DOCSLIB.ORG

Urophora Jaceana (Hering) Dispute

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Urophora Jaceana (Hering) Dispute I I39 1 THE NATURAL CONTROL OF POPULATION BALANCE IN THE KNAPWEED GALL-FLY (UROPHORA YACEANA) BYG. C. VARLEY,King's College,Newcastle upon Tyne (With i i Figures in the Text) CONTENTS PAGE PART I . 140 I. INTRODUCTION I. 40 2. THE CENSUS I. 14 3. THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE KNAPWEED GALL-FLY 2. I4 PART 2. THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE ADULT GALL-FLIES AND THEIR FECUNDITY 146 i. THE FECUNDITY OF THE GALL-FLIES IN THE FIELD. I46 2. THE EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF FECUNDITY. I. 48 (a) The effect of mating on fecundity . 149 (b) The effect of feeding on fecundity . - . 149 (c) The effect of combinations of temperature and humidity on fecundity . 50 3. FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON THE ADULT GALL-FLIES . I52 (a) The population density of the gall-flies and its bearing on their fecundity. I52 (b) Experiment on the dispersal of adult gall-flies . I53 (c) The effect of weather on the behaviour of the gall-flies . I54 (d) The rate of oviposition in the field . 155 (e) The effect of weather on fecundity . 157 PART 3. THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE SURVIVAL OF THE EGGS, LARVAE AND PUPAE OF THE GALL-FLY . I57 i. THE MORTALITY UP TO THE FORMATION OF THE GALL . 58 (a) The egg mortality in 1935 . 158 (b) The mortality of the larvae up to the formation of the gall in 1935 . 58 (c) The egg mortality in 1936 . i6o (d) The mortality of the larvae up to the formation of the gall in 1936 . i6o 2. THE MORTALITY AFTER THE FORMATION OF THE GALL . i6i (a) Winter disappearance . I6I (b) Mortality due to mice . I63 (c) Mortality due to unknown causes . I63 (d) Mortality due to chalcid parasites . I64 (I) Eurytoma curta . I64 (2) Eurytoma robustar. I67 (3) Habrocytus trypetae. 68 (4) Torymuscyanimus . 71 (5) Macroneuravesicularis .1 . .. I7 I (6) Tetrastichussp. B 172 (e) Mortality due to caterpillars . 173 (i) Eucosma hohenwartiana . 173 (2) Metzneria metzneriella . I174 (3) Euxanthisstraminea . .1 . I74 PART 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS . I74 SUMMARY . I82 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . I 82 REFERENCES . I86 This content downloaded on Fri, 8 Mar 2013 13:36:49 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions I40 Natural control of population balancein the knapweedgall-fly PART I The knapweed gall-fly, Urophorajaceana(Hering)* (Diptera, Trypetidae), is a member of a large and I.INTRODUCTION complex insect community which lives in the In this contribution to insect ecology the theory of flower-heads of the black knapweed Centaurea balance of animal populations, formulated by nemoralis-Jordan (Compositae). Owing to a happy Nicholson (I933) and Nicholson & Bailey (1935), is series of peculiarities in its life history, the gall-fly used for the first time in the interpretation of the provides particularly suitable material for the study results of a field survey. The conclusions are of population problems in the field. sufficiently striking to claim the attention both of The problem considered here is formulated thus: ecologists and economic zoologists, and their im- What factors control the population density of Uro- portance goes beyond that of the insect material on phora jaceana in nature, and how do they operate? which they are based. Nicholson (I933, p. 135) states that 'a controlling It is now more than twenty years since Lotka factor should act more severely against an average published his mathematical studies on the inter- individual when the density of animals is high, and action between predators and prey which were less severely when the density is low. In other words, applied by Gause (1934) to the oscillations in the the action of the controlling factor must be governed population densities of protozoan predators and by the density of the population controlled.' Control- prey under constant environmental conditions in ling factors, with or without the help of other factors, vitro. Nicholson & Bailey's formulation of the can therefore maintain a species in a state of balance simpler situation which arises when a sp-ecific insect at such an average population density that over a parasite