DOCSLIB.ORG

The Wheel of Fortune in Eighteenth-Century France: the Lottery, Consumption, and Politcs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Wheel of Fortune in Eighteenth-Century France: the Lottery, Consumption, and Politcs THE WHEEL OF FORTUNE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE: THE LOTTERY, CONSUMPTION, AND POLITCS by Robert D. Kruckeberg A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillement of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Professor Dena Goodman, Chair Professor David J. Hancock Professor Michael P. MacDonald Professor Susan L. Siegfried Acknowledgments My greatest general debt is owed to the University of Michigan and its Department of History. Both the university and department have been very generous in funding my graduate work. Besides financial support, they also encourage excellence in scholarship through the many models so readily supplied there and always in an encouraging and collaborative manner. I consider myself very lucky to have been a part of such a wonderful institution, and I thank the university and department for all of their support, financial and intellectual. At a place filled with so many great scholarly role models, Dena Goodman, my advisor, stands outs and I owe her a great debt and my sincere gratitude. Dena has been the best possible mentor for whom a young scholar could ask. In the genre of dissertation acknowledgements, many people often refer to the intellectual rigor of their advisor, but that would do Dena a great injustice. It is not intellectual rigor but intellectual verve that best characterizes her. It is her incredible verve and creativity that is at the center of her intellectual dynamism and inspiration. Dena also always knew the right balance between stern and compassionate encouragement. Regardless, she was always encouraging. I owe her a debt that I am incapable of repaying. I had a great group of diverse scholars who helped me through both the dissertation writing process and the larger graduate school process. David Hancock never let me forget that history and its subjects were real with real lived experiences, not ii simply theory written by historians. Anyone who has worked with David knows to be prepared for many “so what?” questions. Michael MacDonald provided an excellent model of wide ranging intellectual interest. I left his office many times in complete awe of his mind and his grasp of a wide array of historical scholarship. Michael’s colorful personality has also provided many fond memories. Finally, I need to thank Susan Siegfied who forced me to take visual culture seriously as a matter of analysis rather than mere example. The Department of History at the University of Michigan is a crucible of intellectual creativity, engagement, and collegiality. A big part of that is the amazing graduate students whom I have been lucky enough to call friends. There are too many to list, yet I do feel compelled to list some by name. Katie Cangany, Tamar Carroll, Jennifer Palmer, and Saskia Coenen-Snyder were all members of our Supper Club, which quickly turned into a venue to read chapter drafts, practice job talks, and general moral support as well as a good meal. They also are responsible for improving my culinary self-sufficiency, which was no small task. I was lucky enough to have entered Michigan at the same time as two other historians of eighteenth-century France: Ji Li and Jennifer Palmer. Ji and Jennifer enhanced my experience at Michigan in innumerable ways. I owe a particular debt to Jennifer who will no doubt continue to be a source of academic and intellectual support for the rest of my career as well as a very dear friend. Wojciech Beltkiewicz and Sheree Brown provided many nights of fun and necessary escape from the intellectual toil of academic life. And many nights were spent rethinking the eighteenth century with James Dator who forced me to articulate my ideas more clearly if for no other reason than to make them understandable to him. He also challenged me to iii think about the earlier part of the century as well as the larger British and Atlantic context of the eighteenth-century world. The great friends I have made at Michigan made my time in Ann Arbor some of the most enjoyable years of my life, and I thank all of them, named and unnamed. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..ii List of Images………………………………………………………………………..…..vii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………..………ix List of Graphs……………………………………………………………………………..x List of Appendices……………………………………………………………….……….xi List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………...…..xii Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………1 Political Culture and the New Economic History…………………………………...