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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9031083 Studies on the metabolism and accumulation of a, a-trehalose in rhizobia and legume nodules Hoelzle, Inger Alice, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1990 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM AND ACCUMULATION OF a,a-TREHALOSE IN RHIZOBIA AND LEGUME NODULES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Inger Alice Hoelzle, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1990 Dissertation Committee: Approved by A.L. Barta W.D. Bauer Adviser F.D. Sack department of Agronomy G.K. Sims ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The guidance and advice of Dr. John G. Streeter throughout the course of my research are greatly appreciated. Further thanks are given to the other members of my committee, Drs. Allen Barta, Dietz Bauer, Fred Sack, and Gerry Sims. Mary Kilpatrick frequently provided me with excellent instruction and invaluable advice that.is sincerely and gratefully acknowledged. The advice and training in molecular biology techniques of Drs. Mike McMullen and Ron Diebold, and Mark Jones was also very helpful and is appreciated. My parents, William and Margaret Hoelzle, have been an inspiration since the day I first was old enough to realize how very special they are. Their unwavering support throughout my life has been a source of strength and comfort I could never describe or repay properly. Ian Lamb, my husband, also deserves far more thanks and appreciation than is possible to put down on paper. Finally, my aunt Jean Hoelzle has always provided me with understanding and a wonderful perspective on life. Without the support of these loving people I could never have accomplished all that I have. VITA January 28, 1956................ Born - Flint, Michigan 1981........................... B.S. Botany, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 1983........................... M.S. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 1983-1985...................... Graduate Assistant, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 1985-Present................... Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Hoelzle, I., and Streeter, J.G. 1989. Higher trehalose accumulation in rhizobia under salt stress. Plant Physiol. 89S:118. Hoelzle, I., and Streeter, J.G. 1990. Stimulation of a-glucosidases from fast-growing rhizobia and Aqrobacterium tumefaciens by K+, NH+4, and Rb+. Can. J. Microbiol. 36:223-227. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Agronomy Studies in Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry. Professors Ken D. Johnson, John L. Hess, and Miller B. McDonald. Studies in Soils. Professors T. Logan, F. Himes, G. Sims, and W.A. Dick. Studies in Molecular Biology. Professors G. Marzluf, E. Vanin, Lee F. Johnson and Mike D. McMullen. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................ii VITA..................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES..........................................viii LIST OF FIGURES........................................... ix LIST OF PLATES.............................................X INTRODUCTION............................................... 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. LITERATURE REVIEW...... *........................... 7 General description of trehalose...............7 Natural occurrence of trehalose...............10 Factors affecting trehalose concentration in organisms.............................13 Functions of trehalose........................19 Metabolism of trehalose.......................38 Summary of trehalose occurrence and metabolism in rhizobia...................52 II. INCREASED ACCUMULATION OF TREHALOSE IN SOME RHIZOBIA WHEN CULTURED UNDER OSMOTIC STRESS........ 55 Introduction..................................55 Materials and Methods.........................57 Results.......................................58 Discussion....................................60 III. STIMULATION OF a-GLUCOSIDASES FROM FAST-GROWING RHIZOBIA AND AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS BY K+, Rb+, AND NH+4........................................67 Introduction..................................67 Materials and Methods.........................68 Results.......................................72 Discussion....................................75 v IV. INCREASED ACCUMULATION OF TREHALOSE IN RHIZOBIA CULTURED WITH 1% OXYGEN.............................87 Introduction..................................87 Materials and Methods.........................90 Results.......................................94 Discussion............................ 98 V. GENETIC STUDIES................................... 106 Introduction.................................106 Materials and Methods........................108 Results......................................116 Discussion. ...............................119 V. CONCLUSIONS....................................... 135 APPENDICES A. CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES..........................140 Fractionation of organic acids, amino acids and sugars................................141 HPLC analysis of organic acids.................143 Gas chromatographic analysis of carbohydrates..145 B. BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION WITH PLASMID DNA......... 147 C. ISOLATION AND RESTRICTION DIGESTION OF DNA......... 149 Plasmid mini-prep..............................150 Isolation of genomic DNA from rhizobia.........152 Restriction digestion of DNA...................154 D. RUNNING AGAROSE GELS.............................. 155 E. SOUTHERN TRANSFER OF DNA TO A MEMBRANE............ 158 DNA transfer to a membrane.....................159 Disassembling a DNA transfer...................161 F. NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION........................ 162 Aqueous DNA-DNA hybridization..................163 Formamide DNA-DNA hybridization................164 Labeling random primed DNA probe...............165 G. BLOT WASHING AND STRIPPING........................ 167 Low stringency washing.........................168 High stringency washing........................169 Blot stripping.................................170 vi H. RECIPES FOR MEDIA AND SOLUTIONS.....................171 Recipes for solutions.......................... 172 Recipes for media.............................. 176 LIST OF REFERENCES........................................180 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Trehalose accumulation in R^. lecruminosarum bv. phasedi USDA 2667 in different media and with different salts...................................... 65 2. Trehalose accumulation by various rhizobia grown in succinate medium with 100 mM excess NaCl............66 3. Response to K+ by a-glucosidases from different sources.............................................. 82 4. Effect of different salts on trehalase activity from Ri. lequminosarum bv. phasedi USDA 2667......... 84 5. Kinetic properties of a-glucosidases in crude extracts from Rhizobium lequminosarum bv. phaseoli USDA 2667 grown with a,a-trehalose or glutamate as sole carbon source......................85 6. Comparison of a-glucosidase activity in crude extracts of two species of rhizobia grown with sucrose or a,a-trehalose as the sole carbon source...86 7. Trehalose accumulation in cells of Rj_ lequminosarum bv. phaseoli USDA 2667 grown with different carbon sources under 21% or 1% oxygen......................104 8. Accumulation of trehalose in different species of rhizobia grown under 21% or 1% oxygen.............105 9. Effect of switching from 1% to 21% oxygen on trehalose accumulation in cells of R. lequminosarum bv. phaseoli USDA 2667............. 106 10. Summary of trehalose accumulation patterns in selected Tn5 mutants of Rj. bv. phaseoli USDA 2667........................................... 135 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Known reactions of trehalose metabolism..............39 2. Effect of various concentrations of excess NaCl on trehalose accumulation in Ei. lequminosarum bv. Phaseoli USDA 2667................................... 64 3. Effect of KC1 concentration
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