and its host have synchronized generations period of years these factors kill the surplus popula- was first shown to apply under idealized laboratory tion. Where other factors permit its survival it is the conditions by the neat experiment of de Bach & controlling factors which mainly determine whether Smith (I94i), where the oscillations in the population a species shall be rare or common. density of parasite and host agreed excellently with Two groups of controlling factors can be distin- the theory over a period of eight generations. guished. The first have been termed density dependent The present work provides the first attempted factors by Smith (I935). They may be recognized by confirmation from field data of the basic assumptions the fact that at any time the severity of their action of the theory of Nicholson & Bailey. The theory is increases as the population density rises. Intra- subsequently used to interpret the interaction be- specific competition for limited food supply or tween the various factors destroying the knapweed limited space operates in this way, and the sigmoid gall-fly. The quantitative effect of each factor can population curves obtained by Pearl (I925) for be examined separately. The clarification of a com- Drosophila cultures, and by many subsequent plex situation achieved in this way may provide workers for other species, are explicable on this view the economic entomologist with a new and powerful (see Crombie, 1945). According to Nicholson's technique. And the rather paradoxical nature of theory, limitation of host population density acts in the conclusions reached may well revolutionize the the same way on the increase of parasites and pre- methods of assessing the probable value of different dators. However, the parasites and predators also projectedcontrolmeasures to be applied to insectpests. exercise a reciprocal influence on the numbers of the If the cause operating to produce balance in the species on which they feed. population density of a species is known to be a This reciprocal reaction provides a second type of parasite, workers seeking either to reduce, conserve, controlling factor, to which it is proposed to apply or increase the population density of the species can the new term delayed density dependent factor. A use Nicholson & Bailey's theory to investigate the parasite acts as a delayed density dependent factor long-term effects on the balance which may be if its fecundity or its effective rate of increase is expected from any alteration of conditions. strongly correlated with host density. Nicholson * Until I937 the knapweed gall-fly was known in this the genus Euribia Latreille i802 as valid. This is closely country as Urophora solstitialis (L.), but it had long been bound up with the very vexed question of the validity of known that continental U. solstitialis was usually a gall-fly Meigen's I8oo names, of which Euribia is one (see of thistles. However, gall-flies bred from the continental Collin, 1946). knapweed Centaurea jacea were found to differ from the Both Seguy (I934) and Kloet & Hincks (I945) accept thistle species, and were described as new by Hering the genus Urophora of Robineau-Desvoidy I830, and (I935) under the name jaceana. Collin (1937) has found they are followed here. So it comes about that the knap- that the British specimens from knapweed are in fact weed gall-fly was called Urophora solstitialis (L.) by jaceana, and not solstitialis. Varley & Butler (I933), Euribia jaceana Hering by The generic name of the knapweed gall-fly is a point of Varley (I937a, b, I94I), and Urophora jaceana (Hering) dispute. Collin (I937) follows Hendel (I927) in accepting in this present paper ! This content downloaded on Fri, 8 Mar 2013 13:36:49 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions G. C. VARLEY 14I assumes that if the host density rises above the dry up, and finally their remains fall off in a lump, density of the steady state in which host and parasite leaving the ripening fruits behind. The fruits, when are in equilibrium, the percentage of hosts destroyed ripe, get squeezed out as the bracts dry and con- by the first parasite generation will not increase, but tract. Towards the end of the summer some of the remain unchanged. The number of hosts killed, and flower-heads fall to the ground. As the winter therefore the