…8 Chapter Overview…………………………………………………………………….22 Chapter 2: Les Trois Petites Loteries: Between Christian Charity and Fiscal Expediency……………………………………………………………………………….28 The Rise and Expansion of the Trois Petites Loteries…………………………..........33 The “Great Altercation” between the Trois Petites Loteries and the Comédie……....40 Growth and Disruption: Building Sainte-Geneviève………………………………....55 The Loterie de l’Hôtel de Ville de Paris and the Challenge to the Trois Loteries……66 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………86 Chapter 3: The Loterie de l’École Royale Militaire: Making the Lottery Noble, Patriotic, and National……………………………………………………………………………...95 Rousseau and the Noblesse Commerçante…………………………………………...97 Military Reform, the École Royale Militaire, and Casanova………………………..103 Between Casanova and Rousseau: Defending the Loterie de l’École Militaire…….115 Establishing the Lottery: Between Royal Majesty and the Consumer……………...121 Building the Lottery…………………………………………………………………130 Ending the Lottery…………………………………………………………………..147 Chapter 4: The Royal Lottery and the Apotheosis of the Consuming Public…………..155 Turgot, Necker, and Public Finance……………………………………………...…158 Early Ideas for Consolidating the Lottery System………………………………..…166 Founding the Royal Lottery: Satisfying the Consuming Public and Its Taste……....171 v Indemnifying the Suppressed Lotteries……………………………………..………176 Outlining the Lottery Bureaucracy: Reassuring and Enticing Consumers………….180 The Administration and Success of the Royal Lottery…………………………...…189 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..198 Chapter 5: The French Revolution and the Royal Lottery……………………………..204 Financial Innovation, the Royal Lottery, and the Monarchy………………………..205 The Fiscal Crisis and Regeneration, 1787-1789………………………………….…218 Could the Royal Lottery Be Made Revolutionary?....................................................230 Between Patriotism and Criminality………………………………………………...241 Sans-Culottes, the National Convention, and Suppression………………………….250 Conclusion…………………………………………………………..………………260 Chapter 6: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..264 Appendices………………………………………………………………………….…..271 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………...…….274 vi List of Images Image 1.1: Almanach pour 1701: Bureau de la loterie (1701, Musée Carnavalet, Paris)……………………………………………………………………………………..26 Image 1.2: Royal Lottery Hawker (From Bernard, Lotteries in Europe, 72)...……….....27 Image 2.1: Lottery Affiche , Les Loterie tirées par permission du Roy pour le bien du public, le soulagement des hôpitaux,… (1705, Musée Carnavalet, Paris)…………….....89 Image 2.2: Inset of Figure 2.1 at the bottom center………………………………..…….90 Image 2.3: Lottery ticket for the January 1772 drawing of the Loterie des Communautés Religieuses……………………………………………………………………………….91 Image 2.4: Lottery ticket for the September 1777 drawing of the Loterie de Pieté (previously known as the Loterie de St. Sulpice)………………………………..………91 Image 2.5: Le Tirage (n.d., Musée Carnavalet, Paris)……………………………….…..92 Image 2.6: Tirage de la loterie en 1772, (1772, Musée Carnavalet, Paris)……………...93 Image 2.7: Affiche for the Loterie de l’Hôtel de Ville de Paris, (1761, Musée Carnavalet, Paris)……………………………………………………………………………….…….94 Image 3.1: Lottery ticket for the October 1772 drawing of the Loterie de l’École Royale Militaire…………………………………………………………………………...…….153 Image 3.2: Tableau des annexes of the Loterie de l’École Royale Militaire……......…154 Image 4.1: Scene outside a receiver’s office of the Royal Lottery (N.d., Musée Carnavalet, Paris)……………………………………………………………………….201 Image 4.2: Tirage de la Loterie Royale de France, (N.d., Cabinet des Éstampes, BN, Paris)……………………………………………………………………………………202 Image 4.3: Lottery ticket for the February 1783 drawing of the Loterie Royale de France, (1783, Musée Carnavalet, Paris)………………………………………………..………203 vii Image 5.1: Parisians Covering Symbols of Royalty. (From Tackett, When the King Took Flight, 110).……………………...................................................................…………..263 viii List of Tables Table 2.1: Comparison of the Profits of the Loterie de Saint-Sulpice before and after the 4 sous Price Increase………….……………………………………………….…………64 Table 2.2: Payout Structure of the Loterie de la Ville under the July 30, 1760 Arret…..74 Table 3.1. The possible combinations for a player wagering on numbers 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7……………….…………………………………………………………...……….127 ix List of Graphs Graph 1: Sales for the Loterie de Saint-Sulpice……………………………………….....59 Graph 2: Profits for the Loterie de Saint-Sulpice………………………………………..59 Graph 3: Sales for the Loterie des Enfants Trouvés……………………………………..60 Graph 4: Profits for the Loterie des Enfants Trouvés…………………………………....60 Graph 5: Sales for the Loterie des Communautés Religieuses…………………………..61 Graph 6: Profits for the Loterie des Communautés Religieuses………………………....61 x List of Appendices Appendix 1: Ticket Sales and Profits for the Loterie de Saint-Sulpice……………...…271 Appendix 2: Ticket Sales and Profits for the Loterie
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Philibert Joseph Roux (1780–1854)
