con - Kuwait (1991) – 520 million gallons oil on the sea surface. However, some of taining a small spill, Tier-2 is for a medium Iraqi forces opened the valves of several oil tankers in order to slow the invasion of amer - the oil floated towards the raigad coast size spill which will involve resources avail - ican troops. The oil slick was four inches thick and covered 4,000 sq miles of ocean. creating a big patch. ICg has suggested the able in the vicinity and Tier-3 is the capabil - Mexico (1980) – 100 million gallons use of oil zappers to clean up the oil which ity at national or multinational level to an accident in an oil well caused an explosion which then caused the well to collapse. is a concoction of five oil-eating bacteria. handle a large size spill. The well remained open, spilling 30,000 gallons a day into the ocean for a full year. While zapper is specifically used on land, Trinidad and Tobago (1979) – 90 million gallons the new concoction which has been devel - ICG in action at the Mumbai collision During a tropical storm off the coast of Trinidad and Tobago, a greek oil tanker collided oped by the Energy and resources Institute The ICg had taken charge of the oil spill with another ship, and lost nearly its entire cargo. (TErI) and the University of adelaide can due to the collision between MsC Chitra and Russia (1994) – 84 million gallons be used on water. last year, it was used by MV Khalija III on august 7 and has done a a broken pipeline in russia leaked for eight months before it was noticed and repaired. TErI and the Indian Oil Corporation to commendable job along with other agen - Persian Gulf (1983) – 80 million gallons clean up an oil patch near Paradip follow - cies. Five ships-sankalp, sangram, amrit a tanker collided with a drilling platform which, eventually, collapsed into the sea. The ing a similar accident. Kaur, subhadra Kumari Chauhan and C-145 well continued to spill oil into the ocean for seven months before it was repaired. were used for the spill, while Kamala Devi South Africa (1983) – 79 million gallons Lack of special ships with ICG was fitted long arms to spray dispersants. a tanker cought fire and was abandoned before sinking 25 miles off the coast of It is learned that Mumbai Port Trust has en - The port was operational within a week in saldanha Bay. gaged a netherlands-based company sMIT spite of the floating containers. France (1978) – 69 million gallons salvage to control the environmental dam - a few aspects which emerged are: a tanker’s rudder was broken in a severe storm, despite several ships responding to age. This had to be done as ICg at present its distress call, the ship ran aground and broke into two. Its entire payload was lacks special ships to control oil spills. The The oil skimmer controversy dumped into the English Channel. government has sanctioned three ships and some experts felt that the damage could Angola (1991) – about 51 million gallons the first ship is likely to be commissioned in have been controlled better if the oil skim - The tanker expolded, exact quantity of spill unknown. October this year. at present, the ICg uses mers were used for the clean up as they Italy (1991) – 45 million gallons buckets mounted on helicopters for spray - collect water and separates the oil from it, The tanker exploded and sank off the coast of Italy and continued leaking its oil into ing dispersants. Constructed by the aBg which can then be recovered. The BP spill the ocean for 12 years. shipyard in surat, it is currently undergoing is quoted as an example and they also have Odyssey Oil Spill (1988) – 40 million gallons modifications in goa. The special ship will been used in some of the world’s largest 700 nautical miles off the cost of nova scotia. have holds to suck in the spill and special oil spills. It was also felt that the chemical equipment to spray dispersants. SP’s

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6 4/2010 INterVIeW  “LCA has a bright future together with MiG-29K which will operate from INS Vikramaditya”

Hawker seahawk jet aircraft was chosen as carrier-borne fighter aircraft for Vikrant and commissioned into the Indian navy as Indian naval air squadron (Inas) 300 on July 7, 1960. To commemorate the golden Jubilee of Inas 300, rear admiral (retd) sushil ramsay of SP’s Naval Forces interviewed Admiral R.H. Tahiliani , former Chief of the naval staff, who as a lt Cdr had piloted the first seahawk to land on board Ins Vikrant on May18, 1961.

SP’s Naval Forces (SP’s): Can you please recount the that can happen to the individual. During the tinction should have gone to the CO of the factors/circumstances which encouraged you to opt test pilot’s course, one is exposed to flying squadron B.r. acharya who was in Brawdy for a career in aviation arm of the Indian Navy? different types of aircraft both single and because the Chief of naval aviation was Admiral R.H. Tahiliani (Tahiliani) : I had always multi-engine. there on a visit. been interested in flying and when the In - dian navy started its aviation wing it was an SP’s: What were the factors responsible for selection SP’s: Can you tell us some interesting episodes of ideal opportunity for me to volunteer for of Hawker Seahawk for carrier-borne operations for your flying off the flat top at sea? flying duties. I had already completed my the Indian Navy? Tahiliani : landing on an aircraft carrier with naval training in the UK and obtained a Tahiliani : at the end of the test pilot’s course, the help of a landing mirror is one of the watch-keeping certificate, which as far as I was tasked to go to Istres in south of most straight forward operations one can naval service at sea was concerned, was France to evaluate the suitability of Etendard think of, although people who are not used adequate for future growth in the service. IV B which Marcel Dassault was developing to aircraft carrier operations look upon this for navies like our own and that of australia. landing as something unique. The United SP’s: Prior to your conversion as a naval fighter pilot Marcel Dassault had printed brochures for states air Force Colonel had once re - what was your flying experience? everyone to believe that the aircraft was marked, “gee viz. This is no landing. It is a Tahiliani : It was in early 1953 that the Indian ready for operation from Vikrant. after controlled crash.” navy asked for volunteers for flying training. three sorties to make evaluation, I was able I was sent to the Indian air Force flying to establish that at that stage of developing SP’s: How do you foresee the growth and future de - school in Begumpet, Hyderabad. I completed its coefficient of lift was inadequate for op - velopment of the combatant naval aviation in the In - my flying training which included conver - erations from Vikrant. Therefore, whether dian Navy? sion to fighter jet aircraft and we liked it or not, the Indian navy’s choice Tahiliani : any blue water navy has to have returned back to naval duties. The navy at of fighter aircraft was limited to Hawker sid - earmarked aviation. India is too large a na - that time had only sealand aircraft and fire - deley seahawk aircraft which the royal navy tion to revert back to colonial days where fly aircraft for target towing. after a short had been operating. we had a coastal navy. stint as aDC to our naval Chief, I was de - puted for the flying instructor’s course in SP’s: Kindly narrate your experience/thrills of May 18, SP’s: How do you visualise the prospects of light the course, I was sent to air Force Flying Indian Navy and your experience as a fighter pilot 1961, when you became the first Indian naval aviator combat aircraft (Navy) proving itself for carrier-borne school in Jodhpur as an instructor. It was a before specialising for carrier-borne operations? to land Seahawk on board INS Vikrant? operation from the indigenous aircraft carrier and rewarding experience. after a year in Jodh - Tahiliani : On completion of a year in Hakim - Tahiliani : Indian navy’s 300 naval air what is your time estimate for its successful induction pur, I was sent to Hakimpet where young pi - pet, I was deputed to command the naval Jet squadron was equipped with seahawk fight - into Indian Navy? lots were taught how to fly jet aircraft and Flight which was based in sulur, near Coim - ers when it was commissioned in Brawdy on Tahiliani : The light combat aircraft has a also do gunnery practices where they were batore. The Indian navy had already con - July 7, 1960. It continued to operate from bright future together with Mig-29K which taught how to drop bombs and rockets on tracted to buy an aircraft carrier from the UK Brawdy till such time as our aircraft carrier will operate from Ins Vikramaditya. In a adversary’s targets. which was being completed and refitted in Vikrant was ready to embark the squadron. two-day seminar on the subject held in Belfast. In early 1960, I was selected and sent I had the good fortune to be the first Indian goa on July 6, this came out loud and SP’s: Can you please describe the historical perspec - to France for test pilot’s course. For any serv - navy pilot to land on board Ins Vikrant on clear. It will be catapult launched and tive on induction of combatant naval aviation into ice pilot to train as test pilot is the best thing May 18, 1961. This was fortuitous. This dis - arrested recovery.

 INdUstry/oeM Search and Rescue Wallop Defence systems ltd designs and manufactures a range of airborne devices, defence pyrotechnics naval countermeasure products for use by armed forces