number of parasites emerging in the advances more and more flower-heads fall, until in next generation, will be proportionately greater. the following June less than a third of them remain Only after this delay of one generation will the on the dry and bleached stems. increased parasite population begin to destroy a greater proportion of hosts. Eventually after two or more generations the host density will be reduced. This fall in host density will in turn be followed by a fall in parasite density, which will allow the hosts to increase once more. These oscillations are essentially similar to those predicted independently by Lotka (I925) and Volterra (I926, I93 I) (for more complete references see Thompson, 1939). They have been observed experimentally by de Bach & Smith (I94I). In order to find how the mortality factors control ,..,#w:;:~~~~X W l, OOD LAND the population density of the knapweed gall-fly the following programme of work has been carried out. The natural rate of increase of the gall-fly has been measured under field conditions, and the factors which influence this have been studied. The mortality due to all causes has been assessed, and an HAY examination made to determine which are density dependent factors, and which delayed density de- pendent factors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sanctuary Magazine Which Exemplary Sustainability Work Carried Westdown Camp Historic Environments, Access, Planning and Defence
    THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE SUSTAINABILITY MAGAZINE Number 43 • 2014 THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE SUSTAINABILITY MAGAZINE OF DEFENCE SUSTAINABILITY THE MINISTRY MOD celebrates thirty years of conserving owls and raptors on Salisbury Plain Climate change adaptation Number 43 • 2014 and resilience on the MOD estate Spend 2 Save switch on the success CONTACTS Foreword by Jonathan Slater Director General Head Office and Defence Infrastructure SD Energy, Utilities & Editor Commissioning Services Organisation Sustainability Team Iain Perkins DIO manages the MOD’s property The SD EUS team is responsible for Energy Hannah Mintram It has been another successful year infrastructure and ensures strategic Management, Energy Delivery and Payment, for the Sanctuary Awards with judges management of the Defence estate as a along with Water and Waste Policy whole, optimising investment and Implementation and Data across the MOD Designed by having to choose between some very providing the best support possible to estate both in the UK and Overseas. Aspire Defence Services Ltd impressive entries. I am delighted to the military. Multi Media Centre see that the Silver Otter trophy has Energy Management Team Secretariat maintains the long-term strategy Tel: 0121 311 2017 been awarded to the Owl and Raptor for the estate and develops policy on estate Editorial Board Nest Box Project on Salisbury Plain. management issues. It is the policy lead for Energy Delivery and Payment Team Julia Powell (Chair) This project has been running for sustainable estate. Tel: 0121 311 3854 Richard Brooks more than three decades and is still Water and Waste Policy Implementation thriving thanks to the huge Operational Development and Data Team Editorial Contact dedication of its team of volunteers.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of the Dipterists Forum
    BULLETIN OF THE Dipterists Forum Bulletin No. 56 Affiliated to the British Entomological and Natural History Society Autumn 2003 Scheme Organisers Tipuloidea & Ptychopteridae - Cranefly Dr. R.K.A.Morris Mr A E Stubbs [email protected] 181 Broadway Peterborough PE1 4DS Summer 2003: Please notify Dr Mark Hill of changes: Ivan Perry BRC (CEH) [ ][ ] 27 Mill Road, Lode, Cambridge, CB5 9EN. Monks Wood, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, co-organiser: John Kramer Tel: 01223 812438 Cambridgeshire PE28 2LS (Tel. 01487 772413) 31 Ash Tree Road Autumn 2003, Summer 2004: [email protected] Oadby, Leicester, LE2 5TE Peter Chandler Recording Schemes Sciomyzidae - Snail-killing Flies Symposium Graham Rotheray This year will see some substantial changes in the National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Dr I F G McLean ways in which some Recording Scheme Organisers Edinburgh EH1 1JF, 0131.247.4243 109 Miller Way, Brampton, Huntingdon, Cambs archive and exchange records. Whilst all will read- [email protected] ily accept records in written form the following PE28 4TZ Membership symbols are used to indicate some of the known (or [email protected] surmised) methods by which Scheme Organisers [email protected] may currently receive records electronically: Mr A.P. Foster Mr M. Parker 23 The Dawneys, Crudwell, Malmesbury, Wiltshire 9 East Wyld Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 0RP Recorder SN16 9HE Dipterists Digest MapMate [][][] Microsoft Access Darwyn Sumner Peter Chandler 606B Berryfield Lane, Melksham, Wilts SN12 6EL Spreadsheet