    SURGEONS Philibert Joseph Roux (1780–1854) He´le`ne Perdicoyianni-Pale´ologou Summary: Philibert Joseph Roux (1780–1854), a French surgeon, was a student and friend of Marie Xavier Franc¸ois Bichat, the father of modern pathology and histology. He was assigned as a surgeon to the Hoˆpital Beaujon (1806), the Hoˆpital de la Charite´ (1810) and to Hoˆtel-Dieu de Paris (1835), where he succeeded to Guillaume Dupuyrten, a French anatomist, as a Chief Surgeon. Roux is best known for having performed the surgical repair of a cleft palate and for having been the first surgeon to stitch a ruptured female perineum. His contribution to surgery has also included the publication of Quarante anne´es de pratique chirurgicale. Roux was awarded the grade of Chevalier of the National Order of the legion of Honor and that of Officer. He also served as a President of the Academy of Sciences. He died of a stroke on 3 March 1854. Philibert Joseph Roux was born on 26 April 1780 at Medical studies Auxerre, a commune in the Bourgogne region in north-central France. His father, Jacques Roux, At the suggestion of his father he continued his a Surgeon-in-Chief first at the Hoˆtel-Dieu1 in Paris and medical studies in Paris. He presented himself at the later at E´ cole Militaire in Auxerre, treated him with Concours d’Entre´e to the Val-de-Graˆce7 but failed com- great harshness and severity in response to his idleness prehensively. He then decided to study at the E´ cole de and intemperance.
    [Show full text]
  • Populist Discourse in the French Revolution Rebecca Dudley
    Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies Volume 33 Article 6 2016 Do You Hear the People Sing?: Populist Discourse in the French Revolution Rebecca Dudley Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sigma Part of the European History Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Dudley, Rebecca (2016) "Do You Hear the People Sing?: Populist Discourse in the French Revolution," Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies: Vol. 33 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sigma/vol33/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Do You Hear the People Sing?: Populist Discourse in the French Revolution by Rebecca Dudley The rallying cry of the French Revolutionaries was "Liberte! Egalite! Fraternite!" (liberty, equality, fraternity), and the French Revolution, a pivotal moment in French, European, and world history, has been consistently considered one of the first and most significant nationalist movements. Research and literature thus far on discourse in this revolution have focused on nationalism Qenkins 1990; Hayward 1991; O'Brien 1988), along with the discourses of violence and terror that led to the graphic revolu­ tion (Ozouf 1984; Leoussi 2001). The presence of nationalist discourse and nationalist sentiment in the French Revolution is undeniable, but there are other elements poten­ tially missing from the current analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • New Working Papers Series, Entitled “Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics”
    Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics no. 74 the other canon foundation, Norway Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance CONTACT: Rainer Kattel, [email protected]; Wolfgang Drechsler, [email protected]; Erik S. Reinert, [email protected] 80 Economic Bestsellers before 1850: A Fresh Look at the History of Economic Thought Erik S. Reinert, Kenneth Carpenter, Fernanda A. Reinert, Sophus A. Reinert* MAY 2017 * E. Reinert, Tallinn University of Technology & The Other Canon Foundation, Norway; K. Car- penter, former librarian, Harvard University; F. Reinert, The Other Canon Foundation, Norway; S. Reinert, Harvard Business School. The authors are grateful to Dr. Debra Wallace, Managing Director, Baker Library Services and, Laura Linard, Director of Baker Library Special Collections, at Harvard Business School, where the Historical Collection now houses what was once the Kress Library, for their cooperation in this venture. Above all our thanks go to Olga Mikheeva at Tallinn University of Technology for her very efficient research assistance. Antiquarian book dealers often have more information on economics books than do academics, and our thanks go to Wilhelm Hohmann in Stuttgart, Robert H. Rubin in Brookline MA, Elvira Tasbach in Berlin, and, above all, to Ian Smith in London. We are also grateful for advice from Richard van den Berg, Francesco Boldizzoni, Patrick O’Brien, Alexandre Mendes Cunha, Bertram Schefold and Arild Sæther. Corresponding author [email protected] The core and backbone of this publication consists of the meticulous work of Kenneth Carpenter, librarian of the Kress Library at Harvard Busi- ness School starting in 1968 and later Assistant Director for Research Resources in the Harvard University Library and the Harvard College 1 Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Macroeconomic Features of the French Revolution Author(S): Thomas J
