Od Hradca Do Raciborza Poznajemy Dziedzictwo Golężyców

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Od Hradca Do Raciborza Poznajemy Dziedzictwo Golężyców Od Hradca do Raciborza poznajemy dziedzictwo Golężyców Od Hradce po Ratiboř – poznáváme dědictví Holasiců From Hradec to Racibórz - learning the heritage of Golensizi Von Grätz bis Ratibor – Entdeckung des Erbes der Golensizen Piszący około 845 roku nieznany z imienia skryba z Ratyzbony zwany Geografem Bawar- skim, wzmiankuje w Zapisce karolińskiej, czyli Opisie grodów i ziem z północnej stro- ny Dunaju słowiańskie plemię Golężyców (Golenzici), zajmujących z pięcioma grodami ziemie nad górną Odrą. W literaturze postawiono wiele hipotez dotyczących identyfikacji terytorium plemiennego i lokalizacji golężyckich osad. Dominuje pogląd, że plemię zasiedlało obszar obec- nego Raciborza, a w miejscu zamku być może znajdował się jeden z golężyckich grodów, choć zdecydo- wanie mniejszy od ich osady obronnej w Lubomi. Grodem broniącym południowe flanki golężyckiego terytorium, jak wskazują badacze, był Grodziec (Hradec nad Moravicí). Racibórz i Grodziec przynależą do Śląska, ale ich historię wypełniają jednocześnie losy pogranicza. Już w X/XI wieku ścierały się tu żywioły polski i czeski, powodując przesuwanie granic. Proces ten obrazują publikowane obok mapy, wraz z któ- rymi prezentowany jest fragment zapiski Geografa Bawarskiego oraz mapa pokazująca ziemie golężyckie. Dziś Racibórz i Grodziec dzieli granica państw, ale łączy przynależność do Euroregionu Silesia. Bezejmenný písař z Řezna nazývaný Bavorský geograf, píšící kolem roku 845, zmiňuje v karolinské notě čili Popisu měst a míst na severní straně Dunaje slovanský kmen Holasiců (Golensizi), který s pěti hradisky zabíral území nad horní Odrou. V literatuře bylo popsáno mnoho hypotéz ohledně identifikace území kmenu a lokalizace holasických osad. Převládá názor, že kmen obýval oblast současné Ratiboře a na místě hradu se možná nacházelo jedno z holasických hradisk, ale rozhodně menší než jejich obranná osada v Lubomi. Hradiskem, které chránilo jižní hranici holasického území, jak uvádějí historici, byl Hradec (Hradec nad Moravicí). Ratiboř a Hradec patří do Slezska, ale jejich historii tvoří také osudy pohraničí. Již v 10. a 11. století se zde střetával polský a český živel, což vedlo ke změně hranic. Tento proces znázorňují mapy umístěné vedle, s nimiž je prezentován úryvek noty Bavorského geografa a mapa znázorňující holasické území. Dnes Ratiboř a Hradec odděluje státní hranice, ale spojuje členství v Euroregionu Silesia. 2 The unnamed scribe of Regensburg, called the Bavarian Geographer, who was writing ca. 845 A.D., mentioned in Carolingian Note, that is, in the Description of cities and lands north of Danube, the Slavic tribe named Golenzici (Golężycowie), who occupy some lands with five towns on the upper Oder. There have been many hypotheses in the literature concerning the location of their defensive settlements. Some authors say that on the two of them today there are placed the castles of Racibórz and Grodziec. Both of them belong to Silesia, but their history is filled by the fates of the frontier. Polish and Czech elements were clashing here already in the 10th/11th century, resulting in pushing the borders. This process is illustrated by the maps presented here along with a fragment of the Bavarian Geographer‘ notes and a map showing the lands of Gołężycowie. Today, Racibórz and Grodziec are divided by the border of the countries, but they are connected by the mem- bership in the Silesia Euroregion. Ein vom Namen her unbekannter Schreiber aus Regensburg, genannt Bayerischer Geo- graph, erwähnt im Jahr 845 in der karolingischen Notiz oder Beschreibung der Burgen und Regionen nördlich der Donau den slawischen Volksstamm der Golensizen (Golenzici), wel- che mit fünf Burgen die Gebiete an der oberen Oder einnahmen. In der einschlägigen Lite- ratur wurden viele Hypothesen über die Identifizierung des Stammesgebiets und die Lage der Siedlungen der Golensizen aufgestellt. Es herrscht die Auffassung vor, dass der Stamm das Gebiet des heutigen Ratibor (auf poln.: „Racibórz“) bewohnte und an Stelle der bestehenden Burg sich möglicherweise eine der Burgen der Golensizen befand, die aber deutlich kleiner als deren Wehrsiedlung in Lubomia war. Die Burg, wel- che die südlichen Flanken des Territoriums der Golensizen verteidigte, war, wie die Forscher hinweisen, Grätz (auf tschech: „Hradec nad Moravicí“). Ratibor und Grätz gehören zu Schlesien, aber ihre Geschichte ist auch das Geschick eines Grenzlandes. Bereits im 10./11. Jahrhundert stießen hier das polnische und böhmische Element aufeinander, was die Verschiebung der Grenzen bewirkte. Diesen Prozess illustrieren die veröffentlichten Karten daneben, zusammen mit denen ein Ausschnitt aus der Notiz des Bayrischen Geographen und eine Karte, die Gebiete der Golensizen zeigt, präsentiert werden. Ratibor und Grätz teilt zwar eine Staatsgrenze, verbindet aber auch die Zugehörigkeit zur Euroregion Silesia. 