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 UDAF Insect Report
    2019 Insect Report UTAH DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD DIVISION OF PLANT INDUSTRY LARGE PINE WEEVIL H y l o b i u s a b i e ti s ( L i n n a e u s ) PROGRAM 2019 PARTNERS Insect Report MORMON CRICKET - VELVET LONGHORNED BEETLE - EMERALD ASH BORER - NUN MOTH - JAPANESE BEE- TLE - PINE SHOOT BEETLE - APPLE MAGGOT - GYPSY MOTH - PLUM CURCULIO - CHERRY FRUIT FLY - LARGE PINE WEEVIL - LIGHT BROWN APPLE MOTH - ROSY GYPSY MOTH - EUROPEAN HONEY BEE - BLACK FIR SAW- YER - GRASSHOPPER - MEDITERRANEAN PINE ENGRAVER - SIX-TOOTHED BARK BEETLE - NUN MOTH - EU- ROPEAN GRAPEVINE MOTH - SIBERIAN SILK MOTH - PINE TREE LAPPET - MORMON CRICKET - VELVET LONGHORNED BEETLE - EMERALD ASH BORER - NUN MOTH - JAPANESE BEETLE - PINE SHOOT BEETLE - AP- PLE MAGGOT - GYPSY MOTH - PLUM CURCULIO - CHERRY FRUIT FLY - LARGE PINE WEEVIL - LIGHT BROWN APPLE MOTH - ROSY GYPSY MOTH - EUROPEAN HONEY BEE - BLACK FIR SAWYER - GRASSHOPPER - MEDI- TERRANEAN PINE ENGRAVER - SIX-TOOTHED BARK BEETLE - NUN MOTH - EUROPEAN GRAPEVINE MOTH - SIBERIAN SILK MOTH - PINE TREE LAPPET - MORMON CRICKET - VELVET LONGHORNED BEETLE - EMERALD ASH BORER - NUN MOTH - JAPANESE BEETLE - PINE SHOOT BEETLE - APPLE MAGGOT - GYPSY MOTH - PLUM CURCULIO - CHERRY FRUIT FLY - LARGE PINE WEEVIL - LIGHT BROWN APPLE MOTH - ROSY GYPSY MOTH - EUROPEAN HONEY BEE - BLACK FIR SAWYER - GRASSHOPPER - MEDITERRANEAN PINE ENGRAVER - SIX-TOOTHED BARK BEETLE - NUN MOTH - EUROPEAN GRAPEVINE MOTH - SIBERIAN SILK MOTH - PINE TREE LAPPET - MORMON CRICKET - VELVET LONGHORNED BEETLE - EMERALD ASH BORER - NUN MOTH - JAPANESE
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Trophic Level Interactions Between the Invasive Plant
    MULTI-TROPHIC LEVEL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE INVASIVE PLANT CENTAUREA STOEBE, INSECTS AND NATIVE PLANTS by Christina Rachel Herron-Sweet A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Land Resources and Environmental Sciences MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana May 2014 ©COPYRIGHT by Christina Rachel Herron-Sweet 2014 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION To my parents and grandparents, who instilled in me the value of education and have been my biggest supporters along the way. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks go to my two advisers Drs. Jane Mangold and Erik Lehnhoff for all their tremendous support, advice and feedback during my graduate program. My two other committee members Drs. Laura Burkle and Jeff Littlefield also deserve a huge thank you for the time and effort they put into helping me with various aspects of my project. This research would not have been possible without the dedicated crew of field and lab helpers: Torrin Daniels, Darcy Goodson, Daniel France, James Collins, Ann de Meij, Noelle Orloff, Krista Ehlert, and Hally Berg. The following individuals deserve recognition for their patience in teaching me pollinator identification, and for providing parasitoid identifications: Casey Delphia, Mike Simanonok, Justin Runyon, Charles Hart, Stacy Davis, Mike Ivie, Roger Burks, Jim Woolley, David Wahl, Steve Heydon, and Gary Gibson. Hilary Parkinson and Matt Lavin also offered their expertise in plant identification. Statistical advice and R code was generously offered by Megan Higgs, Sean McKenzie, Pamela Santibanez, Dan Bachen, Michael Lerch, Michael Simanonok, Zach Miller and Dave Roberts. Bryce Christiaens, Lyn Huyser, Gil Gale and Craig Campbell provided instrumental consultation on locating field sites, and the Circle H Ranch, Flying D Ranch and the United States Forest Service graciously allowed this research to take place on their property.