    Macroeconomic Features of the French Revolution Author(s): Thomas J. Sargent and François R. Velde Source: Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 103, No. 3 (Jun., 1995), pp. 474-518 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138696 . Accessed: 12/04/2013 15:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Political Economy. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.199.207.139 on Fri, 12 Apr 2013 15:49:56 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Macroeconomic Features of the French Revolution Thomas J. Sargent University of Chicago and Hoover Institution, Stanford University Frangois R. Velde Johns Hopkins University This paper describes aspects of the French Revolution from the perspective of theories about money and government budget con- straints. We describe how unpleasant fiscal arithmetic gripped the Old Regime, how the Estates General responded to reorganize France'sfiscal affairs, and how fiscal exigencies impelled the Revo- lution into a procession of monetary experiments ending in hyper- inflation.
    [Show full text]
  • Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI Ronald L
    Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 20 Article 19 1966 Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI Ronald L. Hayworth University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Hayworth, Ronald L. (1966) "Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 20 , Article 19. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol20/iss1/19 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 20 [1966], Art. 19 111 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. 20, 1966 THE INVIOLABILITYCONTROVERSY IN THE TRIAL OF LOUIS XVI Ronald L. Hay worth Arkansas College The attempt at constitutional monarchy during the French Revolu- tion ended abruptly on August 10, 1792, with the dethronement of Louis XVI in what has been termed the Second French Revolution. 1 One major problem that the new National Convention faced when it convened in mid-September was the determination of the fate of the ci-devant roi.
    [Show full text]
  • Louis Aragon and Pierre Drieu La Rochelle: Servility and Subversion Oana Carmina Cimpean Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2008 Louis Aragon and Pierre Drieu La Rochelle: Servility and Subversion Oana Carmina Cimpean Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Cimpean, Oana Carmina, "Louis Aragon and Pierre Drieu La Rochelle: Servility and Subversion" (2008). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2283. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2283 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. LOUIS ARAGON AND PIERRE DRIEU LA ROCHELLE: SERVILITYAND SUBVERSION A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of French Studies by Oana Carmina Cîmpean B.A., University of Bucharest, 2000 M.A., University of Alabama, 2002 M.A., Louisiana State University, 2004 August, 2008 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my dissertation advisor Professor Alexandre Leupin. Over the past six years, Dr. Leupin has always been there offering me either professional advice or helping me through personal matters. Above all, I want to thank him for constantly expecting more from me. Professor Ellis Sandoz has been the best Dean‘s Representative that any graduate student might wish for. I want to thank him for introducing me to Eric Voegelin‘s work and for all his valuable suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • El Terror De Estado Francés: Una Perspectiva Jurídica
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revistas UPO (Universidad Pablo de Olivade) EL TERROR DE ESTADO FRANCÉS: UNA PERSPECTIVA JURÍDICA FRENCH STATE OF TERROR: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE Dr. Carlos Aguilar Blanc Recibido: octubre de 2012 Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla Aceptado: noviembre de 2012 [[email protected]] “La revolución no cambió en absoluto la naturaleza humana. Los hombres siguieron conservando sus cualidades y sus defectos pero la revolución llevó a unas y a otros a un grado desconocido hasta entonces” Barón THIBAUDEAU Antiguo Convencional Palabras claves: Terror de Estado, terroristas, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Maximilien Robespierre, Jean-Paul Marat, Thomas Paine, Alexis de Tocqueville, Edmund Burke. Keywords: State of Terror, terrorist, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Maximilien Robespierre, Jean-Paul Marat, Thomas Paine, Alexis de Tocqueville, Edmund Burke. Resumen: La naturaleza singular del Terror de Estado Francés, frente a las formas de miedo secular y de violencia, previas al estallido revolucio- nario popular y jacobino. El hecho novedoso que supuso la legitimación política y legal del Terror de Estado. La refl exión y estudio de la legisla- ción francesa terrorista a la luz de la Filosofía del Derecho y de clásicos como Thomas Paine, Alexis de Tocqueville, o Edmund Burke. Abstrasct: The singular nature of the French State of Terror, against the secular forms of fear and violence, priors to the popular and Jacobin re- volutionary outbreak. The new fact that supposed the legal and political legitimacy of the State of Terror. The refl ection and study of the French terrorist legislation in the light of the Philosophy of Law and the classics like Thomas Paine, Alexis de Tocqueville, or Edmund Burke.
