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Trade and Tribute: Byzantion and the Black Sea Straits
Trade and Tribute: Byzantion and the Black Sea Straits Vincent Gabrielsen Introduction One of the striking sights at the Bosporos today is the sheer number of mer- chant vessels lying at anchor at its entrance, waiting to pass through – a re- minder of and a testimony to the passage’s ages-old importance to commercial traffic. In Antiquity, a similar sight would have been seen from the polis of Byzantion. Situated as it was at the southern entrance of the Straits, on their European side (in the Golden Horn promontory), it afforded a spectacular view of the ships making their way in and out of the Black Sea. Outside the Black Sea proper, Byzantion played a crucial role in the economic life of that region and also in that of the Mediterranean. Control over the Straits (or the Thracian Bosporos), which connected the two major seas, was of course what gave Byzantion its importance, from its foundation by (mainly) Megarian colonists in ca. 660 BC, to Roman times and well beyond.1 A clear illustration of this is provided by Polybios’ well-known account of events in the second half of the 3rd century BC (Polyb. 4.38.1-10, 45-52). The main points of this account are as follows: In 220 BC, Byzantion became enmeshed in a war with a powerful Aegean city, Rhodos, and with a powerful Black Sea monarch, Prusias I of Bithynia. As Polybios makes clear, this political crisis had chiefly been caused by an economic crisis. For some time, Byzantion had been paying heavy tribute – 80 talents a year – to the neighbouring Gauls, who under the ruler Comonto- rius had established the Tylian Kingdom in the area of the former Odrysian Kingdom in Thrace. -
The Athenian Mercantile Community: a Reappraisal of the Social, Political and Legal Status of Inter-Regional Merchants During the Fourth Century
1616401212 The Athenian Mercantile Community: a reappraisal of the social, political and legal status of inter-regional merchants during the fourth century Ph.D. Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008 Mark Woolmer 016119396 UMI Number: U584414 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U584414 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Ca r d if f UNIVERSITY PRIFYSGOL Cae RDY(§> NOTICE OF SUBMISSION OF THESIS FORM: POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed (candidate) Date 15 ^ STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ................. .1.................. (inseitMChrMD) MPhiJ, PhD-eter as appropriate) Signed ...jjflrif. (candidate) Date ^ j 0 STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed (candidate) Date \ <oloj /ocy STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for interlibrary loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. -
9788779346543.Pdf
MEETINGS OF CULTURES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION 73024_meeting 001-192_.indd 1 23-02-2009 14:47:10 BLACK SEA STUDIES MEETINGS OF 8 CULTURES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION THE DANISH NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION’S CENTRE FOR BLACK SEA STUDIES BETWEEN CONFLICT AND COEXISTENCE Edited by Pia Guldager Bilde and Jane Hjarl Petersen AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS a 73024_meeting 001-192_.indd 2 23-02-2009 14:47:10 BLACK SEA STUDIES MEETINGS OF 8 CULTURES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION THE DANISH NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION’S CENTRE FOR BLACK SEA STUDIES BETWEEN CONFLICT AND COEXISTENCE Edited by Pia Guldager Bilde and Jane Hjarl Petersen AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS a 73024_meeting 001-192_.indd 3 23-02-2009 14:47:10 MEETINGS OF CULTURES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION © Aarhus University Press and the authors 2008 Cover design by Pia Guldager Bilde & Jacob Munk Højte. Limestone relief showing reclining Herakles (Černomorskoe Museum); in the background the steppe south of Panskoe ISBN 978 87 7934 654 3 AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS Langelandsgade 177 DK-8200 Aarhus N White Cross Mills Lancaster LA1 4XS England Box 511 Oakville, CT 06779 USA www.unipress.dk The publication of this volume has been made possible by a generous grant from The Danish National Research Foundation and Aarhus University’s Research Foundation. Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Black Sea Studies Building 1451 University of Aarhus DK-8000 Aarhus C www.pontos.dk 73024_meeting 001-192_.indd 4 23-02-2009 14:47:10 Contents Preface 9 SETTING THE S CENE Jurij A. Vinogradov Rhythms of Eurasia and the Main -
Rhythms of Eurasia and the Main Historical Stages of the Kimmerian Bosporos in Pre-Roman Times
