The Continuity Between the Enlightenment and Nationalism Politics and Historical Narratives of Narratives Andhistorical Politics

CEU eTD Collection Trencsényi Balázs Professor Reader: Second Kontler László Supervisor: Professor

THE CONTINUITY BETWEEN THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND NATIONALISM POLITICS AND HISTORICAL NARRATIVES OF NARRATIVES ANDHISTORICAL POLITICS

requirements for the degree of degree the In for partial fulfillment of requirements the Central European University

History Department Budapest, Hungary Vilim Pavlovic Master of Arts of Master Submitted to REVIVAL

2014 By

THE CROATIAN NATIONAL NATIONAL CROATIAN THE

: CEU eTD Collection Author written beof permission not the made the without Furthe made. copies a any part such of the Central EuropeanLibrary. Details mayfrom bepage theThis obtained librarian. form must part, accordance mayin be given madeAuthor and only thelodged bythe with instructions in Copyright the in textof this rests thesis with the Author. by Copies any

Statement Copyright of r copies made in accordance with such instructions may suchmay madewith instructions accordance copies in r i

process, eitherprocess, or full in CEU eTD Collection c hi part of thesisconcerned the is preciselywith issue. that Fromestablish it, we can that even in directed of the politics movement towards the defense of the municipalrights influenced by the thoughtof the Enlightenment. Be that is itmay, political the necessities politicians an nationalism that might reveal itself. contextualize my the in context of findings the Enlightenment and any ideology other preceding Finall the same areboth historical text. narrativesfound asin often will explore the interaction between political the programs the of movement national and imp national movement,Iattempt to identify influences the the of Enlightenment in both explicit and fundamentalLooking of the national documents movement. program atof the the political Nati Croatian the of between thecontinuity ideology the possible explore to attempts thesis Hungary. the Secondly, of Croatia and regards the to relationship Monarchy,and in especially of the Habsburg context National Revival.Itattempts to first contextualize the Croatian national movement within the Abstract ons s t or licit level. Furthermore,as this thesis fundamental a is on level concerned with nationalism,I t i i t c ut The result of this thesis is that we can now establish that on a fundamental level, the thatona level, thatwefundamental is the now can establish The resultthesis of this provides thesis This a a l i

ona na r l d authors of political programs of the Croatian National Revival were to a degree a degree were to National Revival Croatian the of programs political of d authors i r s a m t i ve .

w onal Revival and the Enlightenment. This is done using theonal Revival anddone some of is the This Enlightenment. e

c a n

r e

c look the fundamental programmatic articles the of Croatian o g

ni z e d t he

i nf ii l ue nc e

pr e vi ous

ideologies y,Iwill attempt to , m a . The second i nl y

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion 3. Historicalthe Croatian narratives National of Revival 2. Enlightenment Croatian andNational the Reviv 1. Historical context of the Croatian National Revival Introduction Contents of Table 3.4. Conclusi 3.3. Drašković’s narrative historical rights3.2. Collecting the municipal 3.1. The and municipalrights the constitution 2.5. Conclusion Ivan of the2.4. Homeland Derkos’ The Spirit 2.3. The of program the political Dissertation 2.2. The Dissertation Language2.1. intertwineand politics 1.3. The Revival Croatian National 1.2. Hungary and nationalism Methodology Theory

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CEU eTD Collection worksthe national of tendencyhistoriography This ledthe to founders the movement. within of 19 the the second of half the in national revival the national historiography. thatwere Already thegeneration historians partsecond of theof the Croatian national movement. concentrate onthe was showing historical narratives approached themselves, how history by encouragedsituation and chapter third historiography.will interaction The of the politics outlineattempt to the foundationspolitical of the ideological of the national revival. foundations The thesis secondof this will chapter anofwith explanation Hungary,and continue theof Kingdom and of theMonarchy Habsburg directed the developmenthistoricalCroatian context, national of movement. the is thesis show howto these twoelements, politics and history, andthe theirwithin interaction historical research.Finally approachand historymovement to directed the historiography.IFurthermore, show attemptto will how theproject political of the national pol ideologicalfundamental and see the what allow to us should This the movement’s agenda. to the development movement the of and at same the time contained historical arguments for I 1840s, l intendto role history theactivity in political Croatian played National of the the Revivaland in 1830s early the nationalto significant of movement. theDue the period Croatian Enlightenment the to I ntroduction itical tendencies of the movement were and how the political tendencies interacted with with interacted tendencies political the how and were movement the of tendencies itical It is the aim of this thesis to explore the pos The early period of the Croatian National Revival has mostly been written about within about within written been hasCroatian mostly National the Revival of The period early I will thus begin bycontextualizing the CroatianNational R imit my exploration to those documents which were politicallyfundamental 1

the movement and show how the political th sible continuity of and ideas transfer from

centurywrote history evival a in broader context , the goal of this, the books about the aboutbooks the CEU eTD Collection contex national movement, its of the thought political fundamental of the concerning the origins research However, the in manifested were they comes theit to understanding the foundati of what as well as the political conflict with Hungary the within Croatian Diet wasat its highest. When Croatian revival wasat its strongest. That is the period when the cultural activity the of revival, ofintroduction theso movement of thethe context political period. within took continuity possible the direction with nor earlier ideologies and national movement deal the the extent with continuity between a period to not large did previous research of this more concerned the national revival what with ledrather to, than wha topicwere onthis that worked historians Ingeneral, thatmost and centuriesafterseems it. it year Arts and Sciences of Academy Croatian the of and a contemporary historian a Only Stančić, and Nikša established movement. forintroduction the extens treatment of the revivalin the and 1820s was 1830s only superficial. They as used only an it questionable the nationalwithin historiography, the such value work scholarly of in highlyresearch is and Šišić Ferdo Smičiklas, Tadija as historians such s of the national revival, but again but revival, only the national of s It is true that the Croatian National Revival was a much stronger and directed directed and stronger amuch was Revival National Croatian the that true It is in thein 1840s then was it in the previous decade.It was during and 1840s until the the

and subject to the effects of later historiographical traditions called B called the the ive writing onthe revival the when in 1840s it was alreadya strong following years, the existing research is relatively comprehensive. comprehensive. relatively is research existing the years, following tual manifestation and consequently the interaction with with interaction consequently and the tual manifestation ach’s absolutism after 1848/ the ach’s absolutism

to 2

better , significantly, ons ofons theregards revivalin were how to

understand what happened in the years happenedthe in what understand Jaroslav Jaroslav

discussed the early the discussed Šidak. BeingŠidak. thatthey wrote 1849 revolutionst 1849 t led tot led it.Inaddition, . In addition, their member member current , formative hat the the hat

CEU eTD Collection 371. 3 2 1 the local social, political or inte Frenchwider,- non depending ona ways, different in answered the were universe and about man of questions which sets similar Enlightenmentkeenly is more studied- a as multi like neither northe French ashould French strictly modelbe invention considered a norm. Authors However, some authors have argued is that,while this the basisof enlightened thought, is it that cognitive can reasoning andultimately will of the human to advancement kind. lead premise onthe enlightened based is though all guiding of lineandknowledge. maintrait The is progress humanity of overall where the of progress, idea based onthe which allotherof the developments same type are be to generally compared. norm is This mostlygathered the Encyclopedia around F strictly a as seen is Enlightenment Conventionally, the influences. theto duality heavilycontextual and multiplicity enlightenments that on depend of contemporaryof around a singular revolving theas debates “the issue opposed Enlightenment” intend to place this thesis. beengapnot historicalI the narratives, narrow done. research represent which This within has Micro

Kontler, Kontler, László Kontler László Teodora Shek Brnardić, Brnardić, Shek Teodora

László Kontler - history Theory Theory What comes ofWhat out these viewsthe ideas is thatfundamentally the (in Enlightenment a me of the approachingmeWhen so of mention Enlightenment, to the important is the it What is the (Historians') Enlightenment ,

European Review of History 13(2006) , “ fair diversity contextual of elements” What is the (Historians') Enlightenment Today?,” European Review of History 13( centered sense) had an overarching theme but was manifested in relation to to relation in manifested was but an theme overarching had sense) centered 1

and and The Enlightenment in Eastern Europe: Between Regional Typology and Particular

edr Se Brnardić Shek Teodora

llectual context. We could We sayllectual context. showed thatit a dose large of , 360. is perceived to have created the enlightened norm to enlightened have to norm to perceived the is created ,

11- 3 435.

centered and multi and centered 3

. have suggested a perception where “the “the where a perception suggested have rench invention where the circle circle the where invention rench - layered movement inlayered movement based on reason andbased on 2006) , 357 - CEU eTD Collection rest” not is condition metand an ethnic boundary obviously “the separated power which the ethnic equal nationis the to ruling an nation.Within empire ruled by a this monarch Monarchy. Gellner’s theory be to quitereliant seems e onth “one nation,one state” principle in a multi which within functioned Revival Croatian National 7 6 5 4 political principle” InGellner. Nations andnationalism his of discussion int history,general a to more thesis from Croatian nationalism itself and the study of the interaction between politics and this of the focus probably wouldmost move genealogicalapproach a fact due the is that to This attempting to tracegenealogical the origin of tendencies these in the CroatNationalian Revival. than rather Enlightenment the of tendencies ideological general amore to findings possible tende its environment.It is exactly this sort of a local manifestation of a general Enlightenment adaptability its in visible evolutionary path one of development, thatwas highly influenced by

Ibid. 1. Ibid.1. Ibid. 1. Ernest Gellner,Nations andnationalism 7 ncy that I will be looking to find in this thesis. Nonetheless, I intend to compare any any I compare to Nonetheless, intend thesis. this find in looking beto Iwill ncy that . Gellner does acknowle This typeThis of approach however, does seem not completely the applicableto case of the rest” power given separateboundaries statenot …should athe within ethnic that and, particular, in ones, cut political across boundaries not should

When speaking about the theory of nationalism we cannot bypass the work of Ernest of work the we bypass cannot nationalism of theory about the speakingWhen 6 . “nationalism is a theory of political legitimacy,which requires that ethnic 5 . He defines He .

dge the significance of culture in nationalism, stating that “two nationalism as following: , Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983. ellectual history which is notaim the of my work. 4

Gellner establishes nationalism as “primarilya 4

- ethnic environment of the Habsburg Habsburg of the environment ethnic

- holder - holders from theholders s from the the from s

CEU eTD Collection New York: Verso, 2006). leadinga similar to problem as with Gellnerand industrial communities. c its to due thesis of this purpose unsatisfactoryfor the rule the be monarch to transferredfrom Nonetheless, the to people. Anderson’stheory still is was the lesseningdivine of the legitimacy of monarchial rule. capitalist a making economy,a nationalism capitalist helpedbooks develop printing vernacular of losing its po started language a script as Latin after language vernacular the of development the included national community only was whenwhere possible and were certain conditions met.These Community societies. agrarian industrial, non in especially differences, contextual to nationalism the of adaptability the express later,more its in more mature period half the in second of the 19 partially the thatstate. is to Croatianuninterrupted This within but ethnic applicable nation 12 11 10 9 8 natio same the to belonging as other each recognize they only if and if nation same the of are culture” same share the if theyonly if any nation the same men are of

Ibid. 7. Ibid. 7.

Ibid. 36. Ibid. 46. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the O the on Reflections Communities: Imagined Anderson, Benedict n”

The Imagined TheImagined work, Anderson’s famous Benedict in can issues found Similar be 9 . Nonetheless, Gellner’s theory contingent on the is existence of a state and an

endeavor 10 sition. This is also connected to the development of the printing press where the where the printing press the development of the to also connected is This sition. . Anderson’s concept. Anderson’so . 11

More importantly for us however, one of the preconditions of nati preconditions of the More one for importantly however, us

f nationalism is reliant the on idea“imagining” the that a of 5 onnection of nationalism and capitalism, nationalism onnection of rigin and Spread of Nationalism (London and 12

This allowed the legitimacy of th

century 8 , and adds that “tow men adds that , and

. It. also fails to fully onalism - CEU eTD Collection 1985). composition of patriotic groups among the smaller European nations 17 16 15 14 13 consciousness national as theof spreading mission their andculture, saw languageand the already were dissatisfiedwho with the limitation of interest to the antiquities of the land, the group patriots “a of by one driven the is B Phase culture. languageand Croatian promoting the likeMaksimilijanofficial Vrhovac movement when beginningof the individuals was prior 1830and to the correspondsthe to period Revival, this tional Na Croatian the of sense the nationality” oppressed history the of of a group usually offor individuals, the intellectuals, study the language, of the culture, the and Hroch’s turn to development.less onthe elusive modelof definition phase national three attempt to lay the theoretical foundation for the Croatian National RevivalI will concentrate becomessoon of the these victim distinguishing Thatw is it. features disprove can national movements. As Hroch himselfdiscusses, any of nationalismcomprehensive definition theand consideration for adaptation distinguishing to present features different in allows linguistic and on)…” so territorial, of kinds relation religious, political, combination of(economic, several cultural, a by characterized group social alarge be to considertheory, the nation “We thus stating: preventing the formulation of a comprehensive of definition a nation.He offersthus a working features”a wide “distinguishing array Hrochnations. of the existence of acknowledges revival Europe in

Ibid. 23. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 4 - Ibid. 3. Miroslav Hroch,

In Hroch’s view, the first, phase A, is the “marked bya “marked phase the A,In first, is Hroch’s view, the why is This Miroslav turn Hroch to we and national bookSocialprecondition of his

Social precondition of national revival in Europe: A comparative analysis of the social 13

whichspecifically deals with natio the 15 . This theory seems to be fitting for the purpose of this thesis as it as thesis it of this purpose for fitting the be to theory. This seems

without “attempt[in] to mount a patriotic agitation” 6 nal movements of smaller European of nal movements

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge:

passionate concern on the part onthe part concern passionate hy the in 17 . In In .

CEU eTD Collection the Croatian nat Croatian the here) necessary. onlyis when shortly and becomes if it discussed whyI further introduce intendto theoretical framework (espEnlightenmentecially onthe which is purposes. This national for thought Enlightenment the use of limited directed, or promoted contextualized within the issue of nationalism, with a special focus contextual how elements and the interactionhistory enlightened ofPossible and politics. tendencies will Croatian the to Hroch’s phase three applicabilityofmodel direct andadaptability the theory the base of and nations, development small the noexception. Croatian is of example European the period here. studied In as addition, Hroch furt types” and political other of objective economic, relations establishment of made bythe possible 22 21 20 19 18 They played the most significant role as “integrating factors” political, cultural, linguistic and territorial are most applicable to the Croatian National Revival. among the people” be discussedbe further. here

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Hroch, 23. was reached by not movement.national aphase mass Such a onemodelthe of is phase three C Hroch’s of Phase

20 nationalism a the in of with issues broaderconcerned is thesis sense To conclude,this As we see, Hroch’s theory is based on different kinds of objective relations of which of which relations of kinds objective ondifferent based is Hroch’s theory see, As we . It. this is phase of national development that the Croatian National Revival exhibits in example is the reason why I chose to write this thesis under this theoretical arch. theoretical this under thesis this write to chose I why reason the is example

ion before the end of the 19 18 . Hroch labels this as the era of “patriotic agitation”

century or even by the end of the First World War and will thus not not will thus and War World First the of end the by even or century 7 her shows, phase crucial B most is the in 22

of Croatian This nationalism. 19

wh ose success “was success ose 21

thus bethus

CEU eTD Collection of the both Croatian forming thathadrole the a in concentrate documents significant onthe IIn orhistorical were thesis, well influential. but known, widely this read to wanted not find might We be to the of time able publishing. explicit or implicit political connotations. base ondocuments that historiographicalwas workconducted.why is That of theof sources criterion selection was agendaspolitical groups. of different was Consequently,it exactly thesphere in political that extensively purposes, used playing for political political legitimization of nations inHabsburg the In Monarchy. situation, such a history was of the in process role an playedimportant movement. History the national early of period historical elements was made to highlight the obscured distinction betwee between This and politics. historiography choice use documents to political containing stu the feasibility bring the relevant not also narrow but enoughquestion of asinto documents to relevant documents. Atthe same the time, criterion had be to wide enough encompass to all the well and adequate the period immense. The is very for of the documents purpose selection required thesis of this such movements propagateddocuments their created agenda. Consequently,theof quantity in period of theRevival. Writing Croatianand National publishing weremain means by the which dy.

As is evidentAs is from the above is thesis stated,at the this positioned point of interaction early the from documents written essential the are thesis this for sources primary The Methodology Another factor in this criterion was the significance and influence the document had at at had document and influence the the significance was criterion this in Another factor - developed cr developed

contained historical narratives while at the same time containing either iterion thatwouldallow the study concentrate to onthe truly

8 a significant role and interacting with the more ambiguous documents thatweremore documents ambiguous n the two areas in the in areas two the n CEU eTD Collection Knjigotiskarski I litografski zavod C. Albrechta, 1883). Albrechta, C. zavod litografski I Knjigotiskarski Hrvatska, 1997). Hrvatskog narodnog preporoda Hungarian future the to delegated Kingdoms, our of legislators future and deputies lawful given the honorable to Treatise, or [Dissertation, kraljevinah naših, Pretočki Franjo trans. Slavonia], and Croatia Dalmatia, of kingdoms the of statutes and ghts ri municipal legitimate the political activity of the national movement. The Dissertation to attempted Drašković which through arguments historical by substantiated were demands deputies Drašković’s Hungary. from distinctiveness Dissertation political Croatian the proving in documents work Kušević’s Revival. these of Kingdom patriot legislatorsand future of Kingdoms, our delegated the to future Diet, Hungarian by anold Drašković’s Janko and 1830 24 23 andSlavonia andstatutes the Croatia municipal rights of kingdoms Dalmatia, of major tendencies in politics a allow us to concentrate the on truly importantand influential sourcesaccurately that reflect the essential the in founding and activity National of theRevival. This Croatian approach should fields. both in historyinterplay andinfluential and politics be of historiography. the Simplyput, selected documents had at to the same contain time the National Revival as political a mov

Janko Drašković, Janko Josip Kušević, Kušević, Josip Both these of workswerecentral inpolitical the activity Croatian the of National The two main documents that meet these criteria are Josip Kušević’s work work Kušević’s Josip are criteria these meet that documents main two The tion fell on selec the in emphasis the criteria, these of Because

in the Hungarian Diet as a program containing Croatian political demands. These These demands. political containing program Croatian as a Hungarian Diet thein

on the other hand was primarily a political document written for the Croatian the Croatian for documentpolitical written awas primarily hand on the other

De municipalibus iuribus et statutis regnorum Dalmatiae, Croatiae et Slavoniae a uuu it ugrk odaslanem ungarsku dietu buduću za

Disertacija ilitirazgovor Disertacija Programski spisi spisi Programski ed., Šicel, Miroslav in: Kingdoms] ofthese patriot byold an Diet, s was commissioned by Croatian the Diet in an attempt to use historical 24 published in 1832. in published [ nd history writing.nd history ], (Zagreb: Matica], Revival National Croatian ofthe writings Programmatic Dissertation, or Treatise, given Treatise, or the to honorable lawf Dissertation,

, darovan gospodi poklisarom ement, as well as in the formation of Croatian

, držan pojednom starom domorodcu kraljevinah ovih

zakonskim

i budućem zak budućem i documents thatwere documents

the became 23

published inpublished ul deputiesul onotvorcem

On the ( [On the the [On Za basis greb: greb:

CEU eTD Collection National Revival National Orthography] prepared reprint RevivaNational l the of Croatian Programmatic writings found the in whichable are compare to sources fou be can inconsistencies differences. Some nosignificant and found the with translation Latin original compare the usingLatin However, aofI an 1883Croatian originally text. translation able been have to I mostly reprinteddocum note be that will using bewhom will discusses below. inc useful. collection This contains the most influential and documents important of the movement, sourcecollection National Reviva the of Croatian entitledl Programmatic writings standardization of the Croat document discussing in the national movement considering set the foundation it for the 26 25 movement. Brief His Basics of the Croatian National the founder of as the Revival,GajLjudevit works itis impossibleof bypass to the of the Croatian forelements historiography. thefoundation provideddevelopment a Croatian nation,influencing the future politicians decades thein next the and central is evenit document centuries.Asand such, of essential the for all politicalactivity aimed at Croatian sovereigntyalready at time the publication of but also

Miroslav Miroslav Ljudevit Gaj, Kratka Gaj, osnova horvatskoLjudevit - luding more works of Gaj, Ivan Derkos, Dragutin Rakovac and Ljudevit Vukotinović, all of all Vukotinović, Ljudevit and Rakovac Dragutin Derkos, Ivan Gaj, of works more luding In regards to some of these documents and especially Kušević’s work, it is important to to important is it work, Kušević’s especially and documents these of some to regards In I exclusivelyIn will ontheseconcentrate twodocuments. talkingthe Croatian about Šicel, Šicel, ,

( Buda: Kralevsko Vseučilište, 1830 Vseučilište, Kralevsko Buda: ], ( ], ed. Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, s, mindful of linguistic differences whichexisted at the time of original

with with their originals thatthey and determined are accurate and minutely Programski spisi Hrvatskog narodnog preporoda nd and they will be discussed when presenting the document. I was Iwas the document. presenting when discussed be will nd and they ian language. In addition, to narrow down the relevant writings, a a relevant writings, narrowIn to down addition, the ian language.

1997) slavenskog ) .

10 a pravopisana [BriefCroatianthe Basics of -

as well as In historians. its historical addition, Slavonic Orthography ents. In Kušević’s case specifically I will be be will I specifically case Kušević’s In ents.

[ Programmatic writings of the Croatian Croatian the of writings Programmatic 25

is anis unavoidable

- Slavonic Slavonic will be CEU eTD Collection sources. secondary on exclusively relaying necessary, is Eastern Europe.comparative The spherebe will thus interjected with flow of the thesis the it as especially regards the in to understa needs, comparative some to lead will approach analytical an that It anticipated is thesis. the of meaning that itwill be the content of the studied documents itself that will dictate the direction which theRevival functioned. Croatian National of historical narratives thewithin framework of historical the circumstances and reality within establish the causalrelationship between the politica meaning.Finally, the analytical approach and the result of such an approach allow us should to then be approached analytically a with strongfocus ontheir contextual significance and the Croatian National Revival. These presented extrapolations a in descript identifydocuments allow to works us should and theactivityof the in maintendencies present descrip this thesis would be to analyze in detail the mentioned documents. This will firstly lead a to usedmeanings discourserather the itself. than an this issueto thesis consideringI and use intendto extrapolatethem to underlying tendencies Ipublishing documents.of ofperceive originals individual thatusing donot poses reprints thus tive presentation oftive presentation the findings.presentation Sucha and an- in It is important to note that itis the intent of this thesis to be h leadsThis the to issue us of methodologyand approach. of approach Thepoint basic to nding ofnding history national Central movements in within and 11

l foundations of the movement and its use movement use and foundationsl of its the

depth reading depth of the - source eavily ive manner would based, based, CEU eTD Collection ndardizacija%20i%20konzervativna%20modernizacija/ 20godine%3A%20samostalnost%20i%20cjelovitost%20Hrvatske,%20jezik%20i%20identitet,%20kulturna%20sta http://www.matica.hr/kolo/306/Disertacija%20grofa%20Janka%20Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87a%20iz%201832.% modernization],” Kolo 3 (2007): accessed October 19, 2013, independencestandardization identity,conservative Croatia,wholeness and of language and 1832: cultural and identitet, kulturna standardizacija i konzervativna modernizacija 29 28 27 someperiod. ofwith of rights the the discussions subject the of in studied municipal language and the Latin recent by book and conservative standardization cultural modernization language Croatia, wholeness of andidentity, and independence 1832: from Drašković Janko Drašković’s especially sources, the of analysis extensive more a for used be also will Stančić framework. theoretical nar available.It offersdetailed both nationalism overview Croatian of book work contemporary More Croatia. in revival the national accountof detailed comprehensive and the factcomes it from national the historiography however, itstill stands as the most extensive, Itmovement. undoubtedly has still the basic and informative most the work on period of early the Croatian national Šidak’s Šidak. Jaroslav and Stančić Nikša and 20 (Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1990). knjiga, Školska (Zagreb:

Nikša Stančić. “ Stančić. Nikša Nikša Stančić, Stančić, Nikša Jaroslav Šidak, Hrvatski narodni preporod: Šidak, ilirskiJaroslav pokret s on the subject are most notably the writings of Nikša Stančić, a Croatian historian whose whose historian Croatian a Stančić, Nikša of writings notablythe most are subject the on s th Croatian nation andCroatian in nationalism the 19

century] ( century] The main secondary literature for this th

Hrvatska nacija i nacionalizam u 19. i 20 stoljeću 20 i 19. u nacionalizam i nacija Hrvatska

Disertacija grofa Janka Draškovića iz 1832. godine:cjelovitostsamostalnost1832.DraškovićaizJankai Hrvatske, Disertacija grofa ijezik Zagreb: Barbat, 2002 ) Zvjezdana

wil Dissertation

l be used to compliment the already mentioned document as itdeals Sikirić Assouline entitled Assouline Sikirić

to be approached carefully considering its time of writing and carefullyapproached ofconsidering time writing beto its and .

which he discussed in his article article his in discussed he which Croatian National Revival:Illyrian movement National Croatian . 12

esis are the works of Croatian historians such as as such historians Croatian of works the are esis th

and 20

[Croatian National Revival: Illyrian movement] movement] Illyrian Revival: National [Croatian In defense of Croatian municipalrightsIn defense Croatian of [Dissertation of Count Janko Count of [Dissertation th 29

[Croatian nation and nationalism in the 1 the in nationalism and nation [Croatian century . For Kušević on the other hand, a hand, other the on Kušević For . 28

is the mostis comprehensive ratives as well as a sound asound as well as ratives Dissertation ofDissertation Count

Drašković from from Drašković 27

9 is is th

CEU eTD Collection Nationalconcepts Revival. behind the Croatian to outline the main tendenciesall of three elements, concentrating especiallyon ideological the Monarchy, of Kingdom I now proceed will of the discussion to the historical situation in the Habsburg

Hungary andfinally Croatian the National Revival itself.I will attempt 13 CEU eTD Collection corresponds withcorresponds hisFrancis reign asAustrian and I the Empire. Austrian Empirefrom 1804- 2001), 76. study deals predominantlywith the Kingdom of Hungary and the Croatian lands associatedwit as aswill Ferdinand I of theAustrian the refer I him to emperor Ferdinand V duefact Empire. the asto that this youth by and unclemanhood in by his Joseph - son his armies to marching and Napoleon andhis after soon Revolution of Immediately an into empire and latter transformingMonarchy, disbanding former the subsequently the years24 of age whensucceeded he the to throne of the Holy a Empire Roman most influential mediocrities of modern times” int to reform the state. While h II, little did Leopold II reformsby withdrawal his the of and Joseph enlightened of absolutism 35 34 33 32 31 30 everydayfunctioningthe empire. of The reality in state was governed Regency bythe Council the influence the emperor himselfonthe lessened even and regard this in little changed was a foreign stubbornnessresisting in and enemies domestic change”. Monarchy of – Habsburg members House of the 1. Historical cont the French from 1810 until Napoleon’s exile to Elbe. to exile until Napoleon’s from 1810 the French

Charles Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy, Ingrao, 1618- Charles A.J.P. Taylor, Francis’Louise o daughter, Marie Known as Ferdinand V as the king of Kingdom of Hun Alsoknown Francis as Holy II as Roman Emperor from- 1792 Robin Okey, The Habsburg Okey, Monarchy: FromRobin Enlightenment to Eclipse elligent man” Between the formatio Monarchy Habsburg 1.1. The

Francis I Francis after succession he found himselfand lands under his threat of the French succession after The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809 - 32

ext the CroatianRevival National of status quo.“One the domaintainthe status was of bythe reign marked wish his , 1835. I will refer to him as Francis I due to the fact that the period studied here mostly studied here factthat period the the will to Francis due I I him refer as to 1835. whose reign started in 1792 in a Monarchy still under influence of a1792 in Monarchystill in whose started reign n of the Austrian Empire in 1804

f Austria was the wife of Napoleon Bonaparte and thus the of and Empress thus consort Napoleon Bonaparte wifewas Austria f the of e seems have to been aand virtuous, “cultivated, reasonably

1918 Francis I Francis 1815

(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1966), 38. 14 (Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1994), 222. 33 gary and Kingdom of Bohemia from 1835 - he was Francis, he describes Okey Robin , as 30

and Ferdinand

as the emperor of the of the as emperor the I Francis as known 1806;

in - law Napoleon law and the Revolution of 1848,

(Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, Macmillan, Palgrave (Houndmills: V the east. “Battered in his his in “Battered east. the 31

35 34 -

His heir,His Ferdinand,

ruled the Habsburg … his only… his quality

h it. nd the Habsburg 1848; known only

two two .