    [Show full text]
  • Moths of Poole Harbour Species List
    Moths of Poole Harbour is a project of Birds of Poole Harbour Moths of Poole Harbour Species List Birds of Poole Harbour & Moths of Poole Harbour recording area The Moths of Poole Harbour Project The ‘Moths of Poole Harbour’ project (MoPH) was established in 2017 to gain knowledge of moth species occurring in Poole Harbour, Dorset, their distribution, abundance and to some extent, their habitat requirements. The study area uses the same boundaries as the Birds of Poole Harbour (BoPH) project. Abigail Gibbs and Chris Thain, previous Wardens on Brownsea Island for Dorset Wildlife Trust (DWT), were invited by BoPH to undertake a study of moths in the Poole Harbour recording area. This is an area of some 175 square kilometres stretching from Corfe Castle in the south to Canford Heath in the north of the conurbation and west as far as Wareham. 4 moth traps were purchased for the project; 3 Mercury Vapour (MV) Robinson traps with 50m extension cables and one Actinic, Ultra-violet (UV) portable Heath trap running from a rechargeable battery. This was the capability that was deployed on most of the ensuing 327 nights of trapping. Locations were selected using a number of criteria: Habitat, accessibility, existing knowledge (previously well-recorded sites were generally not included), potential for repeat visits, site security and potential for public engagement. Field work commenced from late July 2017 and continued until October. Generally, in the years 2018 – 2020 trapping field work began in March/ April and ran on until late October or early November, stopping at the first frost.
    [Show full text]
  • TORTS Newsletter of the Troop of Reputed Tortricid Systematists
    Volume 6 13 July 2005 Issue 2 TORTS Newsletter of the Troop of Reputed Tortricid Systematists TORTRICIDAE OF TAIWAN “I ELEN” MEETING IN NOW ON-LINE CAMPINAS, BRAZIL According to Shen-Horn Yen, the on-line I ELEN (I Encontro Sobre Lepidoptera checklist of the Lepidoptera of Taiwan has been Neotropicais), roughly translated as the “First uploaded to the "Taiwan Biodiversity Meeting On The Neotropical Lepidoptera,” was Information Network" (http://taibnet.sinica. held in Campinas, Brazil, 17-21 April 2005. edu.tw/english/home.htm). A recently revised Hosted and organized by two Brazilian and updated checklist of the Tortricidae of lepidopterists, Andre Victor Lucci Freitas and Taiwan can be found there. The literature and Marcelo Duarte, the meeting was attended by image databases are still under construction, over 200 Lepidoptera enthusiasts, primarily and Shen-Horn indicates that those will be Latin Americans, over half of which were completed within about 2 years. students. The large number of young people _____________________________________ was in stark contrast to most North American Lepidoptera meetings in which the crowd is TORTRICID CATALOG dominated by geriatric (or nearly geriatric, as in my case) professionals, with student AVAILABLE FROM participation about 20-30%. Among the APOLLO BOOKS attendees were about 8-10 North Americans and about 5-6 Europeans, with the remainder of the World Catalogue of Insects, Volume 5, audience and presenters from Central and South Lepidoptera, Tortricidae is now available from America, with nearly every Latin American Apollo Books. The catalog treats over 9,100 country represented by one or more participants. valid species and over 15,000 names; it is 741 The talks, presented mostly in Portuguese pages in length.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Noxious Weed Management Plan: US Air Force Academy and Farish Recreation Area, El Paso County, CO
    Integrated Noxious Weed Management Plan US Air Force Academy and Farish Recreation Area August 2015 CNHP’s mission is to preserve the natural diversity of life by contributing the essential scientific foundation that leads to lasting conservation of Colorado's biological wealth. Colorado Natural Heritage Program Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University 1475 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523 (970) 491-7331 Report Prepared for: United States Air Force Academy Department of Natural Resources Recommended Citation: Smith, P., S. S. Panjabi, and J. Handwerk. 2015. Integrated Noxious Weed Management Plan: US Air Force Academy and Farish Recreation Area, El Paso County, CO. Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Front Cover: Documenting weeds at the US Air Force Academy. Photos courtesy of the Colorado Natural Heritage Program © Integrated Noxious Weed Management Plan US Air Force Academy and Farish Recreation Area El Paso County, CO Pam Smith, Susan Spackman Panjabi, and Jill Handwerk Colorado Natural Heritage Program Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 August 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Various federal, state, and local laws, ordinances, orders, and policies require land managers to control noxious weeds. The purpose of this plan is to provide a guide to manage, in the most efficient and effective manner, the noxious weeds on the US Air Force Academy (Academy) and Farish Recreation Area (Farish) over the next 10 years (through 2025), in accordance with their respective integrated natural resources management plans. This plan pertains to the “natural” portions of the Academy and excludes highly developed areas, such as around buildings, recreation fields, and lawns.
    [Show full text]
  • Flies) Benjamin Kongyeli Badii
    Chapter Phylogeny and Functional Morphology of Diptera (Flies) Benjamin Kongyeli Badii Abstract The order Diptera includes all true flies. Members of this order are the most ecologically diverse and probably have a greater economic impact on humans than any other group of insects. The application of explicit methods of phylogenetic and morphological analysis has revealed weaknesses in the traditional classification of dipteran insects, but little progress has been made to achieve a robust, stable clas- sification that reflects evolutionary relationships and morphological adaptations for a more precise understanding of their developmental biology and behavioral ecol- ogy. The current status of Diptera phylogenetics is reviewed in this chapter. Also, key aspects of the morphology of the different life stages of the flies, particularly characters useful for taxonomic purposes and for an understanding of the group’s biology have been described with an emphasis on newer contributions and progress in understanding this important group of insects. Keywords: Tephritoidea, Diptera flies, Nematocera, Brachycera metamorphosis, larva 1. Introduction Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms. Phylogeny is essential in understanding the biodiversity, genetics, evolution, and ecology among groups of organisms [1, 2]. Functional morphology involves the study of the relationships between the structure of an organism and the function of the various parts of an organism. The old adage “form follows function” is a guiding principle of functional morphology. It helps in understanding the ways in which body structures can be used to produce a wide variety of different behaviors, including moving, feeding, fighting, and reproducing. It thus, integrates concepts from physiology, evolution, anatomy and development, and synthesizes the diverse ways that biological and physical factors interact in the lives of organisms [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Additions, Deletions and Corrections to An
    Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society No. 36 (2012) ADDITIONS, DELETIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE IRISH BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA) WITH A CONCISE CHECKLIST OF IRISH SPECIES AND ELACHISTA BIATOMELLA (STAINTON, 1848) NEW TO IRELAND K. G. M. Bond1 and J. P. O’Connor2 1Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, School of BEES, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland. e-mail: <[email protected]> 2Emeritus Entomologist, National Museum of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. Abstract Additions, deletions and corrections are made to the Irish checklist of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera). Elachista biatomella (Stainton, 1848) is added to the Irish list. The total number of confirmed Irish species of Lepidoptera now stands at 1480. Key words: Lepidoptera, additions, deletions, corrections, Irish list, Elachista biatomella Introduction Bond, Nash and O’Connor (2006) provided a checklist of the Irish Lepidoptera. Since its publication, many new discoveries have been made and are reported here. In addition, several deletions have been made. A concise and updated checklist is provided. The following abbreviations are used in the text: BM(NH) – The Natural History Museum, London; NMINH – National Museum of Ireland, Natural History, Dublin. The total number of confirmed Irish species now stands at 1480, an addition of 68 since Bond et al. (2006). Taxonomic arrangement As a result of recent systematic research, it has been necessary to replace the arrangement familiar to British and Irish Lepidopterists by the Fauna Europaea [FE] system used by Karsholt 60 Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society No. 36 (2012) and Razowski, which is widely used in continental Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Urophora Jaceana) and Its Host Plant (Centaurea Nigra)
