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New World Screwworm, Cochliomyia Hominivorax (Coquerel) European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians - Transmissible Diseases Handbook 2019 MEASLES V18.03 OIE BALAI EU AHL VIRUS Morbillivirus, Paramyxoviridae ZOONOSIS SUSCEPTIBLE PREVENTION TRANSMISSION CLINICAL SIGNS SEVERITY TREATMENT ANIMAL GROUPS AND CONTROL Primates: Aerogenous Fever, coryza, Mortality rates of None Quarantine Hominidae, conjunctivitis, up to 100% in Prevention of Cercopithecidae, bronchitis, Callitrichidae and contact between Cebidae, respiratory signs, 5% in Macaca unvaccinated Callitrichidae dermatitis, humans and anorexia, primates diarrhea, death Vaccination FACT SHEET COMPILED BY LAST UPDATE Manfred Brack, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany October 2017 FACT SHEET REVIEWED BY Melanie Oesterwind, DVM, MarLab, France Dr. Veronique Blanc, Medical Biology Department, Centre Hospitalier d'Antibes, France Ioana Popescu, DVM, MSc, Island Veterinary Services, Curacao DISEASE AGENT Measles morbillivirus, genus Morbillivirus, family Paramyxoviridae. SUSCEPTIBLE ANIMAL GROUPS Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Macaca mulatta, M. radiata, M. fuscata, M. fascicularis, M. tonkeana, Colobus guereza, Presbytis cristatus, Aotus trivirgatus, Saimiri sciureus, Callithrix jacchus, Saguinus spp. ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL Yes. DISTRIBUTION Worldwide. TRANSMISSION Aerogenous. Once a primate population becomes infected, measles may spread rapidly. New world monkeys are more resistant to infection than old world monkeys. INCUBATION PERIOD In non human primates (NHP) approximately 7 days. In Humans approximately 14 days. CLINICAL SIGNS Mostly mild influenza-like signs: fever, coryza, conjunctivitis, bronchitis and occasionally rash. In Macaca: anorexia, dermatitis, diarrhea, dehydration and sometimes death (mortality rate 5%). Koplik spots in oral mucosa are rare but pathognomonic when present. In Callitrichidae: respiratory signs prevail (up to 100% mortality rate), but also hemorrhagic diarrhea, hypothermia, cardiovascular collapse, death. Edema of the periorbital region. Measles causes Measles - Fact Sheet V18.03 European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians - Transmissible Diseases Handbook 2019 transient immune suppression thus increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infection and suppressing the immune response to e.g. tuberculin tests. PATHOLOGY AND POST MORTEM FINDINGS In fatal cases of NHP: proliferative interstitial giant cellular pneumonia, Koplik spots in oral mucous membranes. DIAGNOSIS Tissue culture, serology, PCR. SAMPLES REQUIRED FOR LABORATORY ANALYSIS Lesions, whole blood or serum, urine. TREATMENT None specific, symptomatic treatment. Polymerase-inhibitors have been suggested as possible treatment for morbilliviruses in experimental studies on rabbits. PREVENTION Proper quarantine procedures. Avoidance of contact between young children or other unvaccinated humans and non human primates. Measles vaccination beginning at 6 months of age in Macaca and at 15 months of age in great apes. For vaccination use either human measles vaccines (Attenuvax), or a combination of measles and canine distemper vaccines (Vanguard vaccine results in higher neutralisation antibody titers). For vaccination of great apes, human vaccination guidelines may be followed. Vaccination of personnel for the protection of primates may be considered. CONTROL If an initial outbreak is suspected in a naive primate collection, immediate vaccination of all animals might prevent further spread. Commercial disinfectants with viricide properties are adequate for measles virus (not stable in the environment). LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS Measles in animals is not notifiable under OIE 2019, BALAI (Council Directive 92/65/ECC) or AHL (Regulation EU 2016/429). Human disease is notifiable in several European countries. RELEVANT DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES Local medical laboratories. REFERENCES 1. Bielitzki, J. T. 1999. Emerging viral diseases of nonhuman primates. In: Fowler, M. E., and R. E. Miller (eds.). Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine, 4 ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Pp. 377 – 382. 2. Binnendijk, R. V. van, et. al. 1997. Protective immunity in macaques vaccinated with live attenuated, recombinant, and subunit measles vaccines in the presence of passively acquired antibodies. J. Infect. Dis. 175: 524 – 532. 3. Brack, M. 1987. Agents Transmissible from Simians to Man. 1987. Springer, Berlin. 4. Choi, Y. K., et. al. 1998. Fetal measles virus infection in Japan macaques. Vet. Pathol. 35: 436. 5. Christie, K. L., et. al. 1998. Efficacy of canine distemper - measles vaccine vs. measles vaccine in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Lab. Anim. Sci. 48: 411. 6. Ehresmann, U. K. R., et. al. 1995. An outbreak of measles at an international sporting event with airborne transmission in a domed stadium. J. Infect. Dis. 171: 679 – 683. 7. Fugier – Vivier, I., et. al. 1997. Measles virus suppresses cell – mediated immunity by interfering with the survival and functions of dendritic and T cells. J. Exp Med. 186: 813 – 823. 8. Hastings, B. E., et. al. 1991. Mountain gorillas and measles: ontogeny of a wildlife vaccination program. Am. Assoc. Measles - Fact Sheet V18.03 European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians - Transmissible Diseases Handbook 2019 Zoo Vet. Annu. Conf. Proc. 1991: 198 – 205. 9. Jones – Engel, L., et. al. 2001. Detection of antibodies to selected human pathogens among wild and pet macaques (Macaca tonkeana) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Am. J. Primatol. 54: 171 – 178. 10. Junge, R. E. 1995. Preventive medicine recommendations. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Infectious Diseases Committee. In Infectious Diseases Notebook. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. Pp. 1 – 19. 11. Karp, C. L., et. al. 1996. Mechanism of suppression of cell – mediated immunity by measles virus. Science 273: 228 – 231. 12. Krumm, S. A. et. al. 2014. An orally available, small-molecule polymerase inhibitor shows efficacy against a lethal morbillivirus infection in a large animal model. Science translation medicine, 6(232), 232ra52 13. Laksono, B.M. et. al. 2016. Measles virus host invasion and pathogenesis. Viruses, 8(8), p. 210. 14. Lowenstine, L. J. Nonhuman Primates 1 : Measles Virus Infection, Nonhuman Primates: 108 – 118 15. McChesney, M. B. , et. al. 1997. Experimental measles. I. Pathogenesis in the normal and the immunised host. Virology 233: 74 – 84. 16. Osborn, K. 1990. Recent cases and outbreak of viral disease in captive nonhuman primates. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. Annu. Conf. Proc. 1990: 176 – 177. 17. Polack, F. P., et. al. 1999. Production of atypical measles in rhesus macaques: Evidence for disease mediated by immune complex formation and eosinophils in the presence of fusion – inhibiting antibody. Nature Med. 5: 629 – 634. 18. Roberts, J. A., et. al. 1988. Epizootic measles at the California Primate Research Center. (Abstract). Lab. Anim. Sci. 38: 492. 19. Siqueira, M. M., et. al. 1994. IgM antibody capture haemadherence test (MACHAT) for the detection of measles specific IgM. J. Virol. Methods 50: 167 – 174. 20. Weiss, R. Measles battle loses potent weapon. Science 258: 546 – 547. 21. Willy M. E., et. al. 1999. Management of a Measles Outbreak Among Old World Nonhuman Primates. Comparative Medicine 491: 42 – 48. 22. Kansas State University Occupational Health – Zoonotic Diseases Factsheet #27 Measles - Fact Sheet V18.03 .
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