CEU eTD Collection Metternich. outbreak War, weWorld of are the First here more interested the in internal policy of all internal affairs, and, rely all, to above onMetternich” …in [Louis] Archduke consult to was] [he state, the of bases the in anything alter to “not was youngerthe brotherFrancis of 37 36 throughoutcomprehension the international 19 ofrelations European and maintain the monarchial balance in Europe. While this system the for is significant Zollverein the from Confederation, overthe domination t theAustria leading and over Prussia began soon a was emperor. conflict However, between thehead Austrian Confederation of the of the Holydissolution Empire Roman important element in this was the German Confederation created counter 1815to in the was it before Revolution. andas French preserve balance ofthe the power European internat affairs, of 1848beenRevolution labeled The System. Metternich (1821- Rather, was it the Foreign Minister 1815, in Viennathe Congress of ( Conference State the or

Taylor, 46. xvi. Okey, 1848) Not accidentally Not The The s a response to the Napoleonic a as the to W response created system ional Metternich controlled or attempted to control t control attempted to or controlled Metternich

real - Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich von Wenzel Klemens Prince

ambition of Metternich’s systemwas counter to revolutionary all movements German lands headed by Prussia. by headed lands of union the German –a customs

Staatskonferenz and without deep foundations has the period from 1815 until the until deephasfrom the 1815 period foundations and without

I . Under aUnder signed decree byFrancis deathbed, onhis Ferdinand it was theit not emperor who directed

(1809-

byweak a German bringing lands into association. ) 36 1848) whichLouis was presided byArchduke of Austria, 15

and StateChancellor of the Austrian Empire . 37 he so called Concert of Europe – Europe of calledhe Concert so . E It a is period which, in foreign in ver since the fall of Napoleon an Napoleon of fall the since ver ars which attempted to restore restore to attempted which ars th

the politicsthe of Austria.

century theand until o Austria’s e Austria’s o

xclusion xclusion The The An An an an d

CEU eTD Collection 283. “lack the confusion and between ofpolicy coordination

45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 ground”, “on of the regulations the functioning andfor would be implementation responsible envisioned a system ofand ministers a monarch’s counc unless expressly permitted” publishing of and books newspapers where the“things to point assumed be to forbidden were ideas”potentially revolutionary other words], [in checkfaintly liberal even ideas, the spreadof [to] “task the had Monarchy “dynastic legitimacy” the in Austrian Europe. stance” ideological Monarchy’s the managing and trends and – Interior Finance reasons othercombination with organization Sedlnitzky. Joseph Kolowrat the Count police police under who system The opposed time the authors label to , leadingorganization some reliable police and military force. On the contrary to this imagined tendency, the military imagined the tendency, Onmilitary this to contrary force. the reliable and police system of control and repulsion of anyliberal or revolutionarymovements required him to maintain a strong and wa they though even system, police the about disagreement Kolowrat wasKolowrat Ministerwe the Finance, of can clearlyidentify of dissent root the men.the between two Okey, 73. Austrian Empirewent from almost 50% of the state income in 1817to just 20% by 1848. Ifwe know that

Okey, Okey, Kann, 283. Ibid. 74. Okey, 78. Kann, 283. Ibid. 73. Robert Ka The constant disagreements between Metternich and Kolowrat were caused by much more than just much morejust than constantwereThe Kolowrat Metternichdisagreements by between caused and

of of Overall, Metternich the fundament understood A majorMetternich mark of the System inHabsb the 74.

Metternich

nn, nn,

was constructed under the and approval control of Metternich, leading A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526

was also marked by a conflict between him a conflict by marked also was Kolowrat. 44 .

43 39 40 To this end, censorship was especially the was censorship strong,prohibiting end,. To this )

Metternich hims to a constant dissent between dissent the Minster aofto andthe constant him 16 - e 1918 42 mpire in this period s rooted around the same problem. Metternich’s state Metternich’ssame problem. arounds the rooted

elf took the“monitoring of task intellectual After 1815, (Berkeley: California University of Press,1980), al problems facing the Monarchy – Monarchy the facing problems al - makingand its implementation” 41 il. Inil. this organization, , all in the interestof preserving the urg Monarchy was Monarchy its policeurg the police in the in Habsburgthe police

and and

as a police state. apolice as Count Franz Anton FranzCount Anton

expenditure of the the of expenditure the ministers 38 45

. He He .

The The the the (in (in

CEU eTD Collection 47 46 clas ruling the of interests the represented estates The estates. the were itself, authority royal the than other the Habsburgwithin Monarchy in objected joining to the German Zollvere collapse – its Monarchyuntil Habsburg which the marked trend dominant most the of we signs economy see can the in speaking even elites. However, were built to connectdifferent parts of th between Austria and allowedafter Hungarynot Austria join to wasthe attemptedsome improve ofgoals. to the his economy byremoving He the system tariff managed m reformsin hinder to Metternich’s man accustomed dealing to directlywith even the smallest issues refo administrative for need a whole” as state the for policy general on monarch the advised body elite asmall “while whether or economic national” groups, of interest override to the objections which with powerfulvision social policyhad no emperor, the havedid government more controlthe 1835andhave over not did directly after to answer to the customs union with Austria in an attempt to protect their special position. While Metternich

Ibid. 95. Ibid. 74. The fundamental characteristic of the government system in the Habsburg Monarchy, systemThegovernment theMonarchy, characteristic fundamental of in Habsburg the nationalism and 1.2. Hungary In the time Emperor of Ferdinand

ses of society. This narrow group was comprised of “prelates (ecclesiastic or spiritual spiritual or (ecclesiastic “prelates of comprised was group narrow This society. of ses

his “conservative government “conservativehis which had dynamic abandoned Josephinism’s rm was inendmostly the was rm

47 . In

aspects, ofboth these Hung

to avoid competition and competition the Hungarians avoid to objected to , Metternich Metternich ost respects. ost e Monarchy,givingGerman dominance the to e 17

hindered by hindered had more freedom to achieve at least least at achieve to freedom more had

nationalism. The Bohemian’s The nationalism. Emperor Francis - Francis Emperor ary had a special position position aspecial had ary . He thus . Zollverein

successfully successfully . Railways

diligent 46 . The The .

CEU eTD Collection to 1780; co- budget” in their lands. budget” their in quotas of soldiers for recruitment the in ti 53 52 51 50 49 48 government. Theresa prince. the or the king those of from differed their decisions if ignored be simply could estates meaning the or the diets, authorityof calling remaineda session dietinto the prerogative of the king absolutism”. “princely to leading (before Mountain) andWhite were the battle of the bypassed sometimes the in decision- Bohemian the where land for changes The success regulations. in system of this narrowgroup ofsome interests” kind government representative on based of representation, as Robert or the general was onlygovernment population represented and towns in markets. in form This andwhich the casewere lower noble lords nobility the Overall, the commoner joinedtogether. r andprincely markets”. lastly towns and (lower nobility), … knights lords lords) …secular are exception to this was that in certain regions the free peasants compr peasants free the regions certain in that was this to exception are

Ibid. 126. Ibid. 125 Kann, Kann, 174. Ibid. 126 - Maria Theresa, Holy RomanEmpress consort from 1745until 1765, Queen of Hungaryand Croatia from 1740

Ingeneral,would receive the estatescertain rights and as privileges,taxation, such The estates system reached its peak in the 16 the in peak its reached system estates The 52

regent regent 127.

- the “basically still feudal estates institutions” were being replaced by a centralized centralized a by replaced being were institutions” estates feudal still “basically the

126. 53

Their removal was not complete however, meaning that the power of the estates estates the of power the that meaning however, complete not was removal Their with Joseph II from 1765untilher death in 1780.

estates had more power than the estates of the Habsburg hereditary lands lands hereditary Habsburg the of estates the than power more had estates 50

They also possessed the right of petitioning the prince or governor of agovernor of the or prince petitioning of right the also possessed They t, was not a democratic one but rather stood “for rather a but not democratic was one Kann “for out, stood points

While the estatesWhile held the right their hold own to ass me of war control of the and princely “flexible 18

century and by the time of Maria Maria of time the by and century differed depending onthe land, ised the fourth in curia ised 49 . emblies making 48

A s

CEU eTD Collection on differentground than and laid power foundation whose Hungarian estates the touched barely functioningand reform I theofin time Francis theof with exception Hungary. reforms Theresa’s Maria With themselves. number of troopscould be mobilizedand that the whole process depended onthe estates Theand mention taxation. ed quota system in military mobilization meant that onlya particular 58 57 56 55 54 rightsestates tax the of from exemption being the constitutional tradition could of the estates, firmlyentrenched Hungary’s corporate in constitution” needs. defense and state centralized the finance to and results” lesser “yielded that classes lower the of taxation the for compensate es the intact the the in interest Habsburg of the of maintaining integrity Monarchy. auth royal the to transferred was Hungary. The ofaspect the military long as they were serving their role as of protectors the Monarchy. Ottomanwars The thus meant that the Habsburg themselves were reluctant to interfere with the rights of the estates as onthe defensethreat, front of of had the Hungary the been

Ibid. 174. Kann, 127. László Kontler, Ibid. 126 - Ibid. 176. tates lost powertates lost Taxes was taxation. were introduced for the nobilityand the Church to The two main reasons for the centralization and suppression of the estates were defense were defense estates ofcentralization the and suppression the for reasons The two main Hungary’s special position within the Habsburg Monarchy was based on the “privileges Monarchywas on based the Habsburg within position Hungary’s special

127, 237.

A history of Hungary

BohemiaH Habsburg and the

Aurea Bulla the to “back traced be

( Budapest: Atlantisz, 2009 ority, but institutional the structurethe of estates remained 55 ir

The

rights was especially significant. Due to the Ottoman

, structure of the estates rem estates the of structure the military quotas were raised. The second reason reason second The raised. were quotas military the 19 ation a ereditary lands. ereditary ), 213. nd authority over within military nd authority

entire In fact of 1222” of

Habsburg Monarchy. This This Monarchy. Habsburg 56 , the estates system, its ained largely unchanged unchanged largely ained

54 57 58

. The Hungarian

with the general general the with

CEU eTD Collection CEU Press, 1997), 14. indivisibility and inseparability of Hungary and the Habsburg hereditary lands. hereditary Habsburg the and Hungary indivisibility of and inseparability the in female wasthe Habsburg anrtant impo line succession become is This why extinct. acknowledgment ofsanction thegranting thePragmatic Hungarian electHungary to own king its retained the right in event thatthe Habsburg lineshould male and confirmedbymonarchs served pre were 61 60 59 nobility” the of conduct the to reaction “a as Theresa Maria by promulgated patent Paten Urbarial faced the with were response but in rights constitutional of their army the of increase the nobilityHungary. partiallyattempted of taxation done was This through the in sanction. estates Hungarian the (1740) of in who turn attempted to limitthe privileges of abit historical irony thatthe Pragmatic was invokedMaria soon with sanction Theresa structures. That is, the political influence and social privileges … c Habsburgs throughperson of the the king rather than through a deeper legal or historical from Vienna. its retain Hungary that ensured partially onnection. Hungary preserve managedto its “balance between the and crown corporate

Kontler, 208. Kontler, Éva

H. Balázs, Hungary and the Habsburgs, 1765 - Maria Theresa at Theresa Maria Essentially, consideredwas kingdom Hungaryautonomous the associatedwith an

61 A history of Hungary subsidy Hungarysubsidy was pay.estates to The naturally the Hungarian to removal objected , the “manorial impositions” were regulated in an attempt to improve the position of the position were an in improve attemptto , the “manorial regulated impositions”

tempted to repair to tempted the budget of the Monarchy byraising the of question , 206.

privileges and escape privileges is coronation charters. As an charters.autonom coronation As is 1800 : an experiment in enlightened absolutism 20 d the reforms reforms the of the magnates” the of step , and centralization centralization and guaranteeing

t of 1767. In the In the oft 1767. that ratified the 60

ous kingdom, kingdom, ous It comes as as Ita comes

Hungarian Hungarian

59 (Budapest: (Budapest: . These These . the the CEU eTD Collection ruler in 1 in ruler which domains every he his absolutism had into of implementing intention ascent the to throne.travels a into representative The and him education molded of enlightened andof help the thus fillingstate budget. exempt” T Hungary, security. becauseand provided work it their with land movement as they stayed want not the freedom of career“ of choice and movement of freedom guaranteed Hungary] peasants [in and the abolished “perpetualIn 1785 Joseph servitudes per the or use weekwith, twodaysweekwithout of per animals” standardization of the robot obligated a prescribed contribute to 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 landowning nobility” i Hungary attributes and Joseph son, her radical reformsof was the class” ruling feudal the of interest the against defenseless “the Theresa from 1765until 1780, sole ruler from 1780until 1790.

his meanthis that“some 700,000 landowners, mostly the in middle Kontler, Ibid. 151- Kann, 287. Ibid. Ibid. Balázs Joseph II, HolyRoman Emperor from 1765until 1790, co

Joseph II throughout Joseph traveled While the reforms of Maria Theresa definitely angered the estates the angered definitely Theresa Maria of reforms the While , 223. 68

Balázs A history of Hungary 780. He envisioned “a Gesamtstaat 152. it needs to be noted that a large portion of the society was the landnoted- thata of portion large the society needs wasit be the to , explaining to an extent the wish of some monarchs to impose taxes onthe nobility the of wish some monarchs extent taxes impose , explainingan to to

thus considersthus a thatthequarter patentofeffected about theof only population 66

in in better treatment of serfs. , 220. ts significance more to the moral aspects as it educated “the “the educated it as aspects moral the to more significance ts

–

the work obligation towards the state or feudal lord feudal – state towards or obligation the the work

Europe and the Habsburg Monarchy in preparation to his preparation his to Europe theMonarchyin Habsburg and amount of produce from II

64 65 almost caused a feudal revolt Hungary. in feudal , which caused a almost 21 , a unitary state made not upof heterogeneous . Howeve - regent of Hungary, C Hungary, of regent 67

Also in relation tosocial the structure of r, r, Eva Eva Balázs 63 . 62 their land and received a land anda receivedtheir - nts were now were nts peasa The . income brackets were tax tax were brackets income roatia andwith Bohemia Maria

argues that the serfs did did serfs the that argues after he became sole sole became he after

and the nobility, it and the nobility, it owning nobility. “to one day day one “to CEU eTD Collection propertiesa of rate 12.25%. at of alllanded taxation equal proclaimed and drew by1789,Joseph resistance taxation most non- lasting administration, attempting expand to taxation and 71 70 69 which nolonger nations “civilized was conducted education a languagein dead Hungary, in behindLatin, itwas that which was still usedas the language main administration of and Hungary. in emerge trends were beginningto autonomyits the Habsburg within Monarchy.However,cons as a prerogatives t constitutional the situation Hungary, in returning years,LeopoldreII, agreed to reign lasted two only heir1790. His whose Gesamtstaat his creating and pri KingHungary” of Hungary. “avoided Toconstitution avoid havingobeyJoseph to being thecrowned Hungarian unacceptable general, especially in but estates forconstitutionallyfor autonomous the the army” and bureaucracy centralized a … ruler, one reason,ruled by of principles the clear established on parts, but

Ibid. 228. Ibid. Kontler, Catholic religions. This fre

vileges Joseph attempted to reshape the Monarchy as awhole, as reforming Monarchy the reshape theto military attempted and Joseph On April 26,1784Joseph signed action into the German rights and the constitutionalism, basisof privilegesHungary thatwere defended thus its measure was the Patent of Toleration issued in 1781, allowing religious activity of the activityof the allowingreligious 1781, in issued Patent of Toleration the was measure

A history of Hungary

, and even considered the possibilityand aking. about even electing new of Disillusioned 70 . 69 , Joseph II , Joseph revoked . This centralization. This and strong imperial were government obviously , 222.

71 edom was the extendedto populationJewish year. the next Still,

The rights Hungarianswerebythe of breaking revolted their

most of his edicts a few weeks before ofedicts his adiedmost in weeks few he 22 emancipating serfs.His the most famous o pre equence of Josephinism new of Josephinism equence - - Language Edict. The logic logic The Edict. Language Josephinist position. position. store the store

and CEU eTD Collection accompanied by the introduction of German where previously Latin had held swayLatin of foaccompanied German where previously bythe had introduction uniform sovereignty, II. of In view,pursuit Evans’ “the centralization of absolu Joseph tist Central Europe. is Thethe first above mentioned franca introducinga commonlingua official administrative language in Hungary furthering also his wish for a unitary state by know or adequate not conducting for public affairs. Thatwhy is proclaime Joseph 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 Europe c.1683- atwords, awakening” the threshold “Hungary of arrived national Germanization cultural institutions. work f became who Vienna in educated officials Hungarian modernize Hungarian. and improve effort to conscious Language a Edict started The process. reactionary a through language literary and official the as rose Hungarian process, centuries previous in “emancipated” were languages national where in” affairs their rich literary language. also This initiated Press, 2006.

Kontler, Ibid. 206- Ibid. 205- Balázs Ibid. Ibid. R.J.W. Evans, Austria, Hungary, and Habsburgs – Habsburgs and Hungary, Austria, Evans, R.J.W.

started the same process with Hungarian, elevating it to aqualitatively to it elevating Hungarian, with process same the started R.J.W. R.J.W. , 206.

A history of Hungary 207. 206.

, “beganoverflowgeneral of cultivation native a traditions” into to Evans recognizes bookAustria, his in Hungary, – andHabsburgs 72 1867 . It. also signified a for wish civilityand proved thatHungarian was either not “The linguistic and literary revival” 78

three elements that supported the elementsthree development sentiment thatsupported of national in , 226.

in the whole Habsburg thein whole Monarchy. amiliar with the develop

the impulse for the organization of linguistic and

23 Central Europe c.1683- Germanization and a in wider sense the 75 , forced by action of into the impulse 77 . 1867, Oxford: Oxford University ment of German Goethe’s in

in in organic,an evolutionary 73

, elsewhere Unlike and quantitatively d German the 76 . In. other r

Central official official 74

CEU eTD Collection University Press, 2014, 2013. theater, the advancement “of the Hungarian language and literature” and language Hungarian the “of advancement the theater, origin” ofmusic Asian Magyarországon young “ playwright a of the work with case the instance celebr as welcomed enthusiastically were they low, been pamphlets andallof kinds literary works. While the artistic value these of works might have Volk citizenship and fraternity of ideas thedevelopment of intellectual of the influence emerged the under nationalism one, where market a national for need material the from inseparable restructuring” “social caused of nationalism was 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 German, Slavic, development of the music, so audiences”andconnection their plays between these nationalism, contributing to itwith “theircontent, variety, the emotionalan reactions” patriotic of aseries engendered purposes,

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. 103. Ibid. 102. Ibid. 222. Ibid. 220 - Ibid. 214. Hungarian culture and politics in the in politics and culture Vermes, Hungarian Gabor and the diversityof

The first element incitedHungary in the collecting and of writing songs, poem,

221.

and Viennese (The Mongols(The Hungary)in

the economic impulse where the still infantile industrialization of the region 85

. The original and main aim of cultural nationalism was, in addition toaddition was, nationalism of in cultural aim andThe main original . Völker

- 80 I - as inspired by Herder by inspired as talian influences but “came to be regarded as ancient Hungarian Hungarian ancient as regarded be to “came but influences talian called

and urbanization, invoking “the ideal of nationhood …

stemming from the French, and the Revolution “individual

verbunkos ” 24 83 . , which was composed from old Hungarian, old which was composed, from Theater became an integral part of cultural cultural of part integral an became Theater

Habsburgmonarchy, 1711- 79 ” . 82 The second element in element second The ” . 81 Károly Kisfaludy,entitled A tatárok . Theelement third is the ideological 84 ations of the nation. Suchwas offorations the . Connected with this was this thewith Connected 86 . d at times passionate , Budapest, CEU CEU Budapest, 1848,

the development CEU eTD Collection other fantasy, spontaneity…” establishescharacteristics the of romanticism be to “emotionalism, passion, imagination, 89 88 87 , something will that from issue the perspective the of a political non as discussed from the cultural thearena. to political however, This thatnow meant language was being activity the national Diet move helpedof the Hungarian the insufficient. reconvening of The cultural nationalist to realize that an exclus rather was and tension political the lacked fuelled the enthusiastic inspiration” of Vörösmarty insistence“with onthe its local, the particular, or the even peculiar” “founding father” – F Zalán’s of poem epic national the is example such One historical. strongly were linguistically focused cultural nationalist. At the same time, the themes theychose to deal with r Chancello Metternich,of and Hungary, Francis that agreedcall to Diet into the session. Thus minded Hungari advantage, summoning not it However, theretainedcall the king to right the aspeoples Magyarization. of becomeknown the kingdom

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. 223. ) cultural nationalists.In Vermes’ “provided view, romanticism

The revival, improvement a The improvement revival, Under the rule of Francis I, most of Hungary’s constitutional rights were rights restored. constitutional I, Hungary’s of most Francis of Under rule the light

, which in a romanticized way deals with the conquest of the Hungarian the medieval of the with conquest a deals romanticized way , which in under the urging of his brother Joseph, Palatine Palatine Joseph, brother his urging of the It 1825,under in only was estates. an Árpád 88 , some or all of which can be read in the works of be, some orcan Hungarian the(and read allofin works which . Romanticism in general in . Romanticism contributed the to linguistic development

for thirteen years anforin subdue attemptto thirteen the constitutionally nd embellishment of language became the main focus of the the focus of the main ofnd embellishment languagebecame

a way of perceiving the world, the perceiving waya of 25

ivelynational policy culturally was based D

iet and compatriots. However, his romanticism

, session into

right he exercised to his his to exercised he right the poetic passion that poetic passionthat the Mihály Vörösmarty Mihály 87 89 r Vermes . Gabor Vermes

which led some some led which - Hungarian Hungarian , CEU eTD Collection and after works his published Credit he – words otherclasses in or entrenchednobility,all the a of rights thetowards government of representative moving more r ofpromotion a national movement in Hungary joined and byAcademy 1830the opened of was Sciences andfoundation of became the the work onthe development thatwouldyearlythe establishmentof byan nationalism institution income his for contributing the nobility, Széchenyi services. “He … pointed out theservices. out moral injustice “He…pointed suffered bythe underprivileged,who he ofabolishment labor the theseeking serfs, on imposed the burdens strongly against spoke Széchenyi Hungary. ltural agricu a heavily in especially economy, industry, progress the of viewthe functioning his and obstructed in guilds that and against theof system monopolies 1848 approached, tendencies interacting the and two started more. more representative government” and responsible liberal side of the political spectrum 91 90 from taxation as the “only thing that distinguished them from the peasantry” conservative side, t 1848. Hungarian of Revolution thewith and ending 1825 in Era, starting Hungarian Reform as the known began period the

Ibid. Kontler,

was Count Count was interaction this of representative main The The major the traitduality ofis the period of conservative and l A history of Hungary eformed political in social system, one which wouldconstitutionally break the he nobility was, as previously, intent on retaining their rights and exemption andrights exemption their onretaining intent as previously, was, nobility he

nonetheless supported liberal reforms. He helped the agenda of cultural agenda of He the helped reforms. liberal supported nonetheless

and of promotion the Hungarian members language. of the diet Other , 239. the nation.Széchenyi

. His contribution. His and of Magyarization also lie st

(1830), ood for “equalitylaw, liberties, beforecivil the 91 26 . Importantly however, as went time onand as ’s policy became more defined by t by defined more became policy ’s Light

(1831) and Stages István Széchenyi István iberal iberal

(1833). He argued tendencies . 90 A member of of member A . The other, he 1830s 1830s he s . On the . On the

in thein

CEU eTD Collection “ideas of democracy onpopular based representation” non- that allowed many and magnate, position commonpractice absent thea representative in Diet an as aposition of representation. ofthe expansion constitution all to members of the nation,based on liberal principles of turned Kossuth policy doso, to his grounds.Unable towards convincethe to privilege holders give up privileges, its tax w also meant for thatthecompensation labor.nobility the to landlords lost This to wouldhave reforms rely spreadto wished agenda. to political He his whichhim allowed primarily journalism, endeavors, ofother his a consequence as about part in Magyar great other the a transformation.gradual evolutionaryand Such Széchenyi 94 93 92 approach economy. the to country’s In previously his Széchenyi mentioned works, proposed be to elevated the ‘within bulwark of the c his protectionist policy o removal the

Ibid. 249. Ibid. 246. Ibid. 243. Kossuth wasKossuth of non- Another important element in the policy national the of liberals protectionist wasa that

was against against was

f the economically restri economically the f were built aroundwere the emancipation built of the serfs through a state funded 94

of the age – age the of nobleman like Kossuth to participate in the ass the participate in to nobleman likeKossuth a

hichwere something theywere still clingingon old constitutional to that economic independence is “a precondition of political precondition “a is independence economic that revolutionary turnaround of the country, promoting a peaceful, country, a ofpromoting peaceful, therevolutionary turnaround noble descent partintelligentsia.reachednoble but of He the his thus

Lajos Ko Lajos ctive and harmful tar harmful and ctive ssuth. 27 change was change on middle the nobility ascarrier the the of 93 . Kossuth’s political prominenceKossuth’s political came onstitution’”. Kossuth system. iff

not not completely completely 92 emblies

At the same time, unconceivable argued

and promote and promote

argued for argued for

within

CEU eTD Collection country’s official language” lineof publiclife. The second ofimplementation Hungarian the state, into making the first and it the if possible only language actio Hungarian of the multilingual speaking population Kingdom of Hungary. acknowledged break the up would it that “afraid was He forcefully. applied was it if Magyarization of dangers the of aware 100 99 98 97 96 95 was the in educational more frequently system. promoted The Magyarization1830s, By administration. andall spheres the expandedstate continued to of life obsolete and use still abandoning the Diet, the Hungarian in of the sole use 17 of Diet the at presented already were of thembeingable eachHungarians to communicate to the in interest other. Hungarian propagation language” warnedagainst of the violent of 1848. Revolution independence” Kiadó

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. 50. Janos Janos

Ibid. n dominated the implementation of the Hungarian language. The first was the attempted , 1993), 268.