allop Defence systems ltd, Cray - cron wavebands and the Barrucada providing protection for small craft Wallop designs, manufactures and Wdown lane, Hampshire, sO20 8DX, acoustic torpedo decoy deployed to pro - against visually guided or visually desig - supplies a wide range of airborne passive England is part of the Esterline Defense tect both surface and sub-surface threats. nated laser guided weapon attacks. Burn - countermeasure chaff (rF) and infrared group with headquarters in the Usa. Wallop manufactures chaff decoys for ing time of the smoke is between 60-100 (Ir) decoys for use in a wide variety of The parent company, Esterline Techni - a wide range of both naval and airborne seconds and 250-300 seconds. The sys - dispensing systems from fixed and ro - cal Corporation, is a multinational oper - platforms including the german naval tem generates very little ash and no heat tary-wing aircraft. Our chaff and flares ation and has a turnover in excess of decoy system offered by rWM gmbH damage to the ship’s deck. are suitable for use on both russian and $1.5 billion ( `7,000 crore) employing known as Mass comprising a trainable The other products used in a naval Western aircraft. The decoys are tailored more than 8,000 personnel. decoy launcher offering chaff and Ir de - environment include the hand-launched to platform meeting customer’s individ - Wallop designs and manufactures a coys. Wallop can also design and manu - marine sound signal which is operated ual operating requirements. These decoys range of airborne devices, defence py - facture chaff payloads for use in the by water pressure. This is a cost-effec - are used to defeat heat-seeking (Ir) and rotechnics naval countermeasure prod - KaVaCH naval decoy launcher in service tive device for surface-to-submarine sig - radar-guided (rF) missiles. The Wallop ucts for use by armed forces and in with the Indian navy. nalling for exercise and communication has over 50 years of experience in design - search and rescue. Wallop manufactures a 57mm Barri - purposes and 16mm mini-signals. This ing/manufacturing a wide range of flares. Wallop’s naval 102mm super Barri - cade decoy system for smaller ships personal survival hand-operated device We can offer traditional magnesium cade decoy countermeasure system is in which can be used in an anti-piracy role. provides eight individual, high intensity teflon viton (MTV) flares for use against active service with the Indian navy and a 57mm Barricade consists of a simple flares up to a height in excess of 90 me - first generation missiles and advanced many countries worldwide. Wallop’s am - lightweight launcher which can fire a tres. The mini-signal may be used as a dual band spectral flares designed to munition for use with this system in - range of spin-stabilised rockets to a signalling mode as well as in search and defeat third generation missiles. cludes seduction, confusion and range of 5 km. The rockets offered in - rescue role. Wallop Defence Systems Ltd will be exhibiting distraction spin-stabilised chaff rockets clude illuminants and maroons. The illu - Wallop manufactures a range of at INDESEC, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, September 6-8, 2010. David Connors, Sales & configured to meet the customer’s opera - minating round provides a very high tracking flares for air-to-air and ground- Marketing Director and David Radford, tional requirements. The system consists visibility arc with an intensity of to-air testing and training. These high-re - Business Development Manager will be present of a 12-barrelled launcher, control unit, 3,00,000 candela. The maroons provide liability flares are for use in conjunction at the exhibit. You can write to them at tactical computer and bridge display a very loud report on activation. with tail-tracked guided missiles. In ad - [email protected] and [email protected] respec - units. Wallop also offers infrared decoys Wallop Whiteout is a rapid response dition, target flares are offered for target tively. For further details visit our website operating in the 3-5 micron and 8-14 mi - obscuration smoke generation system enhancement from visible to Ir spectra. www.wallopdefence.com.

4/2010 7  WeaPoN systeMs Weapons Under Water

a modern torpedo can destroy targets at a range of 40 km and a speed of about 50 knots. Its destructive power is more than a missile and it can differentiate between a target and a decoy.

PhotograPh: Saab group n LT GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND Saab’s Torpedo 2000 is capable of aVy Is the only service which op - destroying or disabling all types of surface vessels or submarines erates on the surface, subsurface and in the air. The submarine op - erates subsurface and is thus the prime platform which uses under - wNater weapons. The underwater weapons traditionally are primarily torpedoes and mines but decoys are also carried for eva - sion against torpedo attack by enemy war - ships and submarines. This trend has undergone a change since the 1970s when submarines began to be armed with anti- ship and later with land-attack missile, but the torpedo still remains the premier un - derwater weapon. With advancements in technology, a modern torpedo can destroy targets at a range of 40 km and a speed of about 50 knots. Its destructive power is more than a missile and it can easily differ - entiate between a target and a decoy. Two incidents demonstrate its accuracy and de - structive power. The first was during the Falklands War when general Belgrano, an 8,000 tonne cruiser of argentina, sank within 45 minutes after being hit by three second World War vintage torpedoes. The other example is the recent sinking of a south Korean corvette Cheonan in which 46 seamen lost their lives. an investigation concluded that the warship had been sunk by a north Korean torpedo, fired by a midget submarine. For these very reasons pects that need to be considered are: Homing Head Signal processing unit : The signal torpedoes form about 80 per cent of the Size : The size of a torpedo depends on Acoustic homing : The terminal guidance of processor unit (sPU) is the brain of the tor - weaponry of a submarine. the size of the launch tube. The normal size the torpedo is carried out by the homing pedo and receives the signals picked up by is 6.5 metres in length and a standard di - system, which comprises of homing head the homing head. The sPU then determines Torpedo ameter of 533mm or 650mm. and the signal-processing unit. Homing whether the acoustic signals represent the Originally the term “torpedo” was used Propulsion : Torpedo propulsion is of head of most modern torpedoes have actual target or a false signal or decoy and mainly for weapons which now would be two types, i.e. electrical propulsion powered acoustic sensors which operate in passive then guides the torpedo to the future posi - called mines, but since 1900 torpedo has by batteries and thermal engine powered by and active modes. In the passive mode tion of the target. In case the torpedo is been used only for an underwater self-pro - combustible fuel. these sensors seek the noise radiated by the wire guided, the torpedo seeks the decision pelled missile. a modern torpedo can be di - Thermal torpedoes : The earliest torpe - target, whereas in the active mode, the tor - to ‘home on’ from the controller on the vided into lightweight and heavyweight does were thermal torpedoes but with the pedo transmits acoustic energy and it seeks submarine. Contemporary torpedoes even classes, and into straight-running, wire- advances in battery technology, electric tor - the echoes reflected from the target. relay the acoustic signals received by its guided, and fire and forget. They can also pedoes came into service as they were more Wake homing : This is a technique per - homing head to the controller to aid his be launched from a variety of platforms. a efficient. Thus the development of thermal fected by the russians in the late 1960s in decision-making. modern torpedo is likely to have the follow - torpedoes moved into the background. The which a torpedo detects and homes on to Wire guidance : Torpedoes can be con - ing characteristics: initial version of thermal torpedoes was bubbles that are created in the wake of the trolled by a submarine by means of a com - l speed – about 50 kts or over 90 km called steam gas torpedoes as these had a target ship. Wake detection ranges depend munication wire which provides a two-way l range – about 40 km heat engine that ran on kerosene, water and upon the life of the bubble and can sense communication between the submarine and l Endurance – Over 30 min depending high-pressure air. Modern thermal torpe - the wake of the ship as much as 2,000- the torpedo. The wire used in modern tor - upon the speed does run on fuels, which are typically chem - 3,000 m behind a ship depending on its pedoes has a length of about 50-60 km, l Homing – Combined acoustic and wake ical combination fuel like liquid metal fuel, speed. The other aspects are: high data handling capacity made of optic homing with an acquisition range of Otto fuel or the hydrogen test peroxide. The l Higher the speed of the ship, longer the ef - fibre cable and is flexible and strong about 4-5 km desired power output of a thermal engine fective wake and more the homing range. enough to withstand violent movements of l Intelligent homing head to ensure target is of the order of about 1,000 HP. l While the acoustic homing torpedoes both the platform and the torpedo. selectivity, rejection of decoys and over - Electric torpedoes : The earlier torpedoes can be decoyed by noise generating de - Warhead design : The desired explosive come countermeasures taken by the ship were powered by high capacity silver zinc coys, there are no known decoys capa - power of a heavy weight torpedo is of the l Capability to be controlled from firing batteries which were adequate to deal with ble of decoying a wake homing torpedo. order of about 400 kg of TnT and the weight platform by wire guidance beyond the low speed diesel submarines at shorter l One shortcoming of this torpedo is its of HE required for this purpose is about 250- maximum range of the torpedo ranges. With the advent of faster nuclear sub - inability to home on to a slow target, 300 kg. The use of shaped charge delivers l Propulsion – electric or thermal marines which to be engaged at much larger which has minimal wake. the same punch with reduced weight of HE. l Capable of relaying acoustic target in - ranges, required torpedoes with higher l Wake homing is effective only against some modern torpedoes have an explosive formation to the firing platform speeds and longer endurance which could be surface ships as the length of the weight of just 45 kg thus giving it a high through guidance only provided by high capacity silver oxide detectable wake drastically diminishes range and speed of the order of 65 km and l Destruction potential equivalent to 400- aluminium and lithium ion batteries. with depth. 60 knots respectively. a single modern 600 kg of TnT Propulsion motors : Faster torpedoes heavy weight torpedo is sufficient to sink a l Multipurpose application i.e. capable of need more powerful motors. The advent of ship of any size by exploding a few metres being employed against both ships and permanent magnetic motors has helped in Originally the term “torpedo” beneath the target hull almost at its centre. submarines achieving greater power to weight ratio. The shock waves so generated lift the ship t l low noise to avoid detection Brushless motors used in modern electric was used mainly for and create adequate stress on the keel to e n

. l Modular in construction torpedoes allow a continuously variable break it completely. s e l no maintenance to be required on board speed control by the on board operator. weapons, but since 1900 Wide operating depth envelope: a desir - c r ship Combat torpedo batteries : a battery for able feature of the torpedo is that it should o f l torpedo has been used only

a a combat torpedo should have features like be able to operate within a wide operating v a Major characteristics and components high energy per unit weight and volume, envelope so that the same torpedo can be n for an underwater s a torpedo is a complex weapon and all its high discharge rate capability, etc., which used against deep diving submarines and p s . characteristics and sub-components have to could give an endurance of about 30-40 self-propelled missile shallow draught ships. w be optimally synergised to achieve an oper - minutes at a low-high-speed combination Most of the orders for advance heavy w

w ationally effective torpedo. some of the as - with an average speed of about 35 knots. weight torpedoes in Europe have been won