Rhythms of Eurasia and the Main Historical Stages of the Kimmerian Bosporos in Pre-Roman Times Jurij A. Vinogradov Two centuries of studies on the Kimmerian Bosporos have played an enor- mous role in our understanding of this region of the ancient world. Only in recent years, however, thanks to large-scale archaeological research carried out on the sites of Bosporos and other ancient centers of the northern Black Sea littoral and on the adjacent territories inhabited by local tribes, has it be- come possible to offer a pattern of historical development for the region which differs from the customary division of ancient history into Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods, or, more precisely, which concretizes it, consid- ers its regional peculiarities, and provides it with local nuances.1 Among the regional peculiarities, the development of Greek-native (оr Greek-barbarian) interrelations in the northern Black Sea area, and especially the determination of the stages connected with the advance of new nomadic tribes (Scythians, Sarmatians) from the East, must be considered the most important. In truth, the most important feature of the Greek colonies of the Northern Pontic area was the fact that they interacted with the very mobile world of the Eurasian nomads.2 Periodical movements of nomads from east to west (approximately one every 200 years) resulted in serious alterations in the military-political situation of the region,3 impacting the development of all the people and states adjacent to the steppe zone. Nomadic tribes determined the local military-political situation because of their military strength and significant mobility, thereby also heavily influencing the economic situation, not only within the territories inhabited by local tribes but also in the ancient poleis of the northern coast of the Black Sea, including Bosporos. -
XVII. Jahresbericht
XVII. Jahresbericht des k. k. zweiten Staatsgymnasiums In Czemowltz. Veroffentlicht am Schlusse des Schuljahres 1913/1914 von Regierungsrat Kornel Kozak, k. k. Gymnasialdircktor. 1. Die milesischen Kolonien im Skythenlandc bis ziuri III. nsrchristlichen Jahrhundert. Ein Bcitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen Kolonisation am Nordgestade des Schwarzefi Meeres von Dr. Pantelimon Klym. 2. Schulnachrichtcn. Vom Dircktor. Czernowitz, 1914. Im Selbstveriage der Lehranstalt. — R. Eckhardtsclie Universitats-Buchdruckerei (J. Briill). S (T f' I, Milets gunstige Lagę und Bedeutung fur die griechische Kultur. Jedes Zeitalter hat sein Geprage, der Zeitgeist driickt jeder Epoche seinen Stempel auf, durch den sie charakterisiert wird. Unsere Zeit steht im Zeichen des nationalen Kampfes und der Kolonialpolitik, die das Hauptaugenmerk und direkt eine Machtfrage der europaiscben Staaten geworden ist. Es diirfte nicht uninteressant seiu zu betrachten, wie die Griechen, das geistreichste Kulturvolk des Altertums, Kolonien anlegten und sicherten, wie sie, dem heutigen England vergleichbar, ein Kolonialreich begrundeten, das wie ein Bliitenkranz das Gestade des Mittellandischen Meeres vom Kaukasus bis nacti Afrika und Frankreich umsaumte. Ais naturliches Zwischenglied zwischen den drei grofien Kontinenten war dieses Meer bewohnt und umwohnt von dem begabtesten der Vólker, das, soweit geschichtliche Erinnerung zuruckreicht, an allen seinen Kiisten friih heimisch war.1) In diesem Umkreise spielt das spatere, sogenannte „Mutterland“, d. h. das festlandische Griechenland, eine fast untergeordnete Rolle. Die Fiihrerschaft aber in der Kulturgeschichte der Griechen fiel dem- jenigen Stamme zu, der durch seine ganze Geschichte auf die nachste Berithrung mit dem Orient angewiesen war, den Joniern. Sie vor allen schufen die Grundlagen der spateren griechischen Geistesentfaltung, sie begrundeten durch ibren Handel die Macht Griechenlands. -
The Chora in the Bosporan Kingdom
The Chora in the Bosporan Kingdom Sergej Ju. Saprykin The Bosporan Kingdom had vast agrarian possessions on the European and Asian sides of the Kerch Straits; these possessions played an important role throughout the kingdom’s history. Regular archaeological excavations and surveys, carried out in the last half of the 20th century, have brought to light many interesting sites of different types and helped scholars to follow the evolution of the rural settlements during the whole of this period. They have also allowed a study of the changes in the structure of these settlements over time, which has enabled us to develop a typology of the archaeological land- scape and to map the agrarian environs of the greatest cities of Bosporos.1 Yet there is much left to discuss, as, for example, the historical periodization of the chora, the links between polis and chora, the relationship between polis land and royal land possessions, and the dependence of the chora development on historical events in the Kingdom of Bosporos. Scholars still have various opinions on these topics: some believe that we can speak about a royal chora already in the time of the Spartokids, others connect its development with the so-called “Proto-hellenism” of the 4th century BC or with the “Sarmatization” of Bosporos, and, accordingly, ascribe it to the period of Roman domina- tion. We shall not, however, delve into these difficult questions which have become grounds for lengthy disputes. The main aim of the present paper is to outline the historical development of the rural territory in the Bosporan Kingdom, concentrating on what we can know of the royal chora and of the chora of the polis, as well as the questions of when royal land possessions may have appeared at Bosporos and how the two types of land-possession could coexist. -