Varga, Attempts at MagyarizationAttempts of publiclife began farbefore the In the field cultural of n

A Hungarian Quo Vadis – as a dead language. As we get 1848 to as a closed language.As we dead Empire, Hungary’s to detriment” , 95

leading forcible to sometimes implementation of Hungarian among the non-

– a stance which indicated the coming of the March Laws and the Hungarian Hungarian the and Laws March the of coming the indicated which a stance 99

and propagatedspread the and teachingHungarian of non to

ationalism, Kossuth supported Magyarization “evenhe though supported Kossuth Magyarization ationalism, of the action same of followed maki idea

Political Trends and Theories of the early 1840s 90- 1791, expanding They time. with 1791, byrequests began 28 97 . These cautious approaches were not fullycautious wereThese approaches not the ideas of spread of Hungarian in in Hungarian of spread of ideas the

major problem of Magyarizationmajor problem d Latin which was seen as as seen was which Latin d Reform Er Reform 96 . 98 Széchenyi 100

ng “Hungarian the the ng “Hungarian (Budapest: (Budapest: Two mainlines

a. Suchrequests

Akadémiai Akadémiai was also also was

of of - CEU eTD Collection was given civil liberties itwould “give them an interest in loyalty to the [Hungarian] nation” the K within only but ofexception Croats 103 102 101 of the possi makingthus themwilling renounce to their own ethnic and national identity. overestimate This collective rights” Hungarians wouldbe thatonly“as thus recognized a was Hungarian nation nationwith rights rights the to entire of population the indivisible Kingdom of Hungary, extending national meant however grounds,constitutional making allequallaw, equal with before rights al in ofintended civil extension rights and liberties to allclasses. was This beto done base on the project with of reforms. liberal Magyarization connected Hungariansclosely the people Kingdom, of of languages Hungarian byallthe assimilation and national of abandonment To other justify the Hungarians. was the it to andSlavs Germansas inherentlythus the to demise ofconnected the nation itselfand was just as unacceptable the to history and the willing to contin Hungarian language as their own, through The Serbs, Croats, Slovaks, Germans that,national groups. others, refused and the was that the Kingdom of Hungary

Ibid. 45. Ibid. 44. Ibid. 43.

The expectation of the the of theto entire majority population, was ofHungarian. not which expectation The Po ,

litically, the Hungarians fought for the liberation of the mass population through the through the masspopulation of the the liberation fought for litically, Hungarians the lied the contradiction of the Hungarian national liberalism. bilities nation itself.Abandoning and another with replacing one’s was own language ue u ue 102 of Hungarian nationalism is well summarized by Janos Varga.He states: . This meant that no other nationality would be recognized (with the wouldbe nationality other meant. This thatno sing LatinLanguage sing German. or accept identity, equatedwith was culture,

based onthe same logic onwhich the Hungarians were not was inhabited by a number of different linguistic and ingdom ofThe Croatia). ingdom 29

imagined 101

Extending all liberal

that if everyone everyone that if l regards. Here Here regards. l

103 , CEU eTD Collection an actual m actual an Hungarian the view. in exception apartial least at were Croats the and Hungary 105 104 which was birthplace, native his to Krapina.However, spoken Croatian twoother in was Gaj was attempting consolidate to the orthography, he wasthe in so doing Kajkavian dialect endeavors. their in linguistic Russians, and likeCzechs Slavs, Hungarian, fo of language Croatian the out clean Croatian orthography, primarilyregardsdiacritical in to the characters. - theBasics of Croatian revivalist career began 1830 in when philosophyIn Vienna in Graz. and 1829,he where movedPest to he studied law and wh his ere Gaj onewith man – undisputable thatin the sense of a

Gaj, Gaj, Ibid. 46 -

managed attend to some of the better Croatia schoolsin before continuing education his in ethnic the groupsassimilateto Hungarians”. rushingto principle. As K “liberties” spreato “In fact, their reaction the to idea of “constitutional” Magyarization and to attempts Kratka osnova 2. , The Croatian National Revival officially began in 1835, even though its beginnings asbeginnings 1835,even its officiallythough in NationalThe began Revival Croatian CroatianRevival1.3. The National varied processThe assimilation national the dependinggroup Kingdom within onthe of 47. in the interestofing position

ovement could easilyovement could placed be 1830.Whichever in date we chose, d were hardly attractive enough for them to subscribe to the “one nation” subscribe to thenation” for to “one attractive enoughthem were hardly the use of the Hungarian language left thatthe nodoubt proposed Ljudevit Gaj.

á roly Nagy aptly noted, equal rights would not engender jubilant jubilant equalrolyNagy engender wouldnot rights aptly noted, Slavonic Orthography

B orn Krapina in Zagreb a near 1809to class in middle famil n organized when

it as acouldit follow other standard Croatian bywhich reign reign he published short his fundamental but book

. In it he attempted to reform and standardize the the reform and he standardize it attempted to In . 30 of of primarily influences, Croatian national movement everything starts 104

105

Interestingly while enough,

He He Italian, German and and German Italian, primarily

it remain wanted to to wanted -

Brief Brief y s ,

CEU eTD Collection Star newspaper was also followed by the called so newspaperhis was ofpromotion the Shtokavian dialect as a linguistic standard for the t from of ideological, the with exception publish them. This however, them.This Several ainitiative. publish not new decades was literary the Danica products, thesCroatia. While Republic of of the anthem the contemporary Europe and the sometimes world. Thearticles newspaper type of found this in was their editor, as publishing news from allparts served of the Gaj Habsburg Monarchy, Revival. 110 109 108 107 106 Horvatska domovina song his publication same the in published Mihanović Antun movement. Illyrian the of anthem the songplace. it in Još Gaj Hrvatska himselfpublished propala ni co stories, songs, contents, literary carrying aweek), twice newspaper thethrough Croatian of the publishing the of standard the become to was which of dialecticlatter formsand Shtokavian–the –Chakavian

Lijepa naša domovin o. Croatian homeland. Croatia has not yet falle Danicza H Novine horvatzke Croatian language.It was again for Gajstandardizationand whosupported this pushed it 107 ime to ime to Interestinglytime. however, even Gaj considered though is the mainperson the in , a literary once published addition a Newspaper week(the Croatian Croatian newspaper Croatian Started 1835,the in It was in the Danica orvatzka, Slavonzka y Dalmatinzka. .

109 actually

n. , which

that most of the linguistic published in the Kajkavian the in dialect published also attempted collect to existing, the traditional writings and Our beautiful homeland known as Our beautiful moreis commonly Gaj’s own programmatic proclamations programmatic own Gaj’s

Croatian, SlavonianandCroatian, Dalmatian were the main herald Croatian the of the Nationalwere 106 .

llected oral tradition llected activity

of the national revivalof the national

Croats and Croats during e were newly composed composed newly e were 108

earlier, Maksimilijan

which he publishedwhich he its firstyear which became the became which s

/or , etc. etc. , were published

the the 110 Illyrians, Illyrians, Morning

and is is and . The . The rarely rarely

took took CEU eTD Collection Gaj, Zagreb, 1837, 93 - in: bishopric] his of pastors spiritual the all for Rakitovacki Rak mybishopric], 1813. Translated and published as: 33 zbornik Historijski movement], revival the of formation of developing the language. that begs the clergy to send him all the Croatian that there are thatare not many words found still and books in grammars. Heand invites thus list and language Illyrianimprove the language. collect to forandwritten thus invitation them a finally clergy Croatia the 1813sentof to in working onthe developm dialect, which meant the Shtokaviandialect, Hungarians did On administration. tha branches of 1805 when the Hungarians attempted to introduce Hungarian the judicial into system and some came the of to introduction Hungarian Croatia. into He especially strongly it, argued against in a him promgave representatives the in Hungarian Diet. This 112 111 e Dan the started collect old writings Zagreb ofattemptedbishop Vrhovac, a th to use xcept the language Gajwas promoting was not called Croatian at the time.

Maksimilijan Vrhovac Maksimilijan Jaroslav Šidak, Hrvatskezemlje urazdoblju nastajanja preporodnog pokreta itovackoga na sve duhovne pastire svoje episkopie

they so far collected. He also encourages them to collect these writings collect to them encourages also He collected. far so they In Vrhovac allthose speakswho it contributed the of to deve A s the

ica bishop ofbishop Zagreb, previously s

, which had the same goal of collecting of goal same the had which , 96. the major works which contribute - now considered is a proto what in

, Poziv nasve duhovne pastire svoje biskupije ent of the Croatian or Illyrian language for a number of years and number ofIllyriana for language ent or of the Croatian , introduce their own Illyrian language into administration, which Illyrian administration, languageinto own their , introduce 112

Ljudevit Gaj was following the in footsteps of Vrhovac when he Vrhovac , as as Croats would, Vrhovac that proclaimed occasion, t

was calledIllyrian at the time.

sat in thesat in Croatian Diet and one was of its also and Slavonian words, and proverbs national songs

32 [Invitation of the Maximilian bishop deceased Verhovac - 34 (1980- Poziv pokojnoga episkopa Maximiliana Verhovca Danica Ilirska Danica extensive network to network to extensive Church’s e Catholic d nationalist move to it enrich and andpublishing Croatian literary texts, 1981), 69.

[Invitation for all the spiritual pastors of of pastors spiritual the all for [Invitation

24 inent political position when it [Illyrian Morning Star], ed. Ljudevit Ljudevit ed. Star], Morning [Illyrian

[Croatian lands in the period of ed . lopment ofIllyrian the 111

it. However,it. he notes

Vrhovac continued further for the sake the sake further for Gaj even In even 1836,Gaj CEU eTD Collection 2008), 125. Co the Habsburg Empire from Maria TheresaWorld to War I Morning Star 116 115 114 113 Illyrian treat,thethe lack emergence saying the thatdueof to Ottoman support to idea of the Empire. Ottoman the under time the at is Illyria Šižgorić’s of most extent seems to reflect“utopian a annulment of real the political situation”, Friuli, the Black Se Hungary, between area the at is perceives He Illyria. of concept geographical and historical Germania Tacitus’ humanists German the and Rome, ancient rediscovered humanists Italian the as “just such however, Gaj’s not The invention. was idea could be traced the to 15 back movement acultural as ideology Illyrian It Slavs. this large allthe to South was on part based (Shtokavian, Kajkavian, Chakavian), Shtokavianwas widely the most used language. While itis true that only within the Croatia Illyrian the banningIllyrianuntil revival. that–the of the1843,just national in name wasThis due the to fact Newspaper newspaper his of name the changed

lumbia University Press, 1975), 55. Danica Ilirska Danica rskeIli narodne novine ZrinkaBlažević, Wayne S. Vucinich, Vucinich, S. Wayne lyim a b tae bc t Jrj igrć h i 18 pbihd work a published 1487 in who Šižgorić Juraj to back traced be can Illyrism Illyrism was the idea thatallSouth constituted Slavs one nationbased on the shared

the Croats the 113

114 . while SlavonianandDalmatian Croatian, the

. At the same time, Gaj substituted the Kajkavian for the Shtokaviandialect. for the the Kajkavian Gaj time, substituted same . Atthe Ilirizam prije Ilirizma prije Ilirizam a and Macedonia. As Zrinka Blažević points out, this concept and territorial territorial conceptand this out, points Blažević Zrinka As Macedonia. and a Croatian Illyrism: Its background and genesis and other South Slav writers Slav other discovered South and ‘Illyria’” .

that the Croatian National Revival waslly actua

[Illyrism before Illyrism] (Zagreb: Golden Marketing; Tehnička Knjiga, TehničkaKnjiga, Marketing; Golden Illyrism](Zagreb: [Illyrismbefore

to reflect this fact, naming itthe Illyrian P

of the South Slavs and just Slavs of not the South Illyrism Croats. as 33 , Stanley B. Winters and Robert A. Kann ( A. Kann Robert and Winters Stanley, B.

idea , in:, Intellectual and social developments in n lands there were three dialects dialects three were there lands n that Gaj claimed and promoted the Morning Star Ivo Banac also Banac Ivo 115 .

became the Illyrian the became 116 from its beginningfrom its

one, commonin

considering that th

century when

contributes contributes Boulder: Boulder: eople’s eople’s on the on the

CEU eTD Collection Slavic people” Slavic t mainly applied writers Renaissance the which name, Illyrian ancient includes allthose lands which the Greeks andIllyria. called Romans “extended thus the He Sea, ratherAdriatic but thatit and the DravaHungary)Croatia with River (boarder between the to only referring not is name Slavic the that stated Vitezović writings, previous some in and his published 1700 in who Vitezović Ritter Pavao direct the them making contemporary Slavs. South Slavs, as Illyrians establishes and Šižgorić 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 the linguistic sense and cultural of the 19 Gaj “inherited”Illyrism from his predecessors andstarted developinga national itas in identity Croats” the for Slavs Eastern and Western the larger onCroatian unfinished history) but work was rediviva thesources. workresult ofCroatia Thethis historical send him to encouraging readers his from sources, old chronicleto history Croatian application ofIllyrian the name to all the Slavs the validity claim of to Illyrians him spokelanguage,prompting the same andthat the Slavs Slavs the andglory of On the1525. Entitled origin to fundamental work second the wrote Pribojević’s Vinko from the Slavs the West, started experience to of sentiments unity peril. onmutual based

Ibid. 502. Ibid. Ibid. Banac, 495. Hrvatska Oživljena Blažević,125 O podrijetlu i zgodama Slavena. Ivo Banac, The Redivived Croatia of Pavao Ritter Vitezović, Harvard Ukranian Studies

A key forIllyrism figure the conceptof be as will promoted byGaj the in 19

- 126. 121 .

. Vitezović’s claim “was based on linguistic communality” linguistic on based “was claim Vitezović’s

119

th century. 124 34 . 123

in which “Vitezović effectively claimed all of all claimed effectively “Vitezović which in . It . was roughly condition this in most famous workmost

Vitezović continued his work and attempted and work his continued Vitezović 118 , this work goes a step further thangoes a workthis (actuallya fora only preparation the establishmentIllyrism of Croatia Rediviva o the Croats, to all the allthe Croats, to o the

6), 493. 10 (1986), 122 ancestors . He considered that Ljudevit th

century

120

of the the of . In. it, 117

in in is is

CEU eTD Collection Sr Illyrians. emphasizing the of importance literatureand through thatthe languagewh , Illyria is that lyre the of tune renewed this achieve To ( problematic a Slaviclandsin are linguistic together that allthe South brought sense wished Gaj Bosnia, Montenegro, Bulgaria Serbia, andHungary. lower Istria, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, Slavonia, viewCarniola, his Croatia, Carinthia,Styria, in Gorizia, 1836 129 128 127 126 125 differences. on the fact theyall speak the same or at least a similar language with only dialectal in language in all of losing the Croatian andintroducingIllyrian the nameIn to the title. his change Illyrian among Slavs movement allSouth the appeal of spreadthe the vernacular.To Illyria with of extent connecting territorial the Zagreb: 113 Matica Hrvatska, 1997, Hrv spisi meaning the Habsburg MonarchymanOtto meaning theor Empire Habsburg the bia, Bulgariabia, Ugarska.”, dolnja I II. Gaj, Proglas to oneto language. Gaj thus

Ibid. 114 - Ibid. Proglas “…Koruška, Istria, Gorica, Krainska, Štajerska, Horvatska, Slavonia, Dalmacia, Dubrovnik, Bosna, Crna Gora, Ljudevit Gaj, II. Gaj, Ljudevit 126

In the In atskognarodnog preporoda [Programmatic] Revival writings National Croatian ofthe is out is that alyre to Illyria compared Gaj , of 128 .

language language 116.

129

that all the string of lyre the be again wouldonce We can We due the to fact a region “indifferent tune” is that each mentioned with entity

To gather To Illyria the all

Proclamation Proglas Illyria used in his in used

see that Gaj thus continues the thought of previous Illyrian Gaj continuessee thus the thought that of ideologists, previous ,

Danica ilirska [Second Proclamation], in: Danica lso gathered gathered also Italians and Germans that argues Gaj 125 bas

- 116.

ed published as a leaflet in 1835 and reprinted in the Danica and the reprintedin 1835 as a in leaflet published Croatian newspaper

his entirehis argument of South or Slavs Illyrians as one nation, ns to his cause, the members of the Illyrian movement cause, led the his members to ns of the , 113.

carry out the already mentioned mentioned already the out carry to decided Gaj 35

of tune. The parts lyre orof strings this were

and Danica . language adifferent to adapt is and ) Gaj sees a return to thebooks to old seesGaj a return 127 , Zagreb: 1836. Takenfrom Programski

brought into Continuing to theto Shtokavian dialect, also . He himself saw this as

argume with the lyre analogy analogy lyre the with tune, in other words, tune, other in words, ich is common to all their many dialects , Miroslav Šicel, ed. Šicel, Miroslav nt for a single a single for nt in in ,

CEU eTD Collection Hrvatskog] narodnog preporod Revival National a [Programmaticwritings the Croatian of Kolo, aliteraryKolo, magazine by started another Vraz, Stanko member prominent ofmovement. Illyrian the nationalismworked and bothon Gaj’snewspaper andsecon the languages made be cannot just up. newpossible name and andRussians Poles thus is unsuitable for the S In view Slavs. his the South for name the Slavic of of rejection just the his alsouse the is basisfor This the Rus. name of haveand unitedunder thatthe NorthernSlavs can united Slavs be South name which under the needed; created be literature and language the that demand every Slavicnation South name of the be Croatian because not achieved the limitations under could Slavic language. This South of the all the speakers include and Croatia theof Kingdom beyond extend which has to th argues Rakovac name, Croatian the than rather Illyrian under the their chose national movement start to Croats fundamental whythe issue of Croatian the facing 133 132 131 130 Christ. theto Eng immediate as well asgoals wider of the movement. by Gaj started a wide array of activities, (Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, 1997), (Zagreb:125 Matica 1997), Hrvatska,

Ibid. 132. Ibid. 131. Dragutin Rakovac wasDragutinRakovac the one of was closes He associatesLjudevit of Gaj. of promoter the the Illyrian cultural Dragutin Rakovac, Rakovac, Dragutin 132 In catechism Small his great men for

one which would donoharm t which one

Rakovac arguesfor theIllyrian use of the name onthe basisthat there noother is

lish, French and Italiansand Frenchdisappeared lish, andthe of birth hasJesus before not since Mali katekizam za velike ljude velike za katekizam Mali

that could be created for this purpose, saying that names of nations names purpose, this could saying that be for created that national movementa in formnational of and questions answers. Adressing it is a common name which encompasses the Illyrians, the Czechs, Illyrians, the Czechs, encompasses the whichcommon name a is , it (Croat, Slavonian,Dalmatian, Serb, etc.) wouldhave the right to

- 138. 133

under the South all and which o

with Dragutin Rakovac Dragutinwith 131 [ Small catechism for great men great for catechism Small 36 , Dragutin Rakovac dea at they wish

d mostd important newspaper of themovement, the under under outh Slavs.outh its

name. name. ed H

to have a strong literature literature astrong have to 130 s against any any against s argue e also ls with a with rangels of issues pisi spisi ], 1842, in: Programski

Thus, Slavs are known under are knownSlavs under concisely concisely

, a single name is Miroslav Šicel, ed. defining the

and and the the

CEU eTD Collection five points, is Magyarization. five is points, and could connotations. We even conclude thatthe central issue,which connects Rakovac’s exclusively towards oriented cultural but nationalism not was practice Illyrian in movement the Itapparent that Illyrian becomes thewith language. constitution. Hungaunder the the with Hungarians and brothers remain be to being.political Fifth, our foundation of are the they for rights maintain“our” municipal to Fourth, only literate. the people nati of the have the language “our”becauseThird,educate nationalit to literate without itselfdies. the Illyriansthe own language a their without language have dies. Second, to because to the nation and Bel his Magjar Illyrian used is for name Croatia, DalmatiaIn and Slavonia. cite he addition, 135 134 . name KingdomCroatia and of Dalmatia Slavonia, Illyria.and Ottoman Dalmatiae Geographicum chapter the to referring and Košice, specifically document, old Hungarici in primarilysupport ofargument his Juris the Corpus referto the to whole Kingdom Triune Croatia of Dalmatia, and Slavonia.He also findsthe

Ibid. 137. Ibid. 133. 134 Already wesee here interaction the politics, of through the issue municipal of rights, In the end, summarizes shortly Rakovac the In a political sense, Rakovac argues for the use of the Illyrian name when it is necessary necessary is it when name Illyrian the of use the for argues Rakovac sense, apolitical In

135

on in their own language because foreign languages are capable to educate capable to are languages foreign because own language their on in

Compendium Hungariae Geographicum According to Rakovac, when Bal says Bal when Rakovac, According to . In. itis stated that Illyria is today d

thus proving the applicability of the Illyrian proving the thus applicabilityof the

entitled

goals of the Illyrians.goals ofhe the wishes First,for

employedand had aspirations political

Regnorum

published inpublished 1779in Bratislava Hungarian Illyria ivided onHungarian, Venetian Slavoniae, Croatiae et et Croatiae Slavoniae, s thes geographer he he

means where the the where

rian rian the the

CEU eTD Collection duality and Revival National Croatian the IllyrianCroatian and name which allcan understand. Illyrian language rather introduceown Latin their would then theygive theiruse to right up to were Croats if Fifth, Croatian. to threat no poses language a dead as Latin while literature of the “our” a to development deadly blow ofForth, Hungarian wouldbe the introduction Illyrian or the Croatianextinguish language. and of other spreadlife wouldsoon areas it to Hungarian was be to introduced the in Croatian lands as the official language publicaffairs for if themall.Third, break time would with Hungarians the so did they rights if because are they Second, step away to because written. want donot f and documents diplomas whichLatin in alltheir years affairs in conductedtheir have 700 for First, they their lands. the languagein official as Hungarian want not Croats do whyreasons the 139 138 137 136 Illyrism in a political sense does not mean anything. He sees itonly a as genealogical term Magyarization) Hungarian are but or bylanguage. not blood birth, words other in municipalrights, of Croatian violation bythatthe and Croatia Hungarian in “p labels Matica Hrvatska, 1997), 139Matica Hrvatska, 1997), narodnog preporoda [Programmaticwritings] Revival National ofthe Croatian

Ibid. 130. Ibid. 125 - “…preudomagjarske…”, Ibid. 125. Ljudevit Vukotinović, Vukotinović, Ljudevit What comes ofWhat out Rakovac’s text In his discussion simply entitled Illyrism Croatism and catechism Small his the to pro of - dedicated is part first The seudomagyar”

126. Ljudevit Vukotinović shortly summarized the differences shortlyLjudevit summarized 1842. Vukotinović in

Ilirizam ikroatizam Ilirizam - 136 1 138 46.

. because the Hungariancause they of introduction support (the

Infact, the

However

Illyrian national move Programski spisi Hrvatskog Hrvatskog spisi in: Programski 1842, Croatism], and [Illyrism ,

the members of the movement were aware of this this of aware were movement the of members the is the evident 38

duality rom a single one ofrom atheir one municipal single ment is often synonymous with oftenment is synonymous with ioi etbihs that establishes , Vukotinović

and interchangeability 137 , Hungarian Croats who he Hungarian Croats who he

Miroslav Šicel, ed. Rakovac again lists f lists again Rakovac 139

(Zagreb:

of the of the ive ive CEU eTD Collection 141. which promotes finally Illyrians the to do so Vukotinović either. and cultural sense,Bosnians, together Serbs, etc. with genealogical the like them, the Croats are constitutional in a and politicalwhile senseIllyrian theyare in that, Saxony and Württemberg He category. constitutional and compares itwith Saxony and Württemberg, political a as designation Croatian the sees Vukotinović Illyrian this excluded orcultural suppressed revival. and literary in own name Slavicnationwouldobject being thattheir is South Illyrian thatno so name “literaryIllyrism is our spiritual life” continues rather but name their and Illyrians the of existence the Rakova as sources same 144 143 142 141 140 now” were upuntil be Illyrians to need V sentiment. athat knowledge within person awakened is of self and thinking. He designatingIllyriansas part the ofIn the Slavicpeople. sense this ukotinović to proclaim the necessity of a political unification of the Slavs. He says that the the that says He Slavs. the of unification political a of necessity the proclaim to ukotinović

Ibid. 141. Ibid. 140. “ Ibid. 139- “…mivalja da budemo dugom jaki I samostalni podkonštituciomugraskom, kaošto I dosad biasmo.”, Ibid. Ilirisam slovnički je život naš duševni

should grant andimprove should even the it Croatsretainconstitution the to right their On the other hand, is Croatism 140

140.

He justifies the use ofIllyrian the name with historical reasons, citing some of the

proclaim

143 ”strong in spirit and independent under the Hungarian constitution, as they constitution, the Hungarian under and independent ”strong spirit in . He feels that that feels He c. However, he does go not the historical further into argument about s

that a natio

. However, in a genealogical sense they are all Germans. Just Just Germans. all are they sense agenealogical in However, .”, Ibid. 142. Austrian rule neverAustrian denationa rule 141 the . n can achieve real and lasting happiness onlyn can and real happiness when lasting achieve L

political life ike Rakovac, Vukotinović argues for the use of the of use the for argues Vukotinović Rakovac, ike

saying that in a constitutional sense theyare just 39

of the national movement

was obedience kingemperor the and to

educatedwithin the patriotic

, lized anyone and itwill not

ts itwith reading connec he to literary the side of it– 142

This in noway in This leads . In sense, this . 144

, CEU eTD Collection 147 146 145 foughtmunicipal rightsCroatian defended and and theSlavonian and privileges. political Croatian national movement. As Gaj himself states, thoseIllyrians most veraciously themore Magyarization, thoroughlyIllyrian with inevitablycultural deal the and connecting in especially and lands Croatian the within othe efforts, Gaj’s of Regardless name, and tradition culture be should maintaineda within broaderIllyrian brotherhood. Proclamation Gaj de language. and name own as their to threatening it they saw the that fact on Illyrism based was against Slavs South other of songs. objection The standardization of the Serbian Shtokavianlanguagethrough the collecting of folk stories and Karadžić Stefanović Vuk to thanks vernacular their of names. national abandon own their S other South nonethelessIllyrian rejectedand movement. theRussians Poles, theAs did Czechs, national places en th the be net vernacular. aof read in roomsthat could reading wide Those such as Matica ilirskanational institutions organizedpurpose they of theexpansion Illyrian language based onthe commonly Shtokaviandialect. For used this (Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, 1997), (Zagreb:119 Matica 1997), Hrvatska, narodnog Hrvatskog publishing and promotion of literature on the vernacular. the on literature of promotion and publishing

Ibid. Ljudevit Gaj, III. Matica

grounds c the Illyrians, of actingThe on for the revivalists for the

is acommonnameand for of acu lavs h lavs for Proglas preporoda [Programmaticwritings] Revival National ofthe Croatian brotherly Illyrism in which all that belongs to one Illyrian nation,meaning one thatbelongsIllyrism to which all in brotherly ad their own national movements developing at the time and did not wish to developingat to theandwish ad time not did their own national movements

Danica ilirska Danica in: Proclamation], [Third . Other Slavs, South primarily and the Serbs the Slovenians

- 120. r South Slavs rejectedIllyrism which thus

Serbs most were the advanced inlinguistic the development

ltural institution in Slavic national movements. Its goal was the was the goal Its movements. national in Slavic institution ltural Zagreb. 40

ultural nationalism, promoted the use and and promoted nationalism, the use ultural As such, it had a far greater to a incentive far had it As such, , a linguist who likeGaj wor fended his stance, arguing in his T his in arguing stance, his fended Programski spisi Zagreb:, spisi 1843. Taken from: Programski 145

that published books in books that published

remained localized localized remained

served as meeting meeting as served , Miroslav Šicel, ed. 147

ked onthe ked hird 146

CEU eTD Collection lands within the Kingdom of Hungary. Hungary. of Kingdom the within lands was re Croatia andCroatianmembers the thatRevival,unification ofmeant with the NationalSlavonia Dalmatia the of and Dalmatians between opinion differencewell some of as as politicalthe circumstances, This Vienna. jurisdiction of Hun of ofthe Kingdom part not was Dalmatia of the Kingdom hand, other the On Settlement. which were actually joined into a single Kingdom of Croatia of Kingdom single a into joined actually were which will thus ofthe revival side political them. The towards Revival had the Croatian National approach two in the Diet connected the Croatian represented the in withi functioning 148 even wider sense, Kingdom the Triune wasIllyria. part of As weIllyrians saw the above, had nationalist constitute Kingdom Slavonia– and of Kingdom Dalmatia of – kingdoms separate three include actually here it to refer we as Croatia it conflicted with their own national sentiments. schools, something of nationalities the the Kingdomtake other not lightly of could Hungary as under the Crown of St. Stephen. meant This the introduction of public Hungarian in affairs and development ledthe to national ofpolitics this ofpromotion the Magyarization of alllands national movement. Thus,cultural nationalism became intertwined with politics. The came to the realization that onlyactivity wasgoals enough culturalnot the of achieve the to who firstprerogatives. promoted the nationalist Even only and a linguistic cultural revival soon of linguistic nationalism becameconnected with the political issue of defending constitutional wasoflanguage rights use their to their constitutional ownthe in reaction the to attempted GermanizationII. under Joseph The Hungariansemphasized thatone the CroatianRevival2. Enlightenment National and

Kingdom Croatia of and Kingdomwere Slavonia of of part the Because Kingdom Hungary. they of were This attempt at Magyarization a was language Hungarian the of development the case, Hungarian the in saw we As poli and 2.1. Language quested only on a nominal level, with the bulk of political activity concentration on the Croatian Croatian the on concentration activity political of with the bulk level, nominal a only on quested n the same surrounding their politics intertwined to a large extent. The fact that they were both both were they that fact The extent. large a to intertwined politics their surrounding same the n

a single, three a single,

intertwine tics

- part political body called the Triune Kingdom. Triune the bodycalled political part

was especiallyproblematic when itcomes to Croatia.

often argue for the common political goals of the tow kingdoms kingdoms ofthe tow goals the commonpolitical for often argue 41

which together in the minds of Croatian of Croatian minds the which in together

- Slavonia after the 1868 Croatian 1868 the after Slavonia ir affairs. that,With the issue Kingdom of Croatia, gary, but was under under was but gary, - 148 Hungarian Hungarian

In an an In CEU eTD Collection 149 to Hungarian Diet attempted the thatwhen also organization meant This king. appointed bythe within power executive The the over but Croatian legislativenon- authorityjurisdiction Diet Croatia, had in regulation applied” bring binding throughout decisions Croatia i process.Hungary regards the betterin gave to Magyarization a andposition it slightly f Croatia theof body Kingdom differentiated what is constitutional entity. acknowledgement This individuality its of a as historical andpolitical and ahistorical as seen was Croatia because rights constitutional and independence of Theyacknowledge to thewereHungarian to Kingdo constitution. willing subordinate over whichhad it complete jurisdiction the constitutional within prerogatives of the Hun overjurisdiction Croatia since was it an independent and kingdom autonomous connected to no of had Hungary Kingdom It meant that the also affairs. their own their decideupon to right this CroatsCroatia. saw The conventa the Kingdomwithin of Hungary. Thewere twokingdoms 1102by joinedin - so the see Drašković’s in work. territories was one of major the political demands of the Croatian National Revival, as we will encompassed all those territories in which linguisticIllyrians lived. The unification of these their viewwhat of constitutedIllyria this in its fullest territorialIt extent. wasan tha

Varga, 90. gary the only person the other of through hand, theOn king. Hungary assaw its Croatia The acknowledgement of such a status meant that the Croatian Diet “was competent to to competent “was Diet Croatian the that meant astatus such of acknowledgement The First, itis important to understand of what the theKingdom position of Croatia was , aby union personal which the Hungarian king became the king of the Kingdom of

149 . This onthe. This other thatthe handHungarianDiet had meant nominal

union as a voluntarily joining with Hungary in which they retained retained which they in Hungary with joining a voluntarily as union

, the viceroy of Croatia Croatia of Croatia was the in viceroy hands of the the ban, 42 n matters which to noexisting law or county rom other territories of the Kingdom of m of Croatia a degree adegree Croatia of m common affairs. affairs. common called called

pacta t CEU eTD Collection collection of all laws. This issue will be discussed further below. below. further will discussed be issue This laws. ofall collection Illyrian importantly, that the showsus linguistic could it reasonablyclude. lands it in More movement was expanding reach its Kingdom beyond the of Croatia, allthe to Croatian or Magyarization. of process the legislate saw as a it furth to push er also the Croats who a Hungariancountiessame strong but asof status Croatia,the to discontent Latin instead of the obligatoryHungarians Hungarian. The sawas granting this Slavoniathe counties in Hungarian with communicate to right thegranted was it 1842 whenespecially in wasbut also claimed for the Croatian side. The position on Slavoniavaried Hungary in as well, ofas proper processHungary part Magyarization the partwas of be to Consequently, Slavonia extended. clearly Croatianan whichmunicipalrights lands integralofto the the part Croatian Croatian nationalists of the in Croatianthe in minds Diet makingit also heldproper, seats but the both Hungarianin the Croatian and Diet. As such, Slavoniaconstituted a part of Hungary Virovitica and Syrmia which constituted counties, the Kingdom of Slavonia, were represented issue. Thean Croatia. Požega, complex especially Slavoniawas thewith Kingdom of as the in same question gary cameinto manner those of territories that theover Hun jurisdiction national movement. 151 150 rights so the struggle over municipalrights Croatia’s because the in view of the own diet,Croats, its the decis theimplement Hungarian language educational,judicialor in administrative such a institutions

- Varga, 99. ved as a ved as a is percei constitution a sense, Inthis law. of the body to we refer constitution the about talking When called called ion should be entire should appliedion its to jurisdiction, includingwas the source Croatia. This of 150 The concept of the Illyrian territorial extent as formulated by Vitezović and Gaj meant Gaj and Vitezović by formulated as extent territorial Illyrian the of concept The What becomes obvious from this situation is that becomes is What situation from the obvious activity this national of the Croatian . This situation was furtherworsened with the political maturing of the Croatian Sabor

, had jurisdiction in the in matter based, had onthe jurisdiction Croat

151 ian municipal or constitutional

CEU eTD Collection and Viennain Paris, Illyrian studied vernacular.He Latin, the German and languages, including r to Drašković allowed wealth Croatian – castle the including largest possessions extensive with richest, the one of also familywas such, his As Ages. the to Middle back canorigins traced be Drašković.Count Janko nationalism into politics. The founding figure this political in and linguistic interaction was municipa Illyrian for push Thus the the initial the development the language,through of the issueof the did Croats. so engagementpolitical was ofproductive, not any only activityvoid cultural saw from Rakovac.the r Continuing municipal rightregarding languagewould ultimately lead toviolation the of themas all, we of theirviolation autonomyand The municipalrights. Croats though of thatthe one violation attempted introduce to Hungarian publicaffairs into in with Croatia, the Croats saw itas a theWhen Hungarians affairs, Croatia. did so public in thethe languageused autonomyover as Hungaryjust own constitutional its rights defended against the Habsburgs, part of which was political position, the jurisdiction of the Croatian Diet and the Croatian municipal rig Illyriansense, the then brought language.The Magyarization the question Croatian into language, National Revival. conceptIllyrian the of movement was interactingwith the political struggle of Croatian the Count Drašković was a member of one of the oldes the of one of member a was Drašković Count Just likethe HungariansJust responded Germanization to with developing their own l rightl use to Latin within Croatian lands, began the of introduction Croatian cultural the Magyarization Croats respondedto by developingor, a in the wider Croatian

eceive extensive education making him fluent several in making him education extensive eceive eactionary as the tendencies, just Hungarians that realized 44 t noble families in Croatia whose

Trakošćan, near Zagreb. This This Zagreb. near Trakošćan, hts. Again,hts. CEU eTD Collection predominantly national movement. class middle a of program political the formulated estates feudal the of member a and anobleman that of Dissertation his content impact onthe a significant background hadsee, aristocratic his wethe shall nobility. As the of stance the voice more thus credibly National could Revival. He least publicallyand actively,the Croatian join to atand willing, was interested who thenobleman he only revival, was the stagesIn theof initial mostly the young, class,of movement. middle the members Croatian national from respect significant Drašković earned inevitably experience This Revival. the in Diet early his in 1790s, ye and forty twenties Croatian the in participated first had who Drašković for issue an not definitely was This politics. in experience a of lack undoubtedlymeant it drawback, necessarilynot a the published initial members of the movement were in their twenties. Gaj for instancewas only21 of the Most other the national movement. of themost memberssignificantly of than older especially the prominent in Croatian and important national movement. Firstly, he was Diets. Hungarian and Croatian the of amember was cut shor was interested literature in and wrote poetry, he but also pursued a militarycareer, which was Second important fact for Drašković’s position withi position Drašković’s for fact important Second him made Diets, the of amember and educated descent, noble of was he that fact The t because of illness. He nonetheless actively participated in the Napoleonic Wars and Wars Napoleonic the in participated actively nonetheless He illness. of because t

Brief Bas Brief

as the political the as program movement. the of His noble title ultimatel

nobility in the national movement and of the national movement among movement among the national and theof national movement nobility in - theics of Croatian Slavonic Orthography ars before the beginningof the Croatian National 45

n the revival was his noble descent. descent. n the noble revival his was

in 1830. While Gaj’s 1830.While agein was

when he when he y meant CEU eTD Collection thesis. Ibid. thesis. seems reasonable conclude to thatwas he thusnot anwhom important figure about writtenmore should be in this only in Šidak’s leading renaming the to party of the People’s to Party. gove imperial the by banned was name Illyrian the when 1843 until only name that under functionedIllyrian Party Croatia. The officialin language an introduction as Hungarian and of with the Hungary organized in 1841as an opposition ofCroatian the - national revival or later historians. Aleksandarhistorians. national revival or later Šuljok 156 155 154 153 152 the in Monarchy”question Croatianwith - and European public Leipzigin in Germanalreadyyears two later the with purposefamiliarizing of “the Habsburg The resided. Count the where estates family Drašković further Karlovac, factin published was city bythe reinforced thatthe work a the near one of author Dissertation of the shows Stančić ban and withdrew the Party. leadershipof the from People’s Croatian the become to offer an refused Drašković Croatia, in emerging was course political room, Matica hrvats Croatian Diet. He also helped organize revivalist national institutions likeIllyrian the reading party Illyrian the of leaders the of one and Revival National Croatian the of members

Ibid. Ibid. Nikša“ Stančić. Aleksandar Šuljok was a little know member of the Croatian National Revival. In fact, the name fact,mentioned Revival. ismember Croatian the National know of In was alittle Aleksandar Šuljok The Illyrian Party was the political party of an otherwise culturally based Croatian National Revival. It was was It Revival. National Croatian based culturally otherwise an of party political the was Party Illyrian The

The The Dissertation2.2. The After publishing the Dissertation

Dissertation

article in the above context.wasarticlenot above the in find to I able any more informationsource. him It any in about 153 Dis

ertacija grofa Janka Draškovića.” ršoi’ atosi ws ee qetoal fr h mmes f the of members the for questionable never was authorship Drašković’s ka , the National Museum and National Theater. In 1848, when more liberal when liberal more In 1848, National Theater. Museumand National , the

was as originallybut Nikša anonymously published Karlovac, in already in November 1832 November in already 156 Drašković of Janko

. This also shows . This that the significance of the Hungarian relations and generally with the Croatian Croatian the with generally and relations Hungarian Dakvć eae n o te ot prominent most the of one became Drašković , Hu

46 ngarian Party which waswhich acloser advocating relationship ngarian Party

155 154

, and the certainty of his authorship washis of certainty , and the work was reprinted, also anonymously, waswork reprinted,

wrote Dra Gaj to about

Dissertation rnment in Vienna, Vienna, in rnment šković as the as šković 152

in the

was was CEU eTD Collection between the nation and the people of the nation. D nation. the of people the and nation the between thesewords into English.will I thus useCroatian the word whenevernarod it is relevant point to out the difference nacije term the from ethnic concept of anation, as alarge socialwith group culture, ashared language, etc. It should differentiated be and “most appropriate for the Slav the for appropriate “most and books old dialect of considers the which he language, the Croatian of the Shtokaviandialect Dalmatia - historically based currently but Triune disintegrated Kingdom of Croatia, Slavoniaand Croatian National Revival - InDiet. we addition, notice can thatthe main demandpolitical of the Hungarian the in representative Croatian the for publication his intended Drašković see, can we our Kingdoms, delegated Kingdoms, our the Hungarian to future ofDiet, by patriot these anold Ki or Dissertation, givenConversation, the to honorable deputies and lawful legislators future of evident e 159 158 157 readers might be not familiar some with of the words, that but they allbe found in can old H notes own thathepublicationbecause orthography arrangedthis of thefor influences his of our national language which in we can sayeverything our heart anddesires” mind formotivation using thi following centuries. recognized from theof time publishing, was asCroatian it within historiography the in ungarian in Zagreb and ItaliaZagrebungarian in and

Ibid. Ibid. N arod isarod thewhich term of designates thethe people nation in an sense.ethnic It is primarily based on the

Drašković discusses language already in in already language discusses Drašković As was mentionedthe above, Dissertation ven if we consider just the title of the title just venconsider if we the work, which roughly translates into is present already in the title of the work with the with use alreadyform, present ofwork kingdoms. is the plural of the the in title , which is which , 157

s dialect and the Croatian language as such was to prove that “we have have “we that prove to was such as language Croatian the and dialect s

the nation in a political sense. There does not seem to be and adequate translation of and be to not does seem political There nation sense. the a in

the unification of the percei of the unification the n in Dalmatia. That is why, as Drašković notes, some of his his of some notes, Drašković as why, is That Dalmatia. in n - Croats, as the nation ( as the Croats, rašković, 47 the preface of his work. He wrote his work in work his in wrote He work. his the preface of

55.

wasprimarily a political program. This is

) of our kingdoms” )narod of our ved Croatian lands aroundved Croatian the Dissertation 158 ngdoms 159 . His main . He also He .

and the . As As .

CEU eTD Collection relationship as a “conditional brotherhood” the describe to far so goes even and willing companionregard, ofev equalin Hungary, ery it to a noway in rather and thus seesasHungary He will is subordinate. Croatia own free byher its joinedwith was thatCroatia idea onthe based whole is argument His lands. of the Croatian economy. and reform social education, life, andadministration everyday in lands, languageused of the Croatian division Hungary hi with and Croatia, national movement that itoutlined. political the of guidelines rather but because of propagation language, its because of for the Drašković’s Nonetheless, Gaj. or Vrhovac as such language, of development who werethe promoting national movement members Croatian of the his in he implies introduction. The stance that promotes development i promotes of the the development languagewould suggest whichwas as thatit not developed as 161 160 autonomybefore enjoyed signing thatit of the previous ages. richer in languagewas thatthe Croatian proves this dictionaries. bysaying concludes that He

Ibid. 65. Ibid.

He first touches uponthe of question political and administrative i of relationship the concerning topics of range wide a covers Dissertation Drašković’s p 2.3. The also he text his of points various at because slightly himself contradicts Drašković

160

olitical programolitical the Dissertation of

s political demands rangingfrom the political and administrative

161 48 , thebeing condition thatCroatia retains its

Pacta convent

Dissertation in 1102. a in s more in line with other ntegration and unity

is not so relevant so not is CEU eTD Collection Eastern Adriatic and the three mentioned provinces, together with the city of Rijeka, Dalmatia Napoleon ofdomains. his division province as This an administrative of included the most 166 165 164 163 162 population. Slavic asignificant Istria,referring theofhad to provinces Carniola Carinthiawh and ich Illyria” called now land “our saying by Stančić, to According lands. Illyrian Illyrianthree new“this wouldthena number half and Kingdom” mill nowIllyria called andour language” speaks iswhich land “ouras to refershe whatfor same the Draškovićrequests lands. Croatian the with that maybe “where Bosnia even people many so of lived” our achieved,considers the author After is unification. political this considering a he demanding is the ethnic de narod a create single would view, his Slavonia, which in and Croatia with Dalmatia of unification the about talks first thus Drašković Revival. National GermanItalian the in Prussia national unification. or unification lands – of allCroatian the on revivalists, based Kingdom.one of viewthree kingdom This ofwas,entities constructed the separatein view of also theconstitutingbut Slavonianand the territory Dalmatian Triune Kingdom, of the

Nikša“ Stančić. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. 61. Ibid. 60.

Here the author uses the Illyrian First,Heredifferent he authorcontexts. refers name uses the twoto the in basis the only was center Triune The Croatia in this context is not meant to

166

The use of this term is connected to the Illyrian provinces created in 1809by in created Illyrian provinces the to termconnected is this of The use signation, signation, Disertacija grofa Janka Draškovića”. historical connections and was supposed to serve as a nucleus for the the for a nucleus as serve to was supposed and historical connections , Drašković obviously means a political nation as well, well, as nation political a means obviously Drašković , narod

thus serving the role comparable to Piedmonts role in the role the comparable in Piedmonts roleto serving thus the 163

for further territorialthe pretensionsCroatian of 49 refer to only the historical Kingdom of Croatia,

. He goes the onin same paragraph say to that of two million people. While he uses he While people. twomillion of 162

could eventually be joined ion “souls”.ion 165 164

ršoi is Drašković

CEU eTD Collection Diet. Hungarian the one constitute entire fifth of would were Croats ifso it of thebecause population the size Croatia or counties in of the number reflect properly not did representatives number of current In view, the his of proper. Hungary the with counties an position uneven and are in 168 167 His affairs. common in Latin use should Diet Hungarian the that considers Drašković relations, j Croatian Diet. representatives be sent to their Diet directlyth by was This opposition the in Croatian it. to Hungarianto representatives thatthe request Croatian appointed the Diet the Croatian one if common the Diet being Hungarian against the was not Drašković Hungary. of Croatia to equalization political towards the anotherrepresented step Croatian majo Croatia.of his ofOne and Hungary therelationship in political theofwith program reforms ofIllyrianinhabited the byperceived the speakers the Croatian National Revival where this political entity would encompass the entire te Illyrian ideologyof handIllyrian connectedIllyria. the called is Kingdomotherto The onthe to Stančić leads which Drašković, by discussed separately are but Dissertation the in set goal political a also Triune These theiris and Kingdom unification the lands theFrontier. three and with Military urisdiction of the Hungarian Diet, in the overall context of equalizing Croatian of equalizing - context overall the in ofurisdiction the Hungarian Diet,

Ibid. Drašković r demands is the organization of a Croatian government, which would be headed by the be headed bythe government, would a Croatian which of organization r demands the is 168

ršoi rtrs o h ise f agae ne oe o cnetd o h issue the to connected now more once language of issue the to returns Drašković demandThis for the unification of Croatian lands is thein Dissertation

, thus creating a governmental body similar to the one existing in Hungary. This This Hungary. existing one in the to similar body governmental a creating ban, thus , 62. 167

orcl etaoae h maig f ršoi’ cnet f h ln now land the of concept Drašković’s of meaning the extrapolate correctly Drašković also notes that the Croatian delegates only represent the nobility the represent only delegates Croatian the that notes also Drašković

50 language e counties rather than by of the delegation .

interconnected Hungarian Hungarian rritory rritory CEU eTD Collection He has states now thatit been provenlands and ( nations thatdifferent only doso Diet. the in Croatian charter would give this it that if Croatia decidedto up claiming jurisdiction, of issue the again invoke to this uses Drašković land. subordinated its as religious limitations themselves, but ratheras a response to the Hungarian treatment o the Croatian representatives the in Hungarian Dietmaintainthis to right, for not the sake of reformationwhen wa it government. yetthat Croatian and was sh not standardized promoted the use of the vernacular even he though notes, creating the mentioned contradiction, 172 171 170 169 ones thatspeak differentlanguages, can and maintained be under joined a single only crown by privileges. of wererevokeastheir readythatright Hungariancounties not one municipal and to issue of taxation as the Croatian and Slavoniancounties paid onlyas much halftaxes the the “attacked” Hungarians The xation. ta of issue the for imagined is remedy and issue same vicevernacularand versa. for Croatian the considering was Hungarians acceptable not language.La The of proposition defense municipalrights, of the Croatian as one of those rights was the right their to own neutral language,was equally which countries.both relevant for argument based for is onthe this Latin fact that was well knownal to

Ibid. Drašković, 65. Nikša“ Stančić. Ibid.

lution to the between to whole and situation Croatia. lution so Hungary a suggest does Drašković Another municipal rights and charters in question was the one from the time of counter wasfrom and the onetime chartersAnother question in municipalrights 172 170

Disertacija grofa Janka Draškovića”. This is the point in the in Dissertation the point is This s prohibited for anyprohibited fornon- s

tin is thus a thus compromise is tin between the Hungarian and Croatian 51

Catholic to settle in Croatia. Drašković advises advises Drašković Croatia. in settle to Catholic ould be developed to fit the needs beofould fit the developed to

when Drašković begins talking about the about talking begins Drašković when 169

In non- l. l. In was it a addition, narodi common affairs he affairs common ), especially the the especially ),

f Croatia f Croatia 171

The The - CEU eTD Collection 175 174 173 of their ancestors” religionIn they orhomeland “love kin. addition, should and their be faithfulto the constitution and Slavonia.He from themthatthey demands entire regardless represent of “narod” the its is that theywill willones who the have be the powercharters over old the of Dalmatia, Croatia the program political Dissertation of the and the narrative interconnected historical andthroughout serves antheme text overarching as determination.” haspoor, of a it is good bigand body, state heart, been heroic of always soul and of has “long its due organization to constitutional to the emotions deputies the of exclaiming by “our” that nation deserves this sort Hungary” unitedwith were kingdoms andBosniaGalicia, our He the in Hungarianconsidersfor propo that“Transylvania,sed this constitution. federalization historicalmodel a finding by confirmthis to Croatianmunicipalprerogatives.Draškovićseems federalizationThis confirm wouldthus thatstatus and could be conducted under the existing benot a contradiction however, because Cr It might laws. existing of changing the against argues he below) see will we (as later because himself Drašković contradict to seem might This term. that use not does himself Drašković a organization federal wouldrepresent thatstate. in This conditions specific on based laws own its have to state each allowing time same the at while state entire c fair

Ibid. 57. Ibid. 56. Ibid onditions. He goesonditions. explainon to that would this mean creating the same set of laws for the . 68. Diet Hungarian the in representatives Croatian the for though overarching Drašković’s

174

175 This emphasis of the heroic past of emphasistheThis ofnation the past heroic . We will return to this concept of a constitution later in the thesis.

. - oatia already perceived itself as a separate kingdom. kingdom. aseparate as itself perceived already oatia lived virtue, loyalty and courage. Even though it is is it courage. though Even and virtue, loyalty lived 52 173 in this way. Draškovićappeals way. this in is a major part of Drašković’s Drašković’s of part major a is of the country, even though though even country,of the

of of CEU eTD Collection fell into onefell into complication afteranother. recentand in that times andwith maintainedchanged havemany theirconstitutions laws old legislation, which provides stability. He contrasts to this the case of th changing of the laws,but still praises the English for their insistence on their existing demanding thus Heof change, a the acknowledgesconstitution. country thatthe needs 178 177 a was Drašković (and 176 nobility the of part a Croatia, in like just Hungary, in remember to politics are becoming more liberal with promotion the of civic rightsliberties. and We do need th consider we if conservative quite be to seems is, it as order carefully. comple not is andconducted slowly be to good, reformsneed suck but are not against which changing laws He monarchy. the for time hard a in stability provide would Drašković, be by wouldleadto do so whereas implied as collapse these to seems maintaining laws, laws that a English the “first among the enlightened nations” the calls Drašković point. his prove to France and England of examples the using laws, existing whythe loyalty to reason another creating king, the of mercy the by achieved be can goal this view, Drašković’s the unification when ofInloyaltyabout the talkingCroatian furtheremphasized lands. is every pa of duty primary thatthe and often

Ibid. “…prvimed razsvietlenihnarodov…”, Ibid. 69. Ibid. This monarchist stance of Drašković, which also propagates the maintenance of social social of maintenance the propagates also which Drašković, of stance monarchist This

He proposes thus thatthe king, allthe “chieftains” and legislators maintainthe should early states He monarchist. heavily is program political Drašković’s sense, wider a In

re already in place and have not already been abandoned. In Drašković’s view, to not to view, InDrašković’s abandoned.been already not haveplaceand already rein the monarch is necessary. In this respect, he also speaks against changing the the changing against speaks also he respect, this In necessary. is monarch the

178

triot is loyalty to the king and the homeland. the and king the to loyalty is triot 53 177

because theytheir law uphold at atat the same time Hungarian e French who never never who e French 176 s and and s

This This tely tely CEU eTD Collection 179 monarchism forth put theof in time the especially Enlightenment, Montesquieu. ofequalization the twosocial classes, somewha is nobility, also theimprovement but of simultaneous of the theserfs position and at least a slight summarizes Drašković’sargument in this matter: concisely Stančić serfs. the of treatment and approach humane more far a promote to seems thus Drašković live. or itself feed cannot nobility the them without that and it than numerous a who serfs the on dependent is nobility the that out points Drašković friends. into as the serf’sprotector. father and They be should raised turned if possible by lordsand their serfs could nolonge the current they so relations feudal onthe lower wouldbeHe easier classes. considered thatthe reform of a rather promotes ofbut serfdom, abolishment for way the no in conservative. is He of the possibility serfswere thewithout tiedto land theymove. cultivatedto who to his familyby the Some king. of theseexemption were the from taxation andemployment the especially visible in the issue of social relations. are that policies progressive more some promote did Drašković stance, conservative this with nobleman) rejected liberalismfor the sa

Ibid. In changing overall to this posi regards possessed himself Drašković nobility, the of part As eir own serf status” serf own patronageandeir th relationship betweenserfs theand nobilitywhich …in the serfs wouldaccept their a patriarchal of sort some establishing by achieved be would This tensions. social “Drašković

the of position the of maintenance the and stability its monarchism, Drašković’s

wanted to maintain the feudal relations in agriculture in therelations feudalwanted bydiffusing the maintain to r be contained by force. Rather, the land the Rather, force. by contained be r

ke of maintaining their won rights and privileges. Even won rights of their maintaining ke 179 . 54

in f h srs Dakvć s tl quite still is Drašković serfs, the of tion t reminiscent of certain political theories of certain rights and privileges granted granted privileges and rights certain - owning nobility should see itself owning nobility itself see should re far more more far re CEU eTD Collection 182 181 180 monarchy, they serve whosewhen even intermediarypowers, enlightenment, resist the to lack “Mont recognizes, “in termshopes ofpolitical forthe his rest France andof Europe” instability. threat This of instability andled Montesquieu despotism himself be to a monarchist monarch’s raising check, in thus power which keep the institutions of power those lessens but monarch the the increases the of power instance, Montesquieu arguesagainst the weakening of the nobility the basisthatthis on great good,and thatnosuch government be should lightlyIn tampered with”. afor monarchy law its leaves that government despotic reform” Theconditions. understanding important is of this prevent to “misguided att different different occupations, andgovernment, even climate typesand of different soil r in thewith premise thathuman laws and social institutions need to be considered and understood trying inherently these man understand - to to Montesquieu attempted of InTheSpirit the Laws his most. the here us interests which aclassification created philosophers ofpolitical the age. writingsthe His with dealt ofissues government for which he w He French representatives Enlightenment. the of accessedApril 22, 2014. http://plato.stanford.ed

Mark Bevir, ed. Encyclopedia of Political Theory (LosAngeles: University of CaliforniaPress, 2010), 906. Bok. Hilary Hilary elation a to number of factors. the people include arewritten, These for their whomthey

Montesquieu, a man who held the noble title of baron, is one of the most famous famous most of the one of is baron, noble title held the who Montesquieu, a man 181 Bok, . As Hilary As .

Baron de Montesquieu, Charles esquieu identified enlightenmentonlyesquieu not society French with the with but Bok states: “[Montesquieu] states:“[Montesquieu] believesBok liveunder thatto a stable, non- deal with and “explain human laws and social institutions” and social human laws “explain deal and with

- . u/entries/montesquieu/ abiding citizens more or less free live to their lives is a

- the threat of despotism which ofunwantedthe threat despotism is due its to Louis de Secondat created entities, Montesquieu entities, approachescreated study his 55 as the oneof most important andinfluential , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Ph

182 . As Michael Mosher Mosher Michael As . empts at ilosophy, 180

. In In . , CEU eTD Collection patriotism, and the commongood (Toronto: University of Toronto Press), 108. Fr century and from tryingexcessive poweranother” acquire one to over moderation which necessary is aristocracy] “to [the restrain from both oppressing the people group peoplegovernment To this rules of the entire over population. Monte theirof to also decline. an each can overview of these what themand disrupt types is lead of or democratic either be can republican the which of presented the of Laws TheSpirit in monarchism weconsider must the overall “typologyregimes” of 189 188 187 186 185 184 183 administration” populati abuse the not nobilitydoes insure thatthe country” democ included of the such democratic aconstitution country. achieved not is This naturallyand “a is which country in and laws of the love Montesquieu means Bok, to under according which, – representatives own ever

Bok. Bok. Bok. Bok. Bok. Bevir, 907. Michael free Free trade, Mosher, speech, and freefrom love:Monarchy in liberal the prospect eighteenth - present potential for administrative despotism”

racy must educate its citizens to identify their interests with the interests of their Montesquieu differentiates betweenrepublican,monarchicaland despotic government The second form of a republican government is the aristocratic republic in which a which in republic the aristocratic government is republican a The form second of In a democratic republic the sovereign are the people who have the right to elect to their right the who have people are the the sovereign republic democraticIn a ance, in H. Blom, J. Laursen, &L. Simonutti, eds. Monarchisms in the age of Enlightenment: Liberty, Liberty, Enlightenment: of age the in Monarchisms eds. Simonutti, &L. Laursen, J. Blom, H. in ance, 187 .

189 . Itmuch alsoas meant the. is “disguisepossible difference to as between the ers or senators. “The principle of democracy is political virtue” political principleers ofis democracy or“The minist senators.

aristocratic. Accompanying the description 183 . To understand the functioning of t on, “[fostering] a responsible … responsible … a on, “[fostering] 188 . The moderation is intended. Theis moderation to

184

which Montesquieu squieu attributes 185 his his 186

CEU eTD Collection principle of honor. Honor designates “an ideal … w ideal “an designates principle Honor of honor. of citizens with it. beshould achieved “m through 195 194 193 192 191 190 colaws, preventing thus rruption of the the To monarchy. conclude: honorable be judges will expected continue to to resist” power, intermediary overruled an of case the “in it as monarchy the of maintenance of system their power” designed preserve to be therefore the should themonarchy lawsindependent of and judiciary; an suchthe nobility “as and institutions or monarch through intermediaries rules thus the frameworkwithin Like laws. the the of monarchy republic, aA hierarchy. possesses themonarchy, rulesunlikedespotism, the but power, holds onewho rule conducted person is despotic country. a ruling of the principle fear republic, is a of governing principles were the law countryand as virtue and of whim uncheckedorJust a and institution. person, single bylawlove of the within the legal framework and defined hierarchy, despotism is governed strictly bywill the unstablealso theone. most Where a or in a republic in monarchygovernment functions the terri smallest the of is arepublic where as as possible” little power lack of their feel thatthe so people people, nobilityand the

Mosher, 106. Bok. Bok. Bok. Bok. Bok.

A condition for a republic is that its territory in isorder small to help the identification In we the republic find the thebetween m and middle, despotism, 193

. Unlike democratic virtue and despotic fear, a monarchy is ruledis under fear,anda. Unlike the democraticdespotic monarchy virtue

192

Size Size of the territory an is element important theory, of Montesquieu’s

odest and manners” simple odest torial extent while despotism is the largest. Despotism is 57 orth aspiring to” 195 191

such loss ofsuch power loss regardless of the .

194

and is essentiallya onarchy. In a 190 . This CEU eTD Collection the monarchial government, since they enhanced the freedom and dignity of citizens” of and dignity the freedom government, enhanced sincethe monarchial they government systemsupported these Montesquieu changes,generall as they “would the of abolishment “religious persecution and slavery”. Generallystability with concerned of a power” oppressiveof state for and use the unpredictable “that the laws of many cancountries be made more liberal and lessscope more …with humane 199 198 197 196 thought ondisguising the “differences between nobility the and the population” the that claiming Montesquieu’s follows Drašković addition, when In force. by controlled be longer no can n populatio supports Drašković something population, the abuse not should nobility government thatthe ofdesignates form this in of moderation principle the nobility. The despotism. much power and monarch to consequently of the nobility, Montesquieu’s in such not sense though a of wouldlead where reduction power too to t country. With the of stability the to harmful as laws the of changing the sees Drašković philosopher, French returnthat, letus Drašković’sprogram. to political

Bok. Bok. Bok. Bok. the the nobility, ruleand promote of law” ri the protect undivided, estates large preserve easy to it make thatdistinguishinstitutions monarchy To end, from this despotism. they should

Montesquieu’s views on the monarchy extends to more humane agendas, as he believed he believed moreagendas, to as humanetheextends monarchyMontesquieu’s views on

Drašković also seems to fol to seems Draškovićalso the as Just stability. to regards in Montesquieu follows Drašković that see can We “the chief the protect laws a in task of monarchy the subordinate to is his stability Drašković also argues against the lowering of the power of the the of power the of lowering the against argues also Drašković stability his

low certain elements the of aristocratic republic in regards to 58 196 . 197 . Inhe also advocated. regard, this ghts and privileges of 199 y strengthen y strengthen . While heWhile . 198 . With With . CEU eTD Collection which as could something be considered that the serfs burden thewith lessening of on the aagenda that class.doeshumane promote He InHungary. view, his the rights and privileges nobility of the remain are to theof in possession nobility which was was something the discussed to population the in that of large estates. at nopoint He suggests also extension of the the rights and privileges of the “misguidedat attempts reform” argue against authorsboth and both talking Di about the Croatian especiallythe lawsacknowledges the and nobility when theand he intermediacy of institutions, 203 202 201 200 challenged byideas sovereignty,rights, ofcivil popular republicanism, etc. scholars Most thus the writing is Drašković when time a thatin remains fact of Montesquieu’s Thein monarchism also present. theory are obviously visible processes general some addition, In Drašković. in present is population the to approach of “task Montesquieu’s as identifies Bok what word for word almost follows, writing Drašković’s possible” changed perceived is but as such, making the friend “feel actually has not relationship where the social differences the disguising of way a seems be to friend a someone Making that. just achieve would suggests Drašković as friends into nobility indoes talkabout not it those terms, we could argue thatturning subordina the

Bok. Bok. Bok. Bok. the laws in the monarchy” the in laws the

Drašković follows the idea that the monarch rules a monarchy under the framework of of framework the under monarchy a rules monarch the that idea the follows Drašković Montesquieu’s monarchism andMontesquieu’s the monarchism direction mig it 200 . et and the honor of the ban. Rule of law is especially important to

202 . Following that theory, Drašković advocates the maintenance the advocates Drašković theory, that Following . Disse would improve the “dignity of citizens” improve the “dignity would of rtation 59 , monarchical power was already being being already was power monarchical ,

[his] lack of power as little as ht takeht a with more humane 201

. Itis interesting. that liberal nationalism of 203 tes of the the of tes . CEU eTD Collection monarchism as a reaction to the more liberal reform attempts from Hungary by looking for an the language in resistance to the Magyarization.It follows from this that it might have accepted It defended its municipal rights against the Hungarian attempts to deny an them reactionary amovement. was theRevival Croatian Nationalshow, to Iattempted Drašković.As needsCroati the ideologically contextual that Drašković’sof on founded is variant ofthe similarities the two can be recognized several in It places. be does to need kept in mind differences. about the adaptabilityof the Enl the thesis beginningof the in was said what recall here should Revival. We Croatian National the on Enlightenment of the of influence a degree can recognize fundamental we level, incline I point at this Montesquieu,with am in fact read it. had and it of aware well was Drašković that conceivable completely thus is It Hungary. about 205 204 Latin German. andin 1751 in Vienna in Eva dign Vienna in time and Paris where he could have contacted Montesquieu’s As a writings. Croatian spend did Drašković though even works, described two the between connection genealogical with the relativelyc line in not was that program conservative a as program political Drašković’s see justifiably

Kontler, Kontler, Balázs itary to the Hungarian Diet, Drašković spent time in Hungary as well. As we know and as and know we As well. as Hungary in time spent Drašković Diet, Hungarian the to itary Balázs Monarchism was not necessarily an ideology that was naturally characteristic for for characteristic naturally was that ideology an necessarily not was Monarchism Even without being able to determine a direct connection and Drašković’s familiarity familiarity Drašković’s and connection direct a determine to able being without Even , 134. What is the (Historians') Enlightenment Today?,

205 The Spirit ofdiscusses detail, in TheSpirit the Laws

Drašković’s monarchism is not a carbon copy of Montesquieu theory however, theory Montesquieu of copy carbon a not is monarchism Drašković’s ommon liberalommon tendencies national cannot movements. We of determine a

ightenment andits diversity stemming from contextual 204

The Hungarians also extensively read extensively also Hungarians The 60 d to say that on a very basic, underlying, underlying, abasic, very sayd to thaton

360.

could be found in Hungary already in d it developedd it

a. it as ittalkedit as

CEU eTD Collection 208 207 206 terms, Rousseau thatboth homeland be who and should proposes erased citizen, from new is patriotism. the first part of itis more important to us. In Derkos it, discusses what a is homeland and what lingua” salve patria “O exclaiming and ofThe Spirit the Homeland over sons its arewho sleeping aboutDerkos doubt the authors little he us engaging leaves is He with. b consider letus nationalism, one more and Enlightenment between of the continuity issue conclusion ontge final reachBeforewe the as a reaction invoked the monarchical stabilityand the rule of lawprogram. political as its the Croatian National interests, Revival national its as perceived Croatia what influencing were This reactionary train thought of meant that when threatened with new, liberal reforms that mu maintenance of the The municipalrights. theissueof to political language connected was Montesquieu or was not, a reactionThe issueof threat the to perceived of Magyarization. stability. ma authority to had the which ally monarchy, the in Hrvatska, 1997) Hrvatskog narodnog preporoda

Ibid. 84. Ibid. 83. Ivan Derkos, Ivan nicipal rights was in other words attemptpreserving an at the particular rulea of set laws. of He begins by saying that heHe noway in onthe words beginsbuild by of Jean wishes saying that to Ivan deep, quite go to had we Drašković in influences Enlightenment the find to While 2.4. Ivan Derkos’ The Spirit of the Homeland on based Drašković, by promoted monarchism the that seems it conclude, To

208 .

Duh domovina nad sinovima svojim, koji spavaju, in

[ ], ( ], Revival National Croatian ofthe writings Programmatic

important work of movement. the work Croatian important national 207 . While the. While of maindiscussion the is language, text 61 intainexisting the laws in the interest of (1832) Miroslav Miroslav 206 , by Hugo quoting Grotius Šicel, Šicel, egins work, entire his ed. ,

Programski spi Programski Zagreb: Matica - Jacques Jacques si si CEU eTD Collection 84. 211 210 209 discussion. this figures the beginningof was for thewho mentions, important Derkos one of natural law thatthey communities political created based ona social contract. Hugo Grotius, that on based was It laws. natural universal an to subject all are being human that idea the - Grotius, Jean social contract that were discussed intime the of the Enlightenment thinkers by like Hugo sheaofhomeland is through citizen spoken of or which unspoken heagreement. or thesides with holder of the power, theruler supreme autocrat or the contract right legaland decide.Under[equal] to third of the second the first type thatcontract, aagrees aothers enter alliancewith person to civil who of have the founded” states“fundamental couldwere contracts onwhich,be a in and legal sense, land as our homeland. any perceive we which on base cannota be it in living not but a land being in move. born Just years to the intention without few a for which reside we land in that where is our homeland andpositive the genealogical meaning The of the commonunderstanding homeland. meaninghomeland. First the common other is and are what legal the he calls what weates cre our consider homeland. himselfconsiders Derkos different meaning of the and raised, thatresidence and the the land themost is perception in aspectimportant that are wherewe commonperceptionsof the land homelandIn born areas there two the view, his wishessystematize to the andmeaningsrkos explain of De those words. Rather, languages.

“…samodršca…”, Ibid. 84. osnivat mogu se sada I a mogle, države smislu u pravnome se su kojima po ugovorima, “…temeljnim Ibid. 83.

Thi The legal The

s concepts of thequite homeland thus is reminiscent of the theories of natural law and Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbs, SamuelvonPufendorf, etc. Natur - natural criterion in Derk

os’ view implies that a homeland is based is thata on homeland implies os’ view 62 - natural criterion, a criterion, person natural 211 . This is a is person’s. This - natural, legal natural,

al law was was law al

210 is the one the one is i…”, Ibid. . Under 209 -

CEU eTD Collection conditions of residence after ofconditions residence birth. as state, the into acceptance of conditions the determine laws positive the case criterion the legal this and only between difference homeland underst is government. of and despotic types republic, monarchical correspond to to seem based which is a homeland based.is Derkos’ could also argument be conne fundamentalwhich thea homeland contract on asthe power holder of represent with the siding 214 213 212 national purposes,genealogical carry to The significant weight seems for approach the countryman. his calls Derkos a criterion, origin Pole this and Under descended has fromfrom. rather basedcontract law,was onnatural but on the turn human in which authority” sovereignabsolute aan leviathan, establish will social contract that “sign a the people to leads of security purposes for all,which the all over then ofnature war a is state of In view,his the Thomas Hobbs. of the to ideas closer areconcepts third The and second the homeland. of first base be to the what with supposes Derkos corresponds contract social of type This interest”. general the be to felt they what with accordance in vote to was citizen commonwealth” deter was which will, general by the expressed was beas to and a people“sovereignty whole further,establishing the in thatresides Rousseau, whom with Derkos developed with, alreadyengaged the idea of a social contract

Derkos, 85. Bevir, 1281. Bevir, 1290. Derkos adds the to typology the understanding third of which the in homeland the with Finally,genealogical in a sense the homeland itthat nation or lan

212 . In his mind, these equal rights of all citizens to decidemeant to ofthat“each these allcitizens Inmind, equal rights . his ood in theood in legal

214 - positive sense in which it is based whichis in it on sense positive laws. positive The

mineda bycollective decision all of members of the In other words, the homeland is not basedIn on a the homelandsocial not words, is other 63 cted to Montesquieu to as thected three contractson - natural criterion in is that the legal- - d from which a person made laws. made 213 . This seems to

well as the

positive positive CEU eTD Collection “feeling of thatwe delight feelthe for homeland” theof progress homeland prosperity. and its theover joy to help it, is no patriot. Patriotism is thus a voluntary legal and ethical duty towards the Adelight pers comfort. and a patriot needs power allhis invest to for the goodof the homeland out of which he receives work on natural 2,section law187) where (volume the contrary of“adoptive” his the to interests land. anotherwith prohibited land is have due thewill to fact many thata person opponents who leftbirthplace his and tiedhimself 221 220 219 218 217 216 215 homeland. the of good the achieves that activity and afeeling as citizen seems to follo be to “oureven privatehave circumscribed” own interests ifnarrow patriot]” [the to comes beandcitizens to vivid precious fellow our that the well being of ensure to “adesire from stemming to the other, feelingeach of love citizens the towards feel compatriots…” and country one’s andpatriotism love of of union, the bondof spirit, the social the speaksof importance of many he places different with a single migration”. tha think you cannot “… proclaim: prompting to Derkos

Ibid. Ibid. 76. Nicholas Dent, Rousseau (London and New York:Routledge, 2005), 139. I “…naslade, što je osjećamo zbog napredka domovine…”, Ibid. 86. Ibid. možeš“…anemisliti, se da svakivez raskida prirodni jednim jedincatimselenjem.”, Ibid. bid.

Derkos continues with a discussion of patriotism, quoting Mihaly Szibealiszt and his quoting of discussion patriotism, Szibealiszt Mihaly a Derkos with continues Returning to Rousseau, patriotism was an important part waspatriotism an this important of politicalReturning Rousseau, to theory. “In

w the same line of thought, where patriotism is seen as the paramount duty of a a paramount of duty seenthe is patriotism as where thought, lineof same w the 215 on that delights in the prosperity of his homeland but does nothing does but nothing homeland his prosperity of the in on thatdelights

The author also acknowledges that this criterion of the homelandacknowledges criterion author thatthis The also

to express any express to towards at birthplace the interest his expense and 218

64 216

219

author proclaims patriotism to be the

t every natural connection is broken connection broken is every natural t . Rousseau’s patriotism is connected is patriotism . Rousseau’s

217 . For means this that Derkos

221 . Derkos’ patriotism

220 , CEU eTD Collection the same right of the Triune Kingdom. In his view, the relationshi In view, his Kingdom. the Triune of right the same as an progress to introduction and Derkos of serves prosperityown achievement process the in has to be allowed partial its own patriotism in addition the genera Hungarygood. underdifferentachieving the of Hungarian commonThus, constitution means dictates constitution individuality This and specificfordifferent,exceptional and Hungary. confirmed by prerogatives fundamental the nobility the of and diplom the inaugural and Linz andII, Vienna, contracts signed in Andrew Bull of Golden expressed primarilythe in law (pragmatic) laws are for nothing him else than contracts of unity by and subordination natural is This patriotisms. especially associated true its of parts. and Hungary The three mentioned 223 222 vice and the result parts of theindividual prosperitywhole is of the of the state. The monarchy that is assembledfrom many parts s the to prosperity contribute all are obligate to sense,In this homeland. Habsburg are one scepter 1806 issuedbyI,Francis concluding from themthat all the lands which aregoverned by the VI Charles Emperor the of Derkos sanction the studies Pragmatic aSlavonia hastriple patriotism. and a triple homeland homeland the to Aus patriotism. one,sense, allhavethus aswe the claims Derkos,and author one refersgeneral homeland it, to

Ibid. 86 - Derkos, 85-

and all.However, areto common the fundamental, constitutional law of Hungary This constitutional foundation constitutional This based onnatural law thatgrants Hungary right its the to Except this gen this Except Derkos uses all this as an introduction to the contextualization of patriotism and of patriotism contextualization an the to introduction as Derkos allthis uses 87. 223

86.

trian Empire. He claims that the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and 222 eral there patriotism are the within Austrian Empire individual , the pragmatic law from 1804 and the pragmatic constitution fr constitution the pragmatic 1804and from , the law pragmatic

65 l one.l hares sameand future the the p Hungary has to the Austrian has to p Hungary

- versa. In that versa. a, is is a, om om CEU eTD Collection to beto theand municipalrights the privileges king. Croatia from received typethird legal of patriotism, proceedsthus present to theof union Croatia with Hungary applicability prove to the of the Kingdom. a giventheThe parts municipalrights to originally under of became ofit it, part which kingdoms was atof theThose Slavoniawhich aoftime. parts both were name not was join on natural and positive homelandpatriotism, and legal individuality. proveCroatian relation rights this and To based the Kingdoms of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavoniahave the rightown constitution, their to of patriotism. 226 225 224 homeland” patriotism is defined him as by a “feeling delight of thatthe wefeel forprogress the of Monarchy. Derkos’ view in This means thatthey homeland. posses a Since part three part Habsburg of the then again is which Hungary, of the of partKingdom of is Croatia, which citizens considered the arebyorigin thus Kingdom Croatia. Croats and theof Hungary is third ofKingdom the is Monarchyitself,second Habsburg First the is homeland. the three of levels laws, the of same is theHungary. Triune as thehas the relationship Kingdom to Kingdom Empire, based be on whichshould allowed it its andown patriotism right decide to own onits

Ibid. 88. Ibid. 87 - “… naslade, što je osjećamo zbog napredka domovine The entire and of theoretical discussion patriotism homeland serves thus show that to Using documents old the author theof thatin time concludes Coloman when Croatia To summarize, what Derkos is saying is that ed Hungary, with of (Croatia)today’s most it encompassed of Kingdom Slavonia

88. 224

, and since the Croats have three homelands, they obviously also have three levels have three also they obviously homelands, three Croats have the since law, Derkos history. law, into reaches -

positive, which basedpositive, is laws onpositive which this in case seem 66 …”, Ibid. 86. within the Habsburg Monarchy there are the Habsburg Monarchythere within 225

226

uthor uthor CEU eTD Collection perishes. Inperishes. mentioned is it the “diet of kingdoms” both by 1111when in Coloman he confirmed of the bishopric onthe the right of island its Rab to 230 229 228 227 Dalmatia’s old privileges. Dalmatia under retainedwere its constitution based they onfact the mentioned charter andZvonimir confirmed of Coloman with who pledged disturb to not IVKrešimir and undoubtedly after 1052.The authors feels is thatthis confirmed by the claims there nodoubt is thatCroatia has been under Croatian kings the ti since patriotism that should be intact for the Triune Kingdom. be thus grantedshould the right their to own interests under them after Hungary with granted municipal rightunion They andCroats to it. enjoyedthe until allthe onwhichrights rest constitution theirCroats preserved the concludes thus that ofbishop Croati year Grgur, with a whencreated council the fromZvonimir he the 1078 by privilege of the proven refers is it, to as Derkos constitution, existence of this continued TheTrpimir from 838. claims that the existence of this institution common freedom goodall issues, and council. orbrought before bad,Derkos a were common in the times oldest have saying Slavs Procopiusin peace.author livedfrom Thequotes that conventa principles onwhichat the relied Hungary time upon

“…sveukupnim saborom obiju kraljevina…”, Ibid. kraljevina…”, obiju saborom “…sveukupnim Derkos, 88. palatine. ofa with the title corresponding orposition Title were. principles wh those at into further go not does Derkos Derkos further discussesthe association Dalmatia of with the Kingdom Croatia. of He In Derkos’ version of the story, theof union the two kingdoms was based onthe basic ) thatCroatia stipulated andtheir hold own Hungaryto lands are peacefully mutual in

a, tepčija his 228

, deputies and nobles.

among the Croats is proven by the privilege of Banamong proven is of bythe privilege the Croats

229 227

The right to the council was confirmedcouncil The the to right 230

(1102). He contract ( adds the

(Croatia and Dalmatia). The author The Dalmatia). and (Croatia

this constitution. This this includes me of Petar Petar of me Pacta Pacta CEU eTD Collection vernacular in municipal affairs was then again confirmed by the institutions of the Kingdom of of Kingdom of the institutions confirmedbythe thenaffairs again was vernacular municipal in local the use to estates yeare th The of right 1791. 58fromarticle the and Slavoniaby right to use the languageof the homeland wasconfirmed to the Kingdoms of Croatia, Dalmatia Februaryat theand 1806.The time in reinforced confirmed bythe article king was 120which forLatin was themselvesCroats. The prescribed use and statute to fro right under the 1715, m fact thatthey agree not did at any adopt to a point language consider theadequate Hungarians theirto own language at or leastLatin in which the all old charters are is based written on the Croats of right The patriotism. their to own they do as languagejust own their development of haveright the the Croats to prove to the above argument historical that and patriotic presented Fundamentally, using is Derkos the whole state. of the prosperity for adequate Hungarian not is and responsepatriotism in the to same tendenciesIt from the Hungarians. argued is that Athens. attacked Macedonia of Demosthenes’ Philip speech when 233 232 231 addinghomeland, “forhomeland!” the with author informed her she statedwhy had son thatis die died gave to for him, sheto the birth was woman Spartan a when that states s Derko homeland. and the nation,the state boywas the asurrounded Spartan Everything thethat homeland. the love of the goalpromote ultimate to cherish sacred, and it r it consider never to heritage, give upthis to not him and encouraging reader the to section directly bytalking as Croatia. constitution and same possessed Croatiathe same as king Ibid. 90 - Ibid. 90. Ibid..

The second part of Derkos’ work is dedicated to the connection of language and and connection language the of to dedicated is Derkos’ work of The part second The author invokes the comparison Lycurgus with of Sparta whose laws supposedly had 91.

ejectingand forsaking it. 68 232

Patriotism was also the fuel on the fire of

233

231

Derkos finishes thisDerkos CEU eTD Collection language of their own affairs. own their of language historically and legallyconfirmed of rights the Triune Kingdom decideontheir to own the developmentmayor thatwas of a the Croa issue 236 235 234 thinkers, Grotiusand he Rousseau. a However,mentions Hungarian the fact thinker Szibealiszt absolute certainty that Derkos was familiar with the works of at least two major Enlightenment concludebase thoughtEnlightenment Derkos’ a text. of in is thatthere the debates onnatural law and social contract quiteexplicitly work. his in can We easily thus Roussea of certain elements with and disagrees comments major directly thinkers. Enlightenment He with engage directly to hesitate not does Derkos level, fundamental a very at and scarcely benefit the linguistic situation and through evidently that the cultural standard of the Croats. lands ofwhich the would standardization DerkosCroatian unification the territorial proposes art. language and which in the science educated write would dialects, or more simplystated the standardization of the Croatian language into a literary Croatian three of the unification proposes the thus European lands. He other behind by be left vernacular.If follow these to arenot tendencies Croats and de the literaturein writing began academies and their organized theydevelopedonce significantly national prosperity. sees He the in English, the French and thethattheir Czechs language has 1492andSlavonia in 1538.

Ibid. 102 - Ibid. 92 - Ibid.

ta ulk Dakvć h ue eeet o te nihemn more Enlightenment the of elements uses who Drašković unlike that e se can We languageand of development the correlations between the about goes talk Derkos onto u while at the same time promoting his theories. In addition, he uses the Enlightenment uses the Enlightenment In he addition, theories. his promoting time at the same u while 93. 103.

234 235

This however, does not speak of the language itself and its speak not languageitselfand however, ofThis does the 69 tian National Revival, but rather National about Revival, but only the tian velop their language,they are to 236

To achieve this linguistic We can say with with say can We

CEU eTD Collection some enlightened municipalrights. directed thought, focus its towards As a the reaction to Hungarian agendas, the the political with help Croatian of National Revival struggle thatdictated Hungary with how these ide Enlightenment ideologies to a degree, itwas the context of their position in the political conclude that while fundamentally the CroatianNational Revival evidently employed the Croati as perceived they what of breaking the against argument to theory political of knowledge their use to Derkos and Drašković both led This influences. movement whose political andlinguistic direction wasreaction dictatedtheir by to external chapter. municipal rights turnsto he the study history of will as be discussed in more detail in the next that were central to the political d rights of municipal the issue theory his howconnects to Derkos is This rightits individuality. to Henationalism. uses these concepts prove to thatCroatia had its own foundations which prove Croats have and their the to right ownthrough homeland and patriotism, the Croatian National Revival. Ittheory. that also obvious is mentioning of suggests these authors quitefamiliar thathe political was with philosophyand indirectly,European through theof writings some CentralBemay, as it authors. that Derkos’ might lead us tothat suspect he couldfamilia have tionary tionary reac a was Revival National Croatian the established, already have we As 2.5. Conclusion He uses the concepts of natural law, social contract and positive law to prove that the the that prove to law positive and contract social law, natural of concepts the uses He

he uses elements of this Enlightenmenthe usesthis elements thought of argument his for

irection of the Croatian national movement. To prove those 70 ologies were applied topolitical the situation. rized himself with the Enlightenment an rights. It seems safe to to safe It seems rights. an

that tothat their nation and CEU eTD Collection nationalist avoided, as Šidak points out, the oppression of the court. of the the out, oppression points Šidak avoided,nationalist as and privilegescharters, feudal the rights and actions ontraditional by their political basing foundation the thatextendedto entireconstitutional the nobility. nationand just not of out preserveas the to wish the national what preservation, thethey nationalist perceived nobility for wish rightsadefended self conservative oficipal of out mun Croatia, the the was based onfear their of class losing privileges and prosperity. material Both sidesthus language.In Šidak’sview thein to however, theirand opposition reality national movement was nominally based linguistic on 238 237 that something intact, relations social the maintain would that quo status a promoted Drašković However, monarchy. the against necessarily were movement younger the of that the members quiteconservativehowever, is as it promoted a thatit in monarchical say agenda. to Thatnot is existing political program was the Dissertation however, otherof consider the programmaticelements national briefly revival. essentiallya universal political program characteristic of the Croats in the period.Let us of municipalrightsthe agenda and wasthe both nationalists their opponents means was of it of social relations” “democratization the for standing one as movement national Croatian the perceives He affair. universal political programmatic goal of movement. the agenda national was movement.couldgo We even of the the only faras so say to thatit truly

Ibid. Šidak,

While the political partyof the natio When discussing Croatian political life of the perio Croat the of defense the that It seems Hrvatski narodni pr 237 . On the other the sidenobilityto movement stood whose opposition eporod

134.

argumentsand of their loss Croatian identity on based ian municipalian rights was in fact central the political nal movement was only organized 1841,its in 71

Drašković. That program is problematic problematic is program That Drašković.

d, Šidak perceives it as atwo as it perceives Šidak d, 238

The fact that the defense defense the that fact The In addition, - sided - CEU eTD Collection 241 240 239 movement. again the outline mainliberal to programmatic requests Croatian tendencies and national of the attempted Vukotinović the 1846, In whole. a as revival the of goals the reflect completely not the why is That Drašković’s. Dissertation from different so not was document his reality, In revival. that Rakovac the pointedto municipalrights connected languageas to one of the of aims the dealt more with the issue of literaryIllyrism than the political program of the revival. We saw great menfor auth several led however, movement.agendas national of the presented out, and the assummarized political points Šidak motto, literary movement. This Illyrianthe was a motto more culturally promoting one, the based deve of Croatia based ontheir historical individuality the Kingdom from of Hungary. The part last of prom they same time, foundations. Atthe constitutional theMonarchyand Habsburg within its nationality!” Illyrian KingdomCroatia and of constitution, letlivethe Hungarian God “May Gaj: municipal rights asconstitutional the basis of all their activity. yo the non the to unacceptable principle in least at was

Ibid. 140 - Ibid. “ Da Bog živi konstituciju ugarsku, kraljevinu hrvatsku I narodnost ilirsku!”, Ibid. 136. oted the maintenance of municipal rights as the constitutional foundation of the Kingdom Kingdom of the as foundation the constitutional municipalrights of oted the maintenance ung and the old member of the movement did agree on was the issue of maintaining the of the maintaining agreethedid issue onwas memberthe old movement and of the ung

The lack a of concise program that would satisfy middle the class intelligentsia The Illyrians relied on the simple principle formulated by Vukotinović and published by published and Vukotinović by formulated principle simple the on Illyrians relied The 141.

239 is still considered to be the actual political program of th

and Vukotinović’s Vukotinović’s and

In meant thatthe “translation”,this Croats Hungary supported the position had Small catechism Small Rakovac’s were results The it. define and try to ors

Croatism andIllyrism Croatism 240

72 - noble members of the movement. Something noble members Something of the movement. . 241

Nonetheless, documents still these

e movement, even did if it lopment of cultural andlopment

CEU eTD Collection the standing only anyonerights but strip themand equate grant those to without thus ofto their possessions, on based diet the of principles” “representational reform the promotes Vukotinović words, other In well. as Hungary are atthis time not just oriented which towards Croatiameans but promoted the reforms in 247 246 245 244 243 242 program Vukotinović’s of character liberal the that meant That Hungarians. the to opposition forcesin jo to negotiations moderate in with ofattempt the wereparty held an opponents in 184 During circumstances. political changing to due party the by accepted formally according author its accepted to a in meeting of the “patriots” but onit, who was agreed never classes. by reforms.requested of education are allsocial also thepromoted tax people the The of rights through the implied is words but those in mentioned not ofis Abolishment serfdom taxation. forof “all taxation sons of the homeland” moves towards the envisioned social equality through the issueof taxation. it general representation, this from stem would electoral that system an issueof touch uponthe instituti ofons general thebody. estates a into representative “prosperity as a of whole”. the nation of patriotic onthe are alsoidea but based and literary under just nationare not the term

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.159. Ibid.158- Ibid. 159. Ibid.158.

Vukotinović’s program is concluded with a statement claiming that the goal is not to to not is goal the that claiming statement a with concluded is program Vukotinović’s In that unpublished docume In that unpublished 246

159.

of all social classes for the mutualbenefit of all.

243

. That would mean a reform of both diets fromdiets feudalreform of both a. That wouldmean nt, Vukotinović proclaims that their tendencies summarized tendencies their that proclaims Vukotinović nt, 242 245

This is again is This be to done through the constitutional , meaning thatthe nobilitywould also be subject to 73 244

While the program notWhile does 247

This This program was draft It promotes equality 7, political7, CEU eTD Collection ideas onthe organization 33 of power andcivil 16,(2000), rights vjesnik in Croatia Pravni ], 249 248 municipalia iure the “defending obstructed by the “the fact struggle that for Croatian autonomy was by led” the idea of modern of organization ideas government about the and freedoms and civil rights” was reaches maincharacteristic. He aboutthe its “of introduction considers the conclusion that ideol the political of development overviewsthe Čepulo Revival. National Croatian agendas bythe progressive of promotion liberal, regards the in to politics Croatia,in 1832- rights. the Croatian National Revival used the they Enlightenment, defense in so did of their municipal when of the members even As such,cultural fields. and political both on form of Magyarization from the in Hungary theto pressures coming adefense. reaction invoked defense as This was promoted of their and Croatia, nationalrights. allsides foundations as the political Seen groups were the municipal both interest of law. The of a rule stronger monarchy under but the promoted it Drašković, Like one. conservative more a was movement the of side other The varyingwith intensity. and times changes at various socialrequested for andwere quiteliberal younge theirin views ontheagendas political The of the movement. promotingNationalfully partyagenda. a whichliberal started Hungary, in fundamentally the with revolution newand prompting structures directions of the changed situation the political By base. appealto wider 1848, a to had be to down scaled

Ibid. 158 - Dalibor Čepulo, Dalibor

In article an entitled What is evident from this is that the different currents of the national movement collided 159.

stroju vlasti I građanskim pravima u Hrvatskoj 1832. Hrvatskoj u pravima građanskim I Razvojvlasti ideja oustroju Dlbr euo teps o vriw h mdriain f Croatian of modernization the overview to attempts Čepulo Dalibor 1849, Development of ideas on the organization of power andcivi of organization onthe Development ideas of

”

249 .

This political emphasis thus obstructed all other political 74 248

ogy national revival of the and r, middle class members members class middle r, - - 1849 53.

[ Development of l rights l rights CEU eTD Collection the same time characteristic for national but also other traditions in historiography. political and national histor history demands. argumentpolitical to As we chapter, see their will the in next the searcha for nation was perceived be to written thedocuments. in old Thathow the is Croats started study to privileges as wellas the confirmation of the historical existenc municipal rights were.This is what to themthe led study history. of Allrights the and what exactly these know to the Croats needed be onthem, to based national movement was independence ofautonomy. represented the Croatian and foundations the legal municipalrights These municipal rights. of defense wasrevival the thenational early liberal national movement. tendencies, monarchism be allowing for to the strongestgoal programmatic of an otherwise We can see that the and main the only universaltrait of Croatian politicsin the time of

y will lead the Croats to a particular approach to it, one that was at at was that one it, to approach aparticular to Croats the lead y will 75 e and tradition ofe the Croatian and tradition

If the entire entire the If CEU eTD Collection Latin language] (Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2006). Europa, Srednja (Zagreb: language] Latin the and rights municipal Croatian of defense the [In jezika latinskog I prava municipalnih hrvatskih obranu U identity. losing their partthemmeant national have thatfor of something Hungary, becomean integral entityfrom The Hungary. Croats advocated stronglyso themthey them without because would the Croatian political life. They aseparate contained Croatia all the prerogati made which ves were the basisof rights because those movement opponents, and its members national of the 252 251 250 constitutionalism is characterized by three typically, law”a necessarily, not contained constitutional but in onlynot asofasdocuments but athe seena ornation. constitution setregulatio of ns nationalist became protectors the of municipal the rights the of nobility. rights This were in fact municipal rightsand privileges, toentire the linguistic andcultural nation. of the nobleextension nation,w the with perceivedthe field political as well, initial stage only of linguistic nationalism, the Croatian nationaliststarted slowly expanding to nation beca the as perceived was nation Croatian the terms, modern early the In sense. national the and political the CroatianRevival National 3. Historicalof narratives

Bevir, 288. moreFor of on development the Croatiannationalism,Nikša see: s Diet, the Croatian in municipal rights on debates the analysis of detailed a For , a nation of the nobility of Croatia. With the coming of romanticism, the the comingof romanticism,the ofCroatia. croaticathe With nobility, anatio of nation individual rights against the state. Third, constitutions claim to be higher claimbe to constitutions the state. Third, against rights individual instance, by expressly organs ofconstitutions separatingthe state. Second, protect for government power, also limit but constitutes onlynot “First, constitutions the The issue of municipalrights was strongly so by emphasized by the Croats, the both In general, constitutionalism “presupposesIn which general, is constitutionalism theconstitution, existence of a municipal3.1. The rights an 250

These municipal rights were

me perceivedlinguistic moreand morea as andcultural community. After the

constitution d the constitution

equated with theequated existence with of the theboth nationin elements: 76

Stančić,nacionalizam. nacijaHrvatskaI

ee: ZvjezdanaAssouline,ee: Sikirić 252 . More concretely, concretely, More . 251

- This is how the is This order law law order ith all its

CEU eTD Collection Constitution and the Feudal Law (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1987). constitutions and common law, most famous of which is the constitution of England. constitution which the is of and famous commonlaw,constitutions most regulated the organization fundamental of the state. On the other hand, there are uncodified of 1791.Constitution These were intentionally written, codifiedlaws tha constitutional French and (1788) the of the are United States famouslyconstitutions the Constitution most functioning of t 255 254 customs, 253 of assembled constitution, ancient this exactly was about talking was Drašković constitution The of their ancestors. constitution the and uphold representatives protect to havewill authority the charter over of the Triune Kingdom. Heby continued advising the they that Diet Hungarian the in representatives Croatian the reminding was Drašković rights. term ancient constitution that we are interestedhere. in that together make constitution the of theIt state.is exactlyconstitution this typeof and the envisioneduncodified is as the bodyof constitution law, the collection

Bevir, 44. Bevir, 288. For moreFor on ancient constitutionalism and especially English the case, J.G.A. Ancient see: Pocock, The precedence over ordinary laws in the case of conflict.” of case the in laws ordinary over precedence thein sense thatthe constitutional norms enshrined the in written document take practiceand as thereforeillegal or illegitimate.” and ofg- some innovativelon and disruptive novel as power royal or central of exercise some identify to usually was argument fundamental key law. The of an intellectual ancient move constitutionalist institutions, f mixturesof writtencomplex chartersand codespubliclaw evolved …,customs, of [They] were constitution. theassociate with word nowfundamental thatwe law constitutionalists, were not the unified written documents with clear status as “Ancient as ancien imagined or modern constitutions, constructedbyearly In a contemporary sense, constitution is a is codified,regulates constitution fundamentalInwhicha the contemporary law sense, This is how the Croats envisioned their constitutionalism based ontheir how municipal the is CroatsThis envisioned their constitutionalism

he state andhe represents state of allother the foundation laws of the state. Such eudal oaths, and compromises political newlydescribed as

77 255 established rule, law, custom, established or

253

of allof laws of the state 254 t

The The t CEU eTD Collection 256 rights andhistory of the study Croatian overall. concludes, the CroatianDiet thus initiated the first ever systematicof study Croatian municipal (the final collection to create a commission that would collect all the municipal rights of the Kingdom of Croatia decided They themselves. Diet Croatian the of members the by countered was schools Croatian pri their and rights retaining concerned with of forgot a seeswas theirŠidak selfishresult nobility own who only aslanguageand a schools as a mandatory decision language.This was a the slight Hungarians concession to that introduced Croatian Hungarian was into Diet, of the Croatian decision 10, 1827,when by Diet, he proclaimedthe that Croatian Diet will decide on this matter. did so They on September Hungarian of stance the jurisdiction onthe his with Hungarian. Consistent benefits of learning jurisdiction to decide the language of public life Croatia. in He at the same time recognize no Hungarian aDiet claimed had Kingdom which speech in he thatthe held of Croatia 1827. after change couldthe nationalist inturn to the defens and the nobility which to a collection single as and serve unitedto collected not was was that it a in pre constitution oaths and ainstitutions, other which legal as diverse documents

Šidak, Hrvatske 90. zemlje, uig ssin f h Hnain it Jsp uei, h pohntr o the of prothonotary the Kušević, Josip Diet, Hungarian the of session a During

will extend beyond extend will the Kingdom just see). shall of Croatia, As Šidak as we - modern sense. The problem with the defense of the Croatian constitution Croatian constitution the of the with defense problem The sense. modern

e of their rights. constitutional was This about to vileges. The decision to introduce Hungarian into Hungarian into introduce to The decision vileges. 78 256

whole constituted a whole a constituted

the the CEU eTD Collection the the 258 257 Kirinić Valentin quite scarcely.otherwise has been about work Kušević’s written allows us This learnto more about the work from the to introduction the translation, as that the copyI of the document be will working here with actually is a translation from 1883. note to need we defended, nationalist and rights Croatian nobility overview the municipal the ratherhimself, but was Before it an the effortwork ofwe an itselfand archivist. turn to theirmovement writings. and influenced their in activity.nationalist known amongof Thewas the members national work well the - apre as seen is it Rather the national revival. considered of a product not is As such,work the his national movement. of member a not was himself who Kušević by signed and 1830 in published was It Slavonia. entitled entailed. actually rights couldwhatchapter understand we they theso municipal a bodyof presenting large to be a of comprehensive allthe municipalrightsI collection one in place.wi to was Diet the by commissioned study the However, them. of some discussed even Drašković 3.2. Collectingmunicipal the rights throughout his life and career. and life his throughout

Referedas to Valentin nobleKirinić, Franjo Žigrović Pretočki Žigrović Franjo Danica rno irvć Pretočki Žigrović According Franjo to collec the conducted Kušević that seem not does it Interestingly, haveWe talked extensively about the defenseof the Croatian municipal rights and The result of the commissioning ordered by the Croatian Diet was the publication the publication Diet was Croatiancommissioning ordered bythe The the result of tes of the kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Croatia Dalmatia, kingdoms of thetes of andstatu rights municipal On the and already in wrote 1846 on the relationship of Croatia and Hungary.He continued thiswork 258

, a “diligent son of the homeland and the keeper of the glorious andglorious eternaland of the keeper of son the homeland , a “diligent

was a member of the Croatian National Revival from its early period. He published in He published period. from its early Revival National wasCroatian member a ofthe

r evival work the thatsupports same cause and was used by the

Valentin plemeniti Kirinić plemeniti Valentin

79 257 f the work, it was actually actually was it work, , the translator the of . Kušević, 4. Kušević,

ting of the documents documents of the ting ll thus dedicate this CEU eTD Collection referring to. Ibid. be might author the who explain will I necessary When itself. source the in present forms the to true stay to intend I nomenclature, to regards in Also, chapter. this throughout see shall we as work, his for sources other uses ( Šlecer Ljudevit August and Jordan Christ, Ivan Katančić), Petar (Matija his name. We do need to hisdo name.rememberWe workwas that the byactuallydone Kirinić. about the same geographical area however, the context of Kušević’s writing and the further mention of the the of mention further the and writing referri actually Kušević’s is Pannonia. Ibid. 6. Kušević of that context indicate to the seems however, Romans area geographical same the about term The CE. in could 103 also referring be later to established Frankish influenced territoriesInferior, in the the kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia andSlavonia. the Croatia kingdoms Dalmatia, of men. beforeandfor even their foughtfreedomtheas with Romans, has proven been by learned far lands Pannonian the and Dacia Dalmatia, ruled they view, Kušević’s in Rather, speculated. haveSlavs reached not “both Pannonias” the s wrotethus the under familiarize himself with the “treasure entrusted to him” entire his Instead, wantlife anot be theto to “mechanic”keeperrecords. just he of devoted entrusted the with mainnational documents. As Pret 263 262 261 260 259 19 the of nationalist the among known well quite were works Vitezović’s addition, how the wouldexplain be This Slavs. foughtSlavs thebefore Romans the 6 acentury than more work his in Vitezović by used ones same the are uses Kušević sources the of many fact, viewIn however, influenced mightIllyrian be the concepts introduction. bythe described in records”

Aswork the was published and is treated in histography as th Ibid. 3. “ The “learned men” which Kušević speaks of are Adam Franjo Kollar ( Kollar Franjo Adam are of speaks Kušević which men” “learned The The two Pannonias seemto be referring to the twoRoman provinces of PannoniaSuperior and Pannonia Vriedni sin domovina, dične i viečne uspomene arhivar 263 The the original to work introduction has how long speaksit about been thatthe proven

259 uei de nt specify not does Kušević wo eerhd n asmld h wr. iii ws n rhvs wo was who archivist an was Kirinić work. the assembled and researched who ,

earlier. Previous ideologists of Illyrism haveIllyrians ancientIllyrism ideologists considered ofthe earlier. to Previous upervision of Kušević the work the Kušević of upervision

when exactly the Slavs reached the mentioned lands. His His lands. mentioned the reached Slavs the exactly when 262 80

261 …”,Ibid. 4. only the in 6 ng to the Roman rather than Medieval division of of division Medieval than rather Roman the to ng

e worke ofwill Kušević, I refer also to it here under očki almost poetically states, Kirinić did Kirinić states, poetically almost očki On the municipal rights and statutes of andstatutes municipalrights On the 260

and report to onit the to public. He August Adam František Kollár Adam František th

century authors have as some

Ludwig vonSchlözer ), Petar Katančić Petar ), th

century. In th ). Kušević Kušević ).

c entury

CEU eTD Collection Porfizogenitform remain to of name the true source. the to Ibid. the use further will I work. his of article this for sources his being as XXXI and XXX chapters particularly Administrando De work Im the in lands Croatian the on records his for historiography Maeotian and the Maeotian Tanais between lands the leaving lands, Croatian the settling were Croats charters. acquired the as well as writers foreign and by domestic true be to confirmed view Kuš in is This later own kings. and byits eleven byand prefects ruled prefectures the already as a understood single name forDalmatia Croatia, and Slavonia,was at first dividedin Serbia. establis the Franks, the Slavs of the influence after repelling successfully and Empire Roman the Eastern the weakening of Imperio 268 267 266 265 264 princes Serbs, having these them lands, populated livedin freedom. mutual in These people had no relies onthe writingsPorfizogen Konstantin of it Kušević arrivals). those of dates the without (still Serbia later and Pannonia) from separately (stated rivers Sava and Drava the between Pannonia Dalmatia, Pannonia, to Slavs the works though of even Vitezović, people one he not explicitly of is Kušević the mentions. preciselyonthe rests rights municipal Croatian Kušević’s onthe work that conceivable and is it

Ibid. 7 . is uses Kušević term original The Ibid. articles. 36 into work is divided The Konstantin Porfizogenit, as Kušević refers to him, is is him, to refers Kušević as Porfizogenit, Konstantin

266 267 The third article speaks about the Hungarians who were at the same time when the when time same the at were who Hungarians the about speaks article third The According to the same source, Kušević writes in the second article that Croats and and Croats that article second the in writes Kušević source, same the to According The first article

he claims that the Slavs fought off the Avars and acquired the mentioned lands. With mentioned lands. With the andAvars acquired the off fought Slavs the claims that he

but only but

their as elders authority,other Slavicpeople. like Croatia, which was 264

of theand On the municipalrights statut

knez hed the four kingdoms – hed kingdoms the four

81 Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos 265

based onwhose work Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia and and Slavonia Croatia, Dalmatia, es

talks abouttalks the coming of De Administrando Administrando De , notable in Croatian Croatian in notable , perio . Kušević cites cites Kušević . ević’s ević’s 268

CEU eTD Collection ( Kušević, 7 Kušević, agreement (the famous Pacta conventa famous (the agreement from as many tribesthe to King and reachedyear an agreement the in 1102.Under this attemp an in messengers sent Drava hearing River. The Croats gathered of their this armyand for prepared battle. Koloman the to marchedarmy it gathered and thus an theto Dalmatian He Croatiatake sea. lands allof boarders Hungaryto frombecause “some protect to people”. had return its to he regions the occupy coastal time at not this did the He upto Alps. Riverof and the Drava name landHungary. ofand Christianity, this accepted creating theof Kingdom 275 274 273 272 271 270 269 On peace. in lands Ladislav the kingdom foreigner anarchy. fell into Consequently,a the Croatian rule lands. to began theto disintegration of the kingdom and intrigues throughdivisions the of the nobles by which Lake Croatian national movement. national Croatian datingseems less relevant not does asmeaningful in it way a affect contenthistorical the of narratives of early the itrelev make stemming situation political contemporary ofitin the perceptions narratives ofthe period thusmaking it a relevant document for this thesis. While thissubsequent use and different Croa the early of situation political the in document fromyearthe 1102 until the 14 preserved in Hun the now document the of originality The created. was kingdoms two the of union the which under nobility Croatian ThomasArchdeacon the

Ladislaus I of Hungary of I Ladislaus Kušević doeswrite notyear of a hiswhich death, is 1089. 7. Kušević, Stephen I of Hungary, ruled Hungaryfrom 997as Grand Prince, and as king from 1000- “… Coloman of Hungary, ruled- 1095 Pacta concenta

…”. Kušević literally says literally niekogKušević naroda …”. defeating the Slavs in the “inner Pannonia” in the year the in “inner the in Pannonia” defeating the Slavs 889.Stjepan After the death of the KingZvonimir Ladislav whom Kušević now calls Saint, w Saint, calls now Kušević whom Ladislav 272 - 8.

of Hungaryentered Croatia 1091wit in

or or garian National Museum in Budapest has been widely questioned with the dating of it ranging ranging it of dating the with questioned widely been has Budapest in Museum National garian ly in warly were in the Croats obligatedsend the to to king ten armed horseman Qualiter

of Split) who is quoted by the historian Ivan Ju historian the by who is quoted Split) of , ruled 1077-

is the name for the agreement between the Hungarian King Coloman and the the and Coloman King Hungarian the between agreement the for name the is th

t to reach to t In an agreement. the response, Croats sent 12nobles century. Regardless of the authenticity of its dating, it has been a central central has a itthe dating, been its century.Regardless of authenticity of 1116. 1095.

Article 5 is based on the writings of “… of writings the on is based 5 Article

“some people”, not namingmaybe or not knowingwho theywere. 275 ) all(Hungary their hold own to and were Croatia) 271 tian National Revival and was used to construct historical historical construct to used was and Revival tian National 82

the Croatian royal dynasty w dynasty royal Croatian the as succeeded by Koloman succeeded as h an armyand the took Croatian lands south raj Švandtner. Ibid. 8. ant forant the thesis the accuracy of its Tomo archidiakon špljetski 269 1038. as extinct. This led 274

later changed the changed later 270

273 who decided to

…” …” CEU eTD Collection subordinates of theking as opposed to the king himself. Hungarian of r the distinguishing of way a as rather Bela IV.Bela 279 278 277 276 and the Dalmatians committed the attackking’s themselvescase of on defense the in a to joint of Hungary” the“perception people of conventa of the On writing of time the in situation political the by influenced strongly be to seem which Kušević, the historical authenticityof the document the is perception presented onthe conditions by by recorded of conditions thesource, P what the sayingsome thatnomatter think, HungarianIvan Švandtner Juraj 1102 agreement. the of gomore details work. into Further articles Kušević’s in points various at discussed be will Croatia of contribution military The created. conventa underking. the expense of the for River,would be after whichprovided theper to Dravaexpense they only at family but their sources the use of“the people of Hungary” should not be seen as the national population in 19 the ra Hungary,

Kušević, 8 Kušević, 8. Kušević, “… Schwandtner Georg Johann agreement u pogledu naroda ugarskoga …”.

entitled Articles six and seven talk about the sources from which we know the conditions of the conditions whichknow the we from and about the seven sources Articles talk six This article reallyspeaks of first the the to Pacta referring municipalght Croatia, ri of

278 by which the union of the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Croatia was was ofKingdom Croatia the and Hungary of Kingdom ofunion the the which by ther thanther people the of Croatia perceive the agreement inway. aparticular In the context it seems that

where thesees ruler as of an it subjugation agreement whilethe in of Croatia, municipal rights andstatuses municipal rights -

9. ruled lands. In short, the label Hungarian people in this context would seem to denote all all denote seem to would in this context people Hungarian the label Inshort, lands. ruled n ril 8 oee, uei dcds o consider to decides Kušević however, 8 article In Archidiakon

Scriptores rerum Hungaricarum veteres ac genuini

writings Archidiakon Tomo of for sources are the it main . The

according to the document itself which was lost. More relev More lost. was itselfwhich document according the to

was acurator

276 oyal andnoble elite of Hungaryfrom wide the and heterogeneous population 277

, together the with official andscribe unnamed of the King uei hr ue a ofsn fruain syn ta te epe of people the that saying formulation, confusing a uses here Kušević 279

of of

Kšvć presents Kušević . it is an agreement of alliance, under which the Croats Croats the which under alliance, of agreement an is it imperial the

83 library in Vienna who publishedwho Vienna in library

(1746–

the two perceptions of the Pacta the twoperceptions 48) .

Archidiakon acta conventa acta th

as the relevant relevant the as century sense, but but sense, century of Split and a and a of Split a

collection of of collection have been been have ant than than ant CEU eTD Collection not rulenot Slavicpeople. Rather, they ancientfreedom” “the livedin and plebeian common presents theof customs the based Slavs onthe same source. an it, individual According to did Porfizogenit.intere More on theof writings Konstantin of the 19 283 282 281 280 and generous, frugal highly as hospitable, was simple, portrayed noble savage …who book, we canview of thatthis by national see ancestors was of characterized the “the idea nationalism and Historians entitled book her in Baar byMonica as shown nationalin historiography, brought under while aothers council, werethe before communi decided community type of this in decisions were and issues important More rulers. leaders or without own their of community a in living society, egalitarian an as Slavs the shows Kušević Here guaranteed. were rights (municipal) special as well as possessions previous all agreement by the that govern and ed alltheremained lands over they previously control in Croats that it, sees he as facet, the on stance this bases He subjugation. than rather alliance an in alliance article. further discussed the is ratherin next This than subjugation. an was kingdoms two the between union the of nature byclaimingthatthe king them over arethelands, but to Hungarian king. subjugated not commoners. plebs is this for translation most accurate The ofthe community. people

Kušević, 10. Kušević, Ibid 9. Kušević, “… trdvo pčo i aenčo slobodi zajedničkoj i pučkoj starodavnoj . 10. Article 10 begins with list of the cities and numbers of military units in Croatia, based In it, Kušević explicitly claims that it is unquestionable that the unquestionablethat is it that claims explicitlyKušević it, In This idea of national ancestors who lived in harmony and freedom is a common theme ideaa freedomThis whoharmony is livedin common of and national ancestors th

century Croatianestates.It attempt is an of the nobility theto curb authority the of

in which she covered national g outlinin historians, six their tendencies.In the

…”, Kušević, 10. Kušević uses the term term the uses Kušević 10. Kušević, …”, 84 280

This statement seem to reflect the claim the reflect to seem statement This stingly, the second part of the article article the of part second the stingly,

or or plebeian and designates the nonand designates the ties own customs. ties pacta conventa 281

puk

or or pučkoj resulted resulted

283 for the the for - noble

282 . CEU eTD Collection University Press, 2010.) 168. allowed to retain theirexisting privileges. In the authorsCroats agreed view, a the without fight obey to Koloman only they were because subordinated t their could same believearmsauthor Croatsand laiddown who concludes thatthose that arms the to Drava whenand Koloman they came also fought RivertheThus Romans. subordinated Hungary. to state. natural aharmonious of restrictive and negative as seen case this in peace and harmony unti lived Croats old the it, In well. as work Kušević’s in reflected is idea This organization. interrupted byan incoming foreign introduced force restrictive that and hierarchies feudal 287 286 285 284 whoturn individuality, thein uses citing already of for mentioned Croatian proof Švdndtner his from theand Romans Fr and namedThe parts thus coastal Franksand Croatia. ruled Slavonia. the Croats by the possessed were lands” “Croatian the of parts whilee th Constantinople western the time of the fall of the Roman Empire Dalmatia was subordinated to the emperor in of He thetime. theCroatian division mentions notes landsthatin Charlemagne, at the Eginhard virtuous”

Kušević, 11. Kušević, Einhard, lived 775- 10 Kušević, Mon ika Baar, Historians and nationalism: East nationalism: and Historians ika Baar, oig n i atce 1 Kšvć otne t age gis te da ht rai is Croatia that idea the against argue to continues Kušević 11, article in on, Moving Article about 13talks the of organization the Croatian lands after theywere “liberated” Eginhard scribe, Article 12writing refers Charlemagne’s to the of 284 rical histo peaceful of the life ancestor idealized, . The is inhistoriographies national -

11. hemselves to Koloman without a Kolomanto without fighthemselves their fact were ifguaranteed. in rights not

840.

anks. The article is also heavil also is article The anks. l thel Hungarians introduced structure cameand their in social thatis He states that the Croats were known as great warriors and raised to to raised and warriors great as known were Croats the that states He

285 -

Central Europe in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford Oxford (Oxford: Century Nineteenth the in Europe Central 85 y referenced to the works which Kušević Kušević which works the to yreferenced

287

286 . In works on. his CEU eTD Collection Priest ofDuklja Priest or Dukljanin fact a duke and not the king of the Duchy of Croatia in the mid the in Croatia of Duchy the of king the not and duke a fact in was and Budimir as known later work is mentioned the in known ashe is Svetopelek However, king. of the title to this, the Croatian King theXI Croatian this, Svetopelek to 293 292 291 290 289 288 goodSvetopelekmany who and enacted customs. laws thirds of their income the to king.article This ends with the acknowledgement of “King” the counties withinindividual the twoban- case with the was same The of province. his the needs for half keep and king the to it half of collectin and the judiciary Each King Krešimir named komeše ban Slavs. on theRoman old law, onthe introduced Frankishlaw and partl was based theseand partly in through system kingdoms ruled Theduchies thelegal state. them kings the invited bans governments separate with bans Dalmatia Under anddukes Croatia. and the Croatianeach kings they own had their different and doc authors unnamed are again sources whose Porfirogenit,Lucije from and Špljetski Achidiakon cites Toma

Ibid. 12. Kušević, 11 Kušević, Ban “ Kušević bases this claim on the on claim this bases Kušević Županije, to jestVarmedjije to Županije, from brothers. the his ranks The of

ban 290

e of the viceroy in a given land. land. given a in viceroy the of astheused title In article 14, Kušević discusses the administration in the Croatian Kingdom. According Kingdom. Croatian the in administration the discusses Kušević 14, article In According to this, the Duchy of Croatia was divided into two major provinces twomajor divided into Duchy was of Croatia According the this, to

had 700 subordinates from the ranks of the nobility who were in charge of the the charge of who were of in the nobility the ranks from 700subordinates had -

12.

, county heads and nobles into their council for more important issues and and issues important their councilmore into for and, county heads nobles ), a 14 a ), g of taxes. These taxes were to be given to the the to given be to were taxes These taxes. g of …”, Ibid. 11. 292

th Chronicles of

or 15 , which is what they were known as under the Hungarian kings.as the under were known they , which what is 289 uments. , county (chiefs) heads and Dukes their subordinates. a th

century chronicler. From that source, he attributes ruled provinces, except they were obligated to giveruled exceptthey provinces, were obligated to tw n he named the county heads or chiefs who were after the or countywho named heads chiefs were after n he 291

“

” (more commonly known in Croatian as Pop Pop as Croatian in known commonly (more ” Dioklej Misnik named for each province (Dalmatia and Croatia) a Croatia) and (Dalmatia province each for named

86 - 8 th 293

century.

y onthe customary law of the ban who had to givewho had to

to Svetopelek XI XI Svetopelek to 288 nd nd o-

CEU eTD Collection court’s brewer and several county chiefs, as well as Leo, “… Leo, as the as well chiefs, county and several brewer court’s Bishop, Boleslav, Stjepan; the court chief; Petar, the judge ofcourt; theŠandor, royal the theto mentioned monastery island the Adriatic Manni. The chartersigned was by the Adriatic Salona thewith council of his chiefs he has establish decidedto a monastery the in church of monastery of Saint John the Apostle and Evange the Apostle and monastery John of Saint of Dalmatia. Monastery Zadar)(presumably in year and dated is the to In King 1069. it, Krešimir be to givenis king’sand one the specified lands 301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 the to cityColoman year of thespecifically Trogir is from It 1108 states:“I, quoted. Koloman, that Dalmatian cities had the right to choos is furtherexplained that itis visible from Toma cities. Only Charter the of King Zvonimir to the city of Trogir is specifically mentioned, but it kings Hungarian the of charters the in mentioned also are rights certain cities privilegewhich by itis free of taxation. Trpimir Bihać, in issued and year838 the to dated charter this In archbishopric. giving of land monas to

Ibid. “…Manastiru Evangeliste…”, I sv.Ivana apoštola 13 Ibid. Ibid. Protospatharios Petar Krešimir IV, ruled 1059 13. Kušević, Split. today’s to close settlement Roman ancient is the Salona mid in Croatia Duke of

295 The nextchartersame the in article the comes from registryof St.Chr the Article 16 adds to this bysaying that the charters of Croatian kingsgranting Dalmatian Article 15 introduces several royalissuedby kings, charters Croatian regarding the . That church which stretches to the Danube and almost through the whole of Croatia whole through the almost and Danube the to stretches church which . That

299 , a court dignitary. Kušević, 13. Another charter from the same king, dated to the year the1059 gives to the to dated from king, charter the same Another - 9 th

century. teries. The first charteris from the registrycharters of of the Split - 1074/75.

301

e their own bishops and chiefs. The charter of King The King charter and own of bishops chiefs. e their 87 - tenth of thecounties. income oftenth the ’s history of the church in Salona the Salona church in Archidiakon’s of history - 14. list

300

the island of Zuri with the with specialZuri the of island protospatarij …” given to the same 294 298

declares that that declares and captain captain and 296 297 ysogonus

donates

CEU eTD Collection 14- dozvoliteto sami Vašemprebiva,izimgraduako tudjinac dopustiti,u Ugrin,ikojilinećuda I … zakona stvorenih vajkada uživanju u Vas pustiti I naimenovati, izabrao, narod I svećenstvobiskupa, ili komeša, kog bi viernim gradjanom stalni mir, I da niste dužni meni, niti sinu mojemu, ili nasljednikom mojim daće podavati, da ću 303 302 Franksand Avarsbjugate su to just themselves to the Hungarians. The promise that Croats will voluntary Hungary, with union the author states thatthe Croats did not defeat the Romans, subordinated Kolomanjoined to but Hungary through an speaking agreement. Again about the of t the extinction After customs. laws and theytherea befree can that were nodoubt (thepeople Croats) ( Hungarians by centuriesthat that the Croats were and met the European before nations the and beginnings of the Kingdoms Dalmatia,and Slavonia of Croatia states that all this (previouslywritten) was not written to chronicle the historical development one granted also are and thelaw, canon archbishops, own bishops, their authority of bythe only any but government enjoyed by Hungary the clergy(not specifiedwhat they of be to are are).not Theyby limited parishesand of theDalmatian grants Croatian the church and clergy enjoy the to allrights right heirThese byKoloman’s1124. Stjepan,in and son were right confirmed yourself…” allowyou it your donot cityif in reside to foreigner forHungarian or any youyour allow… andnot will and leave laws will theold cityof to enjoyment Trogir] of [the my confirm andI will bishops chiefs heir. which [Koloman] the clergy the people and select citizens of Trogir you faithful my to cross bythe holy and promise Dalmatia, Croatia Hungary, the Kingof

“… “… “… 15.

povelja slobode ja Koloman kralj Ungarije, Hrvatske i Dalmacije, tako mi svetog Križa, prisižem Vam Trožiranom, mojim Article 18 serves as a sort of conclusion to the previously written articles. In it, Kušević it, In articles. written previously the to conclusion of sort a as serves 18 Article e th confirms he which 1109by in Koloman issuedby charter another present Article 17 a lasting peace, and that you are not obligated to giveyou obligatedare not to offerings anda that lasting peace, …”,Ibid. 15- - tenth of the state’s income. state’s the of tenth 16.

he royal dynasty, Dalmatia and Croatia were not not were Croatia and Dalmatia dynasty, royal he 88 303

narod . It is ratherIt show. here is to ) governed own) its under

to my son or or son my to …”, Ibid. 302 . CEU eTD Collection 17. occasion of the enactmentthe of pragmatic sanction and yearthe article 120from article1715; year three 1723; the and eight fromyearbroughtforth the 1741 at the year; article one from the He also specificallynames following: the article one of laws the broughtand the in eight 1492 of decree the same osigurane…”, Ibid. 17. … and are diplomas insured” rights “ancestral of andthe kingdom statutesonthe constitution fundamental bywhich the laws Croatian the of maintenance the for argument his base to intends Kušević Slavonia. and Croatia andexceptional and municipalrights statutesof independents of the Kingdoms Dalmatia, and privileges of Kingdom the Triune thatare Hungary. with mutual He only will the discuss basing municipalrights. of their the defense previousCroatiathat the Hungaryrights,Croats voluntarilyits were and joined retained thus were andHungarianconfirmed laws of the by diplomas kings. and wh customs ich Slavonia)charters,kingdoms andfreedoms rights, (Croatia,their Dalmatia, the 19 306 305 304 a and law a within article the of number the names just often Kušević that see will we Here historians older of works the reiterating just than rather arguments, his bases Kušević which afacto de ofas medieval documents the HungarianCroatia,and DalmatiajoinedHungary andCrown. Slavonia which under alliance the of basis the view, Kušević’s in is, land own their of rulers the remain

Kušević here specifically names the second decree of Matthias Corvinus which in article 13 speaks of Slavonia. Slavonia. speaks of 13 which article in Corvinus of Matthias decree second the names herespecifically Kušević Ibid. 16-

“…u diedovnom kraljevine ustavu temeljnimi kraljevine zakoni I krunitbenimi kraljevine diploma zajednički zajednički diploma kraljevine krunitbenimi I zakoni kraljevine temeljnimi ustavu kraljevine diedovnom “…u th Article 19continues by author stating the this thatin work he will consider not the laws This summary also r The following seem articles go to more into detail about the concretedocuments on

centuryretain thatthey ofable their municipalrightsof status to were was defenders 17.

year 1600; article 27 fromyear the 1649, article 33 from theyear 1681; article 66 from eflects the political situation of 19 the 306

. As we see in this statement, Kušević perceiv Kušević statement, this in see we As . constitution of Croatia. constitution

the diplomas from the sameyear, 1790 and 1792. Ibid.

305 th

century. The argumentcentury. of The It on this idea was that 304

es the collection collection the es . CEU eTD Collection Congregatio Regni 308 307 ofareonly the king. take to the with permission allowed place confirmed from previous by periods by and documents right issued the royal house.was This further confirmed of the Kingdom by decisions of 1492and the Slavoniain 1538, by many documents rig the the customs, oldest Slavonia, by androyal whichban’s records assemblies old of by royal and diplomas laws. The s astestified and kingsHungary is later Croatia, was of retained bythe King Slavoniawhich of LadislavSt. title used the KingDalmatia of and Croatia. Vladislav charter issuedbythe king. legal code proclaimed inyear that by the diet.Otherwise, he is just referring to a specific an to referring is Kušević When code. legal single a in collected be would made were that decisions the session Diets wouldonly convene and at times rarelymore often than once a year. Atthe end of a to seems Kušević that law of extrapolate and allofrights privileges his of of the Kingdoms Dalmatia,and Slavonia. Croatia body this from is It country. or state land, particular the of corpus juri about talking the fact in It is only thathe clear becomes later published. which was year it in

Vladislaus II of Hungary As Pretočki notes i notes Pretočki As The same article is continued by saying the that estates of the TriuneKingdom had by Articlestatement 20 begins with a thatwh all dukes Historically, sessionsthe of diet w

in articlein 58of the legal code 1791,with issuedin the change these assemblies that s

or body of juris law. Corpus

as opposed to Diaeta Regni

articlefrom a particularyear, is actually he referring the to article within a n a footnote to this article, the name used for this assembly of the estates in Croatia was was Croatia in estates ofthe this for assembly used the name this to article, n footnote a , ruled 1490-

ht to discuss their municipal affairs assemblies. in This right was

1516. ame king 1496a issuedin seal for red to wax the nobility of

. . betweenwas create to adifferentiation assembly the This of done

ere not held on regular basis or several times a year. a times several or basis regular on held not ere is a common legal term for the collection of all laws 90 o ruled Hungary after the death of the death after Hungaryo ruled orders were sealed. were orders 308

307

started using the title

CEU eTD Collection theoriginal”. Kušević,20. supervision] of an authorized person;word byword and confirmed by a seal document or [the under differentwritten charter any document otheror a into acharter “… of atransfer http://www.merriam for 40 daysfor 40 year twotimeswas a and called session to days (thus eight octaval) asignificant after holiday as such the loss of office of a state official and decided on the appeals cases. appeals the on decided and official astate of office of loss the confirmed by King Sigismund decisionappeal itself.This wa court the to royal ban before the Hungary)only in but (meaning Drava River 1359,thein nobility was themselves obligatedput not to before of Slavonia any the judge over Lj of King charter the Under credible and legal. all documents verifiedbyit ban by the issues are mandates Judicial Hungary. in judges of that 315 314 313 312 311 310 309 king. Ibid. 18- the nobilityof of Croatia, Kingdoms the Dalmatia an Thevoid. ban of the ban authority the judicial from previous exemptions great.had. Nonetheless,still authorityis and its privilege the of honor the that acknowledges Kušević the ban’s of documents proving the legitimacy the earliest periodCroatianwritten numerous and in people, of diplomas historic the as is KingdomsCroatia of Dalmatia,and Slavonia,second only the to king. honor from This stems

Charles I, also known as Charles Robert, ruled 1312- 20. Kušević, Sigismund of Luxemburg, Holy Roman Emperor and Kingof Hungary and Croatiafrom 1387- Louis I, ruled 1342- Ibid. 19. Octaval court or latin iudicium or court octavale Octaval suda…”. “…oktavalnog Transumpt, U Among the same charters is the one of King Karlo I Karlo King the one is of charters Among same the In 21,K article nder the documents Kušević studies, the studies, Kušević documents the nder

19.

a copywriting of a or legal document

was also the head of the “octaval court” the of head also the was - webster.com/ 1382.

ušević speaks about the honor of the of honor the about speaks ušević

; According; todictionary/transumpt the translator, “…transumptum…” signifies 312 in 1395(transumpt 1402). in in d Slavonia and the royal diet of all the lands of the Hungarian the Hungarian of lands the ofall diet the royal and Slavonia d ban 91 1342.

power from the Adriatic Sea to the Drava River. River. Drava the to Sea Adriatic the from power . Merriam . s transumpts does have not todayprivilege the once thatit ban

also possesses judicialpowered equal to 315 - 309 , was, ban’s the which into court came session Webster dictionary, accessed May 8, 2014, May 2014, dictionary, accessed Webster 8,

which had the authority to decideon authority to the which had

ban.

in Slavonia are fr Slavonia in and his deputies with the right of of right the with and deputies his 311 313 … [Such a document] is thus equal to to equal thus is document] a [Such …

314

Ban by the same kingby same 1377and in the

316 who in 1325 decreed thatwho 1325decreed in and under his seal, making making seal, and his under

is the highest honor the in the highest is

udevit I om that point on on thatpoint om 1437. 310

, issued al al

CEU eTD Collection the ranks Croatia menby of from able the ban document addstary all that mili officers inCroatian the MilitaryFrontier be should selectedfor turn, thatthein ban ban captaincythe to award alwaysthe would estates It thatthe was hoped 1750. issued in 322 321 320 319 318 317 316 Easter. From end the of the 16 which contrary is freedoms the to of theof Kingdom Croatia. Another decision from 1609 came a decision 1578thathe in should cooperate the with ban affairs the in name King of the and Rudolf Emperor theagain in time somewhat reinforced the areas and the Una Kupa around rivers, and only the forces. to insurrectional The was right ban. After ofSlavonia,the theauthority lower of loss the ban II Ljudevit Under the rule of ban the that estates by the requested was it In 1609, at was it as Terezia belongs the by to estates Maria of the kingdoms which was confirmed captain the name to right The rivers. Kupa and Una the between Frontier Military Croatian the states that ban the http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=44956 and thenobility. Ibid. 21; Croatian Encyclopedia (HrvatskaEnciklopedija), Oktavalni sud kingdoms, clergy the representatives of the scribe of his replacement, himself, of with participation the by ban the

Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperorand ruler of the Kingdoms of Hungary andCroatia from 1572- CharlesArchduke Austria, II, reigned of 1564 Louis II, rul 21 Kušević, ruledMaria Theresa, 1740 “… Frontier; Ban’s or Frontier Military Croatian 20 Kušević, All this did not mean the that MilitaryFrontiercompletely was subordinated toban the ban of the the jurisdiction presents Article 23 erritory under special conditions as a defensive, military against belt the Ottomans. - - ed 1516 - 23. 21.

of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia is the primary captain of of captain primary the Slavoniais Croatia and Dalmatia, of Kingdom the of 1526. would name commander the the of army in the Military Frontier. The same

- 1780. th

century it functione it century 320

the rule of the Frontier, as Kušević stat Kušević as Frontier, the of rule the

when the Archduke Karl - 1590. banska Krajina…”, Ibid. 21 d asd afirst and second degree court. The sessions were headed

. 92 and will be will confirmed king.and bythe

be accepted as the viceroy of the Frontier. Frontier. the of viceroy the as accepted be over Croatian the Military Frontier 322 . With Karl’s position. With the in Frontier in the Frontier began theshrinkto in to 321 so thatnothingso could happen -

23. was the steward for military

es, was entrustedes, the was to , accessed, May 2014. 8, 318 319

in ain diploma 1608.

317 and and . It It .

CEU eTD Collection continuation of the article 23 and does contain all t all contain does and 23 article ofthe continuation the where Hungarianagovernment entitled to a seat vote. and he is In ofsession the Hungarian Diet. if he addition, chooses, so he allowedthe session is join to of 1687the in ban Underhonors atdecision the issued same a time. stipulate that in the caseof an attack, the nobilityis obligate to raise article 85from 66from 1659,article 59 from 1681,article 1741and5 from article 1808.These deci obligated rise to defense. to The way of this duty of fulfillment prescribed is by following the and of right the ban deputycan ban,his privilege important preside the them.An of over absence the of case In the ban the by session to called are kingdoms Croatian three 326 325 324 323 king. virtue and whotheir couragesons harbored ancestors from of the their the to lawful loyalty the of witnesses the Kušević, to according was, region This Croatia. of Kingdom the Napoleon when a force full thatis)was ta (unspecified to howraised many soldiers assembly1813 in was the decideduponin raised people.army A ofmobilization anfull 17000 Kingdom Slavonia of ofWars the the estates Napoleonic theof time in fulfilled 1809when in was dutyThis force. full a demands with it, the situation or if peasants of their awith fifth banand thehomeland. laws ofthe the thatthestipulates command of the Military be Frontier should conducted under the authority of

Kušević, 21 Kušević, Sabor 21 Kušević, is missing from the translated text however, only as a sepa a as only however, text translated the from missing is 24 Article sions introducedarticle Kingdom thesions legal into code the of4from Slavonia: 1538, of

Under law and custom, in aisin nobilitytheir casewith subordinates Under anand the attack custom, lawof Article 24 continues .

- - 23. 23.

was to, a to, was 324 s one of the four barons of the Kingdom of Hungary, perform two ones of ofthe barons Kingdomperform theHungary, two four of

on the authority of the ban, 323

he text present in the original. the in present text he 93 who also presides over every session. every session. over also presides who rate section. text The itself is included as a determining that the diets

326 on the command of the onthe ban has the right has attend the to the

ke back from 325

of the the of

CEU eTD Collection articles 66and 75from 1681, article 115from 1715, article 54 from 1741. Ibid. 1625, article 1 from 1635, article 7from 1638, article 34 from 1647, article 4 from 1649, article 86 from 1659, from 1608, article 62 from article 1609, 9from 1613, article 36from 1618, article 32 from 1622, article 8from cannot be considered in the same category as the Hungariancannotas same the becounties. category consideredthe in and raised thatthey be cannot thattheir taxes claimed when theythe counties three 1802 in of representatives used law This by the was Hungarian Diet. of the authorization thewithout the in KingdomHungary.also nevercanseparately of increased They from be the taxation counties of Slavoniaand the Kingdom of Croatia created. were laws new system 1791whenThis was and present until in was maintained the in past maintained time. 329 328 327 laws mentioned thatpreviously means This circumstances. new to due ended hasown taxes, Diet in 1802 that their obligation to maintain military the in the CroatianFrontier with their their own assemblies. According was it of concluded the to author, Croatian the in session only in Croatia could be were discussed and Slavoniaand in while theof the Kingdom taxes werethe Croatian for view, the theonly counties taxes of the prescribed years Croatian the 1751and lands.theDietin Under recordsfrom 1764/5, of the1715,1723, the legalinto code of 1492. Slavoniain portssup this claim byreferring article to written two Kušević Frontier. Croatian the maintain voluntarily and by traditions oldest It securedby the the laws of was the kingdoms. used to given was The tax Hungary. thatof half always and Slavoniawas Kingdoms Croatian of

Ibid. 25 - Ibid. 25. The taxation system is regulated under the following articles of the corpusthe ofjuris articles following the under regulated is system taxation The The next articleThe the in next discussesof the the jurisdiction Hungarian over taxation Diet lands, of the Croatian taxation stating the Article that 26 discusses in tax the the

26.

328

Under article 59 of that year all the taxes from the three upper from taxes the year all that of 59 article Under

327

In itis stated that the system voluntary of taxation 94

are be to discussed at the Hungarian Diet but

329 :

articlefrom 9 1596, article 14

Hungarian Kingdom

CEU eTD Collection homeland, voluntary nofuturefromacts. stem can such obligations the to fundingtimes themilitary to king sense ofpurely and of out of their the obligation Hungary. in maintenance exceptional in Evenand the troops Slavoniacontributed if Croatia of of in the units the F maintenance the to contribute to Hungarians the ask cannot Croats the as just view, Kušević’s Thatwhy, in is tradition. 1681, and by sheer fromarticle 75 by already prescribed wasand as Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia are to maintain th document same the payto for taxes the themilitary standing maintenance Hungary, of In in they which do. not did mentioned thataccording article to year 8from the 1715,Croatia and obligated Slavon were ia the Diet of 1802when of 20a tax 000forints was prescribedIt for those lands. further is 331 330 fulfilling after asks, Kušević not, they Can army. large a such supporting by kingdom the of defense the their in duty fulfill Slavonianot and Croatia ofKingdoms Dalmatia, theasking did fight at all times and are thus equal to the standing army in Hungary. Th tally 11regiments 64000soldiers in (8 upper in Slavoniaand the 3in lower) thatare ready to soldiers. one with gather and personally newly own Diet. byits prescribed beshould corrected thatthepaid amountofby taxes Croatia and be should the Kingdom

Ibid. 27 - Ibid. 26 - The question of lower taxes for Slavoniaand CroatianTheafter even remained of question lower taxes unresolved Article 29continues this repeating discussion, thatthe nobles have the obligation to This number is far exceeded by the number of soldiers in the Military Frontier. They Frontier. They the soldiers in Military of farexceeded number numberThis bythe is 29. 27.

however, article 115, it is prescribed that the estates of the Kingdoms of of of the estatesarticle Kingdoms prescribed is however, thatthe 115,it rontier, the Hungarians justly cannot pay to ask the Croats for the

- fifth of the peasantry in case of war. This amounts to 4000 to amounts war. peasantrycase offifth This of the in 330

95 e MilitaryFrontier from their own tax income 331

e author concludese by CEU eTD Collection Kingdom of an that, to exception prescribing thatthe continuationor abolishment of such rights and creates Articleyear beare to three upheld. 1681 form the decisions prescribed 66 article under confirmed bythecan king nolonger be attacked and questioned. section Under two, all of the Kingdoms municipalrights of the validity establishes thatthe first sections.has The four th create Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia and regulates the commonaffairs. of the Kingdoms The right to Tripartitum docum same the in collected contrary the to generalregulations and rules of the Kingdom of Hungary(prescribed and the Kingdoms Croatia of Dalmatia, and thatwouldbe Slavoniacannot reach any decision enjoyed similar rights within the Kingdom view of Hunga his in which Erdelj, of rights the to Slavonia of rights the compares Kušević Kingdom. bythat enjoyed been has ever since and and 1538 1492 in ofcode Slavonia the legal arrival of the Europe. Hungarians to The right decide to ontheir even the and before customs own laws which their livedunder Kingdoms counties of the and the to plebs cannot denied rightThis be of the Kingdoms. are allresidents for binding 333 332 (under 2,part title 3of the Tripartitum ancestor? the for were they their dutyfor eightcenturies, request that the taxes, their rights and statutes remain the same as

Ibid. 30 - Tripartitum opus iuris consuetudinarii inclyti regni Hungariae Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia have by the decision of the king the right right the king of the decision bythe Slavoniahave Croatia and Kingdoms Dalmatia, of eir own laws is especially confirmed under article 120 from the year 1715. The article article The year 1715. the from 120 article under confirmed especially is laws own eir 31.

Hungary in Three Parts

establishes the articles rights, and of charters, customs the Kingdoms rules, of 332

issued in 1514. n) n is uiil eiin. codn t Kšvć the Kušević, to According decisions. judicial its and ent) 333 ) create to their own laws in their own af

ry. Under the same title and part of the Tripartitum the of part and title same the Under ry. 96

or or The Customary Law of the Renowned

own affairs was entered into into entered was affairs own fairs, which which fairs, , CEU eTD Collection houses of the assembly. Croatia represented and defend thetheirbe to both Slavoniahave right to municipalright in Dalmatia, of Kingdoms decision, the onthis Based fromarticle 1652. representatives 61 under called by of the the king, estates three kingdo dispatch Croatian ms from their own dietthree crowned and king gathered the estates of the the Diet in Hungarian Diet.ais When session year the to legally1790/1, article the 12from associatedlands belongs,Hungary under its and seal. Talovac onl Talovac seal. keeperhaveright of enjoyed also whothe their always is official select prothonotary, the to In statedyear is thatthe nobles of it Slavonia and 1429. Slavonia,Matija Talovac, from the i recorded is estates the of right This ban . the by forth candidates put of list from the estatesa assembly of elected the in beprothonotary to was Diet’s The session. of the to minutes the the right 1662, he has fromunder 52 article such had the right a to place and a votethe in HungarianIn established is as Diet. , addition as and Kingdom Croatian the of prothonotary a was himself Kušević Interestingly, Kingdoms. of the Kingdoms Croatia within duties and Slavonia. the Greek religion, Orthodox can estates acquire and and posses perform civic and private Roman of members the only 336 335 334 new conflictjudicial authority. royal regulationwith and that would any for true is same year. The a beforeprivileges once canr empero theand be king brought

Ibid. 34 - Ibid. 33 - Ibid. 31 - on frhr Kšvć salse ta te eiltv pwr n h Ki the in power legislative the that establishes Kušević further, Going Art that stipulated is It rights. and laws religious the discusses work Kušević’s of 31 Article 35. 34. 33. icle 33 and partially 32, describe the jurisdiction and rights of the prothonotary of the of the the prothonotary and of rights describe the jurisdiction 32, and partiallyicle 33

y re - confirmed this rightconfirmed this which wasabandoned never actually and was 336

- Catholic religion and unde religionCatholic and

97 n the charter of the Ban 335

r article 27 from 1790/1 the members of 1790/1 r 27from article

334

of Dalmatia, Croatia ngdom of CEU eTD Collection and Croatia Hungary. with settlements in Dalmatia and Slavon anlanguage. custom, it oldest considers established Romans He which started when the start thatpubliclife in the Triune Kingdom be can conductedLatin only in and noother On September 10, 1827, however, beOn decidedthatHungarian September should taught same 10,1827,assembly the fr 120 article under dictated as Latin. was submitted, decision This andin onlybe conductedin can areaaffairs their in Croatia createdtheirin assembly a statute onNovember 28,1805which thatpublic proclaimed justso Hungarian so be introduced could later. the For pur They do not thatthey did condition theirunder language. voluntarily the maintain Hungary join into Croatian lands. Hestates thatestates the of Croatia, Dalmatia andSlavonia agreed to troduced in be not should Hungarian why further explaining by continues Kušević language. Hungaryand its counties, as wellas inCroatian parts of the landsare that familiar less with that of education services. allpossible for were writtenLatin in andin later German. timesLatin time, With in became also the language the associatedlands and writers Hungary from prominent the language.All this are in and laws Latin allpublicrecords, family lett and conductedand wasbusiness in discussed 339 338 337 candidateselected prothonotary or position. the to It 1465. in confirmedCorvinus alsothatnon- stipulated was byMatthias

Ibid. 36 - Ibid. 36. Ibid. 35 - Kušević arguments for the continued use of Latin by saying that throughout the ages, all all ages, the throughout that bysaying Latin of use continued the for arguments Kušević the discussing Article theone only 34 is As Kušević As

37. 36.

writes, publicaffairs in Hungarian has introduced been the Kingdom of of 338 om the year 1715, to the king who approved it on Februaryyear 8,1806. who king approved it the the om 1715,to

ia. Itia. even thus between is older than the union Dalmatia 339

issue of language. Kušević establishes at the the at establishes Kušević language. of issue 337

pose of retaining Latin, the estates of nobles could not be nobles couldbe not ers, documents documents ers, CEU eTD Collection The work is concluded with a patrioticTheglorifying song workancestors. concludedwith and is Slavs Croatian the ancestors shoul of virtue the God, of grace the by that wishes Kušević end the In “us”. to transferred been thus the ancestors have virtues of acquiredfreedoms andrights, bythe homeland. privileges The Triune Kingdoms preserved and their by the st exhausted. CroatiaKingdoms and Slavoniaare of Dalmatia, finally concludes that with this arti cle the thoughts on the municipalrights and statutesof the 342 341 340 privileges, charters dictatingonly customs, research thus of and laws, be thatthe onold based constitution. theyConsidering possessa not did modern their constitution, rightspolitical could this historywill be studied. The politic gave incentive to the Croats to study history.Itwas again political necessity that dictated how and thatforced wascan necessity thatit political see centuries thus Croatian We history. of municipal rights onwhich Croatian life political was based on.To achieve those all manner aconcise in present and collect to one first the was he as this to immensely the rightsKuševićcommissioned. on thewas municipal Kingdom affairs the with and areas common youth the in publicservice for the prepare schoolsto in

Ibid. 39 - Ibid. 38 - Ibid. 36 - Croatian National Revival towards the defense of municipal rights. Kušević contributed contributed Kušević rights. municipal of defense the towards Revival National Croatian The the articleshortlines last It creation in theconcludes work. (36) overviews of the Article 35 names several others rights minor and privileges ofKingdom the Triune and As we sawearlier, the political context and necessity directed political the direction of

40. 39. 38. of Hungary. This was the same session of the Croatian Diet in which the work of of work which the Diet in Croatian of the session same was the This Hungary. of

d be found their in grandchildren throughgood and upbringing education.

al need dictated that the Croats should search for their their for search should Croats the that dictated need al 99 rength of faith, loyalty God to and love of the 340

341

this he hadthis study to 342

CEU eTD Collection Letbriefmartyrdoms. return a thus us moment. Draškovićfor to Dissertation his in same the did Drašković people. Croatian the of story rical histo and the history told to referred etc. Gaj, Vukotinović, Rakovac, Derkos, authors, mentioned previously the All did. them narratives,many of something historical their on which build to awith strongfoundation publishe Kušević when Thus, everywhere. nationalist written in a nationalist manner. The history studywas of something that wascrucial to destr Hungary with free courageous before that Croatianand the ancestorsunion as virtuous, certain especially elementshistoriography. is of national This evident the in presentation of defen the nonetheless was he of political life, also can We activity. canWe see thus here as well thatthe Croatian National Revival used previous ideologies its in While itis not the tendencyof Enlightenment, the itis an ideology precedes that nationalism. 17 was prominent thein to Renaissance most and constitutionalism as such was neither a nationalist nor an enlightened tendency.It can be traced his tory Ancient be should approached of the an idea under constitution. ancient oyed their primordial freedom.oyed their primordial Kušević’s work represented a study of national history even if it is not completely completely not is it if even history national of study a represented work Kušević’s but Revival, National Croatian the of member a not was himself Kušević that true is It , complimenting his political program with stories national of heroisms and dictated start the of historical studies in the Croatian

see see that der of the Croatian municipal rights. In addition, his workIn his municipal rights. ofpresents der the Croatian addition,

political necessity political

100 , a need for a constitution the foundationthat is th

and 18 d his work providedd his it the nationalists th

centuries, especially in England. especially centuries,

national case.

CEU eTD Collection Routledge, 2009), 29. noted that he uses the word “ word the uses he that noted its identity is b defined, and its heroes and saints selected” saints and defined, heroes and its formulated, exemplary its are the national history grand of when narratives crisis, the nationalist return to the “earlier ‘golden’ ages of national history. That is typically 347 346 345 344 343 future decisions. the his because is knowing This future. decision the in able a necessary make smart beto is to previous thatit and events know explains remember to “conversation”this preciselyobvious Drašković’s in Dissertation most movement is early national case of the Croatian the tendencyin andThis community. ethno of part as martyrdoms scholars tended ofnationalist nationalism, to mythologize their The histories. heroisms and nation as following:

Ibid. Smith, 36. Smith, 35. Drašković uses the term “ term the uses Drašković Anthony D. Smith, Ethno- Smith, D. Anthony

culture, and observe shared customs and standardized laws”. andculture, customs standardized and observe shared historic territories or “homelands”, create anddisseminate a distinctive public are att and inhabit and traditions values, memories, symbols, myths, self and “anamed

Smith’s theory promotes the idea that the self Drašković states early in his text that before he can present and get int get and present can he before that text his in early states Drašković caseAnthony offersthis in a of D.definition Smith verya nation.He relevant defines a 3.3. Drašković’s historicalnarrative

ased on the “focus on the significance of national history” national of the significance the “focuson on ased

346

he has to introduce the reader to the history of “our nations” “our he theof to history hasreader introduce to the ” insteadnarod of “ ” which roughly translates into “our nations”. However, it needs to be be to needs it However, nations”. “our into translates narodov našihroughly which ” - defining human community whose human community membersshared defining cultivate Symbolism andNationalism: A cultural Approach, (London an - tool in the creation of the national identity the national symbolism creation of athe served in as tool

nacija 345 ” or nation, thus givin thus nation, or ”

. 101 . In view, the also in view but . of other Smith’s - tory of one’s nation can guide a person in in person guidecan a nation one’s tory of fashioning of a national community andfashioning community of a national g it an ethnic sense. Ibid. sense. ethnic g itan 343

344 . When faced with a faced. When with or golden ages are are ages golden or o thefor reasons ached to to ached d Newd York:

347 . He He . CEU eTD Collection that “to conquer and retain these lands they would face a large obstacle in the te in heroic obstacle face a large would and these retain landsthat “tothey conquer saw They immediately. and directly attack not did Hungarians However, rulers. weak equally 350 349 348 these lands andwanted people, closer createeven to the analliancewith Croatian lands. They Italians, why is of Tatars Hungarians,recognizingagainst the Turks. value That Greeks,the and blood by was blessed relationship and this Hungarians for the vain in not all the good theythe Hungarian for did Showing crown. such thekindnesswas Croatian lands and lands these of merits the all arecharters these in written that claims Draškovićing,Continu eventually Dalmatiaalso included which joinedHungary piece through time, bypiece. ruler. their as king aforeign accepted ban own their select to able be enemy.also promised They thattheyretain and were thatthey will their wouldcustomary law arrangement because theypeacewanted and create“conditional of to out their companion” a Hungaryjoined themto ain conditionalway. theseand the with chieftains”kingdoms “artificialagreement own.an They of made thus of sacrifice their great rule ato them without able be not they will and peoplethat of the local andwould benefitrivers lands. wantedgreat their flowing trade, through thethose – Empire” Greek the themselves. However their expansionism. At first, the Hungarians settled down and arranged their own laws for

Ibid. Ibid. 58. Ibid. 57 -

It was ex was It The heirs of Koloman and Ladislav confirmed theseThe charters.Koloman laterwith and rights heirsThey of and Hungarians the about talking by history Croatian of story the begins Drašković

58.

actly in this moment that Croatia and Slavonia were under two different butSlavonia weretwo under thatCroatia and moment actly this in , with time they time , with thatthey realized would gladly conquer the “kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia. They wanted to reach the sea, which which sea, the reach to wanted They Slavonia. and Croatia Dalmatia,

as a viceroy in th in aviceroy as

102 350 eir lands. This is why theyso willingly

“chieftains” The gladly accepted this this accepted gladly in mutual battles 348

mper” 349

CEU eTD Collection Hungarian cr Hungarian of Austria destroyed Hungarians what of envisioned. nations “This dissipation belonging the to Thus,the House ones. previously existing confirmingthe after Croatian already kingdoms assimilation of Croats. That is why they and the integration stop to useful the state for more found it crown and Hungary inherited the of havethe Croatian and nationaldisappear name languagewould century another for continued this had stipulates, Drašković As Hungarian. become to Croats own languageculture and thatwas causing quickly thus the in Croatian introduced lands the IncomingHungarians br riches. and wealth them bygiving Hungarythe Croats to same moving time at Croatian the to The lands and people Hungarianswere their bringing own 354 353 352 351 Joseph end the in and and piety “mercy Theresa. Sheby Maria on the throne, heir about his furtherCharlesbecause talks VI he Emperor Holyto Roman court. his DalmatiansCroatians, at and Slavonians had Hungarian king andand the songs dance, be done legally and justly the Thebecause migration. brought new of also inhabitants their own g by the Croatia in language of the Hungarian the introduction own quicklyled language.This to themtheirbroughtwith theypeople, their moving with own did Croatian themto lands. ManyHungarians cameand resettledthus theirto “ourlands, “giv kin” themwives, to honorsing and wealth”. The same

Joseph II. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 58 - Ibid. 351

Continuing the historical narrative, Drašković says that the House of Austria eventually Austria of House the that says Drašković narrative, historical the Continuing assimilation. as summarized simply be can text Drašković’s of part this of point The

59.

own was suffered until Emperor Karol” Emperor until suffered was own iving of Hungarian names to churches to of Hungarianiving names which could and now cities,

allowed the local vernaculars and gave new charters to to charters new gave and vernaculars local the allowed 103 353 . Drašković is here obviously referring obviously here is Drašković . 354

ed without any resistance. without ed by force” by 355 , put a stop to th a to , put stop ought theirought 352

is is CEU eTD Collection not allowing Croats administrative and clerical positionsfor which theyare equally capable. are and charters the in expressed transformation, theyprivileges but also forgot our and rights political during this sacrifice longand remember service “our” Hungarians not only did among them. existed externalof this that threat, the Croats and Hungariansabandoned the disagreements 359 358 357 356 355 police” or order “state no having attack. word Turks, military at ofgather The the Turkish would rise another first units and in carry who could now, everyone ages For the Turks.first blowform suffered the always Slavonians and Croats that the considers author The national mythology. an of element defen was historicalstory theresistanceof CroatiaoftheOttoman toattacks. Drašković statesthatCroatia he discusses itat various points, itis especially prominent when itcomes to telling the program thepolitical in previous chapter. as described that will guide us” in our struggleagainst this. th concludes He Theyare in fact now again trying to assimilate “our” lands both politicallyand linguistically. and German in customs all houses” “the German language byintroducing the vernaculars toleration of and individuality nations of

Ibid. 66. Ibid. Ibid. 59 - Ibid. Drašković, 59.

Drašković creates the undertone of martyrdom in his text by saying it is sad that not not that sad is it saying by text his in martyrdom of undertone the creates Drašković Drašković further emphasis t emphasis further Drašković

60. ding Hungary from the Turks, thus using the concept of antemurale the the Turks,using thus from Hungary ding christianitatis

is continuous historical overview by saying we“must that establish principles 359 356

he heroism and martyrdomspeople. of the CroatianWhile thought of Christians as unbelievers and had as noproblem unbelieversand Christians thought of

without honoringwithout “our own” charter. laws and Because 104 358

hs s hr Dakvć nrdcs his introduces Drašković where is This

a weapon a weapon

357 as as

CEU eTD Collection unanimity” and obedience “persistence, courage, greater found he them in because Frontier Military Croatian the from soldiers the praised Napoleon even that states ić dieDraškov they out. will generation. time, they With became their poor, lost cattle and riches, now require and care or the already sixth for arms now and theyup beforetook did whatcamefrom they and Turks bythe enslaved and were cut down ancestors who their avenge to than more nothing wish nobles who are old Among there them, empire” western the of collapse Croats, Bosnians,old Dalmatians and some Greeks who kept running from the Turks after “the were comprised of troops the treasureThese crown. and of are“our the defenders people“who view his which also in is one of the Croatian lands and contains elevenmilitary regiments of themselves death.exposed to Hungarian lands could enjoy peacewhile andconstant they liveunderunrest prosperity and them from reaching Both Hungary. i young themthe with took of sexes” both could, if they and villages burned the the population, attacked “enslaved borderlineterritories, 365 364 363 362 361 360 thejoined with Triune again. once Kingdom instructs th of pe time a happened in thateven It enslaving them. often

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. 74. Ibid. Drašković, 66. Hajduci

Drašković speaks about the Ottoman attacks when talking about the Military the about talking when attacks Ottoman the about speaks Drašković .

e Croatian deputies in the HungarianDiet to request for Military the Frontier to be 364

than in his than his in own soldiers. 362

363 . These people are now first in service but also in sacrifice. sacrifice. in also but service in first now are people These . n war and peace the Croats and insured Slavonians thatthe 365 361 . And when the old died the young forgot where they young they forgot where died the theAnd old when .

eas o ti sfeig n cuae Drašković courage, and suffering this of Because . Croatsand always prevented fought those troops

105 ace Turkish bandits 360

gathered and gathered Frontier CEU eTD Collection 366 main political agendathe of movement was the defense the of municipal rights of the Croatian As the history.National towards the took direction Revival dictated of the the study movement way. beneficial nationally national mythology onthe historic based ethno the create to attempting is He doing. is Drašković what exactly be to aspects may of ethnic past that be supported evidence” bydocumentary or other these narratives asor not as inventions fabrications, but sele interpret should “we states: Smith history. Croatian of presentation his in doing is Drašković the same ascontemporary the crisis in which they find thems political agenda of the national movement, suggesting that the historical suffering of Croats is attempt at creatinga national mythology. is at All this the combined same time with the w as tendencies romanticist and nationalistic see clearly can we which in nation He develops a historicalnarrative filledelements with of heroics andsuffering the of Croatian as an attempt to bu whichKingdom, Croats ashad endure acenturiesof to andof nation, suffering. heroic the view Dissertation

Smith, 36. What IWhat have attempted showchapter to in this the is that politicalagenda the of Croatian 3.4. Conclusion Returning to Smith, he shortly summarizestheoretical in his considerations exactly what martyrdom national on element the rights municipal for struggle the to adds Drašković Drašković’s Janko in elements historiographical important two are there see, can we As

. The emphasis onthe munici ild aild national identityof historicalallthe kinship Croatian based lands. on

al documents which a he in particular, interprets and pal rights, privileges and charters old of the Triune 106 elves. elves. ctive understandings political of - symbolism and 366 . This seems. This ell as an an as ell

CEU eTD Collection It politics both later. in andDrašković history. the was foundations, and Kušević who set th However, history. of study this to contributed Sakcinski, Kukuljević Croatian historywriting and the of history. anationalized national and Ivan authors, Other like glory, sufferingand martyrdom. heroism, historical myths of a his foundation build the asto municipalrights ofbase the defense and political the used He further. step a this took Drašković noble. as Croats old the presenting by elements certain presented already movement, national the of member a not was who himself, Kušević history. nation’s a of version romanticized a and symbolism laws and chartersbecame and the platformthe creation for of national myths, national directly onthedevelopment political andnation. of influential the Croatian influenced serving the seen as constituting the body of law of the Croatian lands. Notonly the study was of history turned to the principles of ancient constitutionalism, collecting all those document which were thewith struggle foundation over constitutional a of the Croatian nation,historical research accommodate demands. those political Thus to at thestrived time lands,of the studyhistory This is how is This the politics of theand 1830s 1820s, directly 1840s the study initiated of transcendenta listing pure constitutionalism onancient However, history of this based

purposes of the cultural national revival and the building of national identity, it was identity, was of it national building and the national revival cultural the of purposes

107

eir contributions came contributions eir of national mythologyof

CEU eTD Collection of thepromoting role the serving Revival, National Croatian the of context the to adapted were engaging directly with of some the major debatesof the that age. Ivanwork of Enlightenment Derkos influences shows level, the onobvious with author notthat is the only document where we such can a connection. establish IAs have shown, the However, Montesquieu. of reminiscent quite be to seems Drašković of position monarchist The Drašković in present is Enlightenment the influenceof of degree a concludethat to able be to seem we Nonetheless, movement. the of members liberal more by the accepted Dra in primarily political the programs the of CroatianNational Revival.we have As seen, Janko nationalism became intertwined in Croatia. of linguistic nationalism became a national of right the Croatian right their to own languagemunicipal rightsthe partwith development was of which the feudal own language.The started their developing and reacted the Croats Hungarian Croatia, intro attemptedHungaryduce intro to Thus, when the transformedMagyarization.into nationalism its developmentpolitical in a directioninitially the reactionary impulse of Hungarian their consti the Habsburg Monarchy,the Hungarians by reacted developing their languageand fighting for rights byconstitutional Hungary’s denial Germanization andof the Habsburg Monarchy.With of Croatia and was Hungary si Conclusion šković presented a particularly conservative political program that was in the end not not end the in was that program political conservative particularly a presented šković However, the influencesof the Enlightenmentpresent level. They ona are fundamental The primaryaim this of thesis wasresearch to possible influences Enlightenment the of In this thesisI have firstattempted to show that on a comparative level, relationship the tutional rights to remain as they were. With the emergence of nationalism and with

milar or the not same as the relationship of Hungaryand the

108

nation. Thus, politics andnation. Thus,politics ’s ’s Dissertation . CEU eTD Collection aLomnički, already Croatianworks cameralist. of Nikola onthe published Škrlec economic policy might especially be significant considering there are several s the the research to of Revival. An expansion the Croatian whenNational with talkabout we document andIbetween ononlysignificant concentrated twoperiod. prominent the heremost the have much deeper be analysis should conducted establish to the extent full of continuity and transfer influences of the onthe Enlightenment Croatian national movement. First, a more thorough and intertwined. However,further significantresearch,especially room is for there regards the in to how thenational two movementof theand goalsfueled studyhistorypolitical of the continuity A between the and Enlightenment nationalism. andprogram history national martyrs. myths,created thewhich with national in heroes he combine Drašković history. national a into transformed became soon which rights. n the ancient collecting constitution, the legal codes, charters and other and rights privileges given to the Croats becameexploring in their constitutionalism.Theythe in sense so interested of an did national revival.municipal rights These and used to advocate the Croatian municipal rights as the main political aim of the Croatian particularagenda the revivalist saw fit forIn it. widest the sense, Enlightenment the was thus obility,an inattempt to prove their autonomy from Hungary wasattacking that their

This thesis for the most part achieved its goals. I was able to establish a degree of of adegree establish to I able was goals. its achieved part most the for thesis This This meant that the political situation in Croatia directly started the study history,of s. However,s. a primarily as literarythere a movement, is huge bodyof sources work to the political situation surrounding them meant that 109 lso, Ilso, able show was how to the main d his entire political ource collections collections ource

CEU eTD Collection theconclusion not end. adevelop, beginningand thatmakes this Enlightenment. represents it Nonetheless, only foundation onwhicha future should studies European nations. Central other or Hungary in tendency same the recognize can we whether see to interesting especially be would approach comparative A case. Croatian the in history national the have here attempted show ona to few dictate how politics examples Overall, achieve did thesis this i On the other side, we probably can the issueof never exhaust national historiography.I ts main goals establishing of the transfer between the 110 d the beginning of writing CEU eTD Collection Vukotinović An sources Secondary Gaj svoje pastire Rakitovaduhovne nasve ckoga MaximilianaPoziv Verhovca pokojnoga episkopa Rakovac Kušević Gaj Gaj, Ljudevit. Drašković Derkos so Primary Bibliography derson, , , Ljudevit Ljudevit , Croatian National Revival], Miroslav Šicel,ed. Zagreb:Croatian National. Matica Revival], Hrvatska,1997 HrvatskogProgramski spisi preporod narodnog a [Programmatic writings of the Croatian Nation HrvatskogProgramski preporoda spisi narodnog Nationalism Miroslav Šicel, ed. Zagreb:Croatian National. Matica Revival], Hrvatska, 1997 HrvatskogProgramski preporoda spisi narodnog Ljudevit Gaj. the pastors spiritual of his bishopric] episkopie Miroslav Šicel,Revival], ed. 1997. Zagreb:Matica Hrvatska, Hrvatskog preporoda narodnog Croatian Croatian National Revival HrvatskogProgramski preporoda spisi narodnog Kingdoms] these patriot of byan old Diet,future Hungarian delegatedthe to Kingdoms, of our future and legislators honorable deputies lawful jednom domorodcu starom kraljevinah ovih zakonotvorcem, naših kraljevinah 1997 Hrvatska, Matica Slavoniae preporodanarodnog are sleeping] over who sons its Albrechta, 1883. Pretočki Franjo trans. Slavonia], and , , Ivan Dragutin , . Josip . Janko urces Benedict , . . Ljudevit

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