8 4/2010 WeaPoN systeMs 

PhotograPhS: US Navy, USaF by atlas Elektronik of Wedel, germany mine saddles attached to submarines. Mine (owned 60 per cent by german naval ship - Mk 46 exercise torpedo is launched design has advanced significantly in the builder ThyssenKrupp Marine systems and from the deck of USS Mustin last two decades with the introduction of 40 per cent by EaDs), and Whitehead alenia smart processor based intelligent mines. sistemi subacquei (Wass) of Italy, which is The traditional triggering mechanisms, viz. owned by Finmeccanica and works with magnetic, acoustic and pressure influences DCns of France. are becoming more sophisticated, being Examples of modern torpedoes are: programmed to react to known enemy The Black Shark : This is a heavyweight specific signatures thus virtually neutral - torpedo (also known as IF21) developed by ising all attempts to sweep them. some DCn and Wass. It features an electric- examples are: propulsion system, silent 50 knots top speed, a range of 50 km, active/passive United Kingdom acoustic homing head, multi-target capabil - royal navy does not have any mine stocks ity and counter-countermeasures system. It and has not had since 1992. However, BaE also has low life cycle costs and user- systems does manufacture the stonefish friendly logistic support. It is in service with influence mine for export to friendly coun - the French navy, Italian navy and the navy tries. stonefish has a computerised fuze of Chile. It is ideally suited for the scorpene which contains acoustic, magnetic and submarine. water pressure displacement target detec - The Black Shark Derivative : French de - tion sensors. stonefish can be deployed by fence procurement agency Délégation fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, surface ves - générale pour l’armement (Dga) had sels and submarines. signed a contract with DCns as prime con - tractor and manufacturer for new genera - Italy tion heavyweight torpedoes to replace F17 MN102-Murena : It is a multi-influence sea Mod2 torpedoes embarked on the French mine designed to be effective against a wide nuclear-powered submarines. The French range of targets. It is the third generation navy’s new torpedo will be derived from of sEI sea mines after the well-known Mr80, the Black shark heavyweight torpedo devel - MP80/MrP mines. The mine can be laid by oped and marketed jointly by Finmeccanica surface vessels, aircraft, submarine (tor - subsidiary Wass of Italy in cooperation pedo tube or mine belts). The mine logic is with French naval defence group DCns. based on target acoustic, magnetic and DCns will act as prime contractor, design pressure sensors. The precision reached in authority and lead integrator for the pro - target classification and localisation make posed weapon system. It has similar char - Mn102-Murena extremely effective against acteristics to the Black shark and is a wide range of target and resistant against designed to destroy enemy surface combat - mine countermeasures. special background ants and submarines. It complies with the noise, depth and tide compensation guar - demanding safety requirements laid down antees the best target kill probability in any for French nuclear-powered submarines environmental scenario. The option of a and is fully compatible with the latest com - cable remote control increases the flexibil - bat systems carried by French submarines. ity of employ in harbour, strait and port de - Barracuda of Germany : Using supercav - fence. It is manufactured by sEI of Italy. itation techniques, a torpedo becomes an MN103-Manta : It is a multi-influence underwater missile because the water near The Black Shark is a heavyweight shallow water sea mine, designed to be ef - torpedo developed by DCN and WASS the tip of the torpedo literally vaporises fective against landing crafts and small-mid from the high speed, producing a pocket in tonnage vessels.The mine can be laid by sur - which to “fly” the weapon underwater. The Mk 60 CAPTOR (encapsulated face vessels, helicopters and aircraft. The german navy has developed a highly ad - torpedo) anti-submarine mine unique shape, the low target strength and vanced new supercavitating torpedo known magnetic signature makes Mn103-Manta as the Barracuda. Built by Diehl BgT De - very difficult to be detected. The option of a fence, the Barracuda travels at over 800 cable remote control increases the flexibility kmph, faster than the russian shkval and of employment in harbour, strait or port de - is capable of being steered. The designers fence. Programmable features acoustic sen - of Barracuda claim that its design is 10 sitivity and magnetic sensitivity arming years ahead of the Us and russian efforts. delay. It is also manufactured by sEI of Italy. It is also claimed that the Barracuda is ma - noeuverable enough to home on and knock United States out an incoming shkval torpedo. The more advanced Us mines include the Saab’s Torpedo 2000 : swedish naval Mk60 CaPTOr (short for “encapsulated tor - submarines use Torpedo 2000 heavy weight pedo”), the Mk62 and Mk63 Quickstrike and system manufactured by saab underwater the Mk67 slMM (submarine launched Mo - systems. The torpedo weighs 1,450 kg, runs bile Mine). Most Us naval mines are cur - at more than 45 kts and has a range of over rently delivered by aircraft. 50 km. saab claims it can destroy or disable Mk67 SLMM Submarine Launched all types of surface vessels or submarines Mobile Mine : The slMM is a shallow-water and operates in very shallow or very deep mine and is basically a modified Mark 37 (below 500 metres) waters. torpedo. It was developed by the Us as a Raytheon’s Torpedo Mk48 Adcap : submarine deployed mine for use in areas raytheon is one of the largest suppliers of which are inaccessible for other mine de - heavyweight torpedoes and the sole-source ployment techniques or for covert mining design contractor and producer of the Mk48 of hostile areas. adcap (advanced capability) and its up - The Mk60 CAPTOR : It is the Us navy’s grades. The Mk48 Mod 7 Common Broad - only deepwater mine and one of the band advanced sonar system torpedo is navy’s primary anti-submarine weapons designed for both the deep and littoral wa - which actually is a deepwater moored ters and has advanced counter-countermea - wire, wake-homing or free running. The deep and shallow waters. torpedo launcher. Mine Mk60 is a sophis - sure capabilities. It has an effective range of homing head is capable of operating in both ticated anti-submarine warfare moored 38 km at 55 kts or 50 km at 40 kts. Mines mine which is designed to detect and Russia’s Type 53 and USGT torpedoes : It a naval mine is an explosive device placed classify submarines and release a modified is the common name for a family of 53cm A torpedo is a complex in water to destroy ships or submarines. Torpedo Mk46 to acquire and attack sub - torpedoes manufactured in russia, starting They can be laid by minelayers, refitted merged targets only. The mine utilises an with the 53-27 torpedo and continuing to weapon and all its character - ships, submarines or aircraft. They are in - influence firing device and is able to clas - the modern UgsT. The UgsT is the latest expensive and can be fitted with many sen - sify passing submarines. Its acoustic russian torpedo which has a range of 40 istics and sub components sors. They are most cost-effective because detection system is designed to seek hos - km, weighs 2,200 kg and carries 200 kg of they are relatively cheap, need no mainte - tile submarines, ignoring surface craft and explosive charge. It is designed for deploy - have to be optimally syner - nance, can be well concealed and their size friendly submarine acoustic signatures. ment from both surface ships and gised to achieve an opera - is small in comparison to their destruction The weapon lies dormant until a target is submarines in either autonomous or power. Their flexibility and cost effective - detected, at which time the torpedo swims remote-control mode. It has two variants, tionally effective torpedo ness makes it an ideal weapon for asym - out of its capsule to attack and destroy its one of the russian standard and the other metric warfare. They are traditionally target. The Mk60 can be deployed by air, for naTO. The weapon can be guided by fired from torpedo tubes or dropped from submarine or surface ships.

4/2010 9  ModerNIsatIoN Innovative Trends in Warship Building Indian navy’s in-house design organisation has received the much needed support since its nascent years

to the shipyard for final assembly. This Fincantieri’s Ancona shipyard technique reduces the construction time to less than two years. The ship is unique in the adoption of the modular approach in the design of hull and the containerisation of weapon package. By the modular design concept, various sections of the hull are built to specific measurements separately and then assembled at a shipyard. In the event of damage, the damaged section is re - placed separately and the ship is taken to the shipyard for buttoning up. The same flexibility is available for the armament which are containerised for independent testing and tuning at different stages of construction. Once the hull is ready, the containerised weapons are then easily fitted into the hull through the same procedure as for major repair or replacement. DCn, which was awarded contract for Mistral class of ships, assembled the en - gines in lorient, combat systems in Toulon and the rear half of the ship, including the island superstructure in Brest. Chantiers de l’atlantique constructed the forward halves of each ship in saint-nazaire and was re - i r e

i sponsible for transporting them to DCn’s t n a

c shipyard in Brest for the final assembly. n i F

:

h Other companies were also involved; some P a

r of the construction work which was out - g o

t sourced to stocznia remontowa de gdañsk, o h

P and Thales provided the radars and com - munications systems. n REAR ADMIRAL (RETD) SUSHIL RAMSAY was created in april 2007 with the sale of dustries were preparing to undergo restruc - Officials from BVT surface Fleet, the Thales naval Business to DCn. In germany, turing and integration. The BIP was intended maritime joint venture between BaE sys - HE BOOM in the shipbuilding in - three major shipyards, namely Blohm+Voss, to be a modular, scalable design that could tems and VT group, state that use of pre- dustry witnessed world over since nordseeverke and HDW, were conjoined to - be made available to the various European fabricated modular cabins reduces onboard the beginning of the 21st century, gether through the process of consolidation Union nations and constructed coopera - outfitting time and consequently shorten experienced an unprecedented jolt into a single national shipyard viz Thyssen tively, but political issues related to employ - the shipbuilding cycle. In addition, modular precipitated by the economic down - Krupp Marine system (TKMs). The renowned ment and repartition of contracts caused construction improves shipbuilding effi - Tturn in mid-2008. Till then, the global trend Izar shipyard of spain which had already integration of the European nations with ciency because it transfers field assembly was towards expansion of shipbuilding in - witnessed mergers in the past was trans - naval engineering expertise fail, and saw the work to a shop environment. Modular con - frastructure to enhance capacity as also on ferred to navantia to be designated as BIP project revert to a solely French concern. struction also reduces building costs be - creation of greenfield shipyards. The ship - the national warship shipbuilders. similar The MEKO family of warships was devel - cause the standardisation of the cabins yards flushed with orders were forced to process was initiated in Italy in respect of oped by the german company— Blohm+ allows assembly-line methods to be used. It bear the onslaught of premature cancella - Fincantieri. In netherlands, after running it Voss. MEKO is a registered trademark and also achieves a consistently higher and tions, owing to reduced demands of the as a state-owned royal shelde shipyard for the acronym denotes Mehrzweck-Kombina - more uniform level of finish. shipping sector. The warship shipbuilding two decades it was sold to the Damen ship - tion, which means multi-purpose combina - navantia has formed an innovation de - enterprise, however, remained unaffected yards of Holland. tion. It is a concept in modern naval partment that concentrates significant effort from the slowdown phenomenon. This sec - In 2007, russia launched a most com - shipbuilding based on modularity of on research, development and technology in - tor had a different kind of challenge which prehensive process of consolidation by cre - weapons, electronics, ancillary machinery vestigation, something that is seen as the gave impetus to the ongoing search for ating a United shipbuilding Corporation and other equipment, all designed to re - key to competitiveness and product differ - newer concepts in shipbuilding to hasten (UsC) as a joint stock company (JsC). duce costs in running, maintenance and ini - entiation. The company is also a pioneer and delivery schedules of complex and technol - nevoskoye Design Bureau JsC, Western tial cost of acquisition. MEKO family of leader in the use of integrated modular con - ogy intense platforms. shipbuilding Centre JsC, northern ship - ships includes frigates, corvettes and struction of naval warships. This shipbuild - building Centre JsC and the Far Eastern ocean-going patrol boats. The MEKO class ing system is used on all products, including Strategic changes shipbuilding & ship repair Centre JsC were of ships is designed to ensure optimum submarines. The s-80 class submarines are The cascading effect of the economic down - all brought under the umbrella of UsC. availability of force levels while defective being built, following the building process turn and severe pressures on growth factor granit-Electron Concern JsC, Morinformsys - units are down at various stages of refit and from the manufacture of the rings through led to review strategies in the warship tema-agat Concern JsC, avrora scientific repairs. MEKO designs offer additional ad - to the covered slipways where the hull sec - building industry. The European shipyards and Production association Concern JsC, vantage wherein the whole sections of the tions are assembled. The plan of navantia is were quick off the block to identify the and Electropribor-Central scientific & re - ship can be produced and stored as spares. to turn the Cartagena shipyard into a world process of consolidations, acquisitions and search Institute Concern JsC have likewise In case of emergency, the ship simply en - reference point in the design and construc - mergers as the way ahead for future been brought under single management. ters a dockyard to replace whatever section tion of air independent propulsion (aIP) sub - growth. However, this concept was not new The state run Krylov Central scientific & re - is needed. Modernisation of weapons and marines. It is navantia’s firm belief that the in the European context which had already search Institute has been reorganised in the systems can thus take place with minimum aIP system developed for these boats using tested this concept since the last decade of Krylov state scietific Centre FsUE. These de - down time for operational units. This is es - reformed bio-ethanol and fuel cells offers 20th century. The European model was sign bureaus include severnoye Design Bu - sentially the extension of automobile indus - significant advantages in comparison with based on the public-private partnership for reau, alMaz Central Marine Design Bureau, try philosophy of repair by replacement. the systems developed by other ship -

t their defence shipyards. In UK, at the prod - zelenodolsk Design Bureau, rubin Central another example of this concept is la builders, such as stirling engines, Mesma or e n

. ding of the government, a joint venture was Design Bureau of Marine Engineering, Fayette class units (Fl-3000 for Frégate metallic hydrogen technology. The system of s e set up between VT surface Fleet and the Malakhit saint-Petersburg Marine Design légère de 3,000 tonnes, 3,000-tonnes light integrated modular construction is used in c r renowned BaE systems surface Fleet as BVT Bureau and Onega scientific & research De - frigates, Frégate légère Furtive (FlF), light building these submarines, with a difference o f l

a surface Fleet system and solutions. How - sign Bureau. stealth frigate, which are light multi-mis - with respect to the building of surface ships v a ever, this arrangement, did not last more sion frigates built by DCn and operated by of the pressure resistant hull being the first n s than a year with BaE systems surface Fleet Conceptual Changes French Marine nationale. The ships were to be built prior to subsequent installation p s

. buying off the stakes from VT group in Oc - studies for a Polyvalent Intervention ship, built with a modular inner structure from in the interior sections of the prefabricated w tober 2009. Bâtiment d’intervention polyvalent (BIP), 11 prefabricated modules which were com - blocks with the fitting out and engines. w

w In France, state-owned shipbuilder DCns began during a time where the defence in - pleted at the workshops and then delivered The australian government awarded a