3 Książę Mieszko I/Kníže Měšek I/ Duke Mieszko I/Herzog Mieszko I Racibórz (Ratibor) po raz pierwszy wzmiankowany jest w 1108 roku w Kronice Galla Ano- nima. Odnośna zapiska dotyczy położonego na prawym brzegu Odry grodu, odbitego wów- czas z rąk Morawian przez wojska polskiego księcia Bolesława Krzywoustego. Gród ten stał się siedzibą polskiego kasztelana, a w drugie połowie XII wieku wnuka Krzywoustego, księcia Mieszka I Laskonogiego - twórcy księstwa raciborskiego, dzielnicowego władcy Polski. Książę Mieszko dał początek piastowskim rządom nad górną Odrą. W Raciborzu działała książęca mennica i kancelaria. Piastowie górnośląscy wzmacniali gospodarkę swojego władztwa, lokowali miasta, w tym - przed 1217 rokiem naprzeciwko grodu – lewobrzeżny Racibórz. Hojnie wspierali fundacje kościelne, m.in. dominika- nów raciborskich czy cystersów z Rud. Wnuk księcia Mieszka, książę Władysław, pan na Raciborzu, Opolu, Cieszynie, Bytomiu i Koźlu, był aktywny na ówczesnej scenie politycznej, angażując się w spory czesko- węgierskie, aspirując nawet do rządów w Krakowie. 4 Ratiboř (Ratibor) byla poprvé zmíněna v roce 1108 v Kronice Galla Anonyma. Dotyčná nota se týká hradu ležícího na pravém břehu Odry, v té době dobytého od Moravanů polskými vojsky knížete Boleslava Křivoústého. Tento hrad se stal sídlem polského kastelána a ve druhé polovině 12. století vnuka Křivoústého, knížete Měška I. Křivonohého – zakladatele ratiboř- ského knížectví, údělného vládce Polska. Kníže Měšek započal piastovskou vládu nad horní Odrou. V Ra- tiboři fungovala knížecí mincovna a kancelář. Hornoslezští Piastovci posilovali hospodářství svého panství, prováděli lokace města, včetně – před rokem 1217 naproti hradu – levobřežní Ratiboře. Hojně podporovali kostelní nadace, mj. ratibořské dominikány nebo cisterciáky z Rud. Vnuk knížete Měška, kníže Vladislav, pán v Ratiboři, Opole, Těšíně, Bytomi a Koźle, byl aktivní na tehdejší politické scéně tak, že se zapojoval do česko-maďarských sporů a dokonce si dělal nároky na trůn v Krakově. Racibórz (Ratibor) was first mentioned in 1108 in the Chronicle of Gallus Anonymus. The relevant fragment concerns the castle of Racibórz, which was taken from the hands of the Moravians by the Duke Boleslaw Wrymouth‘s troops. The city became the seat of a Polish castellan, and in the second half of the twelfth century of Duke Mieszko I Tanglefoot, creator of the Racibórz Duchy, district ruler of Poland. Mieszko gave rise to the Piast reign on the upper Oder. Duke‘s mint and chancellery were established in Racibórz. The Piasts enhanced the duchy‘s economy, allocated cities, including the left-bank Racibórz in front of the town before 1217, and generously sup- ported the Church‘ foundations, among others the ones of the Dominican Order from Racibórz or of the Cistercian Order from Rudy. The grandson of Mieszko, Duke Wladyslaw, the lord of Racibórz, Opole, Cieszyn, Bytom and Koźle, was active in the political arena, engaging himself in Czech-Hungar- ian disputes. He even wanted to reach a position of a governor in Cracow. Ratibor wurde zum ersten Mal im Jahr 1108 in der Chronik von Gallus Anonymus er- wähnt. Die entsprechende Notiz betrifft eine Wallburg am rechten Oderufer, die damals aus den Händen der Mähren vom Heer des polnischen Herzogs Bolesław III. Schiefmund zurückerobert wurde. Diese Wallburg wurde Sitz eines polnischen Kastellans und in der zweiten Hälfte des 12. Jahrhunderts des Enkels von Schiefmund, Herzogs Mieszko I. Schlenkerbein, der Gründer des Herzogtums Ratibor und Seniorherzog von Polen war. Mit Herzog Mieszko begann die Herrschaft der Piasten an der obe- ren Oder. In Ratibor war eine herzögliche Münzstätte und Kanzlei tätig. Die oberschlesischen Piasten stärkten die Wirtschaft ihrer Gebiete, gründeten Städte, darunter – vor dem Jahr 1217, ge- genüber der Burg – das am linken Ufer gelegene Ratibor. Sie unterstützten großzügig kirchliche Stiftungen, u. a. die der Dominikaner in Ratibor oder Zisterzienser in Groß Rau- den (auf poln.: „Rudy“). Der Enkel von Herzog Mieszko, Herzog Władysław I. von Oppeln, Herr von Ratibor, Op- peln, Teschen (auf poln.: „Cieszyn“), Beuthen (auf poln.: „Bytom“) und Cosel (auf poln.: „Koźle“), war auf der da- maligen politischen Szene aktiv, er beteiligte sich an den böhmisch-ungarischen Kämpfen und bemühte sich sogar um die Herrschaft in Krakau. 5 Zamek w Raciborzu stoi na miejscu powstałego w X/XI wieku grodu otoczonego wałem drewniano-ziemnym. Z początkiem XIII wieku, za czasów księcia Kazimierza, dziadka króla polskiego Władysława Łokietka, rozpoczęto wznoszenie murowanej, gotyckiej bu- dowli, wytyczając na początku pas murów obronnych. Znaczenie militarne wzmacnia- ło usytuowanie zamku
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