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs An individual based population study of an insect herbivore (Urophora jaceana) and its host plant (Centaurea nigra) Thesis How to cite: Paul, Roger Philip (1998). An individual based population study of an insect herbivore (Urophora jaceana) and its host plant (Centaurea nigra). PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1997 Roger Philip Paul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000fe91 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk U (\/l2bS7RlCT^ A x y . IndivlcSLiaâl based £>0£>\alat:lozl study of an Ixxsect herbivore C ZJ’jro£>Jnojr& CG&n a*) and its host plant C ta urea grra) . Roger Philip Paul M.A. (Cantab) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Open University, U.K. Discipline: Biology 17th May 1997 Preferred citation: Paul R.P. (1997) An mdividual based population study of an insect h e rb iv o re {Urophora jaceana) and its host plant {C e n ta u re a n ig ra ). Ph.D. Thesis, The Open University, U.K. ProQuest Number: 27696830 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Report Spring/Summer 2015 Contents
    Wimbledon and Putney Commons Monitoring Report Spring/Summer 2015 Contents CONTEXT 1 A. SYSTEMATIC RECORDING 3 METHODS 3 OUTCOMES 6 REFLECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 18 B. BIOBLITZ 19 REFLECTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNT 21 C. REFERENCES 22 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location of The Plain on Wimbledon and Putney Commons 2 Figure 2 Experimental Reptile Refuge near the Junction of Centre Path and Somerset Ride 5 Figure 3 Contrasting Cut and Uncut Areas in the Conservation Zone of The Plain, Spring 2015 6/7 Figure 4 Notable Plant Species Recorded on The Plain, Summer 2015 8 Figure 5 Meadow Brown and white Admiral Butterflies 14 Figure 6 Hairy Dragonfly and Willow Emerald Damselfly 14 Figure 7 The BioBlitz Route 15 Figure 8 Vestal and European Corn-borer moths 16 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Mowing Dates for the Conservation Area of The Plain 3 Table 2 Dates for General Observational Records of The Plain, 2015 10 Table 3 Birds of The Plain, Spring - Summer 2015 11 Table 4 Summary of Insect Recording in 2015 12/13 Table 5 Rare Beetles Living in the Vicinity of The Plain 15 LIST OF APPENDICES A1 The Wildlife and Conservation Forum and Volunteer Recorders 23 A2 Sward Height Data Spring 2015 24 A3 Floral Records for The Plain : Wimbledon and Putney Commons 2015 26 A4 The Plain Spring and Summer 2015 – John Weir’s General Reports 30 A5 a Birds on The Plain March to September 2015; 41 B Birds on The Plain - summary of frequencies 42 A6 ai Butterflies on The Plain (DW) 43 aii Butterfly long-term transect including The Plain (SR) 44 aiii New woodland butterfly transect
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Insects, Primarily Impacts of Biological Control Organisms and Their Parasitoids, Associated with Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea Stoebe L
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2004 Assessment of Insects, Primarily Impacts of Biological Control Organisms and Their Parasitoids, Associated with Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L. s. l.) in Eastern Tennessee Amy Lynn Kovach University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Kovach, Amy Lynn, "Assessment of Insects, Primarily Impacts of Biological Control Organisms and Their Parasitoids, Associated with Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L. s. l.) in Eastern Tennessee. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2004. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2267 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Amy Lynn Kovach entitled "Assessment of Insects, Primarily Impacts of Biological Control Organisms and Their Parasitoids, Associated with Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L. s. l.) in Eastern Tennessee." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Entomology and Plant Pathology. Jerome F. Grant, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Paris L. Lambdin, B. Eugene Wofford Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R.
    [Show full text]