10 4/2010 ModerNIsatIoN 

PhotograPh: Lockheed Martin contract to Tenix Defence (now BaE sys - l navy-shipyard-industry partnerships tems) for the construction of two large am - going well beyond current relationships phibious landing ships at a cost of $3 billion for conceiving, designing, executing and (rs 14,000 crore). Tenix has entered into life cycle support of warships. partnership agreement to build the ships as To effectively manage the phenomena per navantia design. as per agreement, of obsolescence, he argues the case for around 25 per cent of the value of the proj - open architecture systems that would sup - ect involving construction of the superstruc - port upgradability in the future. The con - tures for the ships would be undertaken in cepts of modularity, cellularity and ships Williamstown, Victoria. after completion of systems engineering station are now paving the hulls for the amphibious ships at navan - the way for total mission modularity. The tia shipyard, these will be transported to entire mission modules can be fitted or re - australia. The superstructures will then be moved from ships for upgradation, role constructed, fitted and integrated with the change or repair without impacting the hulls at BaE systems’ Williamstown Dock - availability of the ships. yard. The combat system is to be provided by saab systems australia, which will also Path-breaking Concepts integrate the combat management system While the research and development work and the communications system will be to identify concepts which can substantially supplied by l-3 Communications. reduce the schedules and the costs in ship The Virginia class of submarines being design and construction has been ongoing built by northrop grumman shipbuilding for the past several decades, this century will incorporate similar advanced acoustic has thrown up certain path-breaking con - technology, but with increased use of com - cepts. Warship design and production mercial off-the-shelf components and mod - philosophies are quite different than those ular construction it will be less expensive to concepts prevalent in the mercantile ma - build. Modularity allows for construction, rine. yet, over pervasive economic compul - assembly and testing of systems prior to in - sions have hastened some of the newer stallation in the ship’s hull. This reduces A file photograph of Littoral Combat Ship, Fort Worth (LCS 3) under construction at Marinette Marine, US. trends of commercial shipbuilding to rub costs, minimises rework and simplifies sys - off on to warship designs. Conversely, tem integration. The modular design also navy’s in-house design organisation has re - which the processes of design and con - galloping technologies in defence sector facilitates technology insertion in both the ceived the much needed support since its struction can be managed. With traditional has effectively insulated the global warship new construction of future ships and back- nascent years. It is indeed a matter of na - ship design and building methods having a industry from being a victim of cyclic reces - fit into existing ships throughout their 30- tional pride that this home-grown capability gestation period of up to 10 years from sions and economic downturns. security year service lives. The command, control, has not only sired several indigenous de - concept to commissioning, the systems be - compulsions have ensured adequate fund - communications and intelligence electron - signs highly successful through complete come obsolescent by the time the ship en - ing for modernisation plans and constant ics packages also promote maximum flexi - support of the three leading defence ship - ters service. There are also considerable upgradation of the force levels commen- bility for growth and upgradation. Coupled yards and the government keeping pace difficulties of product support during the surate with contemporary and future with the modular isolated deck structure with emerging trends and technologies, the service life of the ships due to obsolescence threat perceptions. and open-system architecture, this ap - major watershed was the successful design of technology. It therefore calls for ingen - The above notwithstanding, evolving proach results in a lower cost and effective of the stealth frigates designated as Project ious strategies to exploit technology for de - technologies, sophistication and complexity command and control structure for fire 17. successful launch of this project and its signing, building and supporting warships of equipment and systems have made war - control, navigation, electronic warfare and follow on programmes have earned global so that they remain modern and support - ship projects highly capital intensive and communications connectivity. accolades for the Indian naval Design Or - able throughout their service life. high-risk ventures. This phenomenon has Marinette Marine Corporation, a mem - ganisation, as also for the defence ship - He has recommended the following perpetuated a strong case for cooperation ber of the lockheed Martin led littoral com - yards, namely Mazagon Docks limited, strategies for technology management: and integration of capabilities through con - bat ship (lCs) industry team, recently, garden reach shipbuilders and Engineers l Design philosophy to support evolu - cepts of public-private partnership (PPP) broke ground for an expansion to nearly and goa shipyard limited. tionary acquisition or technology inser - in a meaningful sense. The concept of PPP double the size of its main indoor ship con - addressing the major challenges owing tion at any point during design, build or requires a global extension through instru - struction building—an investment to sup - to full gallop in technology witnessed service life of the warship. ments of collaboration, joint ventures, port the construction of the Us navy’s lCs. in recent decades, rear admiral K.n. l Increased participation of original transfer of technologies, cooperative The building enhancements also allow Vaidyanathan, Director general naval De - equipment manufacturers (OEM) in de - engagements, etc, for mutual benefits. greater use of Marinette Marine’s proven sign, has forcefully articulated the evolving sign, fabrication, integration and life Bilateral and multilateral relations need to modular construction process, which will environment. He stated that the changing cycle support of the system. be promoted in a transparent manner to enable the lockheed Martin team to con - technology has afforded several efficient l Exploit IT-enabled technologies for col - form consortiums to achieve economies of struct lCs more cost effectively. The processes, equipment and systems for war - laborative design and construction in scale to offset costs of investments on ground-breaking is the latest in a recent se - ship design, construction and maintenance. order to drastically cut down time - developing technologies, capabilities and ries of investments made by the shipyard’s It has also revolutionised the manner in frames for realising a warship. infrastructure. parent company, Fincantieri, as part of its five-year, $100 million ( `467 crore) plan to modernise its Us shipbuilding operations and support the lCs programme. “This is a Presents terrific investment by Fincantieri and rep - resents the commitment they are willing to make to continue quality shipbuilding at m m Marinette Marine,” said senator Herb Kohl o o of Wisconsin. “This groundbreaking repre - c c . sents a significant milestone in the trans - . CONFERENCECONFERENCE CHAIRMAN:CHAIRMAN: s s 2010 Admiral D. FranciscoFrancisco TorrenteTorrente Sáncheznchez l formation of Marinette Marine to the l DATE: 27th – 30th September 2010 | VENUE: Palacio de Congresos, Cadiz, Spain (Retired), FFormerormer SecretarySecretary Generalral of e premier mid-tier shipyard in the Us,” said e Defence PPolicy,olicy, Spanish MoD s giuseppe Bono, Fincantieri’s Chief Execu - s Achieving maritime security CONFERENCECONFERENCE CLOSINGCLOSING CCEREMONYEREEMONY s tive Officer. “Fort Worth (lCs 3) is on cost s HOSTEDHOSTED BY:BYBYY:: e e and border patrol through a and on schedule, with 90 per cent of its Admiral General Manuel Rebollo García, v v cost effective, multi role l modules under construction and more than l Admiral Chief of Naval StaffStaff,, Spanishnish Navy o 30 per cent of the ship complete,” said Dan o capability KKEYNOTEEYNOTE BBRIEFINGSRIEFINGS FROM:FROM:: r schultz, Vice President and general Man - r t t Vice Admiral Moises Gomez, Underer SecretarSecretaryy ager of lockheed Martin’s ship and aviation JOIN THE WORLD’S LARGEST AND of the Navy for Management, Mexicanxican Navy a a systems business. “The improvements un - MOST IMPORTANT OPVS MEETING, ATTENDED BY SENIOR NAVAL AND COAST p p GUARD DELEGATIONS FROM ACROSS THE GLOBE. THIS YEAR’S AGENDA WILL DELIVER: Vice Admiral FFedericoederico Niemann, CChief of e derway at Marinette Marine increase the e General StaffStaff,, Chilean Navy r r Vibrant debate into pressing issues under consideration for the customer community, including team’s capacity in meeting the Us navy’s Vice Admiral FFernandoernando del PPozo,ozo, MMember of o o the question of platform protection, the use of highly-capable UAVs to cut costs of helicopter need for an affordable, survivable lCs. We the Wise PPens,ens, EurEuropeanropeanopean Defencee Agency h h operations, whether multi-mission OPVs can truly meet the demands of their varied tasks and a have already seen a 30 per cent reduction Rear Admiral Jose Antonio Ruestaa Botella, s s s detailed look at the implications of the planned EEZ extension in labour cost from our first ship.” f f Case studies assessing OPV performance in the most demanding missions, including the Yemeni Head of Plans & PolicyPolicy Division, SSpanish Navy f f Coast Guard’s anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden, the Chilean Navy’s earthquake disaster Rear Admiral DJ Ezeoba, Chief of TrainingTraining and o Indian Context o . . . relief operations and lessons from the Italian Navy in the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas Operations, Nigerian Navy giant strides in indigenous warship build - Latest updates from major OPV programmes highlighting current fleet capabilities and future plans w w Vice Admiral Angel Martínez,Martínez, Directorector for New ing were taken in the early 1960s with the for the Spanish Navy’s BAM project, the US Littoral Combat Ship and the Turkish MILGEM programme Buildings, Spanish Navy government approval for the licence pro - w William Schoenster,Schoensterr,, LCSLCS PProgrammerogrammemme DirectorDirector,, duction of the leander class frigates at the w TEL: +44 (0)20 7368 9300 FAX: +44 (0)20 7368 9301 Lead Sponsor & Conference Partner US DoD Mazagon Dock ltd. since then the emphasis EMAIL:MMAIL: enquire@[email protected] Colonel Richard Spencer (Royal Marines), has been on self-reliance in warship design YOYOUROUR BBOOKINGOOKING CCODE:ODE: IGB_11313.004_SPNAIGB_11313.004_SPNAVFOR_ADVFOR_ADD Chief of Staff,Staff, NATONATO NorNorthwoodrthwoodthwood and construction by promoting and devel - oping indigenous capabilities. Thus Indian

4/2010 11  CoMMeMoratIoN

Indian Navy’s Sea Harrier on HMS Illustrious during exercise Konkan 2006 y v a N

n a i d n I

: S h P a r g o t o h P 50 Golden Years Indian naval air squadron 300 celebrates completion of five decades of service

n REAR ADMIRAL (RETD) SUSHIL RAMSAY The seahawks disembarked from the White Tigers would have to wait for another on Vikrant which confirmed the ability of Vikrant for the last time on May 8, 1978 and six years to draw blood. the carrier to operate the type. In 1977, the OllOWIng gOVErnMEnT approval the type was phased out by the end of 1978. During the 1971 Indo-Pak War, follow - Indian government approved the acquisi - in april 1956 for the development of The last flight of the seahawk was on De - ing government approval and the navy’s de - tion of eight sea Harriers including 2 Train - combatant naval aviation, the Indian cember 16, 1983, where a solitary aircraft cision to throw everything it had into battle, ers. In november 1979, nHQ placed an navy was able to finalise the acqui - flown by Cdr U.P. Bapat escorted the first a battle force with the carrier Vikrant as the order for six sea Harrier Frs Mk51 fighters sition of the aircraft carrier ex-HMs three sea Harriers as they arrived over the nucleus was tasked with wiping out the and two T. Mk60 Trainers. In september HFercules along with two aircraft squadrons naval air station in Dabolim. Pakistani maritime presence in the Eastern 1980, select naval aviators and technical for its air Wing. The choice of jet aircraft Though Vikrant was deployed during theatre. The 18 aircraft White Tiger personnel were deputed to the UK for was the Hawker seahawk, a modest but Operation Vijay in 1961, her 12-aircraft sea - squadron embarked Vikrant in august conversion training, forming the sea Harrier proven type which was in service with hawk squadron received no requests for air 1971. air strikes commenced on December Project (sHarP) at Kingston. Basic training British, german and the netherlands navies. strikes despite high operational readiness. 4, 1971, against targets in erstwhile East and conversion on the raF’s Harrier The first flight of seahawks had been consti - During the 1965 Indo-Pak War, the carrier Pakistan. The first strike consisting of eight T. Mk 4 of the no. 233 OCU at Wittering was tuted in the latter part of 1959 and on July Vikrant along with nine other major war - seahawks wrecked the facilities at Cox’s followed by a few months of training at 7, 1960, the Indian naval air squadron ships was undergoing refit. The seahawk Bazaar. In only 10 days, between December Bae, Dunsfold, and operational flying train - (Inas) 300 was commissioned at the royal and alize squadrons which disembarked 4 and 14, air strikes accounted for more ing on the sea Harrier fighter-reconnais - naval air station in Brawdy, under the com - for the duration of the refit period were dis - than 1,00,776 tonnes of Pakistani shipping sance-strike (Frs) Mk5 at royal navy air mand of lt Cdr B.r. acharya, sporting the tributed between Bombay, goa and Cochin. sunk and destroyed pre-planned and op - station, yeovilton. White Tiger of rewa on its crest. a total of On september 3, 1965, they were placed portunity targets at Cox’s Bazaar, Chit - The first newly built sea Harrier for the 23 seahawk Mk6s were acquired along with under the operational control of the West - tagong, Khulna, Chalna, Mongla, Do Harisal, Indian navy, namely In 601 was completed the aircraft carrier HMs Hercules itself, now ern air Command and tasked to prepare for Barisal, Chiringa and Bakarganj including and ready on December 21, 1982. During

t re-commissioned into the Indian navy a strike on the Pakistani radar installation airfields, shipping, aa positions, oilfields, their handing over ceremony at Dunsfold e n

. as the Ins Vikrant. On May 18, 1961, the first at Badin, scheduled for september 7, 1965. ammunition dumps, harbours and troop on January 27, 1983, the aircraft were actu - s e seahawk, piloted by lt Cdr r.H. Tahiliani, On september 6, 1965, the airfield was positions. The conflict ended and Inas 300 ally armed with aim-9l sidewinder aaMs c r landed on board the carrier. an additional bombed by Pakistan air Force Martin B-57 had not suffered a single loss and had even though the customised Indian aircraft o f l

a 23 reconditioned seahawks were also Bs which continued to operate throughout rather won one Maha Vir Chakra, five Vir were modified to carry the Matra Magic-I in - v a purchased from Britain—seven in 1962, the night but the seahawks parked at the Chakras, one nao sena Medal and four Men - stead. The first three sea Harriers, flying via n s 10 in 1963 and six in 1964. In 1966, these dispersal, escaped unscratched. On shifting tions-in-Despatches. Malta, luxor and Dubai, led by then lt Cdr p s