    [Show full text]
  • Anachronism in Early French Futuristic Fiction
    DePauw University Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University Modern Languages Faculty publications Modern Languages 7-2016 Anachronism in Early French Futuristic Fiction Arthur B. Evans DePauw University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.depauw.edu/mlang_facpubs Part of the French and Francophone Literature Commons Recommended Citation Evans, Arthur B. "Anachronism in Early French Futuristic Fiction." Science Fiction Studies Vol. 43, no. 2, #129 (July 2016), pp. 194-206. Print. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Modern Languages at Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Modern Languages Faculty publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 194 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 43 (2016) Arthur B. Evans Anachronism in Early French Futuristic Fiction Pawe³ Frelik, in his essay “The Future of the Past: Science Fiction, Retro, and Retrofuturism” (2013), defined the idea of retrofuturism as referring “to the text’s vision of the future, which comes across as anachronistic in relation to contemporary ways of imagining it” (208). Pawe³’s use of the word “anachronistic” in this definition set me to thinking. Aren’t all fictional portrayals of the future always and inevitably anachronistic in some way? Further, I saw in the phrase “contemporary ways of imagining” a delightful ambiguity between two different groups of readers: those of today who, viewing it in retrospect, see such a speculative text as an artifact, an inaccurate vision of the future from the past, but also the original readers, contemporary to the text when it was written, who no doubt saw it as a potentially real future that was chock-full of anachronisms in relation to their own time—but that one day might no longer be.
    [Show full text]
  • I Introduction
    I Introduction A Preliminary View of the Research Problem In all epochs and cultures, despite their differences, men have always been united by one common denominator: they have wanted to be happy. Happiness has been called the summum bonum, i.e., the ultimate goal of all human thoughts and actions.1 This important argument was already advanced by Aristotle, who postulates in his Nicomachean Ethics that happiness is “the end of human things”, and belongs to the class of activities which are “desirable in themselves”.2 It is no exaggeration to argue that the desire for happiness forms such a constituent element in man that if he ceases to hope for this, he has lost his very essence as a sentient creature. Yet, in a world torn apart by miseries from devastating natural disasters to social, political and economic inequalities, happiness often turns out to be a mere illusion. It is like a mirage which escapes man in the wilderness at the moment when he imagines he has reached it. In the course of the centuries the desire to find happiness has assumed many different forms. Since the existing conditions rarely provide the optimal ground for the realization of happiness, men have turned to creating in their imagina- tion images of some ideal condition either in this life or beyond the grave. As Karl Mannheim has pointed out, the fantasizing faculty has throughout the ages formed an constitutive element in human life: “Myths, fairy tales, other-worldly promises of religion, humanistic fantasies, travel romances, have been continually changing expressions of that which was lacking in actual life.”3 Utopian visions represent one branch of wishful thinking.