Index of Passages Cited
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18065-9 — A Historical and Topographical Guide to the Geography of Strabo Duane W. Roller Index More Information Index of Passages Cited Greek and Latin Authors 5.58 929 Aelian 5.59 929 Historical Miscellany 5.61 928 1.20 237 5.62 932 3.24 492 5.70 931 3.37 625 5.85b 927 4.15 415, 944 5.95 933 8.18 291 5.97–8 933 9.8 297 5.103 934 11.13 306 F5 934 12.10 476 F20 6 12.18 592 Agathemeros 12.28 507 1.24, 11, 54, 104 13.16 375 Airs, Waters, and Places 13.24 297 5–794 14.17 404 7–9 855 On the Characteristics of Animals 13–24 974 3.33 571 14.1 670 5.1 745 17–23 633 10.46 966 18 347, 361 10.48 401 Aischines 13.25 866 Against Ktesiphon 14.8 221 171 636 14.23 362 171–2 365 14.26 362 On the Embassy 16.13 863 116 523, 570 16.17–18 852 132 557 16.21 866 138 557 16.31 928 Aischylos 17.8 931 Agamemnon 17.22–3 871 112 762 17.25 858 293 521 17.40 928 361 362 Aetios 892 679 3.17.29, 95 1130 13 4.1.129 Eumenides Agatharchides of Knidos 1–8 545 5.47 929 9–19 546 5.51 927 39–45 542 5.53 928 681 497 1031 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18065-9 — A Historical and Topographical Guide to the Geography of Strabo Duane W. -
Use of Theses
Australian National University THESES SIS/LIBRARY TELEPHONE: +61 2 6125 4631 R.G. MENZIES LIBRARY BUILDING NO:2 FACSIMILE: +61 2 6125 4063 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY EMAIL: [email protected] CANBERRA ACT 0200 AUSTRALIA USE OF THESES This copy is supplied for purposes of private study and research only. Passages from the thesis may not be copied or closely paraphrased without the written consent of the author. ANCIENT LITERARY CONCEPTIONS OF EASTERN SCYTHIAN ETHNOGRAPHY FROM THE 7TH TO THE 2ND CENTURY B.C. BY JOHN R. GARDINER-GARDEN A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Australian National University. March 1986. This thesis is entirely my own research. John R. Gardiner-Garden. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I would like to express my thanks to Dr D.H.Kelly for his assistance throughout the researching and writing of Chapters 1 to 14 and to Dr K.H J.Gardiner for his assistance with Chapters 15 and 16. I am also grateful to the Asian Studies Faculty of the Australian National University for helping to finance my field trip to the Soviet Union (July-August and November-December 1983), to all those librarians and scholars in Australia, Finland and the Soviet Union who helped me with my bibliographical researches, and to Mr C.Y.Lee for his calligraphy. PREFACE. Transcriptions. The following transcription system will be used. From Greek. a p y 6 £ [ 0 iK\uv£onp(JTU(p x + u. ab gde zthiklmnxoprstuphkhps o From Russian. a6B,ae3«3H0KAMHonpcT7$x abvdezhzij klmnoprstufkh y H in UJ b LI L 3 10 H ts ch sh shch ' y ' e ju ja From Chinese the Wade-Giles transcription system will be use. -
Theodosia and Its Chora in Antiquity
Theodosia and its Chora in Antiquity Alexander V. Gavrilov The mastering of south-eastern Crimea by the Greeks, which manifested itself in the foundation of the city of Theodosia in the second half of the 6th century BC, coincided with the final stage of the great wave of Greek colonisation.1 Probably, the majority of the migrants who aspired to the establishing of a new city far from the other Greek apoikiai of the Kimmerian Bosporos, were citizens of Miletos, which was destroyed by the Persians. The fact that by the end of the 7th or the beginning of the 6th century BC the most fertile lands of the eastern Crimea were already occupied by other Greek colonies could be one of the reasons for the founding of Theodosia at a distance from the other Greek cities of the region. The site of ancient Theodosia was identified long ago and its location is not doubted even today.2 It is situated on the shore of a large bay at the foot of the mountain ridge of Tepe-Oba, occupying the so-called “Quarantine Hill” on the southern outskirts of the modern town of Feodosija, not far from the Il’ja Cape. The eastern and north-eastern sides of the height slope down towards the sea as the sides of an amphitheatre would and to the south it is limited by a ravine where a brook flowed. Its northern slopes are relatively gentle and it is probably here that the suburbs of the ancient city were situ- ated. Along the eastern and southern slopes of the hill run the walls reinforced by towers of a medieval citadel. -