. were joined by 10 seahawk Mk100, day back to Bombay, about 100 dawn and dusk In 1972, British aerospace (Bae) sent arun Prakash, VrC, landed at Dabolim on w fighter-bombers and 18 Mk101 all weather patrols were flown by the unit in air de - their short take-off & landing (sTOVl) Har - December 16, 1983. This was followed by w

w fighters. fence role but without any contact. The rier demonstrator to India for landing trials the first deck landing on the carrier, Ins

12 4/2010 CoMMeMoratIoN 

Vikrant, on December 20, 1983 and the these are optimised. The type and number is primarily driven by the choice of aircraft Pilot and is currently in command of Ins arrival of the first sea Harrier T. Mk60 of aircraft, the decision on evolution of size, that are chosen when the carrier is to enter ganga, stated that the navy is currently on Trainer, on March 29, 1984. choice of propulsion, hangarage, magazines, service, not just the fighters but also the the cusp of an exciting revitalisation of its after the arrival of the first Harrier etc, play a major role on design finalisation. combat support aircraft like the aEW&C. carrier-borne fighter fleet. apart from the batch, Inas 300 began conducting intensive Cdr Himanshu agarwal, who is an in - The design also needs to take into account significantly more punishing physical envi - flying sorties, war gaming and tactical exer - structor at nD school, discussed the realm the future aircraft that may be inducted. ronment of air refuelled ‘9 g’ missions, the cises against IaF aircraft. The intensity of of fighter direction which is constantly Therefore, the design ought to be future heightened multi-role expectations could the war gaming exercise Trishakti, off the evolving, especially with rapid advances in proof. In practical terms, the choice of de - raise the workload expected of pilots to western coast of India, in april 1986, at - technology, capabilities and weapons/sen - sign for IaC 2 also needed to take account dangerously high levels. Out of all the new tracted Us navy Hornets, Vikings and even sors, both onboard ships and aircraft. This of its ability to accommodate the aircraft technologies introduced into fighter avia - Trackers, interceptions becoming frequent. transformation has necessitated correspon - that would already be in service when the tion, the most overarching impact was the On October 23, 1990, Cdr s.K. sharma ding changes in procedures and tactics. ship is commissioned after 10 years. at network-centric operation. appreciation of ‘jumped’ an F/a-18 Hornet, some 130 km new aircraft and equipment under induc - present, both Mig-29K and lCa (navy) use ‘fighter data link’ concepts in the context of from its fleet. The excellent photographs tion/upgradation in the Indian navy, under - the sTOBar concept. Thus deciding CaTO - maritime operations must necessarily rest brought back revealed the Carrier to be the score a need to update our operating and Bar for IaC 2 would largely depend upon on clear understanding of the fundamental Uss Enterprise with the aircraft belonging control procedures. the possibility of modifying these two air - theoretical underpinnings of network-cen - to the VFa 192 sF squadron of the Us navy. Cdr Himadri Das who is currently with craft for CaTOBar. after their research tric warfare. The utility of data links for all In the last few years, the Harriers have the Marine Doctrine and Concept Centre, and discussions with the designers, they aspects of fighter operations is therefore added a new dimension to their operations Mumbai said that the operating environment believed that both Mig-29K and lCa (navy) needed to be understood to ensure an ‘ap - with the increased multinational exercises in the future will be very different from what can indeed be modified for CaT launches plication driven’ rather than ‘networking which the Indian navy participates in. existed in the past. Technology has been the giving them cross compatibility. Their be - hardware driven’ approach. The clear iden - These exercises have seen the Harriers fac - principal driver for the forthcoming changes lief was strengthened by the fact that the tification of platforms that need to be net - ing off with the best in the business. The in the operating environment. The air battle future carrier borne fighters such as the worked and the manner in which they magnificent carriers and the flying ma - in the future is likely to be more rapid and rafael and super Hornet are already cross should interact (hierarchy/clusters) were chines of the american, French and British fundamental to data link design. The issue navies have come, exercised and gone back of hosting in-flight weapons within these suitably impressed. same networks also merits analysis. also at present, the ageing sea Harriers is relevant are the various technical thresh - undergoing a weapon and avionics upgra - olds that other aspects of fighter avionics dation to keep abreast with the evolving must surpass to enable entry into a net - technology. The upgraded sea Harrier chris - work. Ultimately, the decisive factor in fu - tened limited Upgrade sea Harrier (lUsH) ture combat operations would most likely is a shot in the arm for the Indian naval avi - be the quality of one’s networks rather than ation. The sea Harriers, in their new avatar, hard kinetics. are now a formidable force to reckon with. Commodore (retd) simon Baldwin of lUsH aircrafts, fitted with beyond visual royal navy while presenting the latest de - range (BVr) missiles, are now operating in velopments in aero engines stated that a highly dynamic BVr environment and can rolls-royce was also looking forward to In - hold their own against any other aircraft in dian navy inducting the first of its Hawk the Indian inventory. advanced Jet Trainers to continue a proud relationship with Indian naval aviation that Naval Fighter Aviation Seminar-2010 encompasses the nene engines for the sea Inas 300, the premier and only fighter Hawks, the Model 250 engine in the Is - squadron of the Indian navy celebrated its landers, the gnome engines in the sea King golden jubilee on July 7 this year in style helicopters and the unique Pegasus engine befitting its operational profile. a naval for the sea Harriers. He highlighted rolls- Fighter aviation seminar 2010 was held on royce’s unique experience in propulsion July 6 and 7, at Ins Hansa, goa, under the systems leading to sTOVl capability estab - aegis of the Flag Officer naval aviation lished with the Pegasus engines and how (FOna). The theme of the seminar was “fu - this experience has contributed to the de - ture carrier-borne fighter aircraft and trans - velopment of the rolls-royce lift system to formation required”. India is at the deliver the world’s first sTOVl capability threshold of acquiring the critical indige - for a supersonic aircraft in the lockheed nous capability of building an aircraft car - Martin F-35B.The rolls-royce lift system en - rier, as also the fighter aircraft to operate ables sTOVl flight capability with a simple, from that platform. Besides admiral nirmal cost-effective design comprising the lift - Verma, the Chief of the naval staff who was man, driveshaft, three bearing swivel mod - the chief guest at the seminar, two former ule (3BsM) and roll posts. naval Chiefs—admiral (retd) r.H. Tahiliani and admiral (retd) arun Prakash –were also Postage Stamp & Coffee Table Book present. Many retired naval aviators and as an acknowledgement of the yeoman representatives of indigenous and global in - service rendered by Inas 300 to the nation dustries were present on this occasion. over the past five decades, the government The welcome address was delivered by of India bestowed a unique honour on the rear admiral sudhir Pillai, Flag Officer squadron and the Indian navy by approving naval aviation, followed by the address by the release of a commemorative postage admiral nirmal Verma, Chief of the naval stamp. The postage stamp which depicts staff. The keynote address was delivered by the venerable sea Hawk and the sea Harrier admiral (retd) arun Prakash, which was was released by the Minister of state for followed by an address by the guest of Ho - Communication and IT, gurudas Kamat, on (Top) Governor of Goa Dr S.S. Sidhu releases the book White Tigers on the Prowl ; (above) The Governor also unveiled a nour, admiral (retd) r.H. Tahiliani. commemorative postage stamp as an acknowledgement to the service rendered by INAS 300 to the nation. July 7. The governor of goa Dr s.s. sidhu air Marshal (retd) Philip rajkumar, who unveiled the blow up of the commemora - set up the national Flight Test Centre and the medium more dense necessitating highly compliant for sTOBar and CaTOBar. tive postage stamp. was subsequently the Director, aDa, com - trained professionals, to manage the air bat - They proposed setting up a commission for The squadron has immortalised its his - mented that the naval lCa programme was tle and provide a decisive edge to own fight - further detailed studies to confirm their tory of unquestionable devotion and dedi - a very interesting one because it is for the ers, necessitating development of futuristic hypothesis and to indigenise catapult, ar - cation to the navy in the form of a coffee first time that India is attempting to de - concepts and doctrine. resting engines/gear for IaC 2 and other table book— White Tigers on the Prowl . The velop a carrier borne fighter. amongst the Captain surendra ahuja, who is a Test future carriers. book is a reflection of the squadron’s past, technical challenges were the modification Pilot and currently commanding Ins Hansa, Close on heel was the presentation by its sterling present and gives a glimpse of of the fly-by-wire flight control system’s along with Cdr K.H.V. singh, is the staff QFI Cdr (retd) Paul stone, royal navy, who is its future. The book was released by control law to cater for the ski jump take- of Mig 29K, Intensive Flying Training Unit, currently the Director Flight Operations, Dr sidhu. off and arrested landing on the deck, set - goa delved into the most topical and in - Bae systems on the benefits of sTOBar op - a ceremonial reception to mark the ting up the shore based test facility and its triguing subject of operating concepts for erations by examining the capabilities of occasion was hosted by Vice admiral san - validation before the commencement of the IaC. They articulated that Indian navy the Typhoon as a carrier borne aircraft and jeev Bhasin, Flag Officer Commanding-in- naval lCa’s flight tests. The biggest mana - today stands at crossroads with regard to highlighting the flexibility of this form of Chief, Western naval Command. The Chief gerial challenge will be the human resource the operating concept for its future carri - carrier aviation and how this concept com - Minister of goa, Digambar Kamat, Minister problem because there would be dearth of ers. With IaC 2 being currently at the de - plimented Mig-29K operations on Vikrama - of state for Communication and IT gurudas qualified personnel. sign stage, it was imperative that enough ditya and IaC1. Typhoon’s multi-role Kamat, Chief of the naval staff admiral nir - Captain s. sen who is the Project Direc - time and effort was invested into conceiv - capabilities were outlined in the context of mal Verma, speaker of goa legislative as - tor, IaC, articulated that the design evolu - ing its operating concept—be it sTOVl, Indian Maritime Doctrine and the modifica - sembly Pratap singh rane, Flag Officer tion of aircraft carriers affords many short take-off but arrested recovery (sTO - tions required to navalise the current land- Commanding goa rear admiral sudhir Pil - challenges and highlighted various factors Bar) or catapult assisted take-off but ar - based Typhoon design. lai and many other state and naval digni - which impact on the carrier design and how rested recovery (CaTOBar). Carrier design Captain J.a. Maolankar, who is a Test taries attended the function.

