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Assam and Its Traditional Craft Culture: a Historical Perspective on Its Trade and Commerce Chapter 3: Assam and its Traditional Craft Culture: A Historical Perspective on its Trade and Commerce CHAPTER THREE Assam and its Traditional Craft Culture: A Historical Perspective on its Trade and Commerce Asomamarrupohi,Gunorunaishesh Bharotorepurbadishorsurjyauthadesh Guteijiwonbisarile, Alekhdiwashraati Asomdeshordorenepau, Imaanrokhalmaati - (Bhupen Hazarika) (Translation: Beautiful is our Assam, with virtues infinite, the land in the eastern direction of India where sun starts its day’s ascent. Search day and night an entire life shall even fail to find fertile grounds like my country Assam.) 3.1 The Prelude The Chapter presents a detailed narrative on Assam and its traditional craft culture and the commerce of crafts in the region. Section 3.2 deals with the geography of the state of Assam. Section 3.3 gives description on the trade and commerce providing insight into commercialization of the crafts through time. In the latter section, some of the renowned crafts and the craft producing places of the region are discussed giving an idea about the historical linkage of the crafts to the sites. 3.2 A Brief Discourseon the Geography of Assam Assam, the land of the mighty river Brahmaputra, in the ancient timeswas known as Pragjyotishpur, which according to Kalikapurana is the place where Lord Brahma created the stars. It also means the land of the eastern lights (Sircar, 1990). Its references are found in the ancient texts of Ramayana and Mahabharata. The Mahabharata refers to Bhagadutta, also known as Sailyalaya (Baruah and Choudhury, 1999), as the king of Pragjyotisha, whose kingdom extended to the seas, considerably the Bay of Bengal. The Ramayana mentions its western extension to as far as the river Kausika (Kosi in Bihar). In later times, it came to be known as Kamrupa whose geographical spread extended much beyond the present state of Assam. According to Chatterjee, during the reign of King Bhaskarvarman of the 7th century, the extent of the territory was till the greater part of Bengal (1951). According to Porjitor, a scholar of the Puranas, Pragjyotishpur which included present day Assam, extended up to the Page 70 Chapter 3: Assam and its Traditional Craft Culture: A Historical Perspective on its Trade and Commerce riverKartova including major portions of North and East Bengal (Bhusan, 2005). The Buddhist and Greek records of 14th century B.C. identifies its northern boundary to the Bhutan hills and part of Nepal. The Ahoms entered into the Brahmaputra valley about 1226 A.D and expanded their empire till 1700 A.D (Bose, 1989). The Assam valley always remained the nucleus and centre of the great kingdom of Kamrupa whose capital was famous as Pragjyotishpur, the city of eastern astrology (Kapoor, 2002). It included the vast tracts of the Brahmaputra valley and also the whole of Eastern Bengal down to the sea in the south and the present mountainous kingdom of Bhutan in the north (Barua, 1933; Kapoor, 2002). The present day Assam only took shape in A.D 1873 during the British period. The Treaty of Yandabo in 1826 A.D marked the entry of the British colonial forces into North East (Goswami, 2012). After its annexation from the Burmese rule through this treaty, the British portion of the Brahmaputra valley was divided in 1834 A.D into the districts of Goalpara, Kamrup, Darrang and Nagaon. In 1839, another two districts of Sibsagar and Lakhimpur were constituted with Guwahati as the headquarters of the Commissioner of Assam. During the time of independence of India, Assam had 13 districts. At present, the state of Assam constitutes of 33 districts.The geographical spread of the present day Assam extends from 89° 42′ E to 96° E longitude and 24° 8′ N to 28° 2′ N latitude having a total land area of 78,438 km2. It shares boundary with two foreign countries and seven Indian states. On the northern boundary, lie Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh lies in the north and east as well. Assam also shares its borders with Nagaland, and Manipur in the north. Mizoram and Meghalaya touch the southern boundary while West Bengal, Bangladesh and Tripura skirts the western side. 3.3 Reflection on Craft Commerce of Assam As per J. P Tavernier, a 17th century French traveler, the „kingdom of Assam is one of the best countries in Asia, for it produces all that is necessary to the life of the man without there being need to go for anything to the neighbouring states‟ (cited in Handique, 2012). The Assamese proverb akalonaibharlonai (neither scarcity not abundance) explains self sufficiency of the people of the state (Ahmad, 1990). Page 71 Chapter 3: Assam and its Traditional Craft Culture: A Historical Perspective on its Trade and Commerce Figure 1: Map of Assam and its Districts with Area of Study Districts 1. Tinsukia 2. Dibrugarh 3. Dhemaji 4. Charaideo 5. Sivasagar 6. Lakhimpur 7. Majuli 8. Jorhat 9. Biswanath 10. Golaghat 11. KarbiAnglong East 12. Sonitpur 13. Nagaon 14. Hojai 15. KarbiAnglong West 16.DimaHassao 17. Cachar 18. Hailakandi 19. Karimganj 20. Morigaon 21. Udalguri 22. Darrang 23. KamrupMetro 24. Baksa 25. Nalbari 26. Kamrup 27. Barpeta 28. Chirang 29. Bongaigaon 30.Goalpara. 