D'olbia À Tanaïs. Territoires Et Réseaux D'échanges Dans La Mer
D’Olbia à Tanaïs. Territoires et réseaux d’échanges dans la mer Noire septentrionale aux époques classique et hellénistique Christel Müller To cite this version: Christel Müller. D’Olbia à Tanaïs. Territoires et réseaux d’échanges dans la mer Noire septentrionale aux époques classique et hellénistique. Ausonius Editions, 2010. hal-01984207 HAL Id: hal-01984207 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01984207 Submitted on 16 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. D’Olbia à Tanaïs Christel Müller, ancienne élève de l’École Normale Supérieure et ancien membre de l’École Française d’Athènes, est Profes- seur d’histoire grecque à l’Uni- versité de Reims. Ausonius Éditions — Scripta Antiqua 28 — D’Olbia à Tanaïs Territoires et réseaux d’échanges dans la mer Noire septentrionale aux époques classique et hellénistique par Christel MÜLLER Diffusion De Boccard 11 rue de Médicis F - 75006 Paris — Bordeaux 2010 — AUSONIUS Maison de l’Archéologie F - 33607 Pessac cedex http://ausonius.u-bordeaux3.fr/EditionsAusonius Diffusion De Boccard 11 rue de Médicis 75006 Paris http://www.deboccard.com Directeur des Publications : Jérôme France Secrétaire des Publications : Stéphanie Vincent Graphisme de Couverture : Stéphanie Vincent © AUSONIUS 2010 ISSN : 1298-1990 ISBN : 978-2-35613-035-8 Achevé d’imprimer sur les presses de l’imprimerie BM Z.I. -
Black Sea Grain and Elite Culture
Athenian Wheat-Tsars: Black Sea Grain and Elite Culture Alfonso Moreno We may begin a study of the Athenian grain supply from the Black Sea (and the Bosporan Kingdom in particular) from the well-known passage in Demosthenes’ speech Against Leptines (Dem. 20.29-35), where the orator speaks of approximately 400,000 medimnoi (equivalent to more than 13,000 metric tons) of grain (sitos) coming to Athens from Bosporos.1 At stake in the case is the ateleia, or exemption, of Leukon, the king of Bosporos and (simultaneously) honorary citizen of democratic Athens, from the perfor- mance of public services for his adoptive city. Demosthenes invites his audience to reflect: While of our other benefactors each has made himself useful to us on one occasion, Leukon will be found on reflection to be a perpetual benefactor, and that in a matter especially vital to our city. For you are aware that we consume more imported corn than any other nation. Now the corn that comes to our ports from the Black Sea is equal to the whole amount from all other places of export. And this is not surprising; for not only is that district most productive of corn, but also Leukon, who controls the trade, has granted exemption from dues to merchants conveying corn to Athens, and he proclaims that those bound for your port shall have priority of lading. For Leukon, enjoying exemption for him- self and his children, has granted exemption to every one of you. See what this amounts to. He exacts a toll of one-thirtieth from exporters of corn from his country. -
Attic Inscriptions in UK Collections British Museum Decrees of the Council and Assembly Stephen Lambert
Attic Inscriptions in UK Collections British Museum Decrees of the Council and Assembly Stephen Lambert AIUK VOLUME BRITISH 4.2 MUSEUM 2020 AIUK Volume 4.2 Published 2020 AIUK is an AIO Papers series ISSN 2054-6769 (Print) ISSN 2054-6777 (Online) Attic Inscriptions in UK Collections is an open access AIUK publication, which means that all content is available without Attic Inscriptions charge to the user or his/her institution. You are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the in UK Collections full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from either the publisher or the author. C b n a This paper is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence. Original copyright remains with the contributing author and a citation should be made when the article is quoted, used or referred to in another work. This paper is part of a systematic publication of all the Attic inscriptions in UK collections by Attic Inscriptions Online as part of a research project supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC): AH/P015069/1. PRINCIPAL PROJECT AIO ADVISORY INVESTIGATOR TEAM BOARD Stephen Lambert Peter Liddel Josine Blok Polly Low Peter Liddel Robert Pitt Polly Low Finlay McCourt Angelos P. Matthaiou Irene Vagionakis S. Douglas Olson P.J. Rhodes For further information see atticinscriptions.com Contents CONTENTS Preface ii Abbreviations iv 1. The Collection of Decrees of the Athenian Council and Assembly in the British Museum 1 2. The Decrees of the Council and Assembly in the British Museum and Athenian History 7 1.