4/2010 13 

FIRST

Phalanx with Laser Cannon For related video log on to www.spsnavalforces.net During a recent test, a navy laser using a tracking system from raytheon shot down four unmanned aerial vehicles PhotograPh: raytheon n a grainy, black-and-white video that gets. The Us navy has used a land-based looks like a home movie of a UFO at - An artist’s rendering of a weapon featuring version of Phalanx in Iraq since 2005. a laser cannon on a naval vessel, with the Itack, a sleek aircraft streaks through laser shooting down a UAV Mounting a laser cannon beside the the sky one minute, to burst into flames gatling gun should extend the range at the next and plummet into the sea. The which incoming ordnance and UaVs can silent video, which raytheon debuted at be eliminated. although Booen says that the Farnborough International air show for security reasons he cannot divulge 2010, however, is not a science fiction. the distance at which the laser-based sys - The defence contractor says it depicts tems can shoot down incoming threats, part of a test conducted in May during he notes that the military would not be which the Us navy used a solid-state interested in the new laser technology if laser to shoot down unmanned it could not at least double the range of aerial vehicles over the Pacific Ocean. existing weapons. During the test, the navy’s laser navy planners are interested in using weapon system (laWs), guided by lasers in to help naval vessels fend off raytheon’s Phalanx Close-In Weapon sys - potential attacks by squadrons of small tem sensors, engaged and destroyed four boats, citing an incident that occurred in UaV targets flying over water near the early 2008, in the strait of Hormuz (a wa - navy’s weapons and training facility on terway connecting the gulf of Oman and san nicolas Island in California’s santa Persian gulf). “The MlD system we are Barbara Channel. The Phalanx-a rapid-fire, under contract to build for [the Us Office computer-controlled, radar-guided gun of naval research] will be scalable to a system —used electro-optical tracking and variety of power levels,” says Bob Bishop, radio frequency sensors to provide range destroy a static mortar, whereas in the ing UaVs, the weapon will be installed on northrop spokesman. “That means that data to the laWs, which is made up of six latter, the laser blew up an incoming an operational navy test ship for addi - laser power can be added —or sub - solid-state lasers with an output of mortar shell over land. tional testing,” he adds. still, even if the tracted —to meet the level of response 32 kilowatts that simultaneously focus Knocking down drones over water is a laser system continues to test success - necessary to address the threat, all on a target. different matter though. “The effect of fully, such a weapon would not be fully within the same modular laser weapon The maritime UaV target practice ses - the moist maritime environment on a developed for combat before 2016, ac - system,” he adds. sion could be a significant step in laser’s ability to propagate has been a cording to Booen. The military hopes that, in addition to decades-long quest undertaken by the Us nagging question for the technology, says The Us military has used Phalanx for extending the range of their weapons, military and several defence contractors Mike Booen, vice president of raytheon’s decades to shoot down mortars and rock - lasers will also improve targeting preci - to bring lasers to the battlefield. advanced security and Directed Energy ets. The weapon combines a 20-millime - sion. another advantage, Booen says, is raytheon’s latest test follows related ex - systems product line. “now that the tre gatling gun that fires at a rate of that lasers require electricity rather than periments in 2006 and 2008. In the for - laser-enhanced Phalanx has demon - either 3,000 or 4,500 shots per minute, ordinance. as long as there is current, mer, raytheon used a solid-state laser to strated the ability to find and hit incom - with radar to search for and track tar - the weapon will not run out of ammo.

TEC KNOW Fast Landing Craft Diving Scooter

UK MoD takes delivery of QinetiQ’s PaCsCaT technology demonstrator. It will undergo a Black shadow 730 is equipped with modern series of tough practical evaluation trials navigation and sonar technology

“The handover is the culmination of many years of he seabob Black shadow 730 is an extreme high hard work and dedication to develop a new type of performance diving scooter. It is equipped with modern fast and functional landing craft. The PaCsCaT IsDC Tnavigation and sonar technology. The sBs 730 is capable is generating interest in the military as well as of operating in depths of up to 60 metres. commercial sectors where customers are looking to With its patented E-jet power system the scooter is pro - incorporate the innovative partial air cushion vided with high performance jet propulsion. The motor per - concepts into their own future vessels to enable them formance of the E-jet power system is controlled by 10 power to benefit from higher speeds, heavier payloads and levels. Hereby the operator of the sBs 730 can alternate manoeuvrability.” between slow or high speed manoeuvres through the water. The contractor evaluation trials demonstrated that The seabob Black shadow 730 is virtually silent and

Q the PaCsCaT solution could operate within the re - i t e n i quired specification. The MoD will now undertake ex - u Q

:

h tensive trials—which QinetiQ will oversee—designed P a

r to further understand the vessel’s capabilities with ve - g o

t hicles embarked. The trials will test PaCsCaT’s ability o h

P to perform a variety of roles focused on the potential r o n i

advantages of low and variable draught (for example t o r

he UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) has accepted in situations where high speed and high payload ca - : h P a

QinetiQ’s Partial air Cushion supported CaTama - pacities are required in conjunction with exceptional r g o

ran (PaCsCaT) innovative solution demonstrator beaching qualities). On completion of trials and as t o

T h

craft (IsDC) as a trial vessel. The decision came follow - part of the fast landing craft concept phase, the MoD P ing the successful completion of initial manoeuvring will conduct a cost and performance-based appraisal and propulsion trials. It will now undergo a series of of the solution with other options determined in the absolutely emission-free thereby deployable in all waters. tough practical evaluation trials by the end of 2010 at MoD Fast landing Craft Design solutions study. The sBs 730 diving scooter is very capable and can the royal Marines facilities at Instow, Devon. The high speed, all aluminium PaCsCaT IsDC ves - transport two people underwater over great distances. QinetiQ was awarded the contract to manage the sel is 30 m long, 7.7 m in the beam, has a design vehi - The energy for the E-jet power system comes from design and build of the PaCsCaT landing craft IsDC in cle payload of 55 tonnes and an approximate loaded exceptionally efficient high-energy li-Ion accumulators. These september 2007 working alongside griffon Hoverwork weight of 175 tonnes. It is propelled by twin MJP water large and special high-performance accumulators form a high-

t ltd at their base in Hythe, southampton. PaCsCaT jets, driven by diesel engines manufactured by MTU. quality component in the overall propulsion concept of the e n

. IsDC just completed a series of contractor evaluation The fast landing craft design requirement is to off- seabob Black shadow 730. li-Ion is a pioneering technology s

e trials that included spending in excess of 100 hours at load frontline vehicles from royal navy amphibious and a product of space research. These specially-developed c r sea. The trials saw the team progressively operate the ships to the beach. The innovative solution demon - long lasting accumulators with a life cycle of approximately o f l

a PaCsCaT IsDC at unloaded speeds exceeding 30 kts in strator craft is designed to test at full scale the hydro - 18 years are presently used to power earth-orbiting satellites. v a sea state 2. a crew from MoD was also trained to oper - dynamics of the PaCsCaT hull form and to investigate after being charged 2,000 times, the high-energy li-Ion n s ate PaCsCaT and the operating procedures were en - its feasibility to deliver significantly faster speeds accumulator cells demonstrated no significant reduction in p s

. dorsed by flag officer sea training (FOsT)—the royal than traditional landing craft. The vessel makes use of performance and no memory effect. w navy team that provides operational sea training. the PaCsCaT concept originated by John lewthwaite w

w Chris ross, Chief naval architect, QinetiQ, said, of Independent Maritime assessment associates ltd. For related video log on to www.spsnavalforces.net