    [Show full text]
  • 50 H-France Forum, V
    H-France Forum Volume 4 Page 50 ______________________________________________________________________________ H-France Forum, Volume 4, Issue 2 (Spring 2009), No. 5 Michael Sonenscher, Sans-Culottes: An Eighteenth-Century Emblem in the French Revolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. x + 493 pp. $45.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 978- 0691124988. Response Essay by Michael Sonenscher, King’s College Cambridge, to the review essays of his book by John Hardman, Thomas E. Kaiser, Charles Walton and Johnson Kent Wright. Perhaps the easiest way to begin a reply to this array of thought-provoking comments is to start with the two factual questions raised by John Hardman. The first concerns the comte d’Angiviller, while the second concerns Charles-Alexandre de Calonne. Answering them is a good way into the questions set out by Thomas E. Kaiser and Charles Walton about the relationship of the sans-culottes to Robespierre, Saint-Just and the Jacobin leadership in 1793 and 1794 and, more broadly, about the similarities and differences in their respective moral values, economic priorities and political visions. Answering their questions is, in turn, a helpful entry point to the questions about eighteenth-century versions of ancient moral and political thought and about the politics of the ancient constitution raised by Johnson Kent Wright. John Hardman asked whether I had any evidence that the comte d’Angiviller was, as I put it, “a strong advocate of a patriotic coup against the nation’s creditors in 1787 and 1788” (p. 378). I made the claim on the basis of a remark by d’Angiviller in the autobiographical fragment entitled Episodes de ma vie that was published posthumously in 1906.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the French in London Liberty, Equality, Opportunity
    A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity Edited by Debra Kelly and Martyn Cornick A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity Edited by Debra Kelly and Martyn Cornick LONDON INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Published by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU First published in print in 2013. This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY- NCND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN 978 1 909646 48 3 (PDF edition) ISBN 978 1 905165 86 5 (hardback edition) Contents List of contributors vii List of figures xv List of tables xxi List of maps xxiii Acknowledgements xxv Introduction The French in London: a study in time and space 1 Martyn Cornick 1. A special case? London’s French Protestants 13 Elizabeth Randall 2. Montagu House, Bloomsbury: a French household in London, 1673–1733 43 Paul Boucher and Tessa Murdoch 3. The novelty of the French émigrés in London in the 1790s 69 Kirsty Carpenter Note on French Catholics in London after 1789 91 4. Courts in exile: Bourbons, Bonapartes and Orléans in London, from George III to Edward VII 99 Philip Mansel 5. The French in London during the 1830s: multidimensional occupancy 129 Máire Cross 6. Introductory exposition: French republicans and communists in exile to 1848 155 Fabrice Bensimon 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Economy in the Eighteenth Century: Popular Or Despotic? the Physiocrats Against the Right to Existence
    Economic Thought 4.1: 47-66, 2015 Political Economy in the Eighteenth Century: Popular or Despotic? The Physiocrats Against the Right to Existence Florence Gauthier, Universite Paris, France [email protected] Abstract Control over food supply was advanced in the kingdom of France in the Eighteenth century by Physiocrat economists under the seemingly advantageous label of ‘freedom of grain trade’. In 1764 these reforms brought about a rise in grain prices and generated an artificial dearth that ruined the poor, some of whom died from malnutrition. The King halted the reform and re-established the old regime of regulated prices; in order to maintain the delicate balance between prices and wages, the monarchy tried to limit speculation in subsistence goods and achieved some success in regulating the provisioning of public markets. Le Mercier de la Rivière concluded that executing these reforms required more effective political control. After 1774 the new king gave the Physiocratic reforms a second chance, reforming property rights and establishing an aristocracy of the landed rich. Again, this led to price hikes and as a result so-called ‘popular emotions’ erupted. Turgot ordered military intervention to dispel the protesters, marking a first rupture between the monarchy and the people over speculation on subsistence. Turgot’s experiment failed and he was dismissed, but the Physiocracy had discovered that the market in subsistence offered new opportunities for economic power under the misleading legitimacy of ‘economic laws’. Turgot's followers, Dupont de Nemours and Condorcet, continued to develop this ‘theory’ that was later translated into a ‘scientific language’ that ultimately asserted the autonomy of the economic sphere and its alleged independence from ethics and politics.
    [Show full text]