31. Kokrajhar. 32. Dhubri. 33. South Salmara-Mankachar Page 72 Chapter 3: Assam and its Traditional Craft Culture: A Historical Perspective on its Trade and Commerce Medieval Assam mostly remained insulated from the rest of India during the Ahom1 reign (Das and Saikia, 2011). The economy was a closed economy and whatever was produced consumed locally; the produced objects were mostly bought by the royal and courtly people (Saikia, 1984). Commerce was mostly limited as there were no regular buyers‟ markets wherein trading of goods and articles took place (Ahmad, 1990). Assam had more than one classical mode of production i.e. productions were small and produced among small tribal groups and other communities (Hussain, 2004). This, in fact, generated very limited surplus and had a very limited market place; still its economy was self reliant enabling it to maintain a distance from rest of India (ibid). During the Ahom rule, state revenue was demanded in the form of personal services, which contributed greatly to the lack of commercialization of the Assamese cottage industry outside the kingdom, thereby representing a closed economy (Khadria, 1990). However, cottage industries and crafts existed within the kingdom due to the royal and noble patronage of the Ahom administrators where consumption was to the extent of households and the royal public (ibid). In the traditional crafts segment, the early Ahom administration saw the flourishing of the basket making industry in the province though primarily within the household and for the consumption of the royal and nobility (Khadria, 1992). The villagers made all sorts of articles using bamboo, cane and reed and furnished kitchen, fishing, farming as well as other utilitarian requirements (Barkataki, 1969) of the households as well as the kingdom. Among bamboo crafts, japi acquired a status symbol as the traditional headgear of the ministers during the Ahom period (Chifos and Looye, 2002). Pottery sector also prospered due to sufficient demand for cooking, storing and eating vessels (Das Gupta, 1982; Handique, 1959). The Ahom kings patronized muga and pat silk for their robes (Sarma, 2009; Phukan, 2012). Cotton and eri were also the main garments in the medieval times and women of the households produced little more than required which helped in some trade and export (Sarma, 2009). The business was brisk with hill tribes of the territory, Bhutan and Tibet but trade with lower Ganges plain was not very developed due to stricter travel rules during King Rudra Simha‟s reign (1669-1714 A.D) (Ahmad, 1990). Yet so, it is described that King Rudra Simha took great interest in crafts and made efforts to import artisans from Bengal (ibid) and 1Ahoms were the people from the Shan dynasty of present day Myanmar. Led by prince Sukapha they established the Ahom kingdom in Assam (1228 A.D to 1826 A.D.) for a period of almost 600 years. Page 73 Chapter 3: Assam and its Traditional Craft Culture: A Historical Perspective on its Trade and Commerce asked artisans of the kingdom to practice new designs (Phukan, 2012). Not many substantial records exist about the trade and commerce of the crafts of the region of this part of the early medieval era. However, some records of trade for the late 17th and 18th centuries A.D with neighbouring countries like Bengal, Tibet, and Bhutan show evidence of arising trade and commerce (Ahmad, 1990) in the region. From Buchanan-Hamilton‟s account collected in between 1807-1809 A.D, it is understood that bell metal items from Assam had good demand in adjoining areas of Bengal till 19the century A.D (Bhuyan, 1963). The articles were common daily used utensils manufactured till late 1880s (Gait, 1884). Crafts such as brassware, cooper and iron product, and mat, ivory were reported to be exported till 1835 (Handique, 2012). Muga silk, especially raw material, was traded with far off Malabar and Corromandal coasts during the 17th century A.D as recorded by Hamilton (Khadria, 1992). Some finest varieties of silk mekhela with decorated border lines were sold in the markets during the 1890 at cost of Rs. 80 to Rs. 100 (Allen, 1899). During the period 1826 to 1919 A.D., Sualkuchi and Jorhat emerged as the major centers of muga weaving industry and the best of eri came from Palashbari, Rangia and some other places of then Kamrup (Barpujari, 1993). The fabrics, especially eri, were used to make suits and coats for the Englishmen (ibid; Allen 1905). Muga was also exported to Tibet and China during the period 1808 to 1809 A.D.
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