14 4/2010 

Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal News in Brief Executive Editor Subir ghosh Assistant group Editor r. Chandrakanth DEFENCE MINISTER REVIEWS spread of piracy in the Indian Ocean region C-130J 30 aircraft; self protection suite for Senior Editorial Adviser r. adm (retd) S.K. ramsay COASTAL SECURITy (IOr). On the request of the seychellois VVIP Boeing business jets; Indian naval Senior Technical Group Editor Defence Minister a.K. antony has ex - leadership, India also agreed to extend help ship Jalashwa; UH 3H Helicopters and Lt general (retd) Naresh Chand pressed the need for increased vigilance for maritime and Exclusive Economic zone Weapon locating radars. Contributing Editors and response to threats from sea while re - surveillance operations and capacity build - Lt general (retd) V.K. Kapoor viewing the progress of coastal security ing of its forces. The decisions were taken MARITIME PATROL AIRCRAFT air Marshal (retd) V.K. Bhatia measures undertaken by navy, Coast guard at the series of meetings between Defence Defence Minister a.K. antony in a written Copy Editor and other related Ministries during a high Minister a.K. antony and seychelles Presi - reply in the rajya sabha stated that the Sucheta Das Mohapatra level meeting in Delhi. antony said that the dent James alix Michel and other high rank - government constantly reviews the security Assistant Correspondent abhay Singh thapa decisions and approvals for coastal security ing officials from both sides. antony is environment and accordingly decides in - Assistant Photo Editor including the procurement cases should be leading a high-level delegation to sey - duction of appropriate equipment/plat - abhishek Singh implemented in a time-bound manner and chelles. Prime Minister Dr Manmohan singh forms including maritime patrol aircraft for Contributors the concerned agencies should regularly had earlier announced a $5 million assis - adequate defence preparedness . This is a India monitor the progress. He also highlighted tance for defence related projects for sey - continuous process undertaken through admiral (retd) arun Prakash the need for formation of state Maritime chelles. antony agreed to provide one new procurement of the approved requirements Vice adm (retd) r.N. ganesh Vice adm (retd) P.J. Jacob Boards by coastal states, as these boards Dornier and two Chetak helicopters for of armed forces from various indigenous as r. adm (retd) raja Menon will function as coordinating agencies for maritime surveillance, at the earliest. well as foreign sources as per the provisions Cmde rajeev Sawhney coastal security and other related issues. of Defence Procurement Procedure. Con - Europe Three states have already established these TALWAR CLASS STEALTH FRIGATE tracts for procurement of P-81 aircraft and alan Peaford, Doug richardson, andrew Brookes (UK) boards. antony informed that he would ‘TARKASH’ LAUNCHED Dornier aircraft for maritime patrol/recon - USA & Canada take up with the other state governments naissance/surveillance have been signed. Lon Nordeen (USa) for establishing these boards on priority. Funds required for this purpose have been anil r. Pustam (West Indies) allocated. Funds have also been released as West Asia/Africa SUCCESSFUL DEMONSTRATION per the contractual provisions. h.r. heitman (S. africa) OF THE ATLAS AUV FAMILy Chairman & Managing Director INDIAN AND ROyAL NAVy ExERCISE Jayant Baranwal Konkan 2010, the annual In-rn bilateral ex - Administration & Coordination ercise was conducted at Mumbai as a ‘table- Bharti Sharma, Survi Massey top’ exercise at the tactical simulator Senior Art Director anoop Kamath located at Maritime Warfare Centre, Mum - Design bai. a table-top exercise is an exercise with - Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht out actual participation of ships, but with Sales & Marketing participation of planning staff of both the Director Sales & Marketing : Neetu Dhulia countries. The aim of this exercise is to ex - head Vertical Sales : rajeev Chugh change operational planning concepts; mar - Sales Manager : rajiv ranjan atlas Elektronik with its combined itime domain awareness procedures and to SP’s Website Sr. Web Developer : Shailendra P. ashish unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV) test these plans through simulations of a Web Developer : Ugrashen Vishwakarma resources from germany, UK and Denmark maritime scenario at sea. Experiences from Published bimonthly by Jayant Baranwal on conducted a successful series of aUV this game will be utilised to refine concepts behalf of SP guide Publications Pvt Ltd. all demonstrations at the company- owned test for future Konkan series of exercises in - rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval site in Bincleaves, Dorset, UK. The au - volving ships, submarines and aircraft. system, or transmitted in any form or by any tonomous Underwater Vehicle (aUV) seaOt - means, photocopying, recording, electronic, ter MK II was equipped with a new side scan The second of the three follow on Talwar SHIPBUILDING STRATEGy or otherwise without the prior written sonar, multibeam echosounder and camera. class stealth frigates being built by yantar FOR SHIPyARDS permission of the publishers. The demonstration was planned and exe - shipyard, Kaliningrad, russia was ceremo - In a written reply in the lok sabha, Minister Printed in India by Kala Jyothi Process Pvt Ltd cuted as a transit section into the survey niously launched on June, 23, 2010 by of state for Defence M.M. Pallam raju has © SP guide Publications, 2010 area, where the aUV continued to conduct a ramma Dewan, wife of Vice admiral D.K. stated that the Indian navy has recom - annual Subscription survey with transecting lines, followed by a Dewan, the Vice Chief of naval staff. The mended introduction of modern and Inland: `600 • overseas: US$180 transit section back to the launch point. launching ceremony was attended by gov - emerging techniques in shipbuilding in the Email: [email protected] erner of Kaliningrad region, The Com - country in order to reduce the built periods. Letters to the Editor [email protected] INDIA AND SEyCHELLES jOIN HANDS mander-in-Chief of Baltic Fleet of russian Keeping in line with policy of Ministry of For advertising Details, Contact: FOR MARITIME SECURITy Federation and other senior dignitaries Defence, the Chief of naval staff has also [email protected] India and seychelles have agreed to take from the russian side in addition to senior been encouraging the participation of capa - [email protected] forward their cooperation to tackle the Indian navy officers posted in russia. The ble private shipyards to augment shipbuild - [email protected] frigate, christened ‘Tarkash’ belongs to the ing capacity in the country. The Mazagon [email protected] >> SHOW CALENDAR elite Talwar class of ships, three of which Dock limited, Mumbai, goa shipyard lim - SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD POSTAL ADDRESS namely Talwar, Trishul and Tabar are ited, Vasco-da-gama, and garden reach 7-10 september Post Box No 2525, New Delhi 110 005, India already in service with the Indian navy. shipbuilders and Engineers limited, Corporate Office Shipbuilding - Machinery & Marine Kolkata are being modernised to augment a 133 arjun Nagar, opp Defence Colony, Technology 2010 BOEING CARRIES OUT FDR OF P-8I and improve their production capacities to New Delhi 110 003, India tel: +91(11) 24644693, 24644763, 24620130 Hamburg, germany Boeing has successfully completed the final keep pace with the naval requirements. Hin - www.hamburg-messe.de Fax: +91 (11) 24647093 design review (FDr) for P-8I, India’s long- dustan shipyard limited, Visakhapatnam Regd Office range maritime reconnaissance and anti- has also been added to defence shipyards Fax: +91 (11) 23622942 27-29 september submarine warfare aircraft. The P-8I, based to address the concerns of the navy. Email: [email protected] Coastal, Marine Structures and on the Boeing 737 commercial airplane, is representative offices Breakwaters WA a variant of the P-8a Poseidon that Boeing NAVANTIA DELIVERS CANTABRIA BANGALORE, INDIA novotel langley City Centre air Marshal (retd) B.K. Pandey is developing for the Us navy. Completion SUPPLy SHIP TO SPANISH NAVy 534, Jal Vayu Vihar, Kammanhalli Main rd, Perth,Western australia of the FDr locks in the design for the air - The combat supply ship, Cantabria, built by Bangalore 560043, India. www.marinestructures.com.au craft, radar, communications, navigation, navantia in the san Fernando-Puerto real tel: +91 (80) 23682534 mission computing, acoustics and sensors, shipyard, was officially handed over to the LONDON, UK 27-30 september Shikha thukral as well as the ground and test support spanish navy during a ceremony at the naval area Sales Manager, Europe Offshore Patrol Vessels equipment. It also paves the way for the Base rota. The ship has a length of 174 me - 64 Western road, Sothall Middlesex Palacio de Congresos, Cadiz, programme to begin assembling the first P- tres, making it the second-longest navy ship Mob: +447404424208 spain 8I aircraft. Boeing will deliver the first P-8I and a full-load displacement of 19,500 MOSCOW, RUSSIA www.offshorepatrolvessels.com to India within 48 months of the original tonnes. Its top speed exceeds 21 knots and LagUK Co., Ltd, Yuri Laskin Krasnokholmskaya, Nab., contract signing, which took place in Janu - its range at 13 knots (economic speed) is 11/15, app. 132, Moscow 115172, russia. 28-30 september ary 2009. India is the first customer for the 6,000 nautical miles. It also has a flight deck tel: +7 (495) 911 2762, Modern Day Marine P-8 outside the Us. and hangar from where it will operate three Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260 MCB, Quantico, Virginia aB212 medium helicopters or two sH3D or www.spguidepublications.com www.spsnavalforces.net www.marinemilitaryexpos.com FOREIGN MILITARy SALES (FMS) nH90 heavy helicopters. Through its five rNI Number: DELENg/2008/25836 Defence Minister a.K. antony in a written refuelling stations (one in the stern) it can 25-29 October reply in the rajya sabha has stated that provide 8,000 cubic metres of fuel to ships EURONAVAL 2010 some of the requirements of the armed and 1,500 cubic metres to aircraft. It can also Paris, France forces have been met by procurements supply ammunition, supplies and food to a www.euronaval.fr through the FMs procedure of the Us gov - force at sea and deliver fuel to three ships ernment. Major FMs procurements are: simultaneously at full speed.

4/2010 15 Em D S ai P l: IS E di A C C sc V I o A O A un U L t@ IL N sp A T sm B S il L it E ar ye ar bo ok